Precast Concrete: Instructional Slides Developed by Ned Cleland. P.E., PHD

Precast Concrete
Instructional Slides developed by Ned Cleland. P.E., PhD
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 1

Precast Concrete Design
Seismic design of precast

concrete using the NEHRP
Recommended Provisions
Review of design examples to

illustrate the application of the
provisions

Requirements for Precast
Concrete Systems
Precast seismic systems used in structures assigned to Seismic
Design Category C must be intermediate or special moment
frames, or intermediate precast or special structural walls.
Design Category D must be special moment frames, or
intermediate precast (up to 40 feet) or special structural walls.
Design Category E or F must be special moment frames or special
structural walls.
Prestress provided by prestressing steel resisting earthquake-
induced flexural and axial loads in frame members must be limited
to 700 psi or fc/6 in plastic hinge regions. These values are
different from the ACI 318 limitations, which are 500 psi or fc/10.

Concrete Systems
An ordinary precast structural wall is defined as one that satisfies
ACI 318 Chapters 1-18.
An intermediate precast structural wall must meet additional
requirements for its connections beyond those defined in ACI 318
Section 21.4. These include requirements for the design of wall
piers that amplify the design shear forces and prescribe wall pier
detailing and requirements for explicit consideration of the ductility
capacity of yielding connections.
A special structural wall constructed using precast concrete must
satisfy the acceptance criteria defined in Provisions Section 9.6 if
it doesnt meet the requirements for special structural walls
constructed using precast concrete contained in ACI 318
Section 21.10.2.

Requirements for Precast Concrete
Systems: Design Examples
The example in Section 8.1 illustrates the design of untopped and
topped precast concrete floor and roof diaphragms of the five-story
masonry buildings
The example in Section 8.2 illustrates the design of an
intermediate precast concrete shear wall building in a region of low
or moderate seismicity. The precast concrete walls in this example
resist the seismic forces for a three-story office building.
intermediate precast concrete shear wall for a single-story
industrial warehouse building.
The example in Section 8.4 shows a partial example for the design
of a special moment frame constructed using precast concrete per
ACI 318 Section 21.8.

8.1 HORIZONTAL DIAPHRAGMS
A B C D E F
40'-0" 24'-0" 24'-0" 24'-0" 40'-0"
4'-0"
4
24'-0"
8" concrete
masonry wall
6'-8"
3
24'-0"
72'-0"
6'-0" Prestressed
hollow core
2 slabs
24'-0"
14'-0"
1
152'-0"
Hollow core plank floor plan for diaphragm examples

HORIZONTAL DIAPHRAGMS
Structural diaphragms are horizontal or nearly horizontal
elements, such as floors and roofs, that transfer seismic inertial
forces to the vertical seismic force-resisting members.
Precast concrete diaphragms may be constructed using topped
or untopped precast elements depending on the Seismic Design
Category.
Reinforced concrete diaphragms constructed using untopped
precast concrete elements are not addressed specifically in the
Standard, in the Provisions, or in ACI 318.
Topped precast concrete elements, which act compositely or
noncompositely for gravity loads, are designed using the
requirements of ACI 318 Section 21.11.

Horizontal Diaphragm Examples
This example illustrates untopped precast

floor and roof diaphragm design for five-story
masonry buildings located in
Birmingham, Alabama, on soft rock
(Seismic Design Category B)
New York, New York (Seismic Design
Category C).

Diaphragm Forces for Birmingham
Building
The weight tributary to the roof and floor diaphragms (wpx) is the total
story weight (wi) at Level i minus the weight of the walls parallel to the
direction of loading.
Roof:
Total weight = 861 kips
Walls parallel to force = (45 psf)(277 ft)(8.67 ft / 2) = -54 kips
wpx = 807 kips
Floors:
Walls parallel to force = (45 psf)(277 ft)(8.67 ft) = -108 kips
wpx = 855 kips

Diaphragm Design Forces
Standard equation 12.10-1
n
Fi
i=x
Fpx = n
w px
wi
i= x

Calculations for Fpx are provided in Table 8.1-2.
Table 8.1-2 Birmingham 1 Fpx Calculations

n n
wi wi Fi Fi = Vi wpx Fpx
i=x i=x
Level (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips)

Roof 861 861 175 175 807 164
4 963 1,824 156 331 855 155
3 963 2,787 117 448 855 137
2 963 3,750 78 526 855 120
1 963 4,713 39 565 855 103
1.0 kip = 4.45 kN.

The minimum value of Fpx = 0.2SDSIwpx
= 0.2(0.24)1.0(807 kips) = 38.7 kips (roof)
= 0.2(0.24)1.0(855 kips) = 41.0 kips (floors)
The maximum value of Fpx = 0.4SDSIwpx

= 2(38.7 kips) = 77.5 kips (roof)
= 2(41.0 kips) = 82.1 kips (floors)
Note that the calculated Fpx in Table 8.1-2 is

substantially larger than the specified maximum limit
value of Fpx.
. Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 12
Static Analysis of Diaphragms
A B C D E F
W1 W1
W2
F F F F
40'-0" 3 at 24'-0" = 72'-0" 40'-0"
152'-0"

The uniform diaphragm demands are

proportional to the distributed weights of the
diaphragm in different areas
W1 = [67 psf (72 ft) + 48 psf (8.67 ft)4](153 kips / 863

kips) = 1,150 lb./ft
W2 = [67 psf (72 ft)](153 kips / 863 kips) = 855 lb./ft

Critical regions of the diaphragm
to be considered in this design
8.1 8.1
7 6
4 1 2 3
8.1
3 5
72'-0"
8.1
8
8.1
5
8.1
4
36'-0" 24'-0"
4'-0"

Joint 1: Maximum transverse shear parallel to the
panels at panel-to-panel joints
panels at the panel-to-wall joint
Joint 3: Maximum transverse moment and chord force
Joint 4: Maximum longitudinal shear perpendicular to
the panels at the panel-to-wall connection (exterior
longitudinal walls) and anchorage of exterior masonry
wall to the diaphragm for out-of-plane forces
Joint 5: Collector element and shear for the interior
longitudinal walls

Joint Forces
Joint 1 Transverse forces:

Shear, Vu1 = 1.15 kips/ft (36 ft) = 41.4 kips
Moment, Mu1 = 41.4 kips (36 ft / 2) = 745 ft-kips
Chord tension force, Tu1 = M/d = 745 ft-kips / 71 ft
= 10.5 kips
Shear, Vu2 = 1.15 kips/ft (40 ft) = 46 kips
Moment, Mu2 = 46 kips (40 ft / 2) = 920 ft-kips
= 13.0 kips

Joint Forces
Shear, Vu3 = 46 kips + 0.86 kips/ft (24 ft) 38.3 kips = 28.3 kips
Moment, Mu3 = 46 kips (44 ft) + 20.6 kips (12 ft) - 38.3 kips (24
ft) = 1,352 ft-kips
Chord tension force, Tu3 = M/d = 1,352 ft-kips / 71 ft = 19.0 kips
Joint 4 Longitudinal forces:

Wall force, F = 153 kips / 8 = 19.1 kips
Wall shear along wall length, Vu4 = 19.1 kips (36 ft)/(152 ft / 2) =
9.0 kips
Collector force at wall end, Tu4 = Cu4 = 19.1 kips - 9.0 kips =
10.1 kips

Joint 4 Out-of-Plane Forces
The Standard has several requirements for out-of-

plane forces. None are unique to precast
diaphragms and all are less than the requirements in
ACI 318 for precast construction regardless of
seismic considerations. Assuming the planks are
similar to beams and comply with the minimum
requirements of Standard Section 12.14 (Seismic
Design Category B and greater), the required out-of-
plane horizontal force is:
0.05(D+L)plank = 0.05(67 psf + 40 psf)(24 ft / 2) = 64.2 plf

According to Standard Section 12.11.2 (Seismic

Design Category B and greater), the minimum
anchorage for masonry walls is:
400(SDS)(I) = 400(0.39)1.0 = 156 plf

Design Category B and greater), bearing wall
anchorage must be designed for a force computed
as:
0.4(SDS)(Wwall) = 0.4(0.39)(48 psf)(8.67 ft) = 64.9 plf

Standard Section 12.11.2.1 (Seismic Design Category C

and greater) requires masonry wall anchorage to flexible
diaphragms to be designed for a larger force. Due to its
geometry, this diaphragm is likely to be classified as rigid.
However, the relative deformations of the wall and
diaphragm must be checked in accordance with Standard
Section 12.3.1.3 to validate this assumption.
Fp = 0.85(SDS)(I)(Wwall) = 0.85(0.39)1.0[(48 psf)(8.67 ft)] = 138 plf
(Note that since this diaphragm is not flexible, this load is not used in the
following calculations.)

Joint 5 Forces
Wall shear along each side of wall, Vu5 = 19.1 kips [2(36 ft) / 152 ft]/2 = 4.5 kips
Collector force at wall end, Tu5 = Cu5 = 19.1 kips - 2(4.5 kips) = 10.1 kips
Joint 5 Shear flow due to transverse forces:

Shear at Joint 2, Vu2 = 46 kips
Q = A d: A = (0.67 ft) (24 ft) = 16 ft2 , d = 24 ft
Q = (16 ft2) (24 ft) = 384 ft3
I = (0.67 ft) (72 ft)3 / 12 = 20,840 ft4
Vu2Q/I = (46 kip) (384 ft3) / 20,840 ft4 = 0.847 kip/ft maximum shear flow
Joint 5 length = 40 ft
Total transverse shear in joint 5, Vu5 = 0.847 kip/ft) (40 ft)/2 = 17 kips

Diaphragm Design and Details Joint 1

Chord reinforcement, As1 = Tu1/fy = (10.5 kips)/[0.9(60 ksi)] = 0.19
in2 (The collector force from the Joint 4 calculations at 10.1 kips is
not directly additive.)
Shear friction reinforcement, Avf1 = Vu1/fy = (41.4
kips)/[(0.75)(1.0)(60 ksi)] = 0.92 in2
Total reinforcement required = 2(0.19 in2) + 0.92 in2 = 1.30 in2
ACI tie force = (1.5 kips/ft)(72 ft) = 108 kips; reinforcement = (108
kips)/(60 ksi) = 1.80 in2
Provide four #5 bars (two at each of the outside edges) plus

four #4 bars (two each at the interior joint at the ends of the
plank) for a total area of reinforcement of 4(0.31 in2) + 4(0.2
in2) = 2.04 in2.

