TREES OF PUERTO RICO

AND THE

VIRGIN ISLANDS
SECOND VOLUME

ELBERT L. LITTLE, JR.

Chief Dendrohgist, Division of Timber Management Research
Forest Service, Washington, D.C.

ROY 0. WOODBURY
Plant Taxonomist, University of Puerto Rico
Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico

and

FRANK H. WADSWORTH
Director, Institute of Tropical Forestry
Forest Sewice, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico

AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 449

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20250 SEPTEMBER 1974
 Library of Congress Card Number: 73-600-134

Front cover: 117. Violeta, violet-tree, Polygala cowellii

(Britton) Blake. Small to medium-sized
tree native only in Puerto Riw. Beautiful
masees of violet-colored flowers cover the
uee from February to March o r April,
generally when leafless.
Back wver: 389. Retnma, wattapania, Sabinea florida
(Vahl) DC. Handsome ehrub o r small tree
native only in the Virgin Islands and
Puerto Rieo. The entire plant is a maw
of bluish purple when in flower, mostly
from Jnnunry to M w h while leafless.
Worthy of wider eultivotion ns a n orna-
mental.
Cotrer of first volume: 151. blaga, Montezun~aepecioabriina
Sessd & Moe. Medinm-sieed tree
bearing throughout the year
very huge red flowers resem-
bling hibiscus (shown two-thirds
natural size). Native only in
Puerto Rieo and widely planletl
for ornament and shade.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfRce,

Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $13.45
Stock Number 0100-02884
 CONTENTS
Page
List of tree species (volume 2) iv
List of maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Work by others. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Preparation of the two volumes..................... -- ----- --- 7
Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Illustrations ........................................ 8
Tree names ........................................ 8
Tree descriptions ........................................ 9
Wood and uses , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -10 --------
Other uses ........................................ 10
Propagation, growth, and other notes..................... 11
Distribution - - , - - - - - - - - - - - - - -11 --------
Explanation of botanical terms................................ 12
Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Flower clusters ........................................ 12
Flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
How to use this book in tree identification------ -------------- 13
,-

Statistical summary ........................................ 14

Endemic, rare, and endangered tree species .................... 15
Acknowledgments ........................................ 18
Forests and forestry in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands--------- 20
The virgin forests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
The forests of today. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Public forests and parks................................... 23
Forest conservation ........................................ 26
Literature cited , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -29- - - - - - - -
Special lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Poisonous trees ....................................... 32
Appearance and trunk................................... 32
Colored sap or latex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Planting lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Key to families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Part 1. Leaves alternate, simple-------------- -------------- 35
,-

Part 2. Leaves alternate, compound ........................... 39

Part 3. Leaves opposite, simple............................... 40
Part 4. Leaves opposite, compound............................ 41
Tree species, descriptions and illustrations 42
Supplement to "Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands"
(volume 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 984
Index of common and scientific names in both volumes -------------- 991

iii
 LIST OF TREE SPECIES (VOLUME 2)'
Page
Tree-fern family (Cyatheaceae) - --------- - - -- ------ -------- --------- --- -- ------- -- - -- - - 42
251. Helecho gigante, tree-fern, Cgatltea aquilina (Christ) Domin -------------, 42
252. Helecho figante, tree-fern, CZlatltea tenera (J. E. Sm.) Moore ------------,- 44
253. Helecho gigante, tree-fern, Cgathea eacuquensis (Karst.) Domin ----------,- 46
254. Helecho gigante, tree-fern, Cyathea wilsonii (Hook.) Proctor ? ,---,,,--- 46
-,--
256. Helecho gigante espinoso, tree-fern, Nephelea portoricensis (Spreng.) Tryon ( E ) -- 48
256. Helecho gigante de la sierra, tree-fern, Alsophila bryophilcc Tryon ( E )----------- 50
Cycad family (Cycadaceae) ------------,----------------- 52
257. Cica, crozier cycas, Cycas circinalis L.*----------,-------,-- 52
Podocarp family (Podocarpaceae), vol. 1, p. 30, under yew family (Taxaceae) ------,--- 54
Araucaria family (AraucariaceaeQ) .................................................... 54
258. Kauri, Queensland kauri, Agathis robust~(C. Moore) F. M. Bailey * -- ----------- 54
259. Araucaria, Norfolk-Island-pine, Araucaria heterophglh (Salisb.) Franco * ,----- 56
Pine family (Pinaceae *) --------------,---------------- ---- -.........................
,- 58
260. Pino hondureiio, Caribbean pine, Pinus cwibaea Morelet * ...................... 58
Cypress family (Cupressaceae *) ,------------------------ 60
261. Ciprbs, Mexican cypress, Cupressus lusitanica Mill.* ,,,---------------
-----------me 60
262. Ciprh italiano, Italian cypress, Cupressus sempervirens L.*...................... 62
263. Tuya, oriental arborvitae, Thuja orientalis L.*---,--------------- ------------- 64
-..........................
,-

Screw-pine family (Pandanaceae *) .......................... 66

264. Pandano, screw-pine, Pandanus utilis Bory * -----,-------,------ ------ 66
_,-

Grass family (Gramineae) --,------------------------- -- ..............................

-,- 68
Palm family (Palmae) ------------------,-------------- ..............................
,- 68
266. Palma manaca, Puerto Rican manac, Cdyptronoma &alis (0. F. Cook) L. H.
Bailey (E, R) -----,--------------- -.......................................
266. Palma areca, Madagascar-palm, Chqjsatidocarpus lutescens H. Wendl.*,------- --
267. Palma de abanico, tyre-palm, Coccotlcm'mx alta (0. F . Cook) Beccari (E) --------
268. Florida cherrypalm, Pseudophoenix sargentii H. Wend].? .........................
269. Palma real cubana, Cuban royalpalm, Roystonea regia (H.B.K.) 0. F. Cook *----
270. Hispaniola palmetto, Sabal domingensis Beccari * ?--,,--,---,----,--
271. Palma de escoba, brittle thatchpalm, Thrinux morrisii H. Wendl .-----------------
..
272. Jamaica thatchpalm, Thrimx nzultifEoraMart.'? ................................
Lily family (Lihaceae) ..................................................................
273. Dracaena, Drmaena fragrurts Ker.* -----,------------------
274. Bayoneta, Spanish bayonet, aloe yucca, Yucca aloifolia L.*---------,----
276. Bayoneta, Spanish bayonet, bulbstem yucca, Yucca elephantipes Regel *----------
Banana family (Musaceae) ..............................................................
276. Arbol del viajero, travelers-tree, Rave~talccmadagascariensis Sonn.*,----------- --
Casuarina family (Casuarinaceae *) ................................................ -----
277. Casuarina, scalybark casuarina, Casuarina crbtata Miq.* ?--------- --------- -- --
278. Casuarina, Cunningham casuarina, Casztarina cz~nninghamianaMiq.*----------,-
Pepper family (Piperaceae) -----, ---------- -- ---- -------- ------------------------------
,-

279. Higuillo de lim6n, Piper amaEago L. ....................................... -----

280. Higuillo, Piper bZattarum Spreng. ( E ) -----------,- --------------- --------------
281. Higuillo, Piper tubercuhtum Jacq.------,--------------------------------------
Chloranthus family (Chloranthaceae) ....................................... -------- -----
Willow family (Salicaceae ') ........................................................ ----
282. Sauce Ilor6n, weeping willow, Salix babulonica L.* ..............................

1 Species (or families) with scientific names followed by an asterisk (*) are jntroduced. or exotic, and are not
native in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Species yithout ~llustrationsare ind~catedby n dagger (t). Local, or
endemic, species native only in Puerto RICOand the Virgin Islands are followved by the letter (E). Those local, or
endemic, species classed also as ralr or endangered are further designated by the letter (R).

iv
 Page
Waxmyrtle family (Myricaceae) -- -- - - - -- -- - --- -- - - - - - -- ------ - -- - -- ---------- - -- -- ------ 98
283. Cerero, southern bayberry, Myrica cerifera L .---------------------
-------------- 98
284. Palo de cera, Myrica holdridgeana Lundell (E, R) --------------- ---- ------------ 100
Walnut family (Juglandaceae) ............................................ -------------- 102
285. Nogal, West Indian walnut, Juglans jamaicensis C. DC
Elm family (Ulmaceae) .....................................................
.-------------
------------- 102
------------ 104
286. Almez, Celtis trinervia Lam .------------------------------------------------ --- 104
Mulberry family (Moraceae) ------ ............................. -------- ----- 106
.------------------
em----------

287. Mora, fustic, Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud ---- ----- ------- 108
288. Laurel de Benjamina, Benjamin fig, Ficus benjamim. L.'------------------------ 110
289. Mysore fig, Ficus drupacea Thunb.*--------------me------------------ ---------- 112
290. Fiddle-leaf fig, Ficus lvrata Warb.*-------------------------------- ------------- 114
291. African cloth-bark tree, Fimu nekbuda Warb.*--------------------
. . H.B.K .---------------------- -------------- 116
292. Jagiiey, Ficus obtuszfolm ------------------------- 118
293. Botree, Fictls religwsa L.* --------------- 120
294. Jagiiey, Ficus stahlii Warb. ( E ) ---------- ------------- - ..................... ---
,me-----------------------------------

296. Jagiiey, wild fig, Ficus trigonata L .---------------------------------------------

296. Mora, black mulberry, Momcs nigra L.*-----------------------------------------
297. Negra lora, Pseudolmedia spuria (Sw.) Griseb.---------------------------------
298. Rambn, Trophis racemsa (L.) Urban -----------------ma----------------------

Nettle family (Urticaceae) ..............................................................

299. Ortiga brava, stinging nettle, Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud
300. Ortiga colorada, stinging nettle, Urera caracasam (Jacq.) Gaud -
.------------------------
.---------------
301. Ortiga, stinging nettle, Urera chlorocarpa Urban (E, R)........................ -
Protea family (Proteaceae *) ............................................................
302. Roble de seda, silk-oak, Greviltea robusta A. Cunn.' ---------------------------a-

303. Macadamia, Macadamia temifolia F. Muell.* t,------------------

Olax family (Olacaceae) ................................................................
304. [Link] Britton ( E , R) .............................................
306. Araiia, Schoepfia obovata C. Wright........................................... -
306. Schoepfia schreberi J. F. Gmel.-------------------------------------------------
307. Tallowwood, Ximenia americana L .---------------------------------------------
Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae) ......................................................
..
308. Uvilla, Coccoloba costda C. Wright -----------,------------
309. Wild-grape, Coccoloba krugzz Lindau --------------------,,-,----
310. Uverillo, Coccoloba microstachya Willd .-------------
311. Uvera, Coccoloba pyrifolia Desf. (E) ------------------- .......................
-------------
---,----,----,--,,-

,-

312. Orteg6n, Coccoloba rugosa Desf. (E, R) ........................................

313. Uvero de monte, Coccoloba sintenisii Urban ( E )
314. Coccoloba tenuifolia L .--------------------------------------------------------
Four-o'clock family (Nyctaginaceae) ....................................................
316. Barrehorno, Guapira discolor (Spreng.) Little..................................
316. Corcho prieto, Guupira obtusata (Jacq.) Little..................................
317. Neea bm'folia (Hook. f.) Heimerl (E) ----------------------------------em-----

Moonseed family (Menispermaceae) .....................................................

318. H~perbaenalaurifotia (Poir.) Urban -------------- ........................... ,,-

Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae) ............................... .........................

Annona family (Annonaceae) ...........................................................
319. Chirimoya, cherimoya, Annona cherimoliu Mill.* ................................
320. Coraz6n cimarrbn, pond-apple, Annofta ghbra L .-------------------
------------ ,-,,

321. Haya blanca, Guatteria caribaea 'Urban ........................ -----------------

322. Haya prieta, lancewood, Oxandra la~ueolata(Sw.) Baill. ......................
323. Yaya, lancewood, Oxandra laurifolia (Sw.) A. Rich.----------------------------
324. An6n cimarrbn, RoUinia mucosa (Jacq.) Bail].------- - - -- ----------- -- - - -- ------
Laurel family (Lauraceae) .............................................................
326. Canelillo, Aniba bracteata (Nees) Mez----,--------------------
326. Malay cinnamon, Cinnumomum b u m n n i i (Nees) Blume *......................
327. Alcanfor, camphor-tree, Cinnammum camphor~(L.) Sieb.* t -- --- ----- em-------

328. Canela legitima, cinnamon-tree, Cinnamomum zeglanicum Breyne * --------------

329. Canelbn, Licaria brittoniuna Allen & Gregory (E) ..............................
.
330. Aguacatillo, Nectandra antillana Meisn.-------em-------------------------------
331. Laurel canel6n, Nedandra krugzz. Mez..........................................
 Page
Laurel family--Cont6tued
332. Laurel prieto, Nectandra membra~tacea(Sw.) Griseb .-----
-,-,----------
333. Laurel geo colorado, Nectandra patens (Sw.) Griseb.--------,-------------------
334. Laurel amarillo, Nectand~asintenisii Mez ( E ) ---,----------,----
335. Palo santo, Ocotea f o e n m e a Mez............................................
336. Laurel de paloma, Ocotea portoricensis Mez ( E )................................
..
337. Laurel caneldn, Ocotea wrightii (Meisn.) Mez--------------,----
338. Canela, Persea krugzz Mez.....................................................
339. Aguacatillo, Persea urbmniuruc Mez--------------,--------
340. Laurel avispillo, Phoebe elongata (Vahl) Nees -------------,,----
341. Avispillo, Phoebe montatm (Sw.) Griseb
Hernandia family (Hernandiaceae) ----------------,--------
.--,------------------------------------
Poppy family (Papaveraceae) ..........................................................
342. Pan cimarrbn, Boccolzia frutescens L .-----------,------------------------------
Caper family (Capparaceae) ............................................................
343. Burro blanco, Capparia amplissima Lam .--------,------------------------------
344. Palinguhn, limber caper, Capparia flexwsa (L.) L .----------------------em------
.
345. Sapo, rat-bean, Capparis frondosa Jacq .--------,,------------------------------
346. Burro, Capparis hastata Jacq.---------------------------------------------
347. Sapo prieto, linguam, Capparis 8zdica (L.) Fawc. & Rendle......................
348. Rat-apple, Moriaonia americam L.-- ......................... - -----------------
Horseradish-tree family (Moringaceae *) ----------------------------------------em------

Brunellia family (Bruntlliaceae) --------,-------------------

Cunonia family (Cunon~aceae)..........................................................
Rose family (Rosaceae) --- - -- ---------------- ---- ---- - - - -- - ----- - - - -- --------- ------ -- -
349. Hicaco, coco-plum, Chwsobalunus icaco L
360. Nispero de Espaiia, loquat, Eriobottya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.*----------------
361. Hirtella triandra Sw .----------- ...............................................
362. Myrtle laurelcherry, Pru?tus mgrtifolia (L.) Urban ..................... -------
.-------------------
,-

363. Almendr6n, West Indies laurelcherry, Prunus occidental& Sw

Legume family (Leguminosae) ........................................................ --
Mimosa subfamily (Mimosoideae; Mimosaceae) -----------,-------- --
364. Anegada acacia, Acacia anegadensis Britton (E, R) ........................... --
356. Tamarind~silvestre, casha, Acacia macracantha Humb. & Bonp1.--------------- --
356. Acacia nudosa, spineless acacia, Acacia muricata (L.) Willd
357. Goma arlibica, gum arabic, Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile * ------------------ -------
.--------------
-------
358. Catechu-tree, Acacia polgacantha Willd.*-------------------------- -------------
369. Casia, twisted acacia, Acacia torttcosa (L.) Willd.,, ...................... -------
360. Carbonero, Albizia carbonaria Britton * ................................. -------
361. Cojobillo, white calliandra, CaUiandra caracasana (Jacq.) Benth ------.----------
362. Surinam calliandra, Calliandra surimmensis Benth.' t ------- ------------------
363. Guanacaste, earpod-tree, Enterolobium cgclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.*--------- ---
364. Guaba venezolana, Inga fastuosa (Jacq.) Willd.* -------
------------,-------------

365. Uiia de gato, bread-and-cheese, catclaw, Pithecellobium unguis-cati (L.) Mart.----

Cassia subfamily (Caesalpinioideae ; Caesalpiniaceae) ------------------ ------------------
366. Palo de orquideas, purple bauhinia, Bauhinict purpurea L.*......................
367. Palo de orquideas, poor-man's-orchid, Bauhinia variegata L.* ....................
368. Dividivi, Caesdpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd .----------------------------- -------
369. Clavellina, flowerfence, Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.*--- -------------- - - - - -
370. Velamuerto, Cassia emarginata L .----------,---------------------------------- -
371. Caiiafistula cimarrona, pinkshower cassia, Cassia grandis L. f.*-----------------
372. Ca&a planisiliquu L.*........................................................
373. Retama prieta, Cassia polyphgk Jacq .-----------------------------------
374. Cassia spectabilis DC.*-----------------------------_---------------------
375. Oreganillo, Cynometra portorice& Krug & Urban ---------
----------------,----

