Quiz 6 (Ch.
9)
Tensile deformation: Density:
F
=Y
∆L ρ=
m Chapter 9
A L0 V
Shear deformation: Floating object:
F ∆x
Solids and Fluids
=S Fg = B = ρ fluidV fluid g
A h Part 2
Bulk deformation:
∆V
∆P = − B
V 1 2
Part 2 Fluids in Motion:
Outline Streamline Flow
Streamline flow
Every particle that passes a particular point
Fluid flow and viscosity
moves exactly along the smooth path
followed by particles that passed the point
Surface Tension
earlier
Also called laminar flow
Streamline is the path
Transport phenomena
Different streamlines cannot cross each
other
The streamline at any point coincides with
the direction of fluid velocity at that point
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Fluids in Motion:
Streamline Flow, Example Turbulent Flow
The flow becomes irregular
Streamline exceeds a certain velocity
flow shown
around an any condition that causes abrupt
auto in a wind changes in velocity
tunnel
Eddy currents are a characteristic
of turbulent flow
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1
Turbulent Flow, Example Fluid Flow: Viscosity
The rotating blade Viscosity is the degree of internal
(dark area) forms a friction in the fluid
vortex in heated air
Example: water has a lower viscosity
The wick of the
than oil
burner is at the
bottom The internal friction is associated
Turbulent air flow with the resistance between two
occurs on both adjacent layers of the fluid moving
sides of the blade relative to each other
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Characteristics of an Ideal
Fluid Equation of Continuity
The fluid is nonviscous Mass is conserved: M1=M2
There is no internal friction between adjacent The product of the cross-
layers sectional area of a pipe
The fluid is incompressible and the fluid speed is a
constant
Its density is constant
The fluid motion is steady A1 v1 = A2 v 2
Its velocity, density, and pressure do not Speed is high where the pipe
change in time is narrow and speed is low
The fluid moves without turbulence where the pipe has a large M 1 = ρ1 A1∆x1
diameter
No eddy currents are present ∆x1 = v1t1
The elements have zero angular velocity about Av is called the flow rate
its center
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Equation of Continuity,
cont Bernoulli’s Equation
The equation is a consequence of Relates pressure to fluid speed and
conservation of mass and a steady flow elevation
Av = const Bernoulli’s equation is a consequence of
This is equivalent to the fact that the Conservation of Energy applied to an
volume of fluid that enters one end of the ideal fluid
tube in a given time interval equals the Ideal fluid: incompressible and
volume of fluid leaving the tube in the same
nonviscous, and flows in a nonturbulent,
interval
Assumes the fluid is incompressible and there are
steady-state manner
no leaks
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2
Applications of Bernoulli’s
Bernoulli’s Equation, cont. Principle: Venturi Tube
Can be used to measure
1
P + ρv 2 + ρgy = const the speed of the fluid flow
2 flowing through a
horizontal constricted pipe
pressure kinetic potential Speed changes as
energy energy diameter changes
The sum of the pressure, kinetic energy Swiftly moving fluids exert
per unit volume, and the potential less pressure than do P1 > P2
slowly moving fluids
energy per unit volume has the same v1 < v 2
value at all points along a streamline
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An Object Moving Through
Example: Problem #46 a Fluid
h = 16 m Many common phenomena can be
Av = 2.5x10-3 m3/min 1 explained by Bernoulli’s equation
At least partially
h
In general, an object moving through a
a) v - ? fluid is acted upon by a net upward
2
b) dhole - ? force as the result of any effect that
causes the fluid to change its direction
1 2 as it flows past the object
P + ρv + ρgy = const
2
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Application - Constricted Application – Airplane
Artery Wing
Artery is constricted as a The air speed above
result of accumulated the wing is greater than
plaque on its inner walls the speed below
Blood travels faster then The air pressure above
normal trough constricted the wing is less than
area the air pressure below
Pressure decreases - artery There is a net upward
may collapse; then it re- force
opens Called lift
Change in flow can be Other factors are also
detected with a involved
stethoscope
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3
Surface Tension Surface Tension, cont
Net force on The net effect of this pull on all the
molecule A is zero surface molecules is to make the
Pulled equally in surface of the liquid contract
all directions
Net force on B is Makes the surface area of the
not zero liquid as small as possible
No molecules Example: Water droplets take on a
above to act on it spherical shape since a sphere has
Pulled toward the the smallest surface area for a given
center of the fluid volume
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Example: Surface Tension
on a Needle Surface Tension, Equation
Surface tension allows The surface tension is defined as the ratio of
the needle to float, even the magnitude of the surface tension force to
though the density of the length along which the force acts:
the steel in the needle is
much higher than the F
density of the water γ=
The needle actually L
rests in a small SI units are N/m
depression in the liquid
surface Can express as J/m2 - in terms of energy, any
The vertical components equilibrium configuration of an object is one in
of the force balance the which the energy is a minimum
weight
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Final Notes About Surface
Measuring Surface Tension Tension
The force is The surface tension of liquids
measured just as the
ring breaks free from decreases with increasing
the film temperature
F Surface tension can be decreased
γ =
2L by adding ingredients called
The 2L is due to the surfactants to a liquid
force being exerted on
the inside and outside
Detergent is an example
of the ring
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4
A Closer Look at the Liquids in Contact with a
Surface of Liquids Solid Surface – Case 1
Cohesive forces are forces The adhesive forces
between like molecules (liquid-glass) are
greater than the
Adhesive forces are forces cohesive forces (liquid-
between unlike molecules liquid)
The shape of the surface depends The liquid clings to the
upon the relative size of the walls of the container
cohesive and adhesive forces The liquid “wets” the
surface
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Liquids in Contact with a
Solid Surface – Case 2 Contact Angle
Cohesive forces (liquid
-glass) are greater than
the adhesive forces
The liquid curves
downward
The liquid does not In a, Φ > 90° and cohesive forces are
“wet” the surface greater than adhesive forces
In b, Φ < 90° and adhesive forces are
greater than cohesive forces
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Capillary Action Capillary Action, cont.