33 4"
(2) #4
(collector bars)
#3 x 4'-0" (behind)
Interior Joint
21 2" 2"
at each joint
between planks
31 2"
2" (2) #4 anchored 4'-0"

into plank at ends.
2"
11 2" 21 2"
Anchorage
region for shear
reinforcement


2'-2
2
"
#3 x 1 standard hooks
"
2'-2
#3x 2'-6"
embedded in grouted standard hook

edge cell of plank. Provide grouted into
2 sets for each plank. each key joint
2" cover
71 2"
(1) #5
(2) #5 in continuous
masonry in joint to
bond beam anchor hooks
Vertical
reinforcement
in wall


Vertical wall
reinforcement
beyond #3x 2'-6"
standard hook
grouted into
each key joint
2"
cover
(2) #5 bars
in joint
(chord bars)
(2) #5 in
bond beam

Topped Precast Concrete Units for Five-Story
Masonry Building Located in Los Angeles
For Seismic Design Category C and higher, Standard
Section 12.10.2.1 requires that collector elements, collector
splices and collector connections to the vertical seismic force-
resisting members be designed in accordance with Standard
Section 12.4.3.2, which combines the diaphragm forces times
the overstrength factor (W0) and the effects of gravity forces.
The seismic design force of 463 kips is distributed as in
Section 8.1.1.6 (Figure 8.1-1 shows the distribution). The force
is three times higher than that used to design the untopped
diaphragm for the New York design due to the higher seismic
demand.
Collector elements will be designed for 2.5 times the diaphragm
force based on the overstrength factor (0).

Topped Precast Concrete Units for
Five-Story Masonry Building
8.1 8.1
13 10
8.1 8.1
12 11

Edge Detail
Prestressed
Splice bars hollow core
(2) #8 bars Artificially WWF bend plank with
(chord bars) roughened down into roughened
edge chord top surface
3"
topping)
(concrete
21 2" min
3"
41 2" spiral of 1 4" wire

with 2" pitch over each
lap splice.
Contact Grouted
lap splice
chord / collector
31 2" 21 2" element along exterior
edge of precast plank

Interior Details
WWF
Vertical Cut out alternate face shells
topping
2" min
3" (2) #8 (16" o.c. each side) and place

reinforcement
(collector bars) topping completely through
wall and between planks
1" clear
#3x4'-0" at 16" to
lap with WWF
21 2"
3"
WWF 10 x 10
21 2"
W4.5 x W4.5
(2) #8 (2) #5 in
collector bars masonry
bond beam

Three-Story Office with Intermediate
Precast Concrete Shear Walls
150'-0"
25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

40'-0"
26 IT 28
precast
beams
120'-0"
40'-0"
15'-0"
18" DT roof and floor

slabs (10 DT 18)
8'-0"
8'-0"
8" precast
shear walls
40'-0"

Seismic Parameters
Table 8.2-1 Design Parameters
Design Parameter Value
Occupancy Category II I = 1.0
SS 0.266
S1 0.08
Site Class D
Fa 1.59
Fv 2.4
SMS = FaSS 0.425
SM1 = FvS1 0.192
SDS = 2/3 SMS 0.283
SD1 = 2/3 SM1 0.128
Seismic Design Category B
Basic Seismic Force-Resisting Bearing Wall System
System
Wall Type Intermediate Precast Shear Walls
R 4
0 2.5
Cd 4

Structural Design Considerations
Precast Shear Wall System. This system is

designed to yield in bending at the base of the
precast shear walls without shear slip at any of the
joints. The remaining connections (shear connectors
and flexural connectors away from the base) are then
made strong enough to ensure that the inelastic
action is forced to the intended location.
The basic load combinations require that seismic
forces and gravity loads be combined in accordance
with the factored load combinations presented in
Standard Section 12.4.2.3.

Base Shear
Equation 12.8-2: S DS 0.283
CS = = = 0.0708
R/I 41
except that it need not exceed the value from Standard Equation 12.8-3
computed as:
S D1 0.128
= CS = = 0.110
T ( R / I ) 0.29(4 / 1)
where T is the fundamental period of the building computed using the
approximate method of Standard Equation 12.8-7:
=
Ta C= x
r hn (0.02)(36)=
0.75
0.29sec
Therefore, use Cs = 0.0708, which is larger than the minimum specified in

Standard Equation 12.8-5:
Cs = 0.044(SDS)(I) 0.01 = 0.044(0.283)(1.0) = 0.012
The total seismic base shear is then calculated using Standard
Equation 12.8-1 as: V = CsW = (0.0708)(5,364) = 380 kips

Vertical Distribution of Seismic Force
95 kips
12'-0"
63.5 kips
12'-0"
31.5 kips
12'-0"
Grade
V = F = 190 kips
25'-0"

Overturning Moment Longitudinal
12'-0"
D
95 kips
12'-0"
D
63.5 kips
12'-0"
31.5 kips
12'-0"
V C
T 12'-0"
9" 23'-6" 9"
ME = (95 kips)(36 ft) + (63.5 kips)(24 ft) + (31.5 kips)(12 ft) = 5,320 ft-kips

Overturning
Using the load combinations described above, the vertical loads
for combining with the overturning moment are computed as:
Pmax = 1.26D + 0.5L + 0.2S = 397 kips
Pmin = 0.843D = 239 kips
The tension reinforcement can be found from a simple couple.

The effective moment arm is:
jd = 25 - 1.5 = 23.5 ft
M Pmin 5,320 239

Tu = = =107kips
jd 2 23.5 2

End Reinforcement
The required reinforcement is:
As = Tu/fy = (107 kips)/[0.9(60 ksi)] = 1.98 in2
Use two #9 bars (As = 2.0 in2) at each end with Type 2 couplers
for each bar at each panel joint. Since the flexural reinforcement
must extend a minimum distance, d, (the flexural depth) beyond
where it is no longer required, use both #9 bars at each end of
the panel at all three levels for simplicity
At this point a check per ACI 318 Section 16.5 will be made.
Bearing walls must have vertical ties with a nominal strength
exceeding 3 kips per foot and there must be at least two ties per
panel. With one tie at each end of a 25-foot panel, the demand
on the tie is:
Tu = (3 kip/ft)(25 ft)/2 = 37.5 kips
The two #9 bars are more than adequate for the ACI
requirement.

Shear Connections and Reinforcement
Panel joints often are designed to resist the shear
force by means of shear friction, but that technique is
not used for this example because the joint at the
foundation will open due to flexural yielding.
Alternatively, the joint can be designed with direct

shear connectors that will prevent slip along the joint.
That concept is developed here.

Shear Connection Force
The design shear force is based on the yield strength of the

flexural connection. The flexural strength of the connection can
be approximated as follows:
My As f y jd + Pmax ( jd / 2)
=
( 2.0in ) ( 60ksi )( 23.5ft ) +=
2
( 397kip ) (23.5 ft/2)
1.41
Mu ME 5,320 ft-kips
Therefore, the design shear, Vu, at the base is 1.5(1.41)(190 kips) =

402 kips.

Shear Connection Detail
1
4
#5,see (c)
Welded wire
reinforcement Plate 3 8x4x1'-0"
L4x3x516x0'-8"
LLH
1 8
4
(b) Side elevation

3
4" H.A.S.
Drypack Plate 1 2x12x1'-6" 4
C8x18.75
(a) Section through connection

1
4
(c) Section through embeded assembly

Shear Connection Design
Assembly with two face plates measuring 3/8" 4" 12" connected
by a C8x18.75 and with diagonal #5 bars as shown in the figure. In
the field, weld an L435/16 0'-8", long leg horizontal, on each
face. The shear capacity of this connection is checked as follows:
Shear in the two loose angles:
Vn = f(0.6Fu)tl(2) = (0.75)(0.6)(58 ksi)(0.3125 in.)(8 in.)(2) = 130.5 kip
Weld at toe of loose angles:
Vn = (0.6Fu)tel(2) = (0.75)(0.6)(70 ksi)(0.25 in./(2)(8 in.)(2) = 89.1 kip
Weld at face plates, using Table 8-8 in AISC Manual (13th edition):
Vn= 0.75(1.73)(1.0)(4)(8)(2) = 83.0 kip
Bearing of concrete at steel channel:
fc = f(0.85f'c) = 0.65(0.85)(5 ksi) = 2.76 ksi

The bearing will be controlled by bending in the web: compute
the width (b) of flange loaded at 2.76 ksi that develops the
plastic moment in the web:
Mp = Fytw2/4 = (0.9)(50 ksi)(0.4872 in2)/4 = 2.67 in-kip/in.
Mu = fc[(b-tw)2/2 - (tw/2)2/2] = 2.76[(b - 0.243 in.)2 - (0.243 in.)2]/2
setting the two equal results in b = 1.65 inches.
Therefore, bearing on the channel is:
Vc = fc(2 - tw)(l) = (2.76 ksi)[(2(1.65) - 0.487 in.](6 in.) = 46.6 kip
To the bearing capacity on the channel is added the four #5
diagonal bars, which are effective in tension and compression;
= 0.75 for shear is used here:
Vs = fyAscos = (0.75)(60 ksi)(4)(0.31 in2)(cos45) = 39.5 kip
Thus, the total capacity for transfer to concrete is:
Vn = Vc + Vs = 46.6 + 39.6 = 86.1 kip

Shear Connection Design:
Foundation Plate
In the foundation, provide an embedded plate 1/2" 12" 1'-6"
with six 3/4-inch-diameter headed anchor studs.
The capacity of the plate in the foundation is governed by the

headed anchor studs. Capacity in shear for anchors located far
from an edge of concrete, such as these and with sufficient
embedment to avoid the pryout failure mode is governed by the
capacity of the steel, which is required by ACI 318
Section D3.3.4:
Vsa = n Ase futa = (0.65)(6 studs)(0.44 in2 per stud)(60 ksi) = 103 kip

Shear Connection Summary
The various shear capacities of the connection are as follows:
Shear in the two loose angles: 130.5 kip
Weld at toe of loose angles: 89.1 kip
Weld at face plates: 83.0 kip
Transfer to concrete: 86.1 kip
Headed anchor studs at foundation: 103 kip
The number of embedded plates (n) required for a panel is:
n =402/83.0 = 4.8
Use five connection assemblies, equally spaced along each side
(4'-0" on center works well to avoid the end reinforcement). The
plates are recessed to position the #5 bars within the thickness of
the panel and within the reinforcement of the panel.
Consider how much moment capacity is added by these connection to the

vertical uplift at the joint

One-Story Precast Shear Wall Building
This example illustrates the design of a precast

concrete shear wall for a single-story building in a
region of high seismicity.
The precast concrete building is a single-story
industrial warehouse building (Occupancy
Category II) located in the Los Angeles area on Site
Class C soils.
The precast wall panels used in this building are
typical DT wall panels.
Walls are designed using the ACI category of
intermediate precast structural walls.