376. Campeche, logwood, Haematoxylum campechianum L.* ..........................

Pea subfamily (Faboideae ; Fabaceae) --------------,,--------
377. Sisu, Indian rosewood, Ddbergiu sissoo Roxb.* .................................
378. Bucare, coraltree, Erytltrina corallodendrum L .---,---------,,------------------
379. Cresta de gallo, cockscomb coralbean, Erythrina cristacgdi L.*-,---,------
380. Piii6n espinoso, cockspur, Erythrina eggersii Krukoff & Moldenke (E, R) --------
381. Bucare, immortelle, Etythrina vanegata L.*---- - -- - -- ------ -- --------- ---- - - - -_,-
Pea family--Continued
382. Frijolillo, Hebestigma cubense (H.B.K.) Urban * f ......................... ---
383. Geno-geno, Lonchocarpus domingensis ( P e r ~ . )DC .-----------------------------
384. Gem, Loncltocarpw glauctUCtfolius Urban (E) ....................................
385. Escarnbrbn, Machaerium lunatum (L. f.) Ducke ................................
386. Cereipo, Myriospermum frutescens Jacq.* f ....................................
387. Ventura, dogwood, Piscidia carthagenensis Jacq .------------------------------- -
388. Pterocarpus, Burma padauk, Pterocaqma macrocarpus Kurz
389. Retama, wattapania, Sabinea florida (Vahl) DC. (E) ...................... -----
Oxalis family (Oxalidaceae) ...........................................................
390. Jalea, carambola, Averrhoa caramboh L.*
Coca family (Erythroxylaceae) ------------------ -- ...........................
-----em-------------------------------

----------
391. Rocio, brisselet, E ~ h r o x y l u mrotundif olium Lunan-- - -- ---- ---- - -- - - - - - ---- ---
392. Erythroxylum rufum..Cav .-------,,------------------------------------------- -
393. Elythroxylum urbanzz 0.E. Schulz.............................................
Caltrop family (Zygophyllaceae) ........................................................
Rue family (Rutaceae) --,-----------,-------------------
394. Teilla, balsam amyris, Amy& batsamifera L.f
+
-----------me---------------------

395. Pomelo, pummelo, Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck * ..............................

396. Cidra, citron, Citrus medica L.* ................................................
397. Mandarina, mandarin orange, Citrus reticulata Blanco* .........................
398. Kunquat, kumquat, Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle *--- ------------------
399. Mirto, orange-jessamine, Murraya pccniculata (L.) Jack * .......................
400. Aceitillo, Pilocarpus racemom L .----------------------------------------------
401. Tortugo prieto, Ravenia urbanii Engler (E, R) ........................ -------- ,-

402. Chinita, sweet-lime, limeberry, Triphaaia trifolia ( B u m . f.) [Link].* ,-,--------

403. Zanthoxylum bifoliohtum Leonard .............................................
404. Espino rubial, Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam .-----------------------------------
405. Alfiler, Zanthoxylum pnetatum Vahl------------------------------------------
406. Niaragato, Zanthoxylum spinifex (Jacq.) DC .----------------------------------
407. Zanthoxylum thomctsiccnum (Krug & Urban) Krug & Urban (E, R) --------------
Ailanthus family (Simaroubaceae) ......................................................
408. Castela e r e c t ~Turp.----------------------------------------------------------
409. Bitter-ash, Picrasma antillana (Eggers) Urban .................................
410. Palo amargo, bitterwood, Piwasma excelsa (Sw.) Planch .-----------,
,,,,----------
411. Aceitillo cimarrh, Simarouba tulae Urban ( E ) ................................
412. Temporana, baycedar, Suriana maritima L .-------------------------------------
Bursera family (Burseraceae) ..........................................................
Mahogany family (Meliaceae) ..........................................................
413. Guaraguadillo, Gmrea ramiflora Vent .------------------------------------------
..
414. Neem, margosa, Melia azadirachta L.*----------------------------------------
416. Tun, Burma toon, T o o m czlzata Roem.*
416. Bariaco, Tn'chilia triacatntha Urban (E, R) ....................................
Malpighia family (Malpighiaceae) ......................................................
417. Cafe falso, Bunchosiu glandulifera (Jacq.) H.B.K.? .............................
418. Caf6 forastero, Bunchosia glandulosa (Cav.) L. C. Rich
419. Palo de doncella, Long Key byrsonima, Byrsonima lucida DC
.------------------------
.-------------------- ,-

420. Almendrillo, Byrsonima wadsworthii Little ( E ) ................................

421. Palo bronco, Malpighia ficcata Ker -------,------------------
422. Huesito, Malpighia glabra L.* .................................................
423. Cowhage-cherry, Malpigitia infestissima (A. Juss.) A. Rich. (E) -----,,-,,,-----
424. Stingingbush, Malpighia linearis Jacq.-----------------------------------------
425. Stingingbush, Malpighia paUens Small ( E , R) .................................
426. Acerola, West-Indian-cherry, Malpighia punicif olia L.* -----------------------a-

427. Malpighia shaferi Britton & Wi1s.t (E, R) .....................................

Milkwort family (Polygalaceae) ........................................................
428. Polygala penaea L.------------------------------------------------------------
Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) ........................................................
429. Cotorro, Adelia ricinella L .----------------------------- ......................
,-

430. Nuez, candlenut, Akurites moluccana (L.) Willd.* ..............................

.--------------------------------------
431. B e m r d i a dichotoma (Willd.) Muell. Arg
432. Chamaesyce articulata (Aubl.) Britton-------------- .........................
,-
 Page
Spurge family-Continued
433. Papayuelo, Cnidoscolzta aconitif olizu (Mill.) I. M. Johnst.*,-- -- - ---- ------- -- - - -
434. Mariin, Cf0oton astroites Dryand .----------------------------------------------
435. Adormidera, Croton rigidus (Muell. Arg.) Britton ( E ) ........................
436. Ditta, Ditta mgricoides Griseb.------------------------------------------------
437. Hueso, Drgpetes alba Poit .----------------------------------------------------
438. Encinillo, Drgpetes ilicifolia Krug & Urban ....................................
439. Cueriduro, Guiana-plum, Dwpetes hteriflora (Sw.) Krug & Urban ------------
440. Carrasco, poison spurge, Eupltorbia eotinif olia L.*--- -- ------ -- - --------- ---- ---
441. Candelero, mottled spurge, Euphorbia lactea Haw.* ............................
442. Hedge euphorbia, Eupltorbia neriifolia L.* ......................................
443. Esqueleto, pencilbush, milkbush, Euphwbia t i ~ w a U iL.@.....................
444. Tirrtago, physic-nut, Jatropha .. curcas L.* ---------------- .....................
445. Tabaiba, Jatropha lternandzzfolia Vent .-----------------------------------------
,-

446. Tlrtago emhtico, coralplant, Jatropha multijida L .-------------------------' -----

447. Jagiierillo, Phyllanthus juglandif olius Wi1ld.t ..................................
448. Higuerito, castorbean, Ricinus communis L.* -------------------me-------------

449. Sapium caribaeum Urban ......................................................

450. Tabaiba, Sapium jamaicense Sw.----------------------------------------------
451. Amansa guapo, Savia sessiliflora (Sw.) Willd .--------------------em------------
452. Securinega acidoton (L.) Fawcett & Rendle....................................
Box family (Buxaceae) ................................................................
453. Buxus laevigata
.. (Sw.) Spreng .--------------------------------------------
454. B u x m vahlzz Baill. (E, R) ....................................................
Cashew family (Anacardiaceae) ................................... ---------------- -----
455. Chicharr611, Comocladia dodonaea (L.) Urban ..................................
456. Carrasco, Comocladia ghbra (Schultes) Spreng .--------------------------------
457. Pimienta de Brasil, Christmas-berry, Brazil peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia
Raddi* ----- -- -- -- -- - --- -- -- - - - - - -- ---- - -- -- --------- -- ---- ------- -- -- - -- -
Cyrilla family (Cyrillaceae) ............................................................
Holly family (Aquifoliaceae) ............................................................
468. Dahoon, Ilex cassine L.-------------------------------------------------
459. Zlex cookii Britton & Wils. (E, R) ..............................................
460. Macoucoua, Zlex guianensis (Aubl.) Kuntze....................................
461. Acebo de sierra, Ilex macfadgenii (Walp.) Rehd
462. Zlex nitida (Vahl) Maxim
.------------------------------
.----------------------------------------------------
463. Ilex riedlaei Loes .-----------------------------------------------------
464. Gongolin, Zlex siderox~loides Griseb .------------------------------------------
465. Ilex sintenisii (Urban) Britton ( E ) ............................................
466. Cuero de sapo, Zlex urbaniana Loes. (E, R) .....................................
Bittersweet family (Celastraceae) ......................................................
467. Coscorr6n, marble-tree, Cassine xylocarpa Vent .--------------------------------
468. Coral, Florida crossopetalum, Crossopetalum rhacoma Crantz ------------------
469. Coscorroncito, West Indies falsebox, Gyminda latifolia (Sw.) Urban------------
470. Maytenus cymosa Krug & Urban ( E ) ..........................................
471. Cuero de sapo, Magtenus eUiptica (Lam.) Krug & Urban ........................
472. Magtenus elongata (Urban) Britton (E, R) ....................................
473. Magtenus ponceana Britton ( E , R) ............................................
474. Jiba, Florida-boxwood, Sclmeferia frutescens Jacq .----------------------------
475. Boje, Torralbasia cuneifolia (C. Wright) Krug & Urban ........................
Bladdernut family (Staphyieaceae) .....................................................
Icacina family (Icacinaceae) ............................................................
476. Mappia racemosa Jacq.--------------------------------------------------------
477. Palo de rosa, Ottoschulzia r h o d o x ~ b ~(Urban) r Urban ..........................
Soapberry family (Sapindaceae) ........................................................
478. Palo blanco, Allopltglus crassineruis Radlk .------------------------------------
479. Quiebrahacha, Allophglus racemosus Sw.-----------------------------------
480. Seso vegetal, akee, Blighia s a p i d ~Koenig* ......................................
481. Guara blanca, Cupania triquetra A. Rich .------------------------------------
482. Gitarhn, hopbush, Dodo~taeaviscosa (L.) Jacq .--------------------------------
483. Gaita, butterbough, Exotltea pa~ticulata (Juss.) Radlk .--------------------------
484. Melocha, inkwood, Hypelate trifoliata Sw .--------------------------------------
 Page
Sabia family (Sabiaceae) ............................................................... 496
485. Arroyo, Meliosma obtusifolia (Bell~)Krug & Urban (E, R) .................... 496
Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) - -- ------- - ------ -- - -------- --- -- ------- -- ------- - ------ 498
486. Guam&,Reynosia gwwm Urban (E, R) --------------- ......................... - 498
487. Reunosia krugii Urban (E, R) ............................................. --- 500
488. Cascarrolla, Reynosia uncinata Urban .......................................... 502
489. West Indian buckthorn, Rhamnus sphaerosperma Sw .----------------- --------- 504
.. Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.*------- - ------- ------------------ 506
490. Aprin, India jujube,
491. Ziziphus rignonzz Delponte--,----------------------- 508
492. Ziziphus taylorii (Britton) M . C. Johnst .---------------me---------------------- 510
Elaeocarpus family (Elaeocarpaceae) .......................................... ------- -- 512
493. Capulin, Muntingia calabura L.* ------- --- -- - ------ 512
494. Sloanea [Link] Griseb.----------,-----------------------------------------
------em-------------------

514
Mallow family (Malvaceae)------,---------------------- --------------------- 516
495. Algod6n, wild cotton, Gossypium barbadewe L.* ................................ 516
496. Maj6, mahoe, Hibiscus elatus Sw.* ............................................ -- 518
497. Pavona, hibiscus, Chinese hibiscus, Hibiscus ros~sinensisL.*-------------------- 520
498. Sida eBgersii E. G. Baker (E, R) .............................................. 522
Bombax family (Bombacaceae) -- - --------- - -- ---------- -- -- -- ---------------em-------- - 524
499. Baobab, Adansonia digitata L.* ---------,--------------- 524
500. Pochote, Cdba aesculifolia (H.B.K.) Britten & Baker* .......................... 526
501. Chorisia, floss-silk-tree, Chorisia speciosa St. Hil.* 528
502. Shaving-brush-tree, Pacltira insignis (Sw.) Sav." ----------- ------------------- 530
Chocolate family (Sterculiaceae) ........................................................ 532
503. Nuez de cola, cola-nut, Cola acuminata (Beau~.)Schott & Endl." ---,---------- 532
504. Cuernecillo, cowbush, Helicteres jamaicensis Jacq .-------------,---------------- 534
505. Guest-tree, Kleinkoviu hospita L.* ------------- -- ----- -------- ----------------- 536
,-

506. Anacagiiita, hazel sterculia, Sterculia f oetida L.*------- --- ---- -------- -- -------- 538
Dillenia family (Dilleniaceae) ........................
,- -------------- ----------- -------- 538
Ochna family (Ochnaceae) ............................
,- ................................. 540
507. Mozambique ochna, Ochna mossambicensis Klotzsch*---------,-------- 540
.--------,--------------
508. Ouratea ilicifolia (DC.) Baill ------- ------------------- 542
,-

509. Abey amarillo, Ozcratea littoralis Urban (E) ------------------- ---------------- 544
,-

510. Ouratea striata (v. Tiegh.) Urban ........................... ---------------- 546

,-

Tea family (Theaceae) ................................................................. 548

511. Clepera albopumtata (Griseb.) Krug & Urban--me------------------------------ 548
512. Temtroemia lteptasepala Krug & Urban (E) ,------------------- 550
513. Palo colorado, Ternstroemia luquillensis Krug & Urban (E, R) 552
514. Temstroemia peduneuhris D C.------------------------------------------------
----em------------

554
515. Mamey del cura, Ternstroemia stahlii Krug & 'Urban (E) ...................... 556
516. Terwtroemia subsessilis (Britton) Kobuski (E, R) ............................ 558
Mangosteen family (Guttiferae) ........................................................ 560
517. Kamani, Calophyllum inophyllum L.*.......................................... 560
.----------------------------------------------
518. Cupey de monte, Clzisia minor L 562
519. Mangosttin, mangosteen, Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz*........................ 564
520. Mangosthn, mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L.*---- --- ----------------------- 566
Tamarisk family (Tamaricaceae*) .............................. - ---- -- ---------- ------- 568
521. Athel tamarisk, Tamarix apltglla (L.) Karst."
---em-------------------- -------- 568 ,-

Anatto family (Bixaceae*) .............................................................. 568

Cochlospermum family (Cochlospermaceae*)............................................ 568
Canella family (Canellaceae) ........................................................... 570
522. Chupacallos, Pleodendron macranthum (Baill.) v. Tiegh. (E, R) ,------,----,- 570
Flacourtia family (Flacourtiaceae) ...................................................... 570
523. Palo de ramdn, Banava portovicensis Krug & Urban (E, R) ...................... 572
524. Banara vanderbiltii Urban (E, R) .............................................. 574
.----------------------------------------------
525. Cambr6n, Casearia aculeata Jacq 576
526. Quetembila, kitembilla, Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardn.) Warb.* -------- --------- -- - 578
527. Louvi, Flacourtia inermis Roxb.*---------------------------------------------- 580
528. Talantrbn, Laetia
.. procera (Poepp. & Endl.) Eichl.------------------------------ 582
529. Lununia buchat Urban ------,---------------------- 584
530. Gorli oncoba, Oncoba echinata Oliver*.......................................... 586
 Page
Flacourtia family-Continued
531. Prockia crucis L .------------------------------------------------------------
532. Guayabilla, Samyda dodecandra Jacq .------------------------------------------
533. Roseta, Xylosma buxifolium A. Gray ............................ ----------------
534. Xylosma pachyph~llt~n~ (Krug & Urban) Urban (E, R) ........................
535. X~Zosma schaeflerioides A. Gray- - - --------------------
---------------------me

536. Palo de candela, Xylosma schwaneciceanzc~n(Krug & Urban) Urban (E, R) -------
Papaya family (Caricaceae*) -----------------,---------
Cactus family (Cactaceae) -------------em----- .........................................
,-

537. Cacto columnar, Cereus hexaganzts (L.) Mill.' ?................................

538. Dildo espafiol, Spanish dildo, Lemaireocereus hystrix (Haw.) Britton & Rose----
539. Tuna, Opuntia moniliformis (L.) Haw .----------------------------------------
-- -- ---- - - ---- ------ -- -- - ------- - - -- - - - - -
Mezereon family (Thymelaeaceae) --- - - - - - - - - -,
540. Majagua de sierra, maho, Daphnopsis americana (Mill.) J. R. Johnst
541. Daphgtopsis Itellerana Urban (E, R) --------------,------ ------------------- ,-
.--,---------
Loosestrife family (Lythraceae) ........................................................
542. Rosa de cihnega, Ginoria ~oltt-ii(Vahl) Koehne ----,---------- ----- ----------- ,_- ,-

543. Astromelia, crapemyrtle, Lagerstroemia indica L.* ........................ ----- ,-

544. ResedB, henna, Lawsonia inermis L.* ..........................................

Pomegranate family (Punicaceae*) .....................................................
545. Granada, pomegranate, Punica granutum L.*--- - - ---------- -- ------- ---- -- -- - -
Brazilnut family (Lecythidaceae* ) ------------------- ............................ ,- ---- --
646. Coco de mar, barringtonia, Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz'--------------------
547. Bala de caiibn, cannonball-tree, Couroupita guianensis Aubl.*--------------------
Mangrove family (Rhizophoraceae) -------------------------
548. Palo de gongoli, murta, Cassipourea guianensis Aub1.----------------------------
Combretum family (Combretaceae) ................................................... --
Myrtle family (Myrtaceae) ,----------------------------- ---
549. Limoncillo del monte, Myrcia citrifolia (Aubl.) Urban -----------,---- ----
550. Guayabacbn, Mgrcia leptoclada DC .------------------------------------------
551. Bottlebrush, Cdlisteman citrinus (Curtis) Skeels*..............................
---
552. Cd~ptrantheskiaerskovii Krug & Urban? (E, R) -,---------------
553. Calyptranthes luquillensis Alain (E, R)
554. Tapbn blanco, pale lidflower, Calgptranthes pallens Griseb.----------------------
----------,------------me---------------

