XI.
BASIC
ELECTRICAL
SYSTEMS
PART 1 UNDERSTANDING ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
PART 2 ELECTRICAL MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS
PART 3 DRAWING ELECTRICAL LAYOUTS
PART 1
UNDERSTANDING
ELECTRICITY and
ELECTRICAL
SYSTEMS
What is Electricity?
Definition
A form of energy generated by friction, induction or chemical change, having magnetic,
chemical and radiant effect.
The motion of free electrons through a solid conductor.
Basic Sources of Electricity
Storage Batteries utilizes chemical reaction to generate electricity (Electrochemistry)
Generators converts mechanical energy into electrical energy (Electromagnetic
Induction)
Other Sources
Static electricity physical separation and transport of charge
Photoelectric effect conversion of light into electrical energy
Piezoelectric effect from charges in crystalline materials
Thermoelectric effect conversion of heat or thermal difference to electrical energy
Nuclear transformation from the acceleration of charged particles
BASIC SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY -
BATTERY
utilizes chemical
reaction to generate
electricity, the direct
transformation of
chemical energy into
electricity
BASIC SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY -
GENERATOR
Converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy.
It generates electrical energy from kinetic
energy, and is the most used form of
generation.
TWO TYPES OF GENERATOR:
AC Generator generates alternating current. Also
called an alternator.
DC Generator generations direct current.
TYPES OF CURRENT
DIRECT CURRENT
a current which flows at a
constant time rate and in the
same direction.
ALTERNATING CURRENT
current which is periodically
varying in time rate and in
direction. It rises from zero to
maximum, falls to zero,
reverses its direction and
again returns to zero.
UNITS IN ELECTRICITY
CURRENT or QUANTITY POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
ELECTRIC CHARGE OF FLOW OF ELECTRIC or ELECTROMOTIVE
CHARGE FORCE
Coulomb Ampere Volt
the charge transported An ampere of current An ampere of current
by a steady current of represents a rate of flow represents a rate of flow
one ampere in one of one coulomb or 6.25 of one coulomb or 6.25
second. the charge x 10 18 x 10 18
transported by a steady electrons/second electrons/second
current of one ampere through a given cross through a given cross
in one second section. section.
UNITS IN ELECTRICITY
ELECTRIC ELECTRICAL
RESISTANCE
POWER ENERGY
OHM WATT WATT-HOURS
The resistance The unit of electric The unit of energy
which will allow power or the rate or the capacity for
one ampere of of doing electrical doing work.
current to flow work.
when one volt is
impressed upon it.
THE OHMS LAW
I=V/R
Where:
I = the current flowing in a circuit (Amperage)
V = the electromotive force (Voltage)
R = Resistance (Ohms)
The current, I, that will flow in a DC circuit is directly proportional to the
voltage ,V, and inversely proportional to the resistance , R, of the circuit.
CIRCUITS
An electrical circuit may be defined as a complete conducting path carrying current from a
source of electricity to and through some electrical device or load and back to the source.
R1 R2
3 amp
10 amp 10 amp
1 amp 1 amp 1 amp
+
ELECTRICAL R3 ELECTRICAL R1 R2 R3
SOURCE SOURCE
10 amp
10 amp
R5 R4
CIRCUIT IN SERIES CIRCUIT IN PARALLEL
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5 R = 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3)
CIRCUITS
An electrical circuit may be defined as a complete conducting path carrying current from a
source of electricity to and through some electrical device or load and back to the source.
R1 R2
3 amp
10 amp 10 amp
1 amp 1 amp 1 amp
+
ELECTRICAL R3 ELECTRICAL R1 R2 R3
SOURCE SOURCE
10 amp
10 amp
R5 R4
CIRCUIT IN SERIES CIRCUIT IN PARALLEL
SERIES CIRCUIT is one in which the PARALLEL CIRCUIT (or Multiple Circuit) is one in
components are connected in tandem. All which the components or loads are so arranged
separate loads of the circuit carry the same that the current divides between them. With this
equal current and the total resistance, R, is the system, the total current flowing through the
sum of the resistances around the circuit. circuit is the sum of the current flowing through
each outlet.
PART 2 ELECTRICAL
MATERIALS AND
EQUIPMENT
CONDUCTORS
Conductors are materials which allow the free flow of
electrons through them.
Types:
Wires A pliable metallic strand or a twisted or a woven assembly
insulated by dielectric material.
Cables A single insulated conductor or a bound or sheathed
combination of conductors insulated from one another.
Bus Bars - Large conductors which are not circular in cross section and
usually found only to supply the main switch boards.