15 DT at 8'-0" = 120'-0"
48'-0"
at 4'-0" o.c.
24LH03
12 DT at 8'-0" = 96'-0"
Joist girder
(typical)
Steel tube
columns
at 4'-0" o.c.
24LH03
48'-0"
3 DT at 8'-0" = 16'-0" 5 DT at 8'-0" = 40'-0" 16'-0" 3 DT at 8'-0" =

24'-0" O.H. O.H. 24'-0"
door door

SS 1.5
S1 0.60
Site Class C
Fa 1.0
Fv 1.3
SMS = FaSS 1.5
SM1 = FvS1 0.78
SDS = 2/3 SMS 1.0
SD1 = 2/3 SM1 0.52
Seismic Design Category D
Basic Seismic Force-Resisting System Bearing Wall System
Wall Type Intermediate Precast Structural Wall
R 4
0 2.5
Cd 4

Intermediate precast concrete wall
panels
The intent of the intermediate precast structural wall
requirements is to provide yielding in a dry connection for
bending at the base of each precast shear wall panel while
maintaining significant shear resistance in the connection.
The flexural connection for a wall panel at the base is located in
one DT leg while the connection at the other leg is used for
compression. Per ACI 318 Section 21.4, these connections
must yield only in steel elements or reinforcement
All other elements of the connection (including shear resistance)
must be designed for 1.5 times the force associated with the
flexural yield strength of the connection.

System Force Calculations
Flexible diaphragm
Equivalent lateral force method
Load combinations
Earthquake forces
Building weight
Base shear
Horizontal distribution without torsion for
flexible diaphragm

Longitudinal Direction Design
8'-0"
3'-0"
Vlu
D1 D1
D2
20'-0"
2'-0" 2'-0" 2'-0" 2'-0"
DT leg
Vu = 4.25 kips/panel
Foundation
Vlu
T C

Tension and Shear Forces at the Panel Base
Design each precast shear panel to resist the seismic overturning
moment by means of a ductile tension connector at the base of the panel.
A steel angle connector will be provided at the connection of each leg of
the DT panel to the concrete footing.
The horizontal leg of the angle is designed to yield in bending as needed
in an earthquake.
ACI 318 Section 21.4 requires that dry connections at locations of
nonlinear action comply with applicable requirements of monolithic
concrete construction and satisfy both of the following:
Where the moment action on the connection is assumed equal to
1.5My, the co-existing forces on all other components of the
connection other than the yielding element shall not exceed their
design strength.
The nominal shear strength for the connection shall not be less than
the shear associated with the development of 1.5My at the connection.

Longitudinal Direction
The maximum tension for the connection at the base of the precast
panel to the concrete footing is governed by the seismic overturning
moment and the dead loads of the panel and the roof.
At the base:
ME = (4.25 kips)(20 ft) = 85.0 ft-kips
Dead loads:
SD = 2(1.08) + 7.73 = 9.89 kips
1.4D = 13.8 kips
0.7D = 6.92 kips
Compute the tension force due to net overturning based on an
effective moment arm, d, of 4.0 feet (the distance between the DT
legs). The maximum is found when combined with 0.7D:
Tu = ME/d - 0.7D/2 = 85.0/4 - 6.92/2 = 17.8 kips

Size the Yielding Angle
y
y
z
x My
61 2" t
L5x31 2x3 4x61 2

Tu ' (LLV) Tu '
t
CG Vu '
Vu'
Mx Mz
Mz
4"
My
yB
Mx
Fillet
1"
weld "t"
Vu' Vu'
Fillet 2516" k = 1316"
Tu '
weld
Tu ' Location
of plastic
hinge

The location of the plastic hinge in the angle is at the toe of the fillet
(at a distance, k, from the heel of the angle.) The bending moment
at this location is:
Mu = Tu(3.5 - k) = 17.8(3.5 - 1.1875) = 41.2 in.-kips
6.5 ( 0.75)2
=
bM n Fy Z 0.9 ( 50 )
0.9= = 41.1in kips
4
Using ACI 318 Section 21.4.3, the tension force for the remainder
of this connection and the balance of the wall design are based
upon a probable strength equal to 150 percent of the yield strength.
Thus:
=
T pr
M n (1.5)
=
( 50 )( 6.5) (0.75)2 / 4 =
1.5 27.0kips
3.5 k 0.9(3.5 1.1875)

The amplifier, required for the design of the balance of the connection, is:
T pr 27.0
=
1.52=
Tu 17.8
The shear on the connection associated with this force in the angle is:
T pr
V pr = VE 4.25= 1.52 = 6.46kips
Tu
Check the welds for the tension force of 27.0 kips and a shear force 6.46
kips.

The Provisions Section 21.4.4 (ACI 318 21.4.3) requires that
connections that are designed to yield be capable of maintaining
80 percent of their design strength at the deformation induced by the
design displacement. For yielding of a flat bar (angle leg), this can be
checked by calculating the ductility capacity of the bar and comparing it
to Cd.
M n 50 ( 6.5) (0.75 ) / 4
2
=
Py = = 19.8kips
L 2.25
Py L3 19.83(2.313 )
y ,idealized
= = = 0.0122
3EI 3 ( 29,000 ) (6.5 0.75 / 12)
3

Welds to Connection Angle
Welds will be fillet welds using E70 electrodes.
For the base metal, Rn = (Fy)ABM.
For which the limiting stress is Fy = 0.9(50) = 45.0 ksi.
For the weld metal, Rn = (Fy)Aw = 0.75(0.6)70(0.707)Aw.
For which the limiting stress is 22.3 ksi.
Size a fillet weld, 6.5 inches long at the angle to the embedded plate
in the footing. Using an elastic approach:
Resultant force = 2
V pr + T pr
2
= 2
6.46 + 27.0= 27.8kips
2
Aw = 27.8/22.3 = 1.24 in2

t = Aw/l =1.24 in2 / 6.5 in. = 0.19 in.
For a 3/4 inch angle leg, use a 5/16 inch fillet weld. Given the
importance of this weld, increasing the size to 3/8 inch would be a
reasonable step
It is conservative to limit the maximum strain in the bar to esh = 15ey.
At this strain, a flat bar would be expected to retain all its strength and
thus meet the requirement of maintaining 80 percent of its strength.
Assuming a plastic hinge length equal to the section thickness:
15 y 15 ( 50 / 29,000 )
p =
= = 0.06897
d /2 0.75 / 2
Lp 0.75
sh p L p L =
= + y 0.06897 ( 0.75) 2.31 0.012 0.112in.
+=
2 2
Since the ductility capacity at strain hardening is 0.112/0.012 = 9.3 is

larger than Cd = 4 for this system, the requirement of Provision
Section 21.4.4 (ACI 318 Sec. 21.4.3) is met.
Base Connection Detail
Mz
My
Z
V

Special Moment Frame Constructed
Using Precast Concrete
As for special concrete walls, the Standard does not
distinguish between a cast-in-place and a precast
concrete special moment frame in Table 12.2-1.
ACI 318 Section 21.8 provides requirements for
special moment frames constructed using precast
concrete.
That section provides requirements for designing
special precast concrete frame systems using either
ductile connections (ACI 318 Sec. 21.8.2) or strong
connections (ACI 318 Sec. 21.8.3.)

Ductile Connectors
For moment frames constructed using ductile
connections, ACI 318 requires that plastic hinges be
able to form in the connection region. All of the
requirements for special moment frames must still be
met, plus there is an increased factor that must be
used in developing the shear demand at the joint.
It is interesting to note that while Type 2 connectors
can be used anywhere (including in a plastic hinge
region) in a cast-in-place frame, these same
connectors cannot be used closer than h/2 from the
joint face in a ductile connection. The objective of
Type 2 connectors is that they relocate the yielding
away from the connector, into the bar itself.

Ductile Connectors
Type 2 coupler
Precast column
h
2

Strong Connections
Lb
ACI 318 also

provides design
rules for strong
connections used in Lclr
special moment (3) #10 t&b (3) #14

hooks t&b
frames. The
H col
concept is to
hbeam
provide connections lcoupler Plastic hinge
location
that are strong Type 2 coupler
enough to remain
elastic when a
plastic hinge forms
in the beam. hcol

Strong Connection Example
A single-bay frame is designed to meet the
requirements of a precast frame using strong
connections at the beam-column interface.
Reinforcing the beam with three #10 bars top and
bottom, the nominal moment strength of the beam is:
As Fy 3 (1.27 ) (60)
=a = = 3.0in.
0.85 f c b 0.85 ( 5) (18)
'
a 3.0
M n= As Fy d = 0.9 ( 3)(1.27 )( 60 ) 33 / 12= 540 ft kips
2 2

This is the moment strength at the plastic hinge
location. The strong precast connection must be
designed for the loads that occur at the connection
when the beam at the plastic hinge location develops
its probable strength. The moment strength at the
beam-column interface (which also is the precast
joint location) must be at least:
Lb hcol
M u , joint = M pr
Lclr
1.25 1.25
M pr M n = 540= 750 ft kips
=
0.9

Therefore, the design strength of the connection must be
at least:
30 36 / 12
M u=
, joint 750 = 843 ft kips
24
Using #14 bars in the column side of the Type 2 coupler:

As Fy 3 ( 2.25) (60)
=a = = 5.3in.
'
0.85 f c b 0.85 ( 5) (18)
a 5.3
M n= As Fy d = 0.9 ( 3)( 2.25)( 60 ) 33 / 12= 921 ft kips
2 2
which is greater than the load at the connection (843 ft-
kips) when the plastic hinge develops.

Examples for Seismic Design of
Precast Concrete
Diaphragms in moderate and high seismic
design categories
Intermediate precast concrete shear walls in
moderate and high seismic design categories
Special moment frames constructed using
precast concrete with emulation details

Seismic Design of Precast Concrete
Precast concrete designs must reflect the
jointed nature of the material assembly
Precast concrete code requirements include
detailing to add ductility and redundancy to
allow comparison with (emulation of)
monolithic cast-in-place concrete
include requirements beyond monolithic
construction for bar splices

Precast concrete designs that recognize certain
benefits of the jointed nature of the construction are
recognized by ACI 318, but are currently beyond the
scope of the provisions.
Special moment-resisting frames using a hybrid
system are covered under ACI 374.1-05 and TI.2-03.
Special precast concrete shear walls using unbonded
post-tensioning are covered under ACI ITG 5.1 and
ITG 5.2.

Questions

Title slide
The presentation will cover examples of application of the provisions for earthquake
design to precast concrete systems.
Precast Concrete Design -1

Overview slide:
Scope of the chapter: This chapter illustrates the seismic design of precast
concrete members using the NEHRP Recommended Provisions (referred to
herein as the Provisions) for buildings in several different seismic design
categories.
Scope of the presentation: The presentation does not repeat the text that
describes provisions or procedures, but instead is focused on design examples
which illustrate these points through the applications of those provisions.