555. Calyptranthes portorice& Britton (E, R) -,----------------

566. Limoncillo del monte, Calyptrantltes sintenisii Kiaersk .------------------------
557. Calyptranthes thWanu B e r d (E, R) ......................................
558. Myrtle-of-the-river, Cdyptranthes zuzygium (L.) Sw .-------------------------
559. Eucalipto, lemon eucalyptus, Eucalyptus citn'odora Hook.*? ------------ ----- ---
560. Eucalipto, kino eucalyptus, Eucalyptus resinifera J. E. Smith*--------------- ---
561. Grajo, white-stopper eugenia, Eugenia axilhris (Sw.) Willd
562. Pitangueira, Eugenia biflora (L.) DC .-------------------------------
---- -------------
----------
.---
563. Eugenia boqueronemis Britton (E, R) -------,-----,--------
564. Guayabota de sierra, Eugenia borinqz~emisBritton ( E )........................
565. Cienaguillo, redberry eugenia, Eugenia cmfusa DC .----------------------------
566. Lathberry, Eugenia cmduta (Sw.) DC .---------------------------------------
567. Eugenia (?) corozalenais Brittont ( E , R) ---,---------------- ---
568. Guashbara, Eugenia e g g e d Kiaersk. ( E , R) ...................................
569. Eugenia glabrata (Sw.) DC.? ...............................
--,-------em--- ,- ---
570. Uvillo, Eugenia haematocarpa Alain (E, R ) -------,--------,--
571. Palo de muleta, Eugenia ligustrina (Sw.) Willd
572. Anguila, boxleaf eugenia, Eugenia foetida Pers
.--------------------------------
.-----------,-------------
------- ,-

573. Biriji, black-cherry, Eugenia monticola (Sw.) DC.--------,---------. ----------- .-,

574. Hoja menuda, Eugenia procera (Sw.) Poir.-----------------------------------

575. Quiebrahacha, Eugenia pseudopsidium Jacq.- ,- -- -,,----- -- --------
-- -----------
576. Serrazuela, Eugenia serrasueh Krug & Urban? (E, R ) --------,------ ---- ,-,

578. Murta, Eugenia sinteniszz Kiaersk

..
577. Eugenia sessiliflora Vahl (E, R) ------------,----------
.-----------------------------------------
579. Eugenia stewardsonii Britton (E, R) ...........................................
580. Cereza de Cayena, Surinam-cherry, Eugenia uniflora L.* --,----------- -- - -,,-
581. Eugenia xeropltgtica Britton ( E , R ) ............................................
 Page
Myrtle family-Continued . .
582. Cieneguillo, Gomzdesza lindeniana Berg ........................................
583. Cayeputi, cajeput-tree, Melaleuca quinquenervia ( Cav.) S. T. Blakee ---- --------
584. Hoja menuda, Psidium sintenisii (Kiaersk.) Alain (E, R) .......................
585. Hoja menuda, Myrcia f d l a x (A. Rich.) DC.----------------------------------- -
586. Myrcia (?) paganii Krug & Urban? (E, R) ....................... ---- ---------
587. Guayabacbn, Myrcianthes fragrans (Sw.) McVaugh ......................... ---
588. Mirto, guavaberry, Myrcimria floribuq~da (West ex Willd.) Berg--------------- --
589. Beruquillo, Marlierea sintenisii Kiaersk. (E, R ) ................................
590. Mountain guava, Psidium amplexicaule Pers. ( E ) ............................. -
591. Siphoneugena densiflora Berg, ................................................
Melastome family (Melastomataceae) ....................................................
592. Clidemia umbrosa (Sw.) Cogn.-------------------------------------- ---------
593. Conostegia hotteana Urban & Ekmant .........................................
594. Camasey peludo, Henriettea fasciculam's (Sw.) G6mez------------------ "-------
595. Camasey, Henriettea m a c f a d g m i i (Triana) Alain ..............................
596. Camasey, Henriettea membranifolia (Corn.) Alain (E, R) ......................
597. Henriettea triflora (Vahl) Alaint ..............................................
598. Camasey almendro, Mecranium amygdalinum (Desr.) C. Wright--- ----------- --
599. Camasey, Miconia ~ f i n i sDC.--------------------------------------------------
600. Camasey, Miconia foveolata Cogn. (E, R) .......................................
601. Camasey de costilla, Miconia impetiolaris (Sw.) D. Don ........................
602. Camasey de paloma, Miconia laevigata JL.) DC.-- ----------------------------- -
., Miconia mirabzlzs (Aubl.) L. [Link]
603. Camasey cuatrocanales, .------------------
604. Miconia ottoschulxzz Urban & Ekmant ..........................................
605. Camasey racimoso, Miconia pachyphylla Corn. ( E ) ----------------------------A

606. Camasey, Miconia punctata (Desr.) D. Don ....................................

607. Camasey, Miconia pycnoneura Urban (E)
608. Camasey felpa, Miconia racemosa (Aubl.) DC.----------------------------------
-----------------------me-------------

609. Camasey, Miconia rubiginosa (Bonpl.) DC .------------------------------------

610. Camasey, Miconia serrulata (DC.) Naud .--------------------------------------
..
611. Camasey, Miconia sinteniszz Corn. ( E ) --- -- -- --- ------- ---- --- ----------- -- ---
612. Camasey, Miconia s u b c o ~ m b o s aBritton......................................
613. Camasey, Miconia tetrandra (Sw.) D. Don
--------------------------------em----

614. Camasey tomaso, Miconia t h o r n m i a m DC. ( E ) ................................

615. Murta, Mouriri domingensis (Tuss.) Spach-- ----- - --- ---------------- ----- -----
616. Mameyuelo, Mouriri helleri Britton ............................................
617. Ossaea k r u g h COD. (E, R ) ................................................
618. Stinking-fish, Tetraxygia angustifolia (Sw.) DC .------------------------------
619. Camasey, Tetrazygia biflora (Cogn.) Urban ( E ) ..............................
620. Camasey, Tetrazygia stahlii Cogn. (E, R) ......................................
621. Camasey, Tetrazygia urbanii Cogn. ( E ) ........................................
622. Glorybush, Tibouchina granulosa (Desr.) Cogn.*-- ..............................
Ginseng family (Araliaceae) ............................................................
623. Scheflera, umbrella-tree, Brassaia actinophylla EndL*..........................
624. Gongoli, Dendropanax laurifolius (E. March.) R. C. Schneid. ( E ) --------------
625. Yuquilla, Didymopanax gledsonii Britton & Wils. (E, R) ........................
626. Gallego, Guilfoyle polyscias, Polyscias guilf oylei (Bull) L. H. Bailey*$--- -------
Heath family (Ericaceae) ..............................................................
627. Lyonia rubiginosa ( P e r ~ . )G. Don (E, R ) .......................................
Theophrasta family (Theophrastaceae) ..................................................
. . Jacquinia
628. Barbasco, .. arborea Vahl----------------------------------------------
629. Jacquznaa berterzz Spreng.-----------------------------------------------------
630. Barbasco, Jacquinia revolzcta Jacq.? ............................................
Myrsine family (Myrsinaceae) ..........................................................
631. Mameyuelo, Ardisia glauciflora Urban (E, R)..................................
632. Mameyuelo, Ardisiu luquillensis (Britton) Alain ( E , R) ------em-----------------

633. Grammadenia sintenisii (Urban) Mez (E, R) ..................................

634. Rascagarganta, Parathesis c r e n u h t a (Vent.) Hook. f .--------------------------
635. Jacanillo, Wallenia pendula (Urban) Mez (E, R ) ...............................
 Page
Sapodilla family (Sapotaceae) ---------------------------------------------------------- 774
636. Araiia gato, Bsi?rlelia krugii Pierre ( E ) ........................................ 776
637. Araiia gato, Bz~nleliaobovata (Lam.) A. DC.---------,----,-------------------me 778
638. Caimitillo, wild cainit, Chr~sopltyllu?n. bicolor Poir .-------------,---------------- 780
639. Caimito de perro, Citr~sopltgllzintpauciflommt Lam. ( E ) -------,------- 782
640. Tabloncillo, Dipholis bellottis Urban ( E , R) ------------------- ---------------- 784 ,-

641. Espejuelo, Dipholis cubensis (Griseb.) Pierre .................................. 786

642. Nisperillo, Manilkara albescens (Griseb.) Cronq:/. -------------,---- 786
643. Jaimiqui, wild-dilly, Manilkara jaimiqui (C. W r ~ g h t )Dubardt ------------------ 788
644. Zapote de costa, Manilkara pleeana (Pierre) Cronq. ( E , R) ----,--------- 788
645. Poztteria dictgoneurn (Griseb.) Radlk .----------------------------------------- 790
646. Pouteria hotteana (Urban & Ekman) Baehnit .................................. 790
647. Mamey sapote, sapote, Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H. E. Moore & Stearn*----,---- 792
Ebony family (Ebenaceae) ---me------------- -- -- - --- ----- ---- ...................... -- --- 794
648. Guayabota, Diospgros revolzita Poir.------------------------------------------- 794
649. Guayabota nispero, D i o s p ~ r o ssintenisii (Krug & Urban) Standl. (E) -,---,---me 796
Storax family (Styracaceae) --,---------,-------------------- 798
650. Palo de jazmin, Styrax portoricensis Krug & Urban (E, R) 798
Sweetleaf family (Symplocaceae) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - -- - -- -- - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - - ,- -- - 800
---me-----------------

651. Nispero cimarrdn, Sgmplocos lattata Krug & Urban (E, R) 800
652. Aceitunilla, Sg?nplocos nticrantha Krug & Urban (E, R) ......................... 802
-- ---- ------- -- ---- -- -- ----- ------------- ----,------
Olive family (Oleaceae) - - - - --,- ---- 804
653. Forestiera eggersiana Krug & Urban -------,---,-------__ 804
654. Forestiera rhantnifolia Griseb.-- -- - ------- ....................................
,_- 806
655. Ink-bush, Florida-privet, Forestiera segregata (Jacq.) Krug & Urban------,----- 808
656. Fresno, tropical ash, Fraxinus uhdei (Wenzig) Lingelsh." --------- ------------ 810 _-,

657. Palo de hueso, Haeniantltus salicifolius Griseb.------,----------------------_ 812

658. Chinese privet, Ligustrum sinense Lour.* ------,------------- ---------- 814
659. Japanese privet, Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.* ,----,------------ 816
660. Hueso, Linociera axiUiflora Griseb .------------,--- -............................ 818
661. Avispillo, Linociera caribaea (Jacq.) Knobl.---------,-------------------------- 820
662. Hueso prieto, L5nociera holdridgii Camp & Monachino (E, R) ---------,--- 822
663. Hueso, Linociera ligustri?ra Sw.-------------,---------------------------------- 824
Dogbane family (Apocynaceae) --------------------,------------------------------------- 826
664. Goma, Lagos-rubber, Funtumia e l a s t i c ~(Preuss) Stapf* ........................ 826
665. Adelfa, oleander, Nerium oleander L.*- ---- -- -- ...................... ---- ------ 828
666. Aleli cimarrdn, Plumeria obtusa L .--------,------------------------------------ 830
667. Palo lechoso, Tabe~vmemontanacitrifolia L .------------------------------- - ---- 832
668. Cabalonga, lucky-nut, Tltevetiu peruviana ( P e r ~ . ) K. Schum.*------------------ 834
Milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae) ...................................................... 836
669. Algod6n de seda, giant milkweed, Cabtropis procera (Ait.) R. Br.* -------------- 836
Borage family (Boraginaceae) .......................................... -------------- -- 838
670. Roble de guayo, B o u r r e h virgata (Sw.) G. Don ........................... ----- 838
671. Cereza blanca, white manjack, Cordia alba (Jacq.) Roem. & Schu1t.-------------- 840
672. Cerezo, red manjack, Cordia collococca L. ------,----------,-- - ------------- 842
673. Cereza blanca, manjack, Cordia obliqua Willd." -----------,----- 844
674. San Bartolomt5, manjack, Cordia rickseckeri Millsp. ( E )---,----,--,--- 846
675. Vomitel colorado, Geiger-tree, Cordia sebestena L.*--------,-------,- 848
676. Juso, Rochefortia acanthophora (DC.) Griseb.---------------------------------- 850
677. Nigua, Tournef ortia filiflora Griseb.------------ -----'
,- ---------------a,--------- 852
.
Verbena family (Verbenaceae) .
---------------,------------
678. Capaillo, Aegtphzh martinicensia Jacq .-----------------------------------------
854
854
679. Capb rosa, Callicarpa ampla Schauer ( E , R ) .................................... 856
680. Susanna, Citharexylzim spinosum L.------em--------------------,---------------- 868
681. Escambrdn blanco, haggarbush, Clerodendmm aculeatum (L.) Schlecht.---------- 860
682. Nigua, Cor~tutiaobovata Urban (E, R) ................................... ----- 862
683. Cornutia pgramidata L.? -------, -- - ------ - - ---- - - - ------- -- -----, -,,------ ---- 862
684. Cuenta de oro, skyflower, Duranta repens L .---------------------------em------- 864
685. Sauzgatillo, chaste-tree, Vitex agnus-caatus L.@t----------------- ---------- - ---- 864
 Page
Nightshade family (Solanaceae) ........................................................ 866
686. Gallinero, Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schlecht .---------------------------------- 866
687. Aguacero, Brunf elsia anzericana L.- -- ------- -- -- - - - - -- - - - - --- --- - -- -- - -- -- -- -- 868
688. Bmnfelsia densifolia Krug & Urban (E, R) ---------------------------me-------- 870
689. Vega blanca, Brztnfelsia lactea Krug & Urban (E, R ) ............................ 872
690. Brunfelsia portoricensis Krug & Urban (E, R) ................................ 874
691. Dama de dia, day ~ e s t r u mCestrum
, diurnum L.*------------------------------- 876
692. GalQn del monte, Cestrum mucrophyllum Vent .----------------------------------
693. Dama de noche, lady-of-the-night, Cestrum nocturnum L.*?---
878
-- -- - - - - -- --- - - - - - - 878
694. Matabuey, Goetzea elegans Wydler (E, R) ................................. ----- 880
695. Solanum antillarum 0.E. SchuIz............................................... 882
696. Erubia, Solanum drymophilum 0. E. Schulzt (E, R) ............................ 882
697. Berenjena de paloma, wild tobacco, mullein nightshade, Solanum erianthum
D. Don ..................................................................
698. Cakalaka-berry, Solanum polygamum Vahl-------------------------------------
699. Berenjena cimarrona, turkey-berry, Solanum torvum Sw
Bignonia family (Bignoniaceae) ........................................................
.----------------------
700. Roble dominicano, Haiti catalpa, Catalpa Eongissima (Jacq.) Sims*- -- -- --- -- -- --
701. Higiierito, Crescentia linearif olia Miers ----------- .............................
702. Crescentia portoricensis Britton (E, R) ........................................
703. Higiierita, black-calabash, Enallagmu latifolia (Mill.) Small....................
704. Arbol,.de vela, candle-tree, Parmentiera cerifera Seem.*- -- -- - -------- -- - -- -- -- -- -
705. Cuajilote, Pamzentiera edulis DC.* ............................................
706. Primavera, Roseodendron donnellsmithii (Rose) Miranda*? ....................
707. Roble amarillo, yellow poui, Tabebuiu glomerata 'Urban*........................
708. Roble venezolano, pink trumpet-tree, Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC.'-------------
709. Roble colorado, Tabebuia schurnunniana Urban (E) ............................
Gesneria family (Gesneriaceae) .........................................................
710. Arbol de navidad, Gesneria pedunculosa (DC.) Fritsch ( E ) ....................
Myoporum family (Myoporaceae) .......................................................
711. Mangle bobo, white-alling, Bontia daphnoides L.--------------------------------
Madder family (Rubiaceae) ............................................................
712. Kadam, AnthocephaEus chinensis (Lam.) A. Rich. ex Walp." ------------------- -
713. Quina, Antirhea acutata (DC.) Urban ....................................... --
714. Quina, Antirhea coriacea (Vahl) Urban ....................................... -
715. Palo Ilordn, Antirhea lucida (Sw.) Benth. & Hook. f .----------------------------
716. Antirhea portoricensis (Britton & Wils.) Stand1.j. (E, R)
717. Quina, Antirhea sinteniszz..Urban (E, R) ........................................
-----------------em----