CONDUCTORS
Types of Cables
Armoured Cable (Type AC)
Metal Clad Cable (Type MC)
Conductor Ampacity Mineral Insulated Cable (Type MI)
Non-metallic Sheathed Cable
Conductor current carrying (NMC)
capacity or ampacity is the Shielded Non-Metallic Sheathed
maximum operating Cable (Type SNM)
temperature that its insulation Underground Feeder and Branch
can stand continuously. Circuit Cable (Type UF)
Service Entrance Cable (Type SE
Heat is generated as a result or USE)
of the current flowing and the Power and Control Tray Cable
conductor resistance. (Type TC)
Flat Cable Assemblies (Type FC)
Flat Conductor Cable (Type FCC)
Medium Voltage Cable (Type MV)
INSULATORS
TYPES OF INSULATORS
Trade name Type Letter Maximum Operating Application
INSULATORS are materials Temperature Provisions
which prevent the flow of Moisture-& heat-resistant RHW 75O C Dry and wet
electrons through them. rubber 167O F Locations
Thermoplastic T 60O C Dry locations
140O F
Moisture-resistant thermoplastic TW 60O C Dry and wet
140O F Locations
Heat-resistant thermoplastic THHN 90O C Dry locations
194O F
Moisture-& heat-resistant THW 75O C Dry and wet
thermoplastic 167O F Locations
Moisture-& heat-resistant THWN 75O C Dry and wet
thermoplastic 167O F Locations
Moisture-& heat resistant XHHW 90O C Dry locations
cross-linked thermosetting 194O F Wet locations
polyethelene 75O C
167O C
Silicone-asbestos SA 90O C Dry locations
194O F
Asbestos and Varnished AVA 110O C Dry locations only
Cambric 230O F
CONDUITS CONDUITS are circular raceways used to enclose
wires and cables and are of metal or plastic
(PVC).
ADVANTAGES OF CONDUITS
To protect the enclosed conductors from mechanical TYPES OF METAL CONDUITS
injury and chemical damage.
Heavy-wall steel conduits called
Rigid Steel Conduits or RSC with an
To protect people from shock hazards by providing a approximate thickness of 0.117 mm.
grounded enclosure.
Intermediate Metal Conduit or IMC
To provide a system ground path. with thickness of 0.071 mm.
To protect the surroundings against fire hazard as a
result of overheating or short circuiting of the enclosed
conductors.
Thin-wall steel conduits named
Electric Metal Tubing or EMT.
To support the conductors.
CONDUITS CONDUITS are circular raceways used to enclose
wires and cables and are of metal or plastic
(PVC).
RACEWAYS
Raceways are
channels or wiring
accessories so
designed for
holding wires,
cables and bus
bars that are
either made of
metal, plastic, or
any insulating
medium.
OUTLETS and RECEPTACLES
An outlet is a point in the wiring system at which current is taken to supply
utilization equipment.
Convenience Outlet Lighting Outlet
is an outlet intended for establishing is an outlet intended for direct
an electrical connection from the connection to a lamp holder, lighting
conductors in an electrical system, to fixture, or pendant cord terminating in
a receptacle which then connects to a lamp holder
an appliance.
SWITCHES
Switches are devices for making, breaking, or changing conditions in an
electrical circuit under the conditions of load which they are rated.
TYPES OF SWITCHES SPECIAL SWITCHES
Service Switch controls electrical Time Controlled Switch
service in a building, excluding
emergency lighting/power. Remote Control Switch
Power Switches controls branch Air Switch
circuits. Knife Switch
Wiring Switches
Key Switch
General Purpose
Automatic Transfer Switch
Three Way/Four Way Switches
Dimmers (Rheostat)
Automated Switches
Momentary Contact Switch Light, Movement, Moisture, Heat, etc.
BASIC WIRING SWITCHES
MECHANISMS
TUMBLER OR PUSH BUTTON ROTARY
TOGGLE
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
OCPs are devices whose sole purpose is to protect insulation, wiring, switches
and other apparatus from overheating or burning, due to overloads, to faults
or to short circuits, by automatically cutting off the circuit.
FUSE CIRCUIT BREAKERS
is a device consisting of an alloy link of Is a device designed to function as a
wire with a low melting temperature switch, or it can be manually tripped and
that melts/breaks at the event of thus act as a circuit switch and trips at the
overcurrent or faults in circuits. event of overcurrent or faults in circuits.
ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
FEEDER L LAMP HOLDER PUSH BUTTON
BRANCH CIRCUIT-CEILING/WALL
PS LAMP HOLDER WITH PULL SWITCH BELL
BRANCH CIRCUIT-FLOOR C
CLOCK OUTLET
BUZZER
3&4 WIRES CIRCUIT NO.
MARK INDICATES 2 WIRES D DROP CORD OUTLET
CH CHIME
CROSSING WIRES F FAN OUTLET
ANNUNCIATOR
CONNECTING WIRES R RADIO OUTLET
FLOOR OUTLET LIGHTING PANEL
LIGHTING OUTLET CEILING POWER PANEL
DUPLEX CONVENIENCE OUTLET
FUSE
RECESSED CEILING OUTLET CONVENIENCE OUTLET SPLIT-WIRED WH WATT-HOUR METER
DASH INDICATES SHAPE OF
FIXTURE WEATHER PROOF OUTLET
WP
T TRANSFORMER
OUTLET AND SWITCH
S
J JUNCTION BOX
LIGHTING OUTLET WALL RANGE OUTLET
R
SPECIAL PURPOSE OUTLET GROUND
FLUORESCENT LAMP REFRIGERATOR OUTLET
ref
PART 3
DRAWING
ELECTRICAL
LAYOUTS
FIN
It is very easy to be
different, but very difficult
to be better.
Jonathan Ive (1967 - )