Introduction slide 1: three slides cover the introduction of the chapter
In the introduction, a brief summary of the requirements for precast concrete
systems from the provisions is presented to set the context for the following design
examples. The first introductory slide describes the precast concrete systems that
must be used in increasingly severe seismic design categories. The terminology in
the provisions now characterizes relative seismic risk using seismic design
categories instead of seismic zones or the ACI terminology of low, moderate and
high seismic risk. The system descriptions link the ACI 318 provision detailing
requirements to the level of seismic risk.
This introductory slide also introduces limitations imposed on the level of average
effective prestressing stress for precast concrete systems that are prestressed.
The limitation is imposed because prestressing strand lacks the range of post-yield
ductility of mild steel reinforcement. Flexural stress that is sufficient to cause
cracking in highly prestressed concrete components may cause sudden and brittle
failure.

The second introductory slide covers precast concrete wall requirements in the
progression of severity of seismic risk.

The third introductory slide briefly describes the examples that will be covered in
the presentation. These diaphragm examples are related to content in Chapter 10
of P751 that covers the design of masonry wall buildings.

Horizontal diaphragms examples; 1st slide shows the floor plan that is used for the
example. The layout is the same used in Chapter 10, Sec. 10.2, which illustrates
the design of a five-story masonry residential building. The plan dimensions of the
floor are 152 ft x 72 ft. The interior portion of the plan includes walls spaced at 24 ft
in the transverse direction. The 40 ft bays at either end of the plan include walls
spaced at 24 ft in the longitudinal direction.

Horizontal diaphragms: slide gives four basic points on precast concrete
diaphragms including:
Definition
Precast construction types with or without cast-in-place concrete topping
Code criteria
The slide notes that there is an absence of specific criteria for diaphragm design
without concrete topping. In fact, ACI 318 lacks direct criteria for the design of
diaphragms in precast or cast-in-place concrete in regions of low or moderate
seismic risk (SDC A, B or C.) The provisions for precast concrete diaphragms in
ACI 318 are included in Chapter 21 only applicable to SDC D, E and F.

First slide to introduce the design of untopped precast diaphragms using hollow
core floor plank. The design is linked to the Chapter 10 masonry wall example for
SDC B using Birmingham., Alabama. The use of seismic acceleration parameters
for New York for SDC C differs from Chapter 10.

Weight used for the diaphragm design is given for floor and roof. The weight used
for the design of the diaphragm does not include the weight of walls parallel to the
direction of loading because the wall weight does not contribute to the inertial force
in the floor. That must be collected and distributed to the walls,

Equation 12.10-1 for the calculation of diaphragm design forces is provided in this
slide. Note that this equation is different from the equation for the vertical
distribution of base shear used for the design of the lateral force-resisting system.
That distribution must also be considered in the design of the diaphragm

The table with the values of the calculated diaphragm forces is given for the
Birmingham example.

The slide presents the calculation of the maximum and minimum limits for
diaphragm design forces. The maximum diaphragm design forces from the
provisions are significantly less than calculated by Eq. 12.10-1, and these governs
the design forces.

The load and reaction diagram from the example is shown to illustrate the support
provides by the walls to a continuous beam. The uniform diaphragm loads vary by
building segment because the transverse walls on the ends are included in the
distributed weights, but the supporting walls in the center section are not included in
the diaphragm load.

Based on the assumption that the diaphragm in this example is rigid, the reaction
forces on the four transverse walls are taken as equal. The slide shows the
calculation of the uniform lateral force in each section of the building based on the
diaphragm load for each section.

The plan view of the floor is repeated with the dimensions removed and the critical
regions for design identified with the numbered circles and arrows for reference to
detailed sections.

The slide bullet points describe the five critical regions shown in the previous slide.
These locations are used in the design example for the calculation of forces and to
illustrate the reinforcing detailing.

Calculations for joint forces at critical regions 1 and 2 are given. These calculations
follow simple principles of statics.

Calculation for joint forces at critical regions 3 and 4 (longitudinal) are given.

The slide repeats text from the Guide covering out-of-plane effects. Three slides are
included to show the requirements and calculations for out-of-plane forces at Joint
4. The first slide shows the calculation for minimum out-of-plane horizontal force.

The second slide for out-of-plane forces at joint 4 gives the calculations for
minimum masonry wall anchorage and minimum bearing wall anchorage

The third slide for Joint 4 illustrates the force calculation if the diaphragm is
considered flexible

Force calculations for Joint 5 are shown for longitudinal and transverse forces. The
transverse force effect is shear flow, calculated using VQ/I to determine the total
joint force.

The floor plan is shown with Joint 1 highlighted to identify the application of the
following calculations. This joint is the first interior transverse joint away from the
transverse wall between the outer and inner floor plates.

Calculations for Joint 1 reinforcement are provided. The design must provide
sufficient reinforcement for chord forces as well as shear friction connection forces.
The section of bars and placement is given. The selection of bars is given to satisfy
the steel area calculation.

Figures from the example that illustrate the placement of reinforcement are
provided in this slide. At the interior joint, two horizontal bars are place in the
grouted joint between the ends of plank and parallel with the support beam. In the
second figure, the flange of the plank is broken at he edge to open the edge core
and permit placement of #4 bars and grout in the core, filling the profile and joint to
the finished floor.

Floor plan with highlighting for joint 2 is shown to identify joint. This joint is the joint
between the outside diaphragm and the transverse wall between the outside and
inside floor plates.

Detail at Joint 2 is shown to show the placement of reinforcing in the masonry wall
an in an opened core of the hollow core plank. Note the detail shows diagonal bars
to transfer forces mostly in tension and compression rather than by dowel shear or
shear friction. The block just below the bearing in the masonry wall is a bond beam
with two #5 bars grouted in as part of the diaphragm reinforcement.

Floor plan is shown with Joint 4 highlighted. This joint is between the outside
diaphragm plank and the outside longitudinal wall,

Detail at Joint 4 is shown to illustrate the placement of reinforcing at the end of
plank and in the masonry walls for a dry system. The top flange in the end of the
hollow core plank is broken way to permit access to the cores so that the cores at
the end of the plank, the bearing space in the wall beyond the plank, and the bond
beam below the bearing of the plank can be reinforced and grouted.

The example for a topped precast floor is introduced with requirements of the
provisions for higher seismic design categories. The seismic force for this example
is compared to the SDC B example. Note also that it is the diaphragm force used
to determine the collector and transfer requirement, and not the distributed lateral
force used for the vertical elements of the lateral force-resisting system.

The floor plan showing walls and the diaphragm layout is shown for the SDC D
example. This is the same building layout used in the earlier examples but the joints
between the hollow core plank in the interior areas of the floor have been removed.
This reflects the presence of cast-in-place concrete topping with welded wire
reinforcement to carry diaphragm forces, so the location of these interior joints is
not a design consideration.

The detail along an edge of the hollow core plan with topping is shown to illustrate
the placement of reinforcement. (Calculation of diaphragm design forces follow the
same procedures used in the earlier example, and are not repeated due to limits in
time. Figures are provided to show the differences in reinforcement with the topped
system.) In this section, the flange above the outside core in the plan is broken
away to open the core to permit placement of the edge reinforcement. The cast-in-
place concrete topping covers the top flange and also fills the core void with the
reinforcing bars.

Two details at interior joints with topping are shown to illustrate the placement of
reinforcement. (Calculation of diaphragm design forces follow the same procedures
used in the earlier example, and are not repeated due to limits in time. Figures are
provided to show the differences in reinforcement with the topped system.) At the
interior support beam, the space between the ends of the hollow core plank has the
reinforcing bars. The cast-in-place concrete topping concrete fills this joint and fills
part of the ends of the hollow cores as it flows away from the joint. Sometimes
plastic or crumpled paper dams are stuffed into the cores to limit the flow of the
joint concrete beyond the end of the plank. At the wall support, the wall cores are
shown reinforced and grouted for the plank bearing. The space between the ends
of the plank is grouted and excess concrete flows into the cores. The topping
concrete with transverse reinforcement is above this. The upper level of masonry
wall is built above the floor toppping and is ties to the wall below with vertical
reinforcement.

Design example for intermediate precast walls in three-story office in Seismic
Design Category B. These walls can be used up to any height in Seismic Design
Categories B and C but are limited to 40 feet for Seismic Design Categories D, E,
and F.
ACI 318 Section 21.4.2 requires that yielding between wall panels or between wall
panels and the foundation be restricted to steel elements. However, the Provisions
are more specific in their means to accomplish the objective of providing reliable
post-elastic performance. Provisions Section 21.4.3 (ACI 318 Sec. 21.4.4) requires
that connections that are designed to yield be capable of maintaining 80 percent of
their design strength at the deformation induced by the design displacement.
Alternatively, they can use Type 2 mechanical splices.
This precast concrete building is a three-story office building (Occupancy

Category II) in southern New England on Site Class D soils. The structure utilizes
10-foot-wide by 18-inch-deep prestressed double tees (DTs) spanning 40 feet to
prestressed inverted tee beams for the floors and the roof. The DTs are to be
constructed using lightweight concrete. Each of the above-grade floors and the roof
are covered with a 2-inch-thick (minimum), normal-weight cast-in-place concrete
topping. The vertical seismic force-resisting system is to be constructed entirely of
precast concrete walls located around the stairs and elevator/mechanical shafts.
The only features illustrated in this example are the rational selection of the seismic
design parameters and the design of the reinforcement and connections of the

precast concrete shear walls.
The first slide shows the plan of the building. The plan is 150 ft long and 120 ft long with
interior stairs and interior elevator cores.

The precast walls are estimated to be 8 inches thick for building mass calculations.
These walls are normal-weight concrete with a 28-day compressive strength, f'c, of
5,000 psi. Reinforcing bars used at the ends of the walls and in welded connectors
are ASTM A706 (60 ksi yield strength). The concrete for the foundations and
below-grade walls has a 28-day compressive strength, f'c, of 4,000 psi.
Design example for intermediate precast walls in three-story office. Slide shows the
seismic parameters from the Table in the example.

The slide provides the description of the intent of design for the intermediate
precast concrete wall system. The design develops a ductile mechanism for energy
dissipation, and then designs other connection elements in the load path to remain
elastic.
Although it would be desirable to force yielding to occur in a significant portion of

the connections, it frequently is not possible to do so with common configurations of
precast elements and connections. The connections are often unavoidable weak
links. Careful attention to detail is required to assure adequate ductility in the
location of first yield and to preclude premature yielding of other connections.

Calculation of base shear from the equivalent lateral force equations of the
provisions is shown with the values determined in the example. Note that this force
is substantially larger than a design wind would be. If a nominal 20 psf were
applied to the long face and then amplified by a load factor of 1.6, the result would
be less than half this seismic force already reduced by an R factor of 4.