Capillary action is the Here, the cohesive
result of surface tension
and adhesive forces forces are greater
The liquid rises in the than the adhesive
tube when adhesive forces
forces are greater than
cohesive forces
The level of the fluid
At the point of contact in the tube will be
between the liquid and below the surface of
the solid, the upward the surrounding fluid
forces are as shown in the
diagram
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5
Capillary Action, final Viscous Fluid Flow
The height at which the fluid is drawn above Viscosity refers to
or depressed below the surface of the friction between the
surrounding liquid (density ρ) is given by: layers
Layers in a viscous fluid
2γ have different velocities
h= cos φ The velocity is greatest
ρgr
at the center
Cohesive forces
γ - surface tension between the fluid and
the walls slow down the
φ - contact angle fluid on the outside
r - tube radius
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Coefficient of Viscosity Poiseuille’s Law
Assume a fluid Gives the rate of
between two solid
surfaces flow of a fluid in a
A force is required to tube with pressure
move the upper differences
surface
Av
F=η Rate of flow =
d
η is the coefficient ∆V π R4 (P1 − P2 )
=
SI units are N . s/m2 ∆t 8η L
cgs units are Poise
1 Poise = 0.1 N.s/m2
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Reynold’s Number Example: Problem #65
At sufficiently high velocity, a fluid flow d = 2.0 cm
can change from streamline to
turbulent flow v = 55 cm/s
The onset of turbulence can be found by a ρ = 1050 kg/m3
factor called the Reynold’s Number, RN
ρvd η = 2.7x10-3 Ns/m2
RN =
η
If RN = 2000 or below, flow is streamline
If 2000 <RN<3000, the flow is unstable Is the blood flow turbulent ?
If RN = 3000 or above, the flow is ρvd
turbulent Reynold’s Number RN =
η
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6
Transport Phenomena Diffusion
Movement of a fluid may be due to
differences in concentration
As opposed to movement due to a pressure
difference
Concentration is the number of molecules
per unit volume
Concentration on the left is higher than on the
The fluid will flow from an area of high right of the imaginary barrier
concentration to an area of low Many of the molecules on the left can pass to
concentration the right, but few can pass from right to left
The processes are called diffusion and There is a net movement from the higher
osmosis concentration to the lower concentration
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Diffusion and Fick’s Law Osmosis
Molecules move from a region of
Osmosis is the movement of water from
high concentration to a region of
a region where its concentration is high,
low concentration across a selectively permeable
Basic equation for diffusion is membrane, into a region where its
given by Fick’s Law concentration is lower
Mass C − C1 A selectively permeable membrane is one
Diffusion rate = = DA 2
that allows passage of some molecules, but
time L not others
D is the diffusion coefficient
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Motion Through a Viscous Motion in a Viscous
Medium Medium
When an object falls through a fluid, a As the object falls, three
viscous drag acts on it forces act on the object
The resistive force on a small, spherical As its speed increases, so
object of radius r falling through a does the resistive force
viscous fluid is given by Stoke’s Law: At a particular speed,
called the terminal speed,
Fr = 6 π η r v the net force is zero
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7
Example: Problem#69 Sedimentation Rate
F = 3.0x10-13 N The speed at which materials fall
v = 4.5x10-4 m/s Fr through a fluid is called the
r = 2.5x10-6 m sedimentation rate
It is important in clinical analysis
v
The rate can be increased by
ηair - ?
increasing the effective value of g
Fr = 6 π η r v This can be done in a centrifuge
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