718. DQgame, degame, Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl) DC.*-------------------

719. Chione seminervis Urban & Ekmant ...........................................
720. Martin Avila, Chione venosa (Sw.) Urban ......................................
721. Caf6 excelsa, Dewevre coffee, Coaea dewevrei Wildem. & T . Dur.* ---------------
722. Jayajabico, black torch, Erithalis fruticosa L.----------------------------------
723. Plateado, Exostema ellipticum Griseb.---------------------------------em-------
724. Exostema sclcnctae-hciae (Kentish) Brittent ....................................
725. Cucubano liso, velvetseed, Guettarda elliptic~Sw.-------------------------------
726. Cucubano, Guettarda krugzz.. Urban.............................................
727. Cucubano, Guettarda ovalifolia Urban ------- --- - ------ ------------- -- --- -- -- -- -
I
728. Cucubano de Vieques, blackberry, Guettarda parviflora Vahl--------------------
729. Roseta, Guettarda pzcngens Urban ..............................................
730. Cucubano de monte, Guettarda valenzuelana A. Rich .----------------------------
731. BQlsamo, scarletbush, Hamelia patens Jacq.------------------------------------
732. Bola de nieve, white ixora, Ixora thwaitesii Hook. f." ............................
733. Alfilerillo, Mmhaonia portoricensis Baill. ( E ) ..................................
734. Palicourea alpina (Sw.) DC.--------------------------------------------------
735. BBlsamo real, showy palicour~a,Palicourea barbinervia DC
736. Cachimbo, red palicourea, Palzcourea crocea (Sw.) Roem. & Schult .--------------
.--------------------
737. Palicourea domingensis (Jacq.) DC .----------------------------------------me--
738. Cachimbo, yellow palicourea, Palicourea riparia Benth .-------------------------
739. Aquil6n prieto, Phialanthus grandif olius Alain ( E , R ) ...........................
740. Phialanthus m~rtilloidesGriseb.t
741. Cachimbo comdn, Ps~lchotriaberteriana DC.------------------------------------
------------------em---------------------------

xiii
Madder family--Continued
742. Cachimbo grande, Psychotria grandis Sw
743. Cachimbo de gato, Psgchotria maleolens Urban (E) -,--------------- ,,- -----
744. Cachimbo de Maricao, Psgchotria muricaensis Urban (E) --------,---------- ----
745. Cachimbo de Mona, Psychotria nutam Sw .----------,---------- ,-----

746. Cordobancillo, Rondeletia inermis (Spreng.) Krug & Urban (E) ,---------,-
,-
,-

---- ------
747. Cordobancillo peludo, Ro?tdeletia pilosa Sw .---,--------------------------------
748. Voa-vanga, Vangueria madagascariensis J. F. Gmel.*-,------- ---em- -- ---- -- - -- --
Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae*) ...................................................
749. Safico, Florida elder, Sambucus simpsonii Rehd.*----,----------,---------------
Composite family (Compositae) .........................................................
750. Guerrero, Eupatorium portoricmse Urban (E) -----,----------,--