Vertical distribution of base shear is shown in the example calculations for the
entire structure.
The seismic lateral force ,Fx, at any level is determined in accordance with
Standard Section 12.8.3.
Since the period, T, is less than 0.5 seconds, k = l in both building directions. The
total lateral forces are calculated as:
Roof: Cvr = 0.50; Fr = 190 kips
Third Floor: Cv3 = 0.333; F3 = 127 kips
Second Floor: Cv2 = 0.167; F2 = 63 kips
Since torsion is assumed to be carried by the walls in the transverse direction, the
forces to each of two walls (as shown in the slide) in the direction under
consideration is half the total, and these are the forces illustrated in the figure.

The free-body diagram for one longitudinal wall is shown in Figure 8.2-4. The
tension connection at the base of the precast panel to the below-grade wall is
governed by the seismic overturning moment and the dead loads of the panel and
supported floors and roof. In this example, the weights for an elevator penthouse,
with a floor and equipment load at 180 psf between the shafts and a roof load at
20 psf, are included. The weight for the floors includes double tees, ceiling, and
partitions (total load of 70 psf) but not beams and columns. Floor live load is 50 psf,
except 100 psf is used in the elevator lobby. Roof snow load is 30 psf.

Calculation of tension reinforcing considering the gravity load effects, reduced by
.9-SDS is shown.

Design shear panels to resist overturning by means of reinforcing bars at each end
with a direct tension coupler at the joints.
The results of the calculation for overturning and selection of the end reinforcing is
covered on this slide.
Although the transverse direction walls are covered in the guide, they are not
covered here in the interest of time.

Notes on base shear design for the guide are covered here.
The joint opening would concentrate the shear stress on the small area of the dry-
packed joint that remains in compression. This distribution can be affected by the
shims used in construction. With care taken to detail the grouted joint, shear friction
can provide a reliable mechanism to resist this shear.

Base shear design is based 1.5 times the strength of the yielding connection in
accordance with the provisions.

The base shear connection is shown in the figure and is to be flexible vertically but
stiff horizontally in the plane of the panel. The vertical flexibility is intended to
minimize the contribution of these connections to overturning resistance, which
would simply increase the shear demand.
The figure illustrates a welded connection with an embedded plate with tail bars
developed in the wall and a foundation plate anchored with headed anchor studs.
The connection is made with two face plates, one on each side of the wall.

All of the links in the load path should be checked . The slide shows the
calculations for shear strength of the connection by checking this load path.

The bearing strength is considered in the load path, and the calculations for the
bearing strength limit of the connection are included.

Design for anchorage to concrete of the foundation embed plate is covered.

Shear connection design summary is given and the selection of the number of
connections is shown in this slide.
The total demand moment, for which the entire system is proportioned, is 5,320 ft-
kips. Thus, these connections will add approximately 5 percent to the resistance,
and ignoring this contribution is reasonable. If a straight plate measuring 1/4 inch
by 8 inches (which would be sufficient) were used and if the welds and foundation
embedment did not fail first, the tensile capacity would be 72 kips each, a factor of
42 increase over the angles, and the shear connections would have the unintended
effect of more than doubling the flexural resistance, which would require a much
higher shear force to develop a plastic hinge at the wall base.

The design example is for a single story building with perimeter shear wall panels.
This example shows the design for intermediate precast concrete walls in SDC D.
The structure has 8-foot-wide by 12.5-inch-deep prestressed double tee (DT) wall
panels. The roof is light gage metal decking spanning to bar joists that are spaced
at 4 feet on center to match the location of the DT legs. The center supports for the
joists are joist girders spanning 40 feet to steel tube columns. The vertical seismic
force-resisting system is the precast/prestressed DT wall panels located around the
perimeter of the building. The average roof height is 20 feet, and there is a 3-foot
parapet.
The slide describes the precast building.

The figure shows a plan of the building. The building is 120 ft long and 96 ft wide.
The precast wall panels used in this building are typical DT wall panels commonly
found in many locations but not normally used in southern California. For these
wall panels, an extra 1/2 inch has been added to the thickness of the deck (flange).
This extra thickness is intended to reduce cracking of the flanges and provide cover
for the bars used in the deck at the base.
The wall panels are normal-weight concrete with a 28-day compressive strength of
f'c = 5,000 psi. Reinforcing bars used in the welded connections of the panels and
footings are ASTM A706 (60 ksi). The concrete for the foundations has a 28-day
compressive strength of f'c = 4,000 psi.

In Standard Table 12.2-1 the values for special reinforced concrete shear walls are
for both cast-in-place and precast walls. In Section 2.2, ACI 318 defines a special
structural wall as a cast-in-place or precast wall complying with the requirements of
21.1.3 through 21.1.7, 21.9 and 21.10, as applicable, in addition to the
requirements for ordinary reinforced concrete structural walls. ACI 318
Section 21.10 defines requirements for special structural walls constructed using
precast concrete, including that the wall must satisfy all of the requirements of ACI
318 Section 21.9.
Unfortunately, several of the requirements of ACI 318 Section 21.9 are problematic
for a shear wall system constructed using DT wall panels. Therefore, these walls
will be designed using the ACI category of intermediate precast structural walls.
Design parameter table for the example building using intermediate precast
concrete walls is given in the slide.

A summary of the requirements and design intent for intermediate precas.t concrete
shear walls is provided.
Yielding will develop in the dry connection at the base by bending in the horizontal
leg of the steel angle welded between the embedded plates of the DT and footing.
The horizontal leg of this angle is designed in a manner to resist the seismic
tension of the shear wall due to overturning and then yield and deform inelastically.
The connections on the two legs of the DT are each designed to resist 50 percent
of the shear. The anchorage of the connection into the concrete is designed to
satisfy the 1.5Sy requirements of ACI 318 Section 21.4.3. Careful attention to
structural details of these connections is required to ensure tension ductility and
resistance to large shear forces that are applied to the embedded plates in the DT
and footing.

Design assumptions and steps in calculation for lateral forces are listed:
The metal deck roof acts as a flexible horizontal diaphragm to distribute seismic
inertia forces to the walls parallel to the earthquake motion (Standard Sec.
12.3.1.1).
The building is regular both in plan and elevation.
The redundancy factor, , is determined in accordance with Standard

Section 12.3.4.2. For this structure, which is regular and has more than two
perimeter wall panels (bays) on each side in each direction, = 1.0. The structural
analysis to be used is the ELF procedure (Standard Sec. 12.8) as permitted by
Standard Table 12.6-1.
Orthogonal load combinations are not required for flexible diaphragms in Seismic
Design Category D (Standard Sec. 12.5.4).
The basic load combinations (Standard Sec. 12.4.2.3) require that seismic forces
and gravity loads be combined in accordance with the following factored load
combinations:
(1.2 + 0.2SDS)D rQE + 0.5L+ 0.2S
(0.9 - 0.2SDS)D rQE + 1.6H

At this flat site, both S and H equal 0. Note that roof live load need not be combined with
seismic loads, so the live load term, L, can be omitted from the equation. Therefore:
1.4D + rQE
0.7D - rQE
These load combinations are for the in-plane direction of the shear walls.
The earthquake force considerations are listed by bullet points due to the limited time for the
presentation. The detailed calculations can be found in the guide.

The total shear along each side of the building is V/2 = 46.75 kips. The maximum
shear on longitudinal panels (at the side with the openings) is:
Vlu = 46.75/11 = 4.25 kips
On each side, each longitudinal wall panel resists the same shear force as shown
in the free-body diagram of the figure, where D1 represents roof joist reactions and
D2 is the panel weight.

Base connection design yielding and design for overstrength of other connection
actions. The slide describes the connection and the actions considered.

Base connection tension from overturning moment and sustained gravity resistance
calculation is shown. Notes that 0.7D comes from the load combination (0.9-0.2SDS)
and 1.4 comes from (0.9+0.2SDS). These factors consider the vertical acceleration
effects.

The angle, which is the ductile element of the connection, is welded between the
plates embedded in the DT leg and the footing. This angle is an L53-1/23/4
0'-6-1/2" with the long leg vertical. The steel for the angle and embedded plates will
be ASTM A572, Grade 50. The horizontal leg of the angle needs to be long enough
to provide significant displacement at the roof, although this is not stated as a
requirement in either the Provisions or ACI 318. This will be examined briefly here.
The angle and its welds are shown in the figure.

Calculation of the bending in connection angle and tension resistance are shown in
the slide.
The calculation shows that the calculated strength is slightly less than the demand,
but providing a stronger angle (e.g., a shorter horizontal leg) will simply increase the
demands on the remainder of the assembly.

Using ACI 318 Section 21.4.3, the tension force for the remainder of this connection
and the balance of the wall design are based upon a probable strength equal to
150 percent of the yield strength.

The Provisions Section 21.4.4 (ACI 318 21.4.3) requires that connections that are
designed to yield be capable of maintaining 80 percent of their design strength at
the deformation induced by the design displacement. For yielding of a flat bar
(angle leg), this can be checked by calculating the ductility capacity of the bar and
comparing it to Cd. Note that the element ductility demand (to be calculated below
for the yielding angle) and the system ductility, Cd, are only equal if the balance of
the system is rigid. This is a reasonable assumption for the intermediate precast
structural wall system described in this example.
The idealized yield deformation of the angle is calculated as shown in the slide.

Weld design calculations are also based on providing the overstrength required.

Weld design calculations, continued. The displacement from plastic hinge rotation
is compared to yield deflection to determine the ductility of the connection
compared to the design displacement amplification factor.

Base connection detail from the design calculations. The figure shows anchorage of
the plate embedded in the double tee to include bars that project into the stem for
development.
Although the design examples continues with overstrength design of the precast
panel, the requirements for overstrength design of the provisions are limited to the
non-yielding elements of connections.

Introduction to review of special moment frames constructed using precast concrete
construction. This method is considered emulation of monolithic cast-in-place
concrete.

Description of requirements for ductile connections form the text is provided.

Figure showing offset of Type 2 splice from face of column for ductile connection
design. The figure shows a space between the end of the precast beam and the
face of the precast column that permits the offset of the splice to meet the distance
of h/2 from the face of the support. This space would be filled with cast-in-place
concrete to complete the joint.

Description and figure for strong connections with ductile region offset from face of
column. The figure shows splice couplers at the face of the column, but the
reinforcing must be proportioned to ensure sufficient strength in the region of the
splice so that yielding occurs in the beam beyond the ends.

Calculation of moment strength of beam in frame example

Calculation of the probable moment strength of beam joint in frame example is
shown in the slide.

Calculation of moment strength for strong connection of beam in frame example is
shown.
If column-to-column connections are required, ACI 318 Section 21.8.3(d) requires a

1.4 amplification factor, in addition to loads associated with the development of the
plastic hinge in the beam. Locating the column splice near the point of inflection,
while difficult for construction, can help to make these forces manageable.