LIST OF MAPS
Page
Figure 1.-West Indies, showing principal islands and location of Puerto Rico and Virgin
Islands with reference to Florida, Central America, and northern South America. .---- 2
Figure 2.-Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, showing principal islands (slightly revised
from vol. 1, fig.1)-,------------------------------- 3
Figure 3.-Climax forest types and forest regions of Puerto Rico (same as vol. 1,fig. 2) ---- 24
Figure 4.-Public forests and forest lands of Puerto Rico (revised and combined from
vol. 1, figs. 3 and 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
 The trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Adjacent on the northeast are the British
Islands, both United States and British, are Virgin Islands, a part of the United Kingdom.
described and illustrated in two volumes, of The four largest, Tortola, Jost Van Dyke, Vir-
which this is the second (volume 2). "Common gin Gorda, and Anegada, and many smaller isles
Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands" have a total area of 67 square miles.
by Little and Wadsworth (52, 5 8 ) ,? the first, is It is logical and convenient to treat the trees
cited here as volume 1. The first volume con- of all these neighboring islands together, be-
tains on facing pages the descriptions and cause many species are widely distributed inde-
drawings of 260 common tree species, both pendently of political boundaries. Actually, al-
native and introduced. This second volume simi- most all the native tree species of the Virgin
larly treats 460 additional species and briefly Islands grow wild in some part of Puerto Rico.
describes 40 others, a total of 600. Thus, the two The Virgin Islands have fewer than 10 native
volumes together contain the text of 750 species tree species that are absent from Puerto Rico.
and illustrations for 710 of them. The aim is to These few species are mostly rare and local or
include all native species attaining tree size, present also on nearby islands to the southeast.
even rarely, also the common and many uncom- About 647 species of trees, from the giants of
mon trees introduced for various purposes. In- the luxuriant rain forest to the shrubby trees
formation from the Introduction to volume 1is of dry areas and windswept mountain summits,
repeated or revised here. Each volume can be are native t o Puerto Rico and the Virgin Is-
used independently, and the second volume men- lands, both United States and British (fig. 2),
tions in keys all species of the first. and are included in these two volumes. In addi-
Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (figs. 1,2) tion, there are described 203 of the several
are part of the West Indies or Antilles, an hundred tree species from other tropical lands
island chain extending from Florida to Vene- around the world that have been introduced into
zuela and separating the Caribbean Sea from the islands because of showy flowers, handsome
the Atlantic Ocean. These tropical islands are foliage, dense shade, valuable timber, delicious
about 1,000 miles east-southeast of Florida and fruits, or other values.
1,700 miles southeast of Washington, D. C., and With these two volumes, Puerto Rico and the
New York City, also only about 500 miles north Virgin Islands become one of the first tropical
of Venezuela in South America. All are within American areas to have a fully illustrated refer-
17-19 degrees north latitude and 64-68 degrees ence on the trees. Identification is aided by the
west longitude. large drawings of the leaves, flowers, and fruit
As the smallest and easternmost of the four and the descriptive text that emphasizes ac-
islands known a s Greater Antilles, Puerto Rico curately the distinguishing characteristics in
is rectangular, about 100 by 36 miles in size. Its mostly nontechnical terms.
area is 3,436 square miles, or 2,200,000 acres, Naturally, there have been many requests for
about two-thirds that of Connecticut. Nearby a reference on this subject. Information about
are several smaller islands, including Mona, most trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Is-
Vieques, and Culebra. Puerto Rico became a lands has not previously been assembled in non-
part of the United States in 1898, following the technical form, and drawings of some have
Spanish-American war. The island is a Com- never been published. Nor are technical botan-
monwealth or Estado Libre Asociado (literally ical floras, forestry publications, and miscel-
free associated State) and under a constitution
approved in 1952 has self-government except in laneous scientific references on this subject gen-
matters affecting national security. erally available.
About 40 miles east of Puerto Rico are the The primary purpose of this 2-volume refer-
United States Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, St. ence is to answer for the people of these and
John, and St. Croix. These three islands, pur- nearby areas of the West Indies, both residents
chased from Denmark in 1917, have a total and tourists, the question: What tree is this?
area of 133 square miles. Having answered that, it aims to give the more
i m ~ o r t a n and
t interestina facts about the tree.
.Italic numbers in parenthesea refer t o Literature It 'should be helpful t o university students,
Cited, p. 29. teachers of high schools, and instructors in
FIGURE1.-West Indies, showing principal islands and location of Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands with reference to Florida, Central Americn, and
northern South America.
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FIGURE
2.-Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, showing principal islands (slightly revised from vol, 1, fig. 1). The 4 national parks in the Virgin Islands
have been added, also Estate Thomas Experimental Forest in St. Croix. The 75 municipalities of Puerto Rico a r e designated by number and listed
alphabetically below, a s aid for finding place names, These numbers were used in 100 species maps in the first volume, compiled from a forest inven-
tory. Sixteen municipalities, shaded and in the list preceded by an asterisk (*), were not covered because of limited forest areas. The islands Culebra
and Vieques are municipalities also.
1. Adjuntas 20. Cidra *39. Lares 58. Rio Grande
(2. Aguada 21. Coamo 40. Las Marias 59. Ria Piedras
$3. Aguadilla 22. Comerio '41. Las Piedras 60. Sabana Grande
4. Aguas Buenas 23. Corozal 42. Loiza 61. Salinas
5. Aibonito 24. Dorado 43. Luquillo 62. San Germsn
6. Afiasco 25. Fajardo 44. Manati (63. San Juan
7. Arecibo 26. Guanica 45. Maricao .64. San Lorenzo
8. Arroyo 27. Guayama 46. Maunabo %5. San Sebastian
9. Barceloneta 28. Guayanilla 47. Mayagiiez 66. Santa Isabel
10. Barranquitas 29. Guaynabo *48. Moca *67. Toa Alt?
11. Bayam6n 30. Gurabo 49. Morovis 68. Toa Baja
12. Cabo Rojo 31. Hatillo 50. Nagucrbo 69. Trujillo Alto
13. Caguas 32. Hormigveros 51. Naranjito 70. Utuado
14. Camuy 33. Humacao 52. Orocovis :71. Vega Alta
'15. Carolina 34. 'Isabela 53. Patillas -72. Vega Baja
"16. Cataiio 35. Jayuys 54. Pefiuelas 73. Villalba
17. Cayey 36. .Tnana Diaz 55. Ponce 74. Yabucoa
'18. Ceiba *37. Juncos *56. Quebradillas 75. Yauco
~13 19. Ciales 38. Lajas '57. Rinc6n
youth programs such as P H Clubs, Boy Scouts, identification, 130 additional, related species,
and Girl Scouts. I t should be a useful reference including all other native trees of the same
in extension and technical assistance programs, genera, are mentioned briefly. Thus, volume 1
agricultural research, forestry, and for land- has 380 species, about half of the total number,
owners, landscape architects, and gardeners. but lacks 190 genera and 31 families.
Foresters and forestry students in continental Volume 2 contains a slightly revised and en-
United States will find here the descriptions of larged key to families (pages 35-41) with 1 2
many common timber trees of tropical America. additions. For all 99 plant families in both
For the rapidly increasing number of visitors volumes there has been inserted a paragraph of
from continental United States, this reference family description summarizing the main char-
provides the tree names and answers questions. acters by which the family is known or identi-
All interested in nature can use this field guide fied in the area covered, also a page reference t o
in identification. Public forests, both natural each family in the first volume. There follows
and managed, are easily accessible by paved a key to the species covering both volumes. F o r
highways. The four national parks are attract- the 250 species of the first volume the names of
ing more persons each year. authors, also the preferred Spanish and English
Many of the tree species figured, both native common names, have been added.
and introduced, are widely distributed over Species number 1-250 are in volume 1 and
somewhat larger areas in tropical America. 251-750 in volume 2. The List of Tree Species
Thus, the 2 volumes may be used in the other following Contents a t the beginning of each
West Indies and in countries bordering the volume is arranged numerically by families.
Caribbean Sea or beyond not having similar The Index of Common and Scientific Names
publications. (page 991) at the end of volume 2 covers both
Also, this reference will be helpful within volumes and contains also several thousand
continental United States, notably in southern other names in use through the New World.
Florida, where more than one-fourth of these With volume 2 alone, i t is possible to find the
species are native or introduced. The Check name of any specimen by means of the keys t o
List of Native and Naturalized Trees of the families and species. Identification of species
United States (47) has 75 of these as native, in volume 1 may be confirmed by reference
mostly in the Florida Keys or southern Florida under the number of the description and draw-
mainland, and 34 as naturalized. The others are ing.
mostly planted ornamental and shade trees. The Supplement to "Common Trees of Puerto
Information presented in addition to that Rico and the Virgin Islands" (Volume 1 ) a t the
required for identification assists the readers close of this volume (page 984) contains some
to know the tree better and to judge its suitabil- additional information about many species.
ity for timber, shade, ornament, fruit, or other Several changes in scientific names have been
purposes. These notes for many species in- adopted to bring nomenclature up to date. Also,
the notes on distribution by public forests have
clude : (1) the size the tree attains a t maturity ; been expanded to include public parks.
(2) whether evergreen or deciduous (leafless A Spanish edition of the first volume was
part of year) ; (3) the normal shape of the published by the University of Puerto Rico
crown; (4) the abundance, color, and fragrance (53). That translation by Josh Marrero con-
of the flowers; (5) the kind of fruit and tains 48 colored plates by the late Frances W.
whether edible or poisonous; (6) the usual pe- Horne not available for the English book. How-
riod of flowering and fruiting; (7) a brief ever, the Spanish reference lacks the keys, notes
description of the wood and its uses; (8) other on related species, and special lists that were
uses of the tree and its products; (9) notes on added to the English manuscript after the
propagation, growth rate, and site adaptability former went t o press. A Spanish edition of the
if available ; (10) where the tree grows within second volume is planned.
Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands; (11) the
geographical distribution, including native
home if introduced ; (12) other common names WORK BY OTHERS
listed by country and language, and (13) botan- Preparing this book has called for full use of
ical synonyms in use. the previous work of botanists and foresters
For tree identification both volumes can be and also for additional field investigation.
used best together, though each is an independ- Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, discovered
ent reference. Volume 1describes in detail and by Columbus, settled early, and both small and
illustrates 250 of the more common and more accessible, were among the first areas of trop-
important native and exotic tree species, those ical America to become well explored botan-
most likely to be seen. The key to families (vol. ically. Principal publications on the plants of
1, p. 21-27) covers both volumes, and there are these islands are listed in the bibliographies by
keys to the species illustrated. For further Britton and Wilson (10) and Otero, Toro, and
 PagGn (69), the latter containing also a his- the Caribbean region, including about 70 spe-
torical summary. cies in volume 1. Other important references
The most valuable reference consulted is the are mentioned below and listed under Litera-
descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and the Virgin ture Cited.
Islands by Britton and Wilson (lo), published in The agricultural experiment stations in
English in 1923-30. Earlier, in 1903-11, Urban Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands have made
(77) wrote a flora of Puerto Rico in Latin and additional studies of trees. Wolcott (85, 86)
German. In 1883-88 there was published in tested the resistance of woods to attack by dry-
Puerto Rico an incomplete flora in Spanish by wood termites and also evaluated trees for
Stahl (74),afterwards reprinted in 1936-37. roadside planting in relation to insect pests.
The Virgin Islands have been the subject of Lists of shade and ornamental trees including
other floras, the earliest in 1793 by West (81), those not recommended because of insect pests
head of the school in St. Croix. It was in or diseases were prepared by Martorell (56).
Danish with a German translation the next NGiiez Mel6ndez (64) reported on the medicinal
year. About a century later, Eggers (21) pre- plants of Puerto Rico. Poisonous plants of the
pared a flora in English, and Millspaugh (60) United States Virgin Islands, several being
another of the island of St. Croix. Britton ( 9 ) trees, were described and figured by Oakes and
published a flora of the United States Virgin Is- Butcher (65,66).
lands in 1918, a year after their purchase from The Agricultural Experiment Station a t
Denmark. Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, under the United
More than a century ago, Jose Maria Fer- States Department of Agriculture, has intro-
ntlndez (22, pp. 181-216) compiled a list of duced and tested many tropical plants from
trees of Puerto Rico in his "Tratado de la other lands, including some trees described
Arboricultura Cubana," published in Havana in here. Further information is contained in sev-
1867. Entitled "Arbolado de Puerto-Rico," this eral publications. Winters and Almeyda (84)
annotated list contained about 175 trees ar- reported on the ornamental trees in Puerto
ranged by Spanish common names with scien- Rico. Hume (97) discussed some ornamental
tific names for about 100. Introduced, a s well as shrubs for the tropics, and Winters (88) some
native, species and several shrubs were men- large-leaved ornamentals. The common fruit
tioned. There were notes on size, occurrence, trees were described and illustrated by Kennard
wood including specific gravity, and uses and and Winters (89, 40) in their publication on
also lists for special purposes. some fruits and nuts for the tropics. The large
Shortly after Puerto Rico became a part of collection of introduced palms a t Mayaguez was
the United States in 1898, studies of the forests cited by Gregory (28).
began with a report by Hill (29) in 1899 which Selected plants for screens, hedges, and wind-
described 16 important timbers. In 1903 the breaks in the Virgin Islands have been de-
Caribbean National Forest, now also Luquillo scribed and illustrated by photographs in color
Experimental Forest, was established from (77a). Ornamentals for homes in Puerto Rico
former Spanish crown lands by proclamation of
President Theodore Roosevelt. A preliminary were shown in another publication.
list of trees of the Luquillo region was pre- Plant scientists from the Agricultural Re-
pared soon afterwards by Gifford (28). Murphy search Service, United States Department of
(62), of the United States Forest Service, pub- Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, have made
lished a list of 292 tree species of Puerto Rico plant collections in Puerto Rico as part of spe-
belonging to 172 genera and 57 families, with cial projects. Quantities of vegetative material
notes on size, distribution, wood, and uses by of certain species were obtained for screening
W. D. Brush, Louis S. Murphy, and C. D. Mell. tests of chemicals of possible medicinal value,
Holdridge and MuAoz ( 5 2 ) described and il- such as in the treatment of cancer. Also, some
lustrated seven poisonous trees in an article on experiments with herbicides in defoliation of
the poisonous plants of Puerto Rico. In his tropical forest vegetation were made. One re-
manual on propagation of trees and establish- sult was an illustrated key for identification of
ment of forest plantations, Gilormini (24) in- seedlings of woody species in eight forest types
serted a list of native and exotic trees and of Puerto Rico by Duke (19). Williams (82)
shrubs of Puerto Rico with both Spanish and compared the forests of Southeast Asia, Puerto
scientific names. Rico, and Texas.
Much information about forest trees of Puerto Various other specialists have studied the
Rico and the Virgin Islands is contained in trees and smaller plants of Puerto Rico and the
articles in The Caribbean Forester (1940- Virgin Islands in the interval since the publica-
1965) and other publications by the Institute of tion of the first volume in 1964 (or completion of
Tropical Forestry. Longwood (54, 55) of the the manuscript in 1955). Several collectors,
United States Forest Service, made a special sometimes working in taxonomic groups of
investigation of the woods of Puerto Rico and their special interests, have deposited and thus
made available duplicate specimens in the Na- In the field of paleobotany, Graham and
tional Herbarium of the United States National Jarzen (27) examined fossil pollen from lignite
Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C. deposits of Oligocene age between Lares and
Liogier (43, 44) made large collections of San Sebastian in northwestern Puerto Rico.
herbarium specimens in Puerto Rico in 1960 Though only about one-fourth of the samples
and 1962. Among the trees were many range could be named, the identifications contain sev-
extensions, several new records for the island, eral tree genera not now represented here.
and a few species new to science. A very useful Among these are Fagus, Liquidambar, and
list of nomenclatural changes and additions to Nussa of temperate eastern United States.
Britton and Wilson's (10) flora of Puerto Rico These genera reappear now southward on
and the Virgin Islands was prepared also by mountains of Mexico (Liquidambar also beyond
Liogier (45, 46). to Nicaragua) but are absent from the West
Several studies of the plants of smaller is- Indies. Also unexpected is the discovery of pol-
lands of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands in len of a few tree genera now found no nearer
recent years have contributed range extensions than the tropical forests of Central America
of tree species. D'Arcy (17, 18) has prepared and northern South America. Examples a r e
lists of the dicotyledons of Tortola and the Be?rzoullia, Bombax, Catostemma, and Pelli-
plants of Anegada, two of the British Virgin ciera. Perhaps the most significant conclusion is
Islands. Woodbury, Martorell, and Garcia that geologic time has been very long, even since
Tuduri (87) have published a list of the flora of the relatively young Oligocene epoch, for trees
Desecheo. Also, Woodbury and Martorell have to migrate to Puerto Rico across oceans from
made extensive collections in several of the both Central or North America and South
small islands around Puerto Rico for publica- America during different climatic periods and
tion of lists with additional records. Among to become extinct later. Thus, time is an impor-
these are Mona, Caja de Muertos, and Icacos tant factor in the explanation of present geo-
and the adjacent islands Palominos and Piiie- graphic distribution of tree species in Puerto
ros, and Culebra. Rico and the Virgin Islands.
A very intensive investigation of the plant A description of the forests of the British
and animal life of El Verde, a plot of lower Virgin Islands was prepared by Beard (7), who
montane rain forest in the Caribbean National published a land utilization map.
Forest (also Luquillo Experimental Forest), Additional information about the native and
was conducted from 1963 to 1968 by the United introduced trees is found in other publications.
States Atomic Energy Commission. Nearly one At the turn of the century, Cook and Collins
hundred scientists served a s visiting partic- (13) made a study of the economic plants of
ipants in the researches on the effects of Puerto Rico. Food plants of the island were dis-
gamma irradiation, .measurement of fallout ele- cussed by Barrett (5). Claus (11) studied the
ments, and analyses of energy flow and meta- wind-pollinated plants. Principal edible and
bolic processes of the ecosystem. The results
were published in a comprehensive reference poisonous plants of the Caribbean region were
of 111 chapters edited by Odum and Pigeon described and illustrated by Dahlgren and
(67). Chapters on tree identification were con- Standley (15). Some trees were classed as
tributed by Little (Ch. B-2 ; 51), Duke (Ch. B- honey plants by Ordetx (68), because their
15 ;19), and Smith (Ch. B-16 ;73). flowers attract bees and secrete nectar in
Dansereau and Buell (16) studied the vegeta- quantities.
tion of Puerto Rico from 1962 to 1965 under a Many native and introduced tree species of
contract with the Waterways Experiment Sta- Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are culti-
tion (Vicksburg, Mississippi) of the United vated also in subtropical parts of the United
States Army Corps of Engineers. Their pub- States, and have been described in tree publica-
lished report contains a map of the vegetation tions of those areas. Examples are the refer-
zones of Puerto Rico and a detailed study of the ences mainly for Florida by Sturrock and Men-
vegetation of the Roosevelt Roads area. ninger (75), Menninger (58, 59), Morton and
Howard (36) and associates have made ex- Ledin (61), Barrett ( 4 ) , Watkins (79), and
tensive studies of the dwarf forest a t Pico del Schory (72).
Oeste (West Peak) in Luquillo Mountains Botanical floras and tree publications of vari-
within the Caribbean National Forest (Luquillo ous tropical countries, as well as taxonomic
Experimental Forest), with financial assistance monographs, have provided useful information.
from the National Science Foundation. Also, Floras of other West Indian islands, such a s
along with detailed investigations of West "Flora de Cuba" by Ledn and Alain (42), have
Indian plants, Howard (34, 35) monographed been very helpful. The recent floras of Barba-
the genus Coccoloba in Puerto Rico and the dos by Gooding, Loveless, and Proctor ( 2 6 )
Virgin Islands and reported new records, in- and Jamaica by Adams (2) have the current
cluding 2 shrub species new to science. nomenclature.
 PREPARATION OF THE TWO 1942 and has studied many of these tree species
VOLUMES in the forests and experimental plots. He pre-
pared the chapter "Foresters and Forestry in
Preparation of an illustrated popular refer- Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands," checked
ence on the trees of Puerto Rico was one of the the descriptions, and contributed notes on wood
first projects undertaken when, in 1939, the and uses. Also, he compiled the data on propa-
United States Forest Service began forest re- gation, growth rate, and site adaptability, and
search in Puerto Rico with the establishment of distribution by forest types.
the Tropical Forest Experiment Station, now The manuscript of the first volume was com-
Institute of Tropical Forestry, in Rio Piedras. pleted in 1955 and slightly revised in 1962 be-
Leslie R. Holdridge, who was in charge of the fore publication in 1964. In the meantime Jose
project until the end of 1941, made botanical Marrero prepared the Spanish translation
collections of Puerto Rican trees and supervised which went to the printers in 1960 and was
the preparation of a few hundred drawings. He published in 1967.
wrote two preliminary volumes of "Trees of Preparation of the second volume was re-
Puerto Rice" (30, 31) published in 1942 in both sumed in 1966. Roy [Link], plant taxon-
English and Spanish, each volume containing omist with the Agricultural Experiment Sta-
drawings and descriptions of 50 tree species. tion of the University of Puerto Rico, Rio
These small editions were soon exhausted. It Piedras, was invited to be a coauthor. Coming
was intended to issue additional parts covering to Puerto Rico in 1956 from south Florida, he
a total of about 600 native and exotic tree made large plant collections, which were de-
species to be followed by a revision printed in posited in the herbarium of his institution. He
a single volume. However, further work was found some range extensions and rediscovered
suspended during World War 11. several rare tree species, such as Dapknopsis
The herbarium of the Institute of Tropical helleriana, with Nevling (63). His detailed
Forestry (RPPR) , mainly of tree specimens, observations and unpublished notes based upon
was begun in 1932, though a few specimens extensive field work over many years have been
were collected as early as 1929. Britton and incorporated into the second volume.
Wilson (10; 6 :523) acknowledged the coopera- Little made trips to Puerto Rico annually
tion of W. P. Kramer of the Forest Service and from 1966 to 1973 (except 1968). He and
worked also with other foresters. This herbar- Woodbury obtained additional specimens, about
ium has several tree specimens collected by 500 collector's numbers, there and in nearby
Britton alone and with foresters in 1931-1932, small islands, also the Virgin Islands, for rec-
on his last field trip there. Between 1932 and ords, notes, and drawings. Wadsworth and
1939 more than 500 herbarium specimens of Woodbury visited each public forest to compile
trees were collected, the first mostly by Claud lists of tree species and take field notes. A spe-
L. Horn and G. A. Gerhart. Other collectors dur- cial effort was made to obtain additional in-
ing that period and after forest research began formation from the islands lacking detailed
were Leslie R. Holdridge, Luis E. Gregory, and distribution records and from the four newly
Jose Marrero. Many duplicates were deposited established national parks. Little (50) pub-
in the herbarium of the New York Botanical lished a list of the trees of Jost Van Dyke.
Garden and were identified there by Percy Woodbury and Little have prepared for publi-
Wilson. cation a list of the seed plants of Buck Island
The present project on the trees of Puerto Reef National Monument near St. Croix. The
Rico and the Virgin Islands was begun by three authors made a list of the trees of Virgin
Little and Wadsworth in 1950. Wadsworth Gorda, including Gorda Peak National Park.
had assisted in the earlier project upon his Little in 1954 and 1972 collected a t Sage Moun-
arrival in Puerto Rico in 1942, while Little did tain National Park. Woodbury prepared a list
some reference work in 1941. The area was ex- of the trees of Anegada. The flora of Desecheo
panded to include the nearby smaller Virgin by Woodbury, Martorell, and Garcia Tuduri
Islands, both United States and British, which (86) has been mentioned earlier.
have fewer tree species and very few additions. In checking the field identifications, the first
Little as dendrologist stationed in Washing- author has examined the large collections from
ton, D. C., made field trips to Puerto Rico in
1950, 1952, 1954, and 1955, obtaining about Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands in the Na-
1,200 collector's numbers of tree specimens, tional Herbarium of the United States National
some range extensions, and 1 new tree species Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
(48). The botanical descriptions were prepared Sets of his specimens, totaling about 1,700 col-
mostly by him from trees and living material lector's numbers, have been deposited there and
supplemented by herbarium specimens. in the herbarium of the Institute of Tropical