This is a slide provided as a summary of the examples covered in the presentation.

A summary slide on the general considerations for the seismic design of precast
concrete structural systems.

A slide to recognize that precast systems based on jointed behavior rather than
emulation of monolithic cast-in-place concrete can also be used, but these are
beyond the scope of the provision.

This slide is a placeholder for opening the floor up to questions

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples
Precast Concrete
8
Suzanne Dow Nakaki, S.E.
Originally developed by
Gene R. Stevens, P.E., and James Robert Harris, P.E., PhD
Instructional Slides developed by Ned Cleland. P.E., PhD
Seismic design of precast

concrete using the NEHRP
Recommended Provisions
Review of design examples to

illustrate the application of the
provisions

Concrete Systems
Design Category C must be intermediate or special moment
frames, or intermediate precast or special structural walls.
Design Category D must be special moment frames, or
intermediate precast (up to 40 feet) or special structural walls.
Design Category E or F must be special moment frames or special
structural walls.
Prestress provided by prestressing steel resisting earthquake-
induced flexural and axial loads in frame members must be limited
to 700 psi or fc/6 in plastic hinge regions. These values are
different from the ACI 318 limitations, which are 500 psi or fc/10.
8 - Precast Concrete Design 1


Concrete Systems
An ordinary precast structural wall is defined as one that satisfies
ACI 318 Chapters 1-18.
An intermediate precast structural wall must meet additional
requirements for its connections beyond those defined in ACI 318
Section 21.4. These include requirements for the design of wall
piers that amplify the design shear forces and prescribe wall pier
detailing and requirements for explicit consideration of the ductility
capacity of yielding connections.
A special structural wall constructed using precast concrete must
satisfy the acceptance criteria defined in Provisions Section 9.6 if
it doesnt meet the requirements for special structural walls
constructed using precast concrete contained in ACI 318
Section 21.10.2.
Requirements for Precast Concrete

Systems: Design Examples
The example in Section 8.1 illustrates the design of untopped and
topped precast concrete floor and roof diaphragms of the five-story
masonry buildings
intermediate precast concrete shear wall building in a region of low
or moderate seismicity. The precast concrete walls in this example
resist the seismic forces for a three-story office building.
intermediate precast concrete shear wall for a single-story
industrial warehouse building.
The example in Section 8.4 shows a partial example for the design
of a special moment frame constructed using precast concrete per
ACI 318 Section 21.8.
8.1 HORIZONTAL DIAPHRAGMS
A B C D E F
40'-0" 24'-0" 24'-0" 24'-0" 40'-0"
4'-0"
4
8" concrete
24'-0"
masonry wall
6'-8"
3
24'-0"
72'-0"
6'-0" Prestressed
hollow core
2 slabs
24'-0"
14'-0"
1
152'-0"
Hollow core plank floor plan for diaphragm examples

HORIZONTAL DIAPHRAGMS
Structural diaphragms are horizontal or nearly horizontal
elements, such as floors and roofs, that transfer seismic inertial
forces to the vertical seismic force-resisting members.
Precast concrete diaphragms may be constructed using topped
or untopped precast elements depending on the Seismic Design
Category.
Reinforced concrete diaphragms constructed using untopped
precast concrete elements are not addressed specifically in the
Standard, in the Provisions, or in ACI 318.
Topped precast concrete elements, which act compositely or
noncompositely for gravity loads, are designed using the
requirements of ACI 318 Section 21.11.
Horizontal Diaphragm Examples
This example illustrates untopped precast

floor and roof diaphragm design for five-story
masonry buildings located in
Birmingham, Alabama, on soft rock
(Seismic Design Category B)
New York, New York (Seismic Design
Category C).
Diaphragm Forces for Birmingham

Building
The weight tributary to the roof and floor diaphragms (wpx) is the total
story weight (wi) at Level i minus the weight of the walls parallel to the
direction of loading.
Roof:
Walls parallel to force = (45 psf)(277 ft)(8.67 ft / 2) = -54 kips
wpx = 807 kips
Floors:
Walls parallel to force = (45 psf)(277 ft)(8.67 ft) = -108 kips
wpx = 855 kips

Standard equation 12.10-1
n
Fi
i x
Fpx n
wpx
wi
ix
Calculations for Fpx are provided in Table 8.1-2.
Table 8.1-2 Birmingham 1 Fpx Calculations

n n
wi wi Fi Fi Vi wpx Fpx
i x i x
Level (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips)

Roof 861 861 175 175 807 164
4 963 1,824 156 331 855 155
3 963 2,787 117 448 855 137
2 963 3,750 78 526 855 120
1 963 4,713 39 565 855 103
1.0 kip = 4.45 kN.

The minimum value of Fpx = 0.2SDSIwpx
= 0.2(0.24)1.0(807 kips) = 38.7 kips (roof)
= 0.2(0.24)1.0(855 kips) = 41.0 kips (floors)
The maximum value of Fpx = 0.4SDSIwpx

= 2(38.7 kips) = 77.5 kips (roof)
= 2(41.0 kips) = 82.1 kips (floors)
Note that the calculated Fpx in Table 8.1-2 is

substantially larger than the specified maximum limit
value of Fpx.
. Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 12

A B C D E F
W1 W1
W2
F F F F
40'-0" 3 at 24'-0" = 72'-0" 40'-0"
152'-0"
The uniform diaphragm demands are

proportional to the distributed weights of the
diaphragm in different areas
W1 = [67 psf (72 ft) + 48 psf (8.67 ft)4](153 kips / 863

kips) = 1,150 lb./ft
W2 = [67 psf (72 ft)](153 kips / 863 kips) = 855 lb./ft

8.1 8.1
7 6
4 1 2 3
8.1
3 5
72'-0"
8.1
8
8.1
5
8.1
4
36'-0" 24'-0"
4'-0"


panels at panel-to-panel joints
panels at the panel-to-wall joint
Joint 3: Maximum transverse moment and chord force
Joint 4: Maximum longitudinal shear perpendicular to
the panels at the panel-to-wall connection (exterior
longitudinal walls) and anchorage of exterior masonry
wall to the diaphragm for out-of-plane forces
Joint 5: Collector element and shear for the interior
longitudinal walls
Joint Forces

Shear, Vu1 = 1.15 kips/ft (36 ft) = 41.4 kips
Moment, Mu1 = 41.4 kips (36 ft / 2) = 745 ft-kips
= 10.5 kips
Shear, Vu2 = 1.15 kips/ft (40 ft) = 46 kips
Moment, Mu2 = 46 kips (40 ft / 2) = 920 ft-kips
= 13.0 kips
Joint Forces
Shear, Vu3 = 46 kips + 0.86 kips/ft (24 ft) 38.3 kips = 28.3 kips
Moment, Mu3 = 46 kips (44 ft) + 20.6 kips (12 ft) - 38.3 kips (24
ft) = 1,352 ft-kips
Chord tension force, Tu3 = M/d = 1,352 ft-kips / 71 ft = 19.0 kips

Wall shear along wall length, Vu4 = 19.1 kips (36 ft)/(152 ft / 2) =
9.0 kips
Collector force at wall end, Tu4 = Cu4 = 19.1 kips - 9.0 kips =
10.1 kips

The Standard has several requirements for out-of-

plane forces. None are unique to precast
diaphragms and all are less than the requirements in
ACI 318 for precast construction regardless of
seismic considerations. Assuming the planks are
similar to beams and comply with the minimum
requirements of Standard Section 12.14 (Seismic
Design Category B and greater), the required out-of-
plane horizontal force is:
0.05(D+L)plank = 0.05(67 psf + 40 psf)(24 ft / 2) = 64.2 plf

Design Category B and greater), the minimum
anchorage for masonry walls is:
400(SDS)(I) = 400(0.39)1.0 = 156 plf

Design Category B and greater), bearing wall
anchorage must be designed for a force computed
as:
0.4(SDS)(Wwall) = 0.4(0.39)(48 psf)(8.67 ft) = 64.9 plf
Standard Section 12.11.2.1 (Seismic Design Category C

and greater) requires masonry wall anchorage to flexible
diaphragms to be designed for a larger force. Due to its
geometry, this diaphragm is likely to be classified as rigid.
However, the relative deformations of the wall and
diaphragm must be checked in accordance with Standard
Section 12.3.1.3 to validate this assumption.
Fp = 0.85(SDS)(I)(Wwall) = 0.85(0.39)1.0[(48 psf)(8.67 ft)] = 138 plf
(Note that since this diaphragm is not flexible, this load is not used in the
following calculations.)

Joint 5 Forces
Wall shear along each side of wall, Vu5 = 19.1 kips [2(36 ft) / 152 ft]/2 = 4.5 kips
Collector force at wall end, Tu5 = Cu5 = 19.1 kips - 2(4.5 kips) = 10.1 kips
Joint 5 Shear flow due to transverse forces:

Shear at Joint 2, Vu2 = 46 kips
Q = A d: A = (0.67 ft) (24 ft) = 16 ft2 , d = 24 ft
Q = (16 ft2) (24 ft) = 384 ft3
I = (0.67 ft) (72 ft)3 / 12 = 20,840 ft4
Vu2Q/I = (46 kip) (384 ft3) / 20,840 ft4 = 0.847 kip/ft maximum shear flow
Joint 5 length = 40 ft
Total transverse shear in joint 5, Vu5 = 0.847 kip/ft) (40 ft)/2 = 17 kips

Chord reinforcement, As1 = Tu1/fy = (10.5 kips)/[0.9(60 ksi)] = 0.19
in2 (The collector force from the Joint 4 calculations at 10.1 kips is
not directly additive.)
Shear friction reinforcement, Avf1 = Vu1/fy = (41.4
kips)/[(0.75)(1.0)(60 ksi)] = 0.92 in2
Total reinforcement required = 2(0.19 in2) + 0.92 in2 = 1.30 in2
ACI tie force = (1.5 kips/ft)(72 ft) = 108 kips; reinforcement = (108
kips)/(60 ksi) = 1.80 in2
Provide four #5 bars (two at each of the outside edges) plus

four #4 bars (two each at the interior joint at the ends of the
plank) for a total area of reinforcement of 4(0.31 in2) + 4(0.2
in2) = 2.04 in2.