Wadsworth, Director of the Institute of Forestry. Many duplicates have been sent to
Tropical Forestry, has conducted forestry in- herbaria of the New York Botanical Garden,
vestigations in Puerto Rico continuously since Harvard University, and other institutions.
 PLAN Preferred Common Names
The plan of the second volume is essentially Common names of trees often vary from
the same as that of the first. Thus, the explana- place to place. One species may have several
tion from the Introduction is repeated here names in different areas, or the same name
with minor revision. A few differences may be may be applied to unrelated trees in different
noted. As previously mentioned, in this volume regions. Still other species may sometimes lack
each plant family begins with a family descrip- a distinctive local name. The authors have at-
tion and a key to all of its species in both vol- tempted (1) to record all names commonly ap-
umes. Forty minor species are described in plied within this region to each species ;and (2)
a single long paragraph without drawing. to select as a preferred name the one most
There are no small maps showing distribution widely employed locally if not associated more
of native species by municipalities within commonly with another species. Since Spanish
Puerto Rico, because the forest inventory did is the language of Puerto Rico, and English that
not cover the less common trees. Distribution of the Virgin Islands, two names are given for
by individual islands belonging to Puerto Rico most trees present in both areas.
and the Virgin Islands is given in greater de- The Spanish common name in the heading is
'
tail because of new information. Also, occur- that preferable for Puerto Rico, based chiefly
rence of native tree species is cited for the four upon prevalent usage. The selection has been
public or national parks as well as public for- made after consultation with local botanists and
ests. Related species are not mentioned as they with foresters both of the Commonwealth De-
are in the keys and lists and are described in partment of Natural Resources and of the
one volume or the other. Institute of Tropical Forestry, United States
The 500 tree species of Puerto Rico and the Forest Service. The catalog of Spanish com-
Virgin Islands described in this volume are mon and scientific names of Puerto Rico by
grouped by plant families in the usual botanical Otero, Toro, and Pag6n (69) has been an im-
arrangement, almost the same as Britton and portant additional source.
Wilson (10) and within each family alphabet- English common names in the heading in-
ically by scientific names. However, the three clude those in the Virgin Islands or in wide-
large subfamilies of the legume family (Le-
guminosae) often accepted as separate families spread use elsewhere. These preferred names,
are kept apart for convenience in identification. many of which were listed by Britton and Wil-
son (10) were checked in the field with rural
inhabitants on different islands. For the species
Illustrations also native or naturalized in the United States,
chiefly southern Florida, there is added the
Line drawings showing foliage and flowers name accepted by the United States Forest
and usually also the fruits face their respective Service in the Check List of Native and Nat-
descriptions for 460 species. Most are natural uralized Trees of the United States (47). For
size, but some have been reduced to 3/s and a some less known species without local English
few to 1/2 natural size as indicated. Also, most names, those adopted elsewhere, such as in
were made from fresh specimens in Puerto other West Indian islands, in Standardized
Rico. Plant Names (88),or in commerce, have been
accepted. Where two English common names
Tree Names are listed, the first is the local name in the Vir-
gin Islands, and the second is either the Check
The heading for the descriptive text of each List name adopted by the United States Forest
species contains on the left the preferred com- Service and recommended for the United States
mon names in Spanish for Puerto Rico and in or another name also widely employed. If no
English for the Virgin Islands and on the right English name has been selected, the Spanish
the accepted scientific name. An asterisk (*) common name may be suitable.
after the scientific name means that the species The same Spanish common name may be ap-
(or family) is exotic, or introduced, and not plied independently to unrelated tree species,
native to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. particularly in different localities or countries.
At the end of the text of each species a r e listed In taxonomic groups with many similar species
other common names in use and botanical syno- distinguished only by specialists, separate com-
nyms, the other scientific names used formerly
or sometimes now. These names appear also in mon names often are lacking. For example, the
the Index of Common and Scientific Names. Spanish name "camasey" refers to many species
English family names are derived from a n im- in the large genus Miconia as well as t o species
portant example, while scientific or Latin of related genera in the family Melastoms-
family names terminate in "-aceae" with few taceae. Similiary, "hoja menuda" is given to
exceptions. many species within the family Myrtaceae.
 For about 75 species in the second volume, from one island to another have brought with
mostly rare, minor, or without special use, no them names from different languages. Some
preferred common name in either language has common names are corruptions from other
been noted. Some of these trees have common tongues, such as French words somewhat modi-
names elsewhere that could be taken up, but fied in British areas. Various names have be-
several introduced trees lack suitable equiva- come adopted from Spanish, English, French,
lents. Common names of the genus or of related and Dutch into creole dialects. Also, European
species often may be appropriate. The Latin colonists often gave to tropical American trees
generic name is always available for adoption the well-known names of similar though unre-
as a common name. If further precision is de- lated Old World species.
sired, species may be distinguished by the trans-
lation of the specific epithet or by a descriptive
name. Perhaps in time, appropriate common Scientific Names
names will become established in usage fo*. Foresters, botanists, and other scientists use
more trees. the scientific names in their technical writings
and discussions. Being in Latin or Latinized,
scientific names are definite and uniform and
Other Common Names regulated by botanists under the International
Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Thus, the
For Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands many Latin name of a tree or other plant species in
additional common names were obtained from an international language is the same through-
local residents or taken from references, par- out the world.
ticularly Urban (77), Britton and Wilson (10) , The scientific name of a species consists of
and Otero, Toro, and Pagin (69). Most of these two words : the generic name, which is capital-
have been verified, but several, apparently mis- ized, and the specific epithet. In some species,
applied, have been omitted. As no Indian tribes varieties a r e distinguished, being designated by
have remained on Puerto Rico since the early a third word preceded by the abbreviation
Spanish settlement, there a r e now no separate "var." References and technical publications
aboriginal tree names. However, some Spanish cite also the author or botanist who first named
names are of Carib Indian origin. Though the and described the species, usually abbreviated if
United States Virgin Islands belonged to Den- common or long. Where the name has been
mark until purchased by the United States in transferred from one genus or combination to
1917, the tree names were English, and no another, the original author's name is placed
Danish tree names are now recorded. in parentheses and followed by a second author,
Principal common names in use in the New who made the change.
World have been compiled from many floras
and tree lists of different countries, and some
added from herbarium labels. These names Botanical Synonyms
often differ from country to country or from As some species have borne more than one
one island to another and may be in a s many as scientific name, any botanical synonyms com-
five languages (Spanish, English, French, mon in use, particularly in the West Indies, are
Dutch, and Portuguese), besides some of Amer- listed. For example, a species may have been
ican Indian oridn. Variant spellings, aborig- described independently by different botanists,
inal names, long lists of local names within one or two species may have been united following
country, and Old World names generally have later study of additional specimens. Also, there
been omitted. Other common names have been may be differences of opinion among specialists
grouped by language and countries in the fol-
lowing order : Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, whether a variation merits recognition as a
Spanish, other Spanish-speaking countries in variety or separate species or needs no addi-
West Indies, and from Mexico to South Amer- tional name. Included under botanical syno-
ica; United States, English, British lands, and nyms are those scientific names accepted by
other English-speaking countries ; French, Britton and Wilson (10) but afterwards
Haiti, French lands; Dutch Antilles, or West changed because of differences in codes of
Indies and Surinam; and Brazil. Names in botanical nomenclature or in accordance with
international commerce or lumber trade or so monographic studies and conservative usage.
recommended are indicated. Some prefered
names of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands Tree Descriptions
are repeated under other common names to
show usage elsewhere. The descriptive text for each species begins
In the West Indian islands many tree names with a summary of the main distinguishing
are not in the same language of the governing characters, which is followed by size and ap-
country, which may have changed one or more pearance and by botanical descriptions of
times since colonization. Persons migrating leaves, flowers, and fruits. Measurements of
trees and their parts are given in the English many Puerto Rican tree species, which were
system of feet and inches. In conversion to the summarized in a card file. Herbarium speci-
metric system, which is more commonly used in mens collected by personnel of the Forest Serv-
tropical America, these equivalents may be ice and others at different times of the year
noted: 1 foot is 0.3048 meter, 1 inch is 2.54 have contributed additional dates, as have the
centimeters or 25.4 millimeters, and 1/8 inch is floras by Urban (77) and Stahl (74). So-me
approximately 3 millimeters. tree species are cited as flowering and fruiting
probably or nearly through the year. This state-
Main Distinguishing Chmacters ment means not that a particular tree bears
flowers and fruits almost continually, but that
The first paragraph summarizes the out- on almost any date some trees may be found in
standing features for easy recognition, particu- bearing condition. An individual may have
larly leaves, flowers, and fruits. Mention is more than one blossoming period during the
made of other characters useful in identifica- year. Generally flowering of trees is greatest
tion, such as distinctive bark or presence of from March to May, after the start of the
latex or colored sap. Introduced trees are noted spring rains.
and indicated by an asterisk ( * ) after the sci-
entific name.
Wood and Uses
Size and Appearance Information on wood and its uses is given by
species if known. However, many of the minor
In the cecond paragraph the approximate size tree species in the second volume are noncom-
is given as small (less than 30 feet tall), me- mercial, being uncommon or small or introduced
dium (from 30 to 70 feet tall), or large (more for other purposes. Notes on wood include
than 70 feet tall). The average and maximum color of sapwood and heartwood, hardness,
heights and trunk diameters represent mature weight and specific gravity, texture and dura-
trees in Puerto Rico, though larger trees may bility. These notes are from Puerto Rican
have existed in the virgin forests within the specimens and published descriptions from
island or elsewhere. Trunk measurements are other areas. Detailed data on wood properties
diameters a t breast height (d.b.h.) or 434 feet. and uses were condensed from the publications
Trees a r e classed as evergreen if in full leaf by Longwood (54, 55) for many species in the
through the year or deciduous if leafless or first volume and a few in the second. Relative
nearly so for a brief period, such as in the dry resistance of the wood to attack by dry-wood
season of late winter. Buttresses, or enlarged termites has been compiled from Wolcott (86).
narrow outgrowths a t the base of the trunk of Uses of the wood are primarily those of Puerto
large trees continuous with lateral roots, are Rico, but special and different uses elsewhere
noted if present. Data on shape of crown, are mentioned. Most of the native woods are
branching, and twigs are added for many spe- qvailable only in limited quantities, and none is
cies. Notes on bark include color of the surface sufficiently abundant for export. Nevertheless,
and texture, whether smooth or rough, and if as Longwood reported, many of these woods
fissured (with many narrow thin cracks) or could be utilized in additional ways.
furrowed (with broad deep grooves). As most
trees have thin bark less than y2 inch in thick-
ness, mention is made of thick barks. Color and Other Uses
taste (also odor if present) are given for the
inner bark, that is, the living tissues exposed by Other purposes served by trees of Puerto
cutting beneath the surface, since these details Rico and the Virgin Islands are noted by species
often are helpful in field identification. and in the Special Lists. Many kinds are planted
for fruit, shade, ornament, and wood or more
Leaves, Flowers, and Fruits than one use. Others have bark that yields
tannin, fibers, or dyes or have parts employed
Because of their importance for identifica- in home medicines. Some are classed as honey
tion, the leaves, flowers, and fruit are described plants because their flowers attract bees and
in detail and with measurements for reference. secrete nectar in quantities. Special mention
However, characters emphasized in the first has been made of the tree species introduced
paragraph are not repeated below. Descriptive and hardy in subtropical parts of the United
terms are defined under the topic "Explanation States, mainly southern parts of Florida, Texas,
of Botanical Terms" (p. 12). Arizona, and California.
Months or seasons of flowering and fruiting, Much information about other uses has been
as f a r as known, have been compiled from vari- compiled from the references mentioned and
ous sources. For a few years personnel of the listed under Literature Cited. Additional notes
United States Forest Service made field obser- on uses elsewhere have been taken from floras,
vations of time of flowering and fruiting of and tree books of tropical American countries.
 Propagation, Growth, and Other Notes Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (page 20).
The names of these widely scattered accessible
Brief notes on propagation, growth rate, and areas indicate the general occurrence of a spe-
site adaptability of some forest and planted cies and definite localities where most of the
trees have been summarized from records of the common species, a s well as many rare ones, can
United States Forest Service and other sources. be found. Lists of the tree species in each area
Miscellaneous notes of interest have been com- could be prepared from these records.
piled and added. Further details and methods Occurrence in the 15 public forests of Puerto
on propagation of trees in Puerto Rico are con- Rico is listed in alphabetical order, as in the
tained in the manual on that subject by Gilor- first volume, as follows: Aguirre, Boquer6n,
mini (24). Additional information on forest Cambalache Experimental Forest, Carite,
management of many Puerto Rican tree species Ceiba, Guajataca, Gudnica, Guilarte, Luquillo
may be found in various articles in The Carib- Experimental Forest, Maricao, Rio Abajo, San
bean Forester (1940-1965) and in publications Juan, Susiia, Toro Negro, and Vega.
of the Institute of Tropical Forestry.
Four wublic warks have been established in
the virgin Islands since preparation of this
Distribution reference was begun. Distribution is cited in
For each tree species the natural distribution this order: Buck Island Reef National Monu-
or range is stated, both in Puerto Rico and the ment (north of St. Croix), Virgin Islands Na-
United States and British Virgin Islands and tional Park (St. John), Sage Mountain
also beyond through the West Indies and con- National Park (Tortola), and Gorda Peak Na-
tinental tropical America. Introduced trees tional Park (Virgin Gorda). In the absence of
often spreading from cultivation and becoming a separate published flora, all native tree species
naturalized, are further designated by mention recorded from St. John are cited from Virgin
of their native home. Islands National Park, which covers most of
Names of individual islands belonging to that island.
Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands where each
species is known are recorded. Sources include
the published ranges by Britton and Wilson Distribution Outside Puerto Rico
( l o ) , later published and herbarium records,
and field work by the authors. The first map Ranges outside Puerto Rico are given for the
(fig. 1 ) shows names and locations of the prin- islands of the West Indies in detail and also for
cipal islands. Largest of those under Puerto continental tropical America. These ranges are
Rico are Mona and Desecheo on the west and based upon recent botanical floras, tree lists,
Culebra and Vieques on the east. Other small and monographs supplemented by specimens in
islands of botanical interest are Caja de the National Herbarium of the United States
Muertos on the south and Icacos, Palominos, National Museum. Distribution for many spe-
and Piiieros on the east. cies now is somewhat better known than when
Occurrence in the Virgin Islands is cited in summarized by Britton and Wilson (10). Some
the following order: St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. species have a broad range through the Greater
John, Jost Van Dyke, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and
and Anegada. The first three are the United Puerto Rico) and Lesser Antilles (Leeward
States Virgin Islands, while the last four as well and Windward Islands) to Grenada or Barba-
as several smaller compose the British Virgin dos and a r e present on nearly all the islands
Islands. except the smallest or those lacking suitable
Within Puerto Rico the distribution is re- habitats. Thus i t has not seemed necessary to
corded in greater detail by notes on abundance, list all these islands. Nearly all Puerto Rican
altitudinal limits, and habitat or site. For many tree species native also in the island of His-
species are mentioned the forest regions or en- paniola are present in both Haiti and the Do-
vironments, or ecological regions or provinces. minican Republic, which countries are not men-
The natural distribution of most native trees tioned individually. For those species not
tends to be related to ecological regions defined ranging through the Lesser Antilles to Grenada,
by climate and soil. These eight regions, shown the southernmost island of distribution is re-
in figure 3, define climax forests of distinct corded.
types. They are described in detail under For- Islands near the Venezuelan coast of South
ests and Forestry (p. 20).
America, including Trinidad and Tobago and
Bonaire, Curagao, and Aruba of the Dutch West
Pzrblic Forests and Parks Indies (Windward Islands), have the flora of
Distribution of the native tree species is cited the South American mainland rather than the
also by public forests and parks, which are lo- West Indies. Nearly all native Puerto Rican
cated on the maps (figs. 2, 4) and further de- tree species also on these islands have a broad
scribed in the chapter Forests and Forestry in distribution in the Caribbean area, such as from
Bahamas and Cuba to Trinidad and on the con- may or may not have stalks. A leaflet is dis-
tinent from Mexico through Central America tinguished from a simple leaf by the absence of
to Venezuela or beyond. a bud a t the base and by the shedding of the
The distribution of those species native or axis. Also, leaflets are in 2 rows along the axis,
naturalized in the United States is given by while simple leaves may be similar but more
States, generally only southern Florida, though often not in 2 rows on the twig. Compound
mention is made of introduced trees planted leaves are pinnate or pinnately compound when
and hardy from southern Florida to southern the leaflets are inserted along a common axis
California. Southward on the continent the and digitate (or palmate) when attached to-
northernmost and southernmost countries of gether a t the end of the petiole. If the axis has
range limits are stated. Thus, a species recorded branches a leaf may be twice pinnate or bipin-
from Mexico to Peru and Brazil is native m t e or if branched again the leaf is three times
through the countries of Central America and pinnate or tripinnate. Pinnate leaves may be
northern South America. Some important cul- even pinnate when the leaflets are paired and
tivated trees are widely distributed almost end in a pair, and odd pinnate when ending in a
throughout the tropics, including the Old single leaflet.
World. Several terms describe the shape of leaf
blades. A linear leaf has a narrow grasslike
blade with edges parallel, and a n oblong leaf is
broader but with edges also nearly parallel. A
EXPLANATION OF BOTANICAL TERMS lance-shaped or lanceolate leaf has the form of
a lance, several times longer tban broad,
Botanical descriptions for the classification pointed a t apex or tip end, and broadest near
and identification of trees are based principally base, while the reverse shape is obE&nceolate.
on differences of leaves, flowers, and fruits, and An ovate leaf has a n oval shape broadest toward
their parts, such as presence or absence, num- the base, more or less as in a n egg, while a n
ber, arrangement, shape, size, and union or obovate leaf is the reverse, broadest toward
separation. To record these details, systematic apex. An elliptic leaf has an oval shape but
botanists, or plant taxonomists, have a special broadest in the center. A circular leaf has the
terminology of technical words derived from blade more or less in form of a circle, while a
Latin and Greek, defined and illustrated in spatulute leaf is spoon-shaped.
botany textbooks and floras. In this book, non- As to margin or edge a leaf blade may be
technical terms have been used wherever pos- toothed, lobed, without teeth, or rolled under.
sible, though some technical terms have been The apex and base of a leaf blade may be long-
inserted -in parentheses or adopted where there pointed, short-pointed, blunt, or rounded, or the
was no clearer equivalent. Principal terms used base heart-shaped, if with two rounded lobes.
in this book are explained here, while many are In venation or arrangement of the veins a
illustrated by the drawings. Thus, i t has seemed leaf blade may be parallel-veined, if the veins
unnecessary to include a glossary. are closely placed side by side or parallel;.pir,
nute-vehed, with a single main vein or midrib
and lateral veins on both sides somewhat as in a
Leaves feather; or palmate-veined, when several main
veins arise a t the base and spread like fingers in
These flat, green organs serving for food a hand.
manufacture are very useful in the identifica-
tion of trees, usually present in quantities and
of large size. A tree that has green leaves per- Flower Clusters
sistent throughout the year is evergreen; one
that sheds its leaves and is leafless part of the The grouping of flowers and fruits in clusters
year is deciduous. The point on a twig where 1 (inflorescences) and their location and arrange-
or more leaves are attached is the node. In ment often provide characters useful in identi-
arrangement on the twig, leaves attached fication of trees. A flower cluster is terminal
singly or 1a t a node are alternate, leaves borne when i t is at the apex or end of a twig and lat-
in pairs or 2 a t a node are opposite, and leaves eral when borne at the base of a leaf or on the
inserted 3 or more a t a node are whorled. Parts side of a twig. The flowers may be produced
of a leaf are the leafstalk or petiole and the flat singly, one by one. A spike is a Rower cluster
expanded part or blade. In some species there with elongated axis bearing stalkless flowers,
are 2 (or 1) scales a t the base of a leaf called while a raceme has an elongated axis with
stipules, usually shedding early but sometimes stalked flowers, and a panicle is a compound
forming distinctive buds a t the end of a twig. raceme with branched axis. An umbel has flow-
In number of blades a leaf with 1 blade is ers on spreading stalks of equal length attached
simple, while a compound leaf has usually sev- together a t the apex of a larger stalk somewhat
eral blades (rarely only 2) called leaflets, which like an umbrella. A head bears stalkless flowers
on the broad disklike apex of the axis. In a cyme hypanthia~m, which may enclose the inferior
the flower cluster is definite, with the main axis ovary or sometimes surround the superior
ending in the first flower and with other flowers ovary and bear the other parts located above.
borne on branches below. Though usually possessing stamens and pistil
and thus with both sexes or bisexual, flowers
may be of one sex only or unisexual. A male
Flowers flower has stamens but no pistil, and a female
For classification and identification of trees flower has a pistil but no stamens. A species
and other flowering plants, the flowers and with male and female flowers on the same plant
fruits, or reproductive organs, are the most im- is said to be monoeciozcs, while one with male
portant parts. They show the relationships bet- and female flowers on different plants, which
ter than the leaves and other vegetative organs, are also male or female, is dioecious. In polyga-
which are less constant and often vary greatly ?no2cs species flowers of one sex and bisexual
under different environments. The commoner flowers a r e borne on the same individual.
plant families can be recognized by their char-
acteristic flowers. I t has seemed desirable,
therefore, to describe the flower structure of Fruits
each tree species in simple terms with measure-
ments. Developing from a mature ovary, the fruit
The flower is a modified stem bearing four or contains the seeds and sometimes other flower
fewer groups or circles of specialized leaves parts still attached. Present often for longer
known as calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistil (or periods than flowers or also remaining under
pistils). The calyx, or outermost group, is com- the trees after falling, the fruits may be espe-
posed of reduced leaves generally green and cially helpful in identification. Commonly the
called sepals, while the corolla consists of larger fruit originates from a single pistil and is
and usually colored parts known as petals. The simple. A fruit from several pistils in one
corolla may be regular with equal petals or ir- flower is aggregate (for example, coraz6n or
regular with petals of unequal size and may be custard-apple) , while one from several united
tubular with the petals united into a tube. The flowers often partly from a n enlarged fleshly
stamens or male organs of the flower have a stalk is multiple (for example, higo or fig).
filament or stalk and an anther or enlarged, Simple fruits a r e classed as dyl or fleshg
usually yellow, part which bears the pollen, or (juicy or succulent). Some dry fruits do not
male elements. Sometimes, the stamens may open to release the seeds (indehiscent), while
be replaced by staminodes, which are nonfunc- others open (dehiscent). The akene is a dry
tional or sterile stamens, usually small. fruit not opening and containing a single seed
In the center of the flower there is usually n separate from the fruit wall. The nut is also
single pistil or female organ (sometimes few to 1-seeded with a thick hard shell. The pod or
many) developed from one or more specialized legume is a dry 1-celled fruit which splits open
leaves. The pistil consists of three parts: the usually along 2 lines (for example, the legume
ovaty or enlarged part a t the base, the style or family). The capsule is a dry fruit of 2 or more
stalk above the ovary, and the stigma, the usu- cells which opens on as many lines as cells.
ally enlarged and often sticky end, which re- Fleshy fruits, which do not open, include the
ceives the pollen. The ovary contains 1to many berrg, which usually has several seeds, and the
ovules, rounded whitish female elements. The drupe, which has a central stone or hard part
mature ovary is the fruit, while the ovules be- containing 1or more seeds.
come the seeds.
In position with respect to the other flower
parts, the ovary may be superior or inferior. HOW TO USE THIS BOOK IN TREE
The superior ovary, the common type, is free or IDENTIFICATION
separate in the center of the flower and inserted
inward from or above the other parts. The in- Many trees can be identified by reference to
ferior ovaw is located below the calyx, corolla, the drawings, descriptions, and distribution
and the stamens, which appear to be inserted notes. However, the illustrations alone may not
above. The structure of the ovary, including the emphasize differences among closely related
number of cavities or ceUs from 1to several and species not figured. It is helpful to have for
number and position of the ovules within, is comparison the flowers and fruits in addition
important in ~Iassificationof plant families. to foliage because many kinds of trees have
The receptacle is the enlarged base of the leaves of similar shape. Often one tree can be
flower where the flower parts are inserted. found in blossom out of season, perhaps a t the
Above the receptacle and inward from the edge of a forest, and old fruits may be located
corolla there is sometimes a disk or small part on dead branches or on the ground. A ruler
like a circle or ring, often glandular. The re- and a hand lens are useful in examining the
ceptacle may form a basal tube or cup called the specimen and comparing it with the description.
 If the local common name of a tree in Puerto or 1.4 meters), a more or less definitely formed
Rico or the Virgin Islands is obtained, such as crown foliage, and a height of a t least 12 to 15
by asking residents, then the description, illus- feet (4 meters). Accordingly, some small trees
tration, and scientific name can be found by which are often shrubby have been included.
consulting the page listed in the Index of Com- Shrubby species rarely reaching the minimum
mon and Scientific Names. Since common names size have been included, also a few tree-like or
in other countries and as many as five Ian- borderline. In the absence of similar publica-
guages are included, the Index will be helpful in tions about shrubs, perhaps these additions will
determining the same species elsewhere. be useful for identification.
To avoid errors, identification from a com- The number of native species accepted here is
mon name should always be verified by inspect- 547, and the number of introduced species has
ing the drawing and comparing the specimen been closed a t 203 to make a rounded total of
with the main distinguishing characters or, if 750. Thus, nearly three-fourths (72.9 percent)
needed, with the detailed description of leaves, are native and more than one-fourth (27.1 per-
flowers, and fruits. Otherwise, the use of the cent) introduced, indicated by an asterisk (*).
same common name for unrelated tree species .
in different places or misapplication of a name Britton and Wilson (10) mentioned about
may lead to confusion. 700 introduced tree species, but many of these
The List of Tree Species following Contents were limited to tests in horticulture or forestry.
in each volume will also aid identification be- Some were unsuccessful or not superior to those
cause it lists the species of that volume in the already available. More recently additional spe-
usual botanical arrangement with related trees cies are being tested. Several ornamentals have
together, alphabetically by scientific names become common following commercial produc-
under each plant family. If the family is recog- tion by local nurserymen. An effort has been
nized, names of the examples with page num- made in these two volumes to describe all the
bers will be found in the Lists. Likewise, an un- common exotic trees, as well as several of spe-
known tree resembling a known one should be cial interest.
sought in both volumes under the same family. The 750 species of trees of Puerto Rico and
The Key to Families, revised from that in the Virgin Islands described in the two volumes
volume 1,serves to place a n unknown tree in its may be summarized by genera and plant fam-
plant family. This key includes the families of ilies in the tabulation below:
both volumes. Each family with two or more
species contains a key to these species for Volume 1 Volume 2 Both Volumes
further identification. Native species 178 369 547
The Special Lists may be helpful also in iden- Introduced species 72 131 203
tifying trees with unusual characters or specid Total species 250 500 750
Native genera 147 197 272
uses. Introduced genera 38 76 104
Reference may be made also to Britton and Total genera 185 273 376
Wilson's (10) flora of Puerto Rico and the Vir- Native families 62 72 85
Introduced families 6 10 14
gin Islands, which contains both technical keys Total families 68 82 99
to species and botanical descriptions but no il-
lustrations. Also, botanical specimens of dried The largest plant families are listed below,
pressed twigs with leaves, flowers, and fruits, with total number of tree species in both vol-
and with field notes (locality, altitude, date, umes, also introduced species in parentheses
common name, collector, whether wild or with asterisk (*). These 13 families, each with
planted, size, abundance, etc.) may be for- 15 or more species, contain 387 species, more
warded to large herbaria or universities for than one-half the total of 750.
identification by specialists, after prior ar-
rangement. Leguminosae, 70 Melastomataceae, 35
(41") (1")
Mimosoideae, 25 Rutaceae, 23 (10")
STATISTICAL SUMMARY (14* Sapotaceae, 22 (2*)
Caesalpinioideae, 21 Moraceae, 20 (11)
A summary of the 750 tree species of Puerto (15') Lauraceae, 17 ( 4 * )
Rico and the Virgin Islands described in the Faboideae, 24 (12') Bignoniaceae, 17 (8')
two volumes reveals the richness of the flora and Myrtaceae, 54 (9") Solanaceae, 15 (2*)
the complexity of its origin. Of course, the Rubiaceae, 48 (6') Flacourtiaceae, 15
number of tree species accepted for an area will Euphorbiaceae, 36 (3')
depend upon the definition of a tree or mini- (gQ) Palmae, 15 (5')
mum size considered. Trees may be defined as
woody plants having one erect perennial stem or Largest genera are listed below with total
trunk a t least 3 inches (7.5 centimeters) in number of tree species in both volumes, includ-
diameter a t breast height (d.b.h. or a t 4y2 feet ing introduced species also in parentheses with
asterisk (*). These 21 genera together have Thus, according to the patterns of geographic
189 species, more than one-fourth of the total. distribution summarized above, many tree spe-
cies of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are
Eugenia, 26 (3*) Malpighia, 7 widely distributed in continental tropical Amer-
Miconia, 17 Guettarda, 7 ica. The main source of the original immigrants
Coccoloba, 12 Acacia, 7 (3") apparently was South America, because of the
Ficzcs, 12 (7*) Erythrina, 7 (5') larger number of species in common, though
Ilex, 9 Nectandra, 6 Central America was another.
Cordia, 9 (2") Capparis, 6 Many other tree species are confined to the
Ocotea, 8 Solanurn, 6 West Indies and apparently developed in an
Zantltoxylum, 8 Antirhea, 6 island after migration from the continent.
Calvptranthes, 8 Tabebuia, 6 (2") Most of these are native on two, three, or all
Cassia, 8 (6*) Annona, 6 (4') four of the Greater Antilles, which may have
Citt-tis, 8 (8') been connected a t times.
An analysis of the geographic distribution of Perhaps of greatest interest are the tree spe-
the tree species of Puerto Rico and the Virgin cies confined, or endemic, to Puerto Rico and the
Islands contributes to an understanding of the Virgin Islands. The tree species composing this
relationships and origin. Urban (77, p. 675- class, more than one-fourth of the total, prob-
689) summarized the plant geographic affini- ably evolved on one of these islands from an
ties of the flora of Puerto Rico. Gleason and original immigrant. The large number is evi-
Cook (25, p. 12-20) discussed the development dence both of relatively ancient age of the is-
of the flora of Puerto Rico and plant migration. lands and their isolation. Also, the eastern and
Analyses of the trees of Mona Island and the western mountains of Puerto Rico were isolated
Luquillo Experimental Forest were made by further by climate as though separate islands.
Little (49,51) .
Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands a s oceanic
islands arose in the geological past from sub- ENDEMIC, RARE, AND ENDANGERED
marine volcanoes on the ocean floor and have TREE SPECIES
not been connected with a continent, according
to geological references. Thus, the tree species Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, like other
reaching these islands had to migrate over long oceanic islands isolated from continents, are
expanses of ocean. rich in local and endemic plant species found
The 547 native tree species may be grouped nowhere else. It is important to prepare a list
into several classes according to their patterns of these local tree species to determine which
of geographic distribution, approximately as are rare and endangered and in need of meas-
follows : ures for protection. A compilation has been
made from the ranges of the 547 native tree spe-
Also on continent, 229 species, 41.9% cies in both volumes.
Puerto Rico to South America and Central Within the Luquillo Experimental Forest,
America (also Mexico and/or Florida), Little (51) listed 61 tree species endemic to
121 species, 22.1 % Puerto Rico, of which 26 were endemic to Lu-
Puerto Rico to South America (including quillo Mountains or slightly beyond. Weaver
Panama) only, 55 species, 10.1 % (80) cited 28 species including 18 of trees as
Puerto Rico to Central America (or Mexico endemic to the Luquillo Mountains and found
or Florida), 53 species, 9.7% in the dwarf forest.
West Indies but not continent, 177 species, As summarized here, the endemic tree species
32.4 % total approximately 141 or 25.8 percent, of
Greater and Lesser Antilles (including which about 79 may be classed a s either rare or
Bahamas) only, 80 species, 14.6% endangered. A more detailed report will be
Greater Antilles (including Bahamas and published separately. First, a few standard
Virgin Islands) only, 77 species, 14.1% definitions.
Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands and Lesser Endemic, or local, species are those whose
Antilles only, 20 species, 3.7% natural range is local or limited to the area of
Endemic to Puerto Rico and/or Virgin Is- study, usually small, and i n this reference to
lands, 141 species, 25.7% Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands only, 21 Rare species occur in small numbers, usually
species, 3.8% in limited range, or in such restricted or spe-
Puerto Rico and adjacent island only, 6 cialized habitat that they could disappear,
species, 1.1% though not in immediate danger of extinction.
Puerto Rico only, 109 species, 19.9% Endangered species are in immediate danger
Virgin Islands only, 5 species, 0.9% of extinction and unlikely to survive without
special protection measures; occurring in small Calpptro~imnalivalis
numbers usually in limited range. Sabal causia1-um
Peripheral (border) species are rare a t the Acacia a11egadensis
edges of their ranges but not in danger of ex- Zanthox~llumtltmnasianzo~t
tinction because of occurrence in greater num- Malpighia shaf eri
bers elsewhere. Buxzts vahlii
Extinct species are no longer known to exist Mal/tettzis cymosa
anywhere after search. Species that have dis- Sida eggersii
appeared from one island but not others are not Ba?mra vanderbiltii
extinct. Dapitnopsis Itellerana
Several tree species have ranges almost con- Calgptrantites kiaerskovii (Tortola only ;
fined to Puerto Rico but have been found also in flowers and fruits unknown; not found)
one or more nearby islands, such as the north- Calpptrantltes portoticemis
ernmost Lesser Antilles or Hispaniola. For ex- Cal21ptrantltes thomasiana
ample, Stahlia monospenna, long regarded as a Eugenia boquemnensis (fruit unknown; not
species (and genus) endemic to Puerto Rico found)
and Vieques, has been discovered also in eastern Eugenia (?) corozalensis Britton (flowers
Hispaniola. These species have been excluded and fruits unknown; not found)
from the list of endemics. Also, the list may be Eugenia serrasuela (flowers and fruits un-
reduced further by similar range extensions in known ; not found since 1881)
the future and by union of species named inde- Ezcgenia sessiliflora
pendently on different islands. Antiritea portoricensia (weak species named
Of the 141 endemic, or local, tree species, 112 in 1930, not distinguished, related to A.
are described in this volume and followed by sintenisii)
the letter (E) in "List of Tree Species" (pages A w tirltea sintenisii
iv-xiv). The 72 endemic species of this volume
classed also as rare or endangered are further Of the list above, perhaps the rarest tree
designated by the letter (R). Table 1 similarly species in Puerto Rico is Banara vanderbiltii,
lists the 29 endemic species of volume 1 and represented by only 2 known trees on a f a r m
the 7 classed also as rare or endangered. Thus, near Bayambn. The rarest in the Virgin Is-
79 of the 112 endemics, or 70.6%. occur in small lands may be Sida eggersii, now known from
numbers usually in limited range and could 1tree a t Jost Van Dyke.
disappear if not protected. The table below summarizes the numbers of
The two volumes on trees of Puerto Rico and endemic species native in several public forests.
the Virgin Islands contain additional informa- The endemic species are mostly in the mountain
tion about the 141 endemic tree species, particu- zone. Luquillo Experimental Forest has the
larly their distribution within the islands and highest number, 62 out of 141, including about
their occurrence in public forests and parks. 23 known only from Liiquillo Mountains or also
There are original drawings for 133, the first Carite. Maricao, Toro Negro, and Carite follow
ever published for most of these. (Four of the but have almost no local endemics. Gutinica in
8 not illustrated are poorly known and not the low dry zone has only 11 of the endemics
found in recent years.) However, water-color and 1apparently confined to that vicinity.
drawings of several endemic tree species by
Frances W. Horne appeared many years ago in
Addisonia, accompanied by descriptions by Within public Known only from
forest public forest
Nathaniel L. Britton. The Spanish translation Luquillo 62 123
of the first volume (58) contains 6 endemics Mnricao 52 2
among its 48 color illustrations by the same Toro Negro 45 1
artist. Cnrite 38 0
Sus~ia 24 0
Most of these endemic species grow wild Guhnica 11 1
within one or more of the public forests of 1 ( A few of these also Cnrite.)
Puerto Rico. However, the 19 rare and en-
dangered (E, R) species listed below are not
found on any public forest or park but are con- Most of the 141 tree species endemic t o
fined to privately owned lands. The list should Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, designated
be reduced, because a few are poorly known or by (E), are native only within Puerto Rico.
were named from incomplete or sterile speci- However, about 30 species in the next three lists
mens. are present on other islands.
 These 6 tree species are known only from range extension. One lost endemic, Goetzea
Puerto Rico and 1adjacent island, as stated : elegans, was rediscovered by foresters in 1936
and was found on the Cambalache Experimental
Ficus staklii (Mona) Forest in 1950 and later a t other localities.
Malpigl~iaskaferi (Vieques) Very few tree species new to science have
Rheedia pwtorice?isis (Vieques) been found in recent years in Puerto Rico and
Eugenia zerophytica (Isla Muertos) none in the Virgin Islands. After the comple-
Bztmelia Icrugii (Vieques) tion of the flora by Britton and Wilson ( l o ) ,
Ezipatovizcm portoricense (Vieques) only the following 8 new tree species have been
published from here by later authors :
The following 21 tree species are known only
from Puerto Rico and also 1or more of the Vir- Linodera holdridgii Camp & Monachino
gin Islands : (Lloydia 2 : 223. 1939)
Myrica Itoldridgeam Lundell (Contrib. Univ.
Acrocomia media Zlex zcrbaniam Mich. Herbarium 7 : 5. 1942)
Coccothrinax d t a Maytenus cymosa Licaria brittoniam Allen & Gregory (Brit-
Roystonea borin- Reynosia guama tonia 7 : 267. 1951)
quena Ouratea littoralis Byrsonima wadsworthii Little ( Phytologia
Neea buxifolia Eugenia sessiliflora 4 : 417, fig. 1953)
Enjthri~meggersii Psidium amplexicaule ~ a l y ~ t r a n t hlzcquillensis
es Alain (Torrey Bot.
Pictetia aculeata Miconia tltomasiana Club Bul. 90 :189. 1963)
Sabinea florida Lyonia rubiginosa Eugenia haematocarpa Alain (Torrey Bot.
Zanthoxylum tho- Chrysophyllum pauci- Club Bul. 90 : 190. 1963)
masianum florum Phialanthus grandif oliua klain (Torrey Bot.
Croton rigidus M a n i l k a pleeana Club Bul. 92 : 302. 1965)
Buzus vahlii Cordia j-iekseckeri Alsophila bwophila ~ r y o n(Rhodora- 74 :443,
figs. 9-10. 1972)
Four tree species are endemic to one or more
of the smaller islands and obviously are en- All 8 are endemic to Puerto Rico. Because
dangered because of their very restricted area. of their restricted area, four of the above are
Acacia anegadensis is confined to Anegada. classed also as rare and endangered (R),
namely : Myrica holdridgeam, Calyptranthes
Malpigltia pallens is limited to St. Croix and luquillensis, Eugenia haematoca?ya, and Lino-
Buck Island, though recorded also from Cuba. ciera I~oldridgii. Several other new species de-
Sida eggersii is known now from only 1 tree a t scribed as shrubs have not been included, though
Jost Van Dyke, though it was named from Tor- a few may be observed later to attain tree size.
tola and was collected twice a t Culebra. Calyp- A few tree species of nearby islands were dis-
tranthes titomasiana occurs on St. Thomas and covered also on Puerto Rico by nineteenth cen-
Vieques. A fifth species, Calyptranthes kiuer- tury collectors but were not found here by later
skovii, was named in 1895 from a sterile speci- collectors. Now all of these peripheral species
men from Tortola and has not been found or have been rediscovered except Juglam jamai-
identified further. censis and Urera caracasana. The last collec-
No endemic tree species of Puerto Rico and tion of Juglans jamaicensis in Puerto Rico was
the Virgin Islands is known to have become in 1915. The forested area of its occurrence is
extinct. Nearly all the endemic tree species now mostly in coffee plantations. However, a
named long ago from Puerto Rico or the Virgin careful search might be rewarding. This species
Islands have been found by later collectors in- is native of Hispaniola and Cuba and is not en-
cluding the present authors. Several not col- dangered. Urera caracasana, a species wide-
lected by Nathaniel L. Britton and associates spread on the continent and found also in the
during the preparation of the flora (10) have Lesser Antilles and Jamaica, was collected long
been rediscovered in recent years. Others prob- ago in the Luquillo Mountains. It apparently
ably could be located after special search. How- was the ancestor of the endemic species U.
ever, a few described from incomplete speci- chloroca~ya.
mens, cited in the list above, have not been In spite of thorough collecting during the
found. past two centuries, a few range extensions of
Specimens of Pleodendron macranthum were tree species new to Puerto Rico have been
collected by foresters in Luquillo Mountains in found in recent exploration. Conostegiu Itot-
1940 but not afterwards. As the habitat has teana Urban & Ekman, of Haiti, was recorded
been protected, this species probably could be from the Luquillo Mountains by Howard (35)
located in a special search. Styrax portoricensis and found also by Woodbury a t Carite Forest.
was found by one of the authors recently, not Alain Liogier (43, 44) has published a number
only in Luquillo Mountains but also in Carite, a of new plant records for Puerto Rico including
several tree species new to the island, most of preparation of the material by personnel of
which were collected independently by the au- Work Projects Administration Official Project
thors. Examples are : Cal.~ptranthespallens, NO. 165-2-36-20.
Chione seminervia, Linociera lig wtrina, L21- The 460 line drawings of this volume were
ltaniu buchii, Solanum antillamm, X.~&sma prepared a t different times by several artists
schaeflelioides, and Zanthoxylum bifoliolatzcm. and botanists, whose aid is gratefully acknowl-
Woodbury found one tree of Pseudopiioenix edged. Many illustrations for both volumes
sargentii a t Mona Island. were skillfully executed in the early 1940's by
Besides the endemics, about 79 other species employees of the United States Forest Service
of native trees could be classed as rare or en- and Work Projects Administration, among
them Francisco Roena Santiago and Jose
dangered in Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands. Gabriel Arroyo. While working on the first
These additional rare or endangered species volume in 1954, Edwin C. Rivera S. made sev-
may be cite& by number, as follows: 254, 268, eral illustrations for the second. In 1966 Edwin
281, 285, 297, 300, 306, 314, 315, 318, 322, 324, Villal6n and Carmen M. Diaz prepared many.
325, 335, 336, 338, 339, 341, 353, 375, 393, 394, The remaining drawings were made in Wash-
403, 406, 408, 409, 410, 417, 421, 423, 424, 436, ington, D. C., by Suzanne Foster Manley, Hazel
438, 450, 453, 458, 460, 476, 477, 489, 492, 494, M. Hartman, Marion D. Shoquist, and Barbara
508, 510, 511, 528, 529, 531, 535, 539, 558, 574, H. Honkala. About 10 others were prepared by
578, 593, 597, 599, 604, 606, 609, 612, 618, 630, Ruby Rice Little and Ellen de JUrgenson for a
638, 643, 646, 654, 660, 663, 676, 677, 683, 695, similar book on the common trees of Venezuela
698, 719, 723, 724, 740, 745, 747. by the first author. The drawing of Castela
Common and scientific names may be found erecta is from Hooker (88, pl. 55), that of Eu-
under "List of Tree Species" (pages iv-xiv). pho?*biucotinifoliu from Dahlgren and Stand-
The native range elsewhere is stated under the ley ( 1 5 ) , and that of the cone of Araucaria
description of each species. Thus, disappearance Iteteropltylla from Barrett (6, fig. 6).
here would not mean extinction. Some are Assistance of the New York Botanical Gar-
peripheral (border) species rare here a t the den, particularly the late Percy Wilson, in mak-
edges of their ranges but more common on other ing determinations of the earlier botanical
islands. For many of these species the public collections is appreciated. Acknowledgment is
due the United States National Museum of Nat-
forests and parks of Puerto Rico and the Virgin ural History for the privilege of examining the
Islands provide protection, as well as accessible large collections from Puerto Rico and the Vir-
localities for study. Also, most of these species gin Islands in the National Herbarium.
are not native elsewhere within the United Foresters, rangers, and others of both the
States. United States Forest Service and Common-
Thus, about 158 tree species native in Puerto wealth Department of Natural Resources have
Rico and the Virgin Islands, more than one- assisted the authors in field work and in vari-
fourth or 28.8% of the total of 547, may be ous other ways. Likewise, officials of the Na-
classed a s rare or endangered here. About 79 tional Park Service have been helpful a t Buck
are endemic and 79 also on other islands. Island National Monument and Virgin Islands
The number of rare native tree species of National Park. Katharina E. Birman aided in
Puerto Rico not yet discovered probably is very the compilation of data.
small. The native tree species of Puerto Rico Several specialists reviewed portions of the
and the Virgin Islands, as accounted for in this manuscript. These include : David B. Lellinger,
2-volume reference, are probably about as well Cyatheaceae; Robert W. Read, Palmae; Velva
known as those of any comparable area in E. Rudd, Leguminosae; John J. Wurdack, Me-
tropical America. lastomataceae ; and Harold N. Moldenke, Verbe-
naceae. Hugh H. Iltis checked the names in
Capparaceae. The treatment of the genus Coc-
coloba (Polygonaceae) , the third largest in
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS number of native tree species, follows the revi-
sion of the Puerto Rican species by Howard
Credit is due various persons of the United (34). Scientific names in Cyatheaceae follow
States Forest 'Service, past and present, for the classification by Tryon. (76). Rogers Mc-
their assistance in preparing this book, first Vaugh reviewed the names in Myrtaceae.
to Leslie R. Holdridge. He initiated the Luis F. Martorell reviewed the manuscript,
project, made extensive botanical collections, assisted with the Puerto Rican common names,
supervised drawing of numerous illustrations and contributed notes on insect pests and dis-
(also making a few), and wrote the two pre- eases. Alain H. Liogier, besides reviewing the
liminary volumes (SO, 31). In those volumes manuscript, has contributed many common
acknowledjgnent was made to assistance in the names used in Hispaniola.
 TABLE1.-Tree species of volume 1 endemic to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (E) and rare
.
or endangered (R) To be added to species so designated in List of Species of:volume 2 (p. iv-xiv) .
Palm family (Palmae)
4. Corozo, prickly-palm, Puerto Rico acrocomia, Acrocomia media 0. F . Cook (E, R)
5. Palma de coyor, Aiphunes acanthophylla (Mart.) Burret (E, R)
8. Palma de Iluvia, Gaussia attenmta (0. F . Cook) Beccari (E, R)
9. Palma real, royal palm, Puerto Rico royalpalm, Rwstonea borinquena 0. F . Cook ( E )
10. Palma de sombrero, Puerto Rico palmetto, Sabal causiarum (0. F . Cook) Beccari (E, R)
Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae)
34. Jagiiilla, Magnolia portoricensis Bello (m
35. Laurel sabino, Magnolia. splendem Urban ( E )
Laurel family (Lauraceae)
49. Nuez moscada, Ocotea moschata (Meisn.) Mez ( E )
Rose family (Rosaceae)
67. Icaquillo, Hirtellu rugosa Pers. ( E )
Milkwort family (Polygalaceae)
117. Violeta, violet-tree, Polygalu cowellii (Britton) Blake (E, R)
Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)
120. Sabinbn, Croton poecilanthus Urban ( E )
126. Cedro macho, H21eronim clzcsioides (Tul.) Muel1.-Arg. (E, R)
129. Tabaiba, Sapium laurocerasus Desf. ( E )
Soapberry family (Sapindaceae)
142. Serrasuela, Thouinia portoricensis Radlk. ( E )
143. Ceboruquillo, Thouinia striata Radlk. ( E )
Mallow family (Malvaceae)
151. Maga, Montezuma speciosisgima Sessb & Moc. (E)
Tea family (Theaceae)
160. Maricao verde, Laplacea portoricensis (Krug & Urban) Dyer (E, R)
Mangosteen family (Guttiferae)
165. Palo de cruz, Rheedia portom'censis Urban ( E )
Mezereon family (Thymelaeaceae)
177. Majama brava, Daphnopsis philippiana Krug & Urban (E)
Myrtle family (Myrtaceae)
185. Limoncillo, Cdgptritittites krugii Kiaersk. ( E )
191. Guayabota, Eugenia stahlii (Kiaersk.) Krug & Urban ( E )
Melastome family (Melastomataceae)
196. Jusillo, Calycogonium squamulosum Cogn. ( E )
197. Camasey peludo, Heterotrichum qmosum (Wendl.) Urban ( E )
Sapodilla family (Sapotaceae)
2J2. Caimitillo verde, Micropholis garciniifolia Pierre ( E )
Borage family (Boraginaceae)
222. Mufieco, Cordia borinquensis Urban ( E )
Bignonia family (Bignoniaceae)
235. Roble cimarr6n, Tabebuia haemantha (Bert.) DC. ( E )
237. Roble de sierra, Tabebuia rigida 'Urban (E)
Madder family (Rubiaceae)
239. Quina, Antirhea obtusifolia Urban ( E )
248. Juan tomb, Rondektia portoricensis Krug & Urban ( E )
Volume 1: Endemic ( E ) , 29 species; also rare or endangered (R), 7 species
Volume 2 : Endemic (E) , 112 species ; also rare or endangered (R) , 72 species
Totals : Endemic (E) 141 species ; also rare or endangered (R) , 79 species
 FORESTS AND FORESTRY IN PUERTO RICO AND
THE VIRGIN ISLANDS