33 4"
(2) #4
(collector bars)
#3 x 4'-0" (behind)
Interior Joint
21 2" 2"
at each joint
between planks
31 2"
2" (2) #4 anchored 4'-0"

into plank at ends.
2"
11 2" 21 2"
Anchorage
region for shear
reinforcement

2'-2
2
"
#3 x 1 standard hooks
"
#3x 2'-6"
2'-2
em bedded in grouted standard hook

edge cell of plank. Provide grouted into
2 sets for each plank. each key joint
2" cover
71 2 "
(1) #5
(2) #5 in continuous
m asonry in joint to
bond beam anchor hooks
V ertical
reinforcem ent
in w all

Vertical wall
reinforcement
beyond #3x 2'-6"
standard hook
grouted into
each key joint
2"
cover
(2) #5 bars
in joint
(chord bars)
(2) #5 in
bond beam
Topped Precast Concrete Units for Five-Story

Masonry Building Located in Los Angeles
For Seismic Design Category C and higher, Standard
Section 12.10.2.1 requires that collector elements, collector
splices and collector connections to the vertical seismic force-
resisting members be designed in accordance with Standard
Section 12.4.3.2, which combines the diaphragm forces times
the overstrength factor (W0) and the effects of gravity forces.
The seismic design force of 463 kips is distributed as in
Section 8.1.1.6 (Figure 8.1-1 shows the distribution). The force
is three times higher than that used to design the untopped
diaphragm for the New York design due to the higher seismic
demand.
Collector elements will be designed for 2.5 times the diaphragm
force based on the overstrength factor (0).


8.1 8.1
13 10
8.1 8.1
12 11

Edge Detail
Prestressed
Splice bars hollow core
(2) #8 bars Artificially WWF bend plank with
(chord bars) roughened down into roughened
edge chord top surface
3"
topping)
(concrete
21 2" min
3"
412" spiral of 14" wire

with 2" pitch over each
lap splice.
Contact Grouted
lap splice
chord / collector
312" 212" element along exterior
edge of precast plank

Interior Details
WWF
Vertical Cut out alternate face shells
topping
3"
2" min
(2) #8 reinforcement (16" o.c. each side) and place

(collector bars) topping completely through
wall and between planks
1" clear
#3x4'-0" at 16" to
lap with WWF
21 2"
3"
WWF 10 x 10
21 2"
W4.5 x W4.5
(2) #8 (2) #5 in
collector bars masonry
bond beam


150'-0"
25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

40'-0"
26 IT 28
precast
beams
120'-0"
40'-0"
15'-0"
18" DT roof and floor

slabs (10 DT 18)
8'-0"
8'-0"
8" precast
shear walls
40'-0"

Seismic Parameters
SS 0.266
S1 0.08
Site Class D
Fa 1.59
Fv 2.4
SMS = FaSS 0.425
SM1 = FvS1 0.192
SDS = 2/3 SMS 0.283
SD1 = 2/3 SM1 0.128
Seismic Design Category B
Basic Seismic Force-Resisting Bearing Wall System
System
Wall Type Intermediate Precast Shear Walls
R 4
0 2.5
Cd 4
Structural Design Considerations
Precast Shear Wall System. This system is

designed to yield in bending at the base of the
precast shear walls without shear slip at any of the
joints. The remaining connections (shear connectors
and flexural connectors away from the base) are then
made strong enough to ensure that the inelastic
action is forced to the intended location.
The basic load combinations require that seismic
forces and gravity loads be combined in accordance
with the factored load combinations presented in
Standard Section 12.4.2.3.

Base Shear
Equation 12.8-2: S DS 0.283
CS 0.0708
R/I 41
except that it need not exceed the value from Standard Equation 12.8-3
computed as:
S D1 0.128
CS 0.110
T ( R / I ) 0.29(4 / 1)
where T is the fundamental period of the building computed using the
approximate method of Standard Equation 12.8-7:
Ta Cr hnx (0.02)(36)0.75 0.29sec
Therefore, use Cs = 0.0708, which is larger than the minimum specified in

Standard Equation 12.8-5:
Cs = 0.044(SDS)(I) 0.01 = 0.044(0.283)(1.0) = 0.012
The total seismic base shear is then calculated using Standard
Equation 12.8-1 as: V = CsW = (0.0708)(5,364) = 380 kips
Vertical Distribution of Seismic Force
95 kips
12'-0"
63.5 kips
12'-0"
31.5 kips
12'-0"
Grade
V = F = 190 kips
25'-0"
Overturning Moment Longitudinal

12'-0"
9 5 k ip s
12'-0"
6 3 . 5 k ip s
12'-0"
3 1 . 5 k ip s
12'-0"
V C
T 1 2 '- 0 "
9" 2 3 '- 6 " 9"
ME = (95 kips)(36 ft) + (63.5 kips)(24 ft) + (31.5 kips)(12 ft) = 5,320 ft-kips

Overturning
Using the load combinations described above, the vertical loads
for combining with the overturning moment are computed as:
Pmax = 1.26D + 0.5L + 0.2S = 397 kips
Pmin = 0.843D = 239 kips
The tension reinforcement can be found from a simple couple.

The effective moment arm is:
jd = 25 - 1.5 = 23.5 ft
M Pmin 5,320 239

Tu 107kips
jd 2 23.5 2
End Reinforcement
The required reinforcement is:
As = Tu/fy = (107 kips)/[0.9(60 ksi)] = 1.98 in2
Use two #9 bars (As = 2.0 in2) at each end with Type 2 couplers
for each bar at each panel joint. Since the flexural reinforcement
must extend a minimum distance, d, (the flexural depth) beyond
where it is no longer required, use both #9 bars at each end of
the panel at all three levels for simplicity
At this point a check per ACI 318 Section 16.5 will be made.
Bearing walls must have vertical ties with a nominal strength
exceeding 3 kips per foot and there must be at least two ties per
panel. With one tie at each end of a 25-foot panel, the demand
on the tie is:
Tu = (3 kip/ft)(25 ft)/2 = 37.5 kips
The two #9 bars are more than adequate for the ACI
requirement.
Shear Connections and Reinforcement

Panel joints often are designed to resist the shear
force by means of shear friction, but that technique is
not used for this example because the joint at the
foundation will open due to flexural yielding.
Alternatively, the joint can be designed with direct

shear connectors that will prevent slip along the joint.
That concept is developed here.

Shear Connection Force
The design shear force is based on the yield strength of the

flexural connection. The flexural strength of the connection can
be approximated as follows:
My

As f y jd Pmax ( jd / 2)

2.0 in 60 ksi 23.5 ft + 397 kip (23.5 ft/2) 1.41
2
Mu ME 5,320 ft-kips
Therefore, the design shear, Vu, at the base is 1.5(1.41)(190 kips) =

402 kips.
Shear Connection Detail

1
4
#5,see (c)
Welded wire
reinforcement Plate 3 8x4x1'-0"
L4x3x516x0'-8"
LLH
1 8
4
(b) Side elevation

3
4" H.A.S.
Drypack Plate 1 2x12x1'-6" 4
C8x18.75
(a) Section through connection

1
4
(c) Section through embeded assembly

Assembly with two face plates measuring 3/8" 4" 12" connected
by a C8x18.75 and with diagonal #5 bars as shown in the figure. In
the field, weld an L435/16 0'-8", long leg horizontal, on each
face. The shear capacity of this connection is checked as follows:
Shear in the two loose angles:
Vn = f(0.6Fu)tl(2) = (0.75)(0.6)(58 ksi)(0.3125 in.)(8 in.)(2) = 130.5 kip
Weld at toe of loose angles:
Vn = (0.6Fu)tel(2) = (0.75)(0.6)(70 ksi)(0.25 in./(2)(8 in.)(2) = 89.1 kip
Weld at face plates, using Table 8-8 in AISC Manual (13th edition):
Vn= 0.75(1.73)(1.0)(4)(8)(2) = 83.0 kip
Bearing of concrete at steel channel:
fc = f(0.85f'c) = 0.65(0.85)(5 ksi) = 2.76 ksi


The bearing will be controlled by bending in the web: compute
the width (b) of flange loaded at 2.76 ksi that develops the
plastic moment in the web:
Mp = Fytw2/4 = (0.9)(50 ksi)(0.4872 in2)/4 = 2.67 in-kip/in.
Mu = fc[(b-tw)2/2 - (tw/2)2/2] = 2.76[(b - 0.243 in.)2 - (0.243 in.)2]/2
setting the two equal results in b = 1.65 inches.
Therefore, bearing on the channel is:
Vc = fc(2 - tw)(l) = (2.76 ksi)[(2(1.65) - 0.487 in.](6 in.) = 46.6 kip
To the bearing capacity on the channel is added the four #5
diagonal bars, which are effective in tension and compression;
= 0.75 for shear is used here:
Vs = fyAscos = (0.75)(60 ksi)(4)(0.31 in2)(cos45) = 39.5 kip
Thus, the total capacity for transfer to concrete is:
Vn = Vc + Vs = 46.6 + 39.6 = 86.1 kip
Shear Connection Design:

Foundation Plate
In the foundation, provide an embedded plate 1/2" 12" 1'-6"
with six 3/4-inch-diameter headed anchor studs.
The capacity of the plate in the foundation is governed by the

headed anchor studs. Capacity in shear for anchors located far
from an edge of concrete, such as these and with sufficient
embedment to avoid the pryout failure mode is governed by the
capacity of the steel, which is required by ACI 318
Section D3.3.4:
Vsa = n Ase futa = (0.65)(6 studs)(0.44 in2 per stud)(60 ksi) = 103 kip
Shear Connection Summary

The various shear capacities of the connection are as follows:
Shear in the two loose angles: 130.5 kip
Weld at toe of loose angles: 89.1 kip
Weld at face plates: 83.0 kip
Transfer to concrete: 86.1 kip
Headed anchor studs at foundation: 103 kip
The number of embedded plates (n) required for a panel is:
n =402/83.0 = 4.8
Use five connection assemblies, equally spaced along each side
(4'-0" on center works well to avoid the end reinforcement). The
plates are recessed to position the #5 bars within the thickness of
the panel and within the reinforcement of the panel.
Consider how much moment capacity is added by these connection to the

vertical uplift at the joint

This example illustrates the design of a precast

concrete shear wall for a single-story building in a
region of high seismicity.
The precast concrete building is a single-story
industrial warehouse building (Occupancy
Category II) located in the Los Angeles area on Site
Class C soils.
The precast wall panels used in this building are
typical DT wall panels.
Walls are designed using the ACI category of
intermediate precast structural walls.

15 DT at 8'-0" = 120'-0"
48'-0"
at 4'-0" o.c.
24LH03
12 DT at 8'-0" = 96'-0"
Joist girder
(typical)
Steel tube
columns
at 4'-0" o.c.
24LH03
48'-0"
3 DT at 8'-0" = 16'-0" 5 DT at 8'-0" = 40'-0" 16'-0" 3 DT at 8'-0" =

24'-0" O.H. O.H. 24'-0"
door door

SS 1.5
S1 0.60
Site Class C
Fa 1.0
Fv 1.3
SMS = FaSS 1.5
SM1 = FvS1 0.78
SDS = 2/3 SMS 1.0
SD1 = 2/3 SM1 0.52
Seismic Design Category D
Basic Seismic Force-Resisting System Bearing Wall System
Wall Type Intermediate Precast Structural Wall
R 4
0 2.5
Cd 4

Intermediate precast concrete wall

panels
The intent of the intermediate precast structural wall
requirements is to provide yielding in a dry connection for
bending at the base of each precast shear wall panel while
maintaining significant shear resistance in the connection.
The flexural connection for a wall panel at the base is located in
one DT leg while the connection at the other leg is used for
compression. Per ACI 318 Section 21.4, these connections
must yield only in steel elements or reinforcement
All other elements of the connection (including shear resistance)
must be designed for 1.5 times the force associated with the
flexural yield strength of the connection.
System Force Calculations
Flexible diaphragm
Equivalent lateral force method
Load combinations
Earthquake forces
Building weight
Base shear
Horizontal distribution without torsion for
flexible diaphragm
Longitudinal Direction Design

8'-0"
3'-0"
Vlu
D1 D1
D2
20'-0"
2'-0" 2'-0" 2'-0" 2'-0"
Vu = 4.25 kips/panel
DT leg
Foundation
Vlu
T C

Tension and Shear Forces at the Panel Base

Design each precast shear panel to resist the seismic overturning
moment by means of a ductile tension connector at the base of the panel.
A steel angle connector will be provided at the connection of each leg of
the DT panel to the concrete footing.
The horizontal leg of the angle is designed to yield in bending as needed
in an earthquake.
ACI 318 Section 21.4 requires that dry connections at locations of
nonlinear action comply with applicable requirements of monolithic
concrete construction and satisfy both of the following:
Where the moment action on the connection is assumed equal to
1.5My, the co-existing forces on all other components of the
connection other than the yielding element shall not exceed their
design strength.
The nominal shear strength for the connection shall not be less than
the shear associated with the development of 1.5My at the connection.
Longitudinal Direction
The maximum tension for the connection at the base of the precast
panel to the concrete footing is governed by the seismic overturning
moment and the dead loads of the panel and the roof.
At the base:
ME = (4.25 kips)(20 ft) = 85.0 ft-kips
Dead loads:
SD = 2(1.08) + 7.73 = 9.89 kips
1.4D = 13.8 kips
0.7D = 6.92 kips
Compute the tension force due to net overturning based on an
effective moment arm, d, of 4.0 feet (the distance between the DT
legs). The maximum is found when combined with 0.7D:
Tu = ME/d - 0.7D/2 = 85.0/4 - 6.92/2 = 17.8 kips

y
y
z
x My
61 2" t
L5x31 2x3 4x61 2

Tu' (LLV) Tu'
t
CG Vu '
Vu'
Mx Mz
Mz
4"
My Mx
yB
Fillet
weld "t"
1"
Vu' Vu'
Fillet 25 16" k = 1316"
T u'
weld
Tu ' Location
of plastic
hinge


The location of the plastic hinge in the angle is at the toe of the fillet
(at a distance, k, from the heel of the angle.) The bending moment
at this location is:
Mu = Tu(3.5 - k) = 17.8(3.5 - 1.1875) = 41.2 in.-kips
6.5 0.752
b M n 0.9 Fy Z 0.9 50 41.1in kips
4

Using ACI 318 Section 21.4.3, the tension force for the remainder
of this connection and the balance of the wall design are based
upon a probable strength equal to 150 percent of the yield strength.
Thus:
M n (1.5) 50 6.5 (0.75) / 4
2
T pr 1.5 27.0kips
3.5 k 0.9(3.5 1.1875)

The amplifier, required for the design of the balance of the connection, is:
Tpr 27.0
1.52
Tu 17.8
The shear on the connection associated with this force in the angle is:
T pr
V pr VE 4.25 1.52 6.46kips
Tu
Check the welds for the tension force of 27.0 kips and a shear force 6.46
kips.

The Provisions Section 21.4.4 (ACI 318 21.4.3) requires that
connections that are designed to yield be capable of maintaining
80 percent of their design strength at the deformation induced by the
design displacement. For yielding of a flat bar (angle leg), this can be
checked by calculating the ductility capacity of the bar and comparing it
to Cd.
M n 50 6.5 (0.75 ) / 4
2
Py 19.8kips
L 2.25
Py L3 19.83(2.313 )
y ,idealized 0.0122
3EI 3 29,000 (6.5 0.753 / 12)


Welds will be fillet welds using E70 electrodes.
For the base metal, Rn = (Fy)ABM.
For which the limiting stress is Fy = 0.9(50) = 45.0 ksi.
For the weld metal, Rn = (Fy)Aw = 0.75(0.6)70(0.707)Aw.
For which the limiting stress is 22.3 ksi.
Size a fillet weld, 6.5 inches long at the angle to the embedded plate
in the footing. Using an elastic approach:
Resultant force = 2 2 2 2
V pr T pr 6.46 27.0 27.8kips
Aw = 27.8/22.3 = 1.24 in2
t = Aw/l =1.24 in2 / 6.5 in. = 0.19 in.
For a 3/4 inch angle leg, use a 5/16 inch fillet weld. Given the
importance of this weld, increasing the size to 3/8 inch would be a
reasonable step

It is conservative to limit the maximum strain in the bar to esh = 15ey.
At this strain, a flat bar would be expected to retain all its strength and
thus meet the requirement of maintaining 80 percent of its strength.
Assuming a plastic hinge length equal to the section thickness:
15 y 15 50 / 29,000
p 0.06897
d /2 0.75 / 2
Lp 0.75
sh p L p L y 0.06897 0.75 2.31 0.012 0.112in.
2 2
Since the ductility capacity at strain hardening is 0.112/0.012 = 9.3 is

larger than Cd = 4 for this system, the requirement of Provision
Section 21.4.4 (ACI 318 Sec. 21.4.3) is met.
Base Connection Detail
Mz
My
Z
V

Special Moment Frame Constructed

Using Precast Concrete
As for special concrete walls, the Standard does not
distinguish between a cast-in-place and a precast
concrete special moment frame in Table 12.2-1.
ACI 318 Section 21.8 provides requirements for
special moment frames constructed using precast
concrete.
That section provides requirements for designing
special precast concrete frame systems using either
ductile connections (ACI 318 Sec. 21.8.2) or strong
connections (ACI 318 Sec. 21.8.3.)
Ductile Connectors
For moment frames constructed using ductile
connections, ACI 318 requires that plastic hinges be
able to form in the connection region. All of the
requirements for special moment frames must still be
met, plus there is an increased factor that must be
used in developing the shear demand at the joint.
It is interesting to note that while Type 2 connectors
can be used anywhere (including in a plastic hinge
region) in a cast-in-place frame, these same
connectors cannot be used closer than h/2 from the
joint face in a ductile connection. The objective of
Type 2 connectors is that they relocate the yielding
away from the connector, into the bar itself.
Ductile Connectors
Type 2 coupler
Precast column
h
2

Strong Connections
Lb
ACI 318 also

provides design
rules for strong
connections used in Lclr
special moment (3) #10 t&b (3) #14

hooks t&b
frames. The
concept is to
H col
provide connections lcoupler

hbeam
Plastic hinge
location
that are strong Type 2 coupler
enough to remain
elastic when a
plastic hinge forms
in the beam. hcol

A single-bay frame is designed to meet the
requirements of a precast frame using strong
connections at the beam-column interface.
Reinforcing the beam with three #10 bars top and
bottom, the nominal moment strength of the beam is:
As Fy 3 1.27 (60)
a 3.0in.
0.85 f c'b 0.85 5 (18)
a 3.0
M n As Fy d 0.9 31.27 60 33 / 12 540 ft kips
2 2

This is the moment strength at the plastic hinge
location. The strong precast connection must be
designed for the loads that occur at the connection
when the beam at the plastic hinge location develops
its probable strength. The moment strength at the
beam-column interface (which also is the precast
joint location) must be at least:
Lb hcol
M u , joint M pr
Lclr
1.25 1.25
M pr M n 540 750 ft kips
0.9


Therefore, the design strength of the connection must be
at least:
30 36 / 12
M u , joint 750 843 ft kips
24
Using #14 bars in the column side of the Type 2 coupler:

As Fy 3 2.25 (60)
a 5.3in.
0.85 f c'b 0.85 5 (18)
a 5.3
M n As Fy d 0.9 3 2.25 60 33 / 12 921 ft kips
2 2
which is greater than the load at the connection (843 ft-
kips) when the plastic hinge develops.
Examples for Seismic Design of

Precast Concrete
Diaphragms in moderate and high seismic
design categories
Intermediate precast concrete shear walls in
moderate and high seismic design categories

Precast concrete designs must reflect the
jointed nature of the material assembly
Precast concrete code requirements include
detailing to add ductility and redundancy to
allow comparison with (emulation of)
monolithic cast-in-place concrete
include requirements beyond monolithic
construction for bar splices


Precast concrete designs that recognize certain
benefits of the jointed nature of the construction are
recognized by ACI 318, but are currently beyond the
scope of the provisions.
Special moment-resisting frames using a hybrid
system are covered under ACI 374.1-05 and TI.2-03.
Special precast concrete shear walls using unbonded
post-tensioning are covered under ACI ITG 5.1 and
ITG 5.2.
Questions

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Precast Concrete

Instructional Slides developed by Ned Cleland. P.E., PhD

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 1

Seismic design of precast

Review of design examples to

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 2

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 3

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 4

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 5

Hollow core plank floor plan for diaphragm examples

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 6

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 7

This example illustrates untopped precast

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 8

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 9

Standard equation 12.10-1

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 10

Calculations for Fpx are provided in Table 8.1-2.

Table 8.1-2 Birmingham 1 Fpx Calculations

Level (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips)

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 11

The maximum value of Fpx = 0.4SDSIwpx

Note that the calculated Fpx in Table 8.1-2 is

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 13

The uniform diaphragm demands are

W1 = [67 psf (72 ft) + 48 psf (8.67 ft)4](153 kips / 863

W2 = [67 psf (72 ft)](153 kips / 863 kips) = 855 lb./ft

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 14

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 15

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 16

Joint 1 Transverse forces:

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 17

Joint 4 Longitudinal forces:

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 18

The Standard has several requirements for out-of-

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 19

According to Standard Section 12.11.2 (Seismic

According to Standard Section 12.11.1 (Seismic

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 20

Standard Section 12.11.2.1 (Seismic Design Category C

Fp = 0.85(SDS)(I)(Wwall) = 0.85(0.39)1.0[(48 psf)(8.67 ft)] = 138 plf

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 21

Joint 5 Shear flow due to transverse forces:

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 22

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 23

Provide four #5 bars (two at each of the outside edges) plus

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 24

2" (2) #4 anchored 4'-0"

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 25

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 26

embedded in grouted standard hook

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 27

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 28

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Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 30

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 752, Design Examples Precast Concrete - 31

41 2" spiral of 1 4" wire