The trees native to Puerto Rico and the Vir- a still different type of forest clothed the upper-
gin Islands, about 547 species, were found a t the most peaks. Differences in the total amount and
time of discovery in extensive and luxuriant seasonal distribution of precipitation produced
forests. Whereas such forests have subse- extreme differences between the forests of the
quently all but disappeared, there is every rea- eastern mountains of Puerto Rico and those of
son to believe that a t the time of Columbus' ar- the southwest coast. Reduced moisture avail-
rival the dominant vegetation throughout the ability due to shallow soils, particularly in the
islands, with the possible exception of a few limestone regions, is manifest in the growth of
small marshes, was forest. The reports of early trees on such areas. The contrasts among the
voyageurs (1,20,57) all describe the islands as various vegetative types are striking be~auseof
forest covered. Furthermore, in other regions the extreme range of conditions within short
of similar climate and soil the vegetation is distances. Elevations range from sea level to
forest wherever i t has not been modified by man. 4,398 feet, precipitation from 30 to 180 inches
The natural vegetation of Puerto Rico, in- annually, and soils from deep to very shallow,
cluding forests and plant successions, has been and from fine clays to coarse sands.
described by Gleason and Cook (25, 12), Dan- Along the wind-swept seacoasts was a low
sereau and Buell ( 1 6 ) , and others. Mapping of scrubby littoral woodland so narrow and so
life zones a s a basis for further identification small in area that it is not shown in figure 3.
of major categories of natural vegetation has Most of the trees in this woodland were small
recently been completed by Ewe1 and Whitmore and of poor form due to extreme exposure to
(21a). salt winds. On dry rocky slopes facing the
southern or southwestern coasts, on Anegada,
on Mona, and other small outlying islands the
THE VIRGIN FORESTS littoral woodland assumed the form of cactus
scrub. In the more protected locations, particu-
Description of the virgin forests of Puerto larly on the north coast of Puerto Rico, grew
Rico and the Virgin Islands can now be only trees of good timber species such as maria
very approximate, since few relics remain in (Calophyllum cahba) , ausubo (Manilkara bi-
Puerto Rico and none in the Virgin Islands. dentata), roble (Tabebziiu heterophylla) , and
Wherever partial cutting or complete deforesta- tortugo amarillo Sideroxylon f oetidissimum) .
tion has once taken place, even where forests One of the most prominent species near the
a r e subsequently allowed to redevelop, the rela- shore was uva de playa (Coccoloba uvifera).
tive abundance of the different species suffers a Along the shores of protected bays, lagoons,
marked change. The brief description repeated and estuaries in a n area too restricted to show
here from the first volume (52) is based upon in figure 3 were dense stands of mangrove, the
a study of a few remaining virgin forests in trees of only four species growing to a height of
Puerto Rico (78) and upon published descrip- 60 feet or more. Five public forests bordering
tions of similar forests in nearby islands, par- the coast, mapped in figure 4, still contain man-
ticularly those by Beard ( 7 , 8 ) . groves. In the water itself was mangle colorado
The eight climax forest types or forest re- (Rltizophora mangle). On the adjacent area
gions shown in figure 2 are described below normally subject to tidal flooding were mangle
with lists of the common trees. Reference is blanco (Laguncdut-ia racemosa) and mangle
made primarily to Puerto Rico, and some spe- negro (Avicennia germinurn). On the land-
cies mentioned are not in the Virgin Islands.
However, the general character of the vegeta- ward side was mangle bot6n (Conocaqms
tion there was apparently as here described. .
e~ectus) The strong durable timbers of mangle
The more important differences in the nat- colorado and mangle bot6n were much used for
ural vegetation of Puerto Rico and the Virgin construction.
Islands reflect variations in topography, cli- On the coastal plain and lower slopes, up to an
mate, and soil. The vegetation of the coastal elevation of 500 feet or more in Puerto Rico,
plains was unlike that of the steeper slopes, and and to the tops of most mountains of the Virgin
Islands grew a forest which was largely ever- side. In their places grew a few other species
green but with some deciduous species, particu- especially adapted to such conditions. The tree
larly in the drier coastal areas. At its best species of the dry coastal forest include:
development, on the northern coastal plain of
Puerto Rico, this forest attained 80 feet or Coccoloba venosa Polpgala cowellii
more in height. Elsewhere, in the moist lime- Capparis cpnopltallo- Ceiba pentundra
stone region, on the south coast of Puerto Rico, phora Guazuma ulmifolia
and in the Virgin Islands, it was apparently Stahlia monosperma Canella winterana
shorter, from 40 to 60 feet tall. This forest Lonchocavpus domin- Bucida buceras
consisted of two tree stories, each composed of gensis Rauvolfia nitida
distinct species. The lower story constituted a Pictetia aculeata Cordia nitida
forest within a forest and depended upon the Eiytltroxylum areola- Citltaresylztm
upper canopy for its existence. The vegetation tum f rziticosum
varied in composition from place to place but Gwziacum oficinale
it was everywhere a mixture of species. At
least 200 tree species were present somewhere In the limestone region of the south coast, as
within the natural distribution of this forest. on the north coast, excessive soil drainage ac-
Within the area described are four distinct centuates the dryness of the environment to a
forest regions or ecological provinces, each giv- point that some species of trees cannot subsist.
ing rise t o a distinct type of forest. These re- Others which are more hardy replace these.
gions or provinces, designated a s moist coast, The trees of the dry limestone forest include:
moist limestone, dry coast, and dry limestone, Pisonia albida Thouinia portoricemis
are shown in figure 3. Capparis cynopkallo- Colubrina arborescens
The more common or characteristic species of phora Ziziphus reticulata
the moist coastal forest included the following : Pictetia aculeata Cephalocereus royenii
Guaiacum oficinale Opuntia rzibescem
Acrocomia media Manilkara bidentata Guaiacum sanctum Bucida buceras
Nectandra coriacea Sideroxylon Amyris elemifera Dipholis salicif 01th
Herttundia sonora f oetidissimum Bursera simaruba Plumeriu alba
Hymenaea courbaril Citharexylum Gymnanthes lucida
A ftdira inemis f rutieosz~m
Pterocarpus ofidnalis Petitia domingensis The coastal forests of Puerto Rico and the
Zanthoxylum Tabebuia lteterophylla Virgin Islands, unlike those of the other
martinicense Genipa americana Greater Antilles, contained no mahogany
Calophyllum calaba Guettarda scabra (Swietenia mahagmi). Widespread use of the
Mammea antericana Randia aeuleata wood and early introduction of the tree to these
The moist limestone forest was similar to islands has led to a general impression that this
that along the coast and had many of the same species is native. However, whereas the young
species. The chief differences appear to be due trees develop abundantly in Puerto Rico be-
neath or near planted trees of this species, they
to the drier soils on the well-drained limestone are never encountered in native forest a t any
hills and the greater humidity in the protected distance from such trees. Had the species been
areas between the hills, especially in the south- native, there would still be young trees through-
ern part of this area which is close to the central out the coastal forests of the island without
mountains. The tree species of the moist lime- relation to the location of planted trees. I t is
stone forest include : extremely unlikely that it could ever have been
Aiphanes Montezzima exterminated, since aceitillo (Zanthoxylum
acanthopltyUa speciosissima flavum), a tree in greater demand and with
Gaussia attenwzta Ochroma p~ramidale much weaker reproductive capacity than ma-
Coccoloba diversifolia Clusia rosea hogany, is still to be found in remote forests.
Coecoloba pubescena Bucida buceras Typical mountain forests are confined to
Licaria salicifolia Tetrazygia eleag- Puerto Rico, although a small patch of similar
Zantltoxylum noides but unique forest is found on the top of Sage
martinicense Dipltolis salicifolia Mountain, Tortola. Between about 500 to 2,000
Bursera simaruba Sideroxylon feet elevation in the eastern mountains, known
Cedrela odorata f oetidissimzcm as Luquillo Mountains, and to 3,000 feet in the
Hyermima clusioides Gzlettarda scabra central mountains or Central Cordillera,
Sapium laurocerasus Terebraria [Link] slightly higher on the south slope than on the
Thouinia stiiata Randia aculeata north, was probably the most magnificent forest
of Puerto Rico. Much of the original vegetation
On the southern, dry side of Puerto Rico the of this area is described as wet forest. At its
more adverse moisture conditions excluded maximum development this forest reached 110
many of the tree species common on the north feet in height, with trees to 8 feet in diameter.
Three forests of distinct size and composition apparently because of a somewhat drier cli-
grew together here, each forming a separate mate. It contains many species associated with
story of vegetation. Throughout the range of this forest in Puerto Rico and is dominated al-
this type of forest there were probably about most exclusively by bulletwood (Manilkara bi-
170 tree species. dentata).
Within the lower mountain area are two for- Farther up the slopes in Puerto Rico, extend-
est regions or ecological provinces and corre- ing to near the tops of the peake, was a sub-
sponding distinct forest types. These provinces tropical and lower montane rain forest. Here
are designated as lower Cordillera and lower the temperature is lower, and rainfall, ranging
Luquillo. It is seen in figure 3 that the lower from 100 t o possibly 200 inches annually is so
Cordillera province includes both the north and abundant a s to produce swampy conditions and
south lower slopes of the central mountains of highly leached soils. The result was a compara-
Puerto Rico and the Sierra de Cayey and also tively poor forest about 60 feet tall and contain-
the upper slopes of the disconnected Sierra de ing about 60tree species.
Atalaya in the northwest. The Luquillo Moun-
tains are separate both geographically and This upper mountain forest is distinct in the
ecoloj$cally from the Central Cordillera. Cordillera and the Luquillo Mountains pri-
The trees of the lower Cordillera forest in- marily because of more moist conditions in the
clude the following: latter. The common or characteristic tree spe-
cies of the upper Cordillera forest include:
Cyathea arborea Meliosma herbertii
Cecropia peltata Casearia arborea Cyathea arborea Turpinia paniculata
Ocotea leucoxylon Homalium racemosum Prestoea montana Matayba domingensia
Ocotea moschata Buchenavia capitata Magnolia purtoricen- C l u e grisebachiana
HirteUa rugosa Mgrcia deflexa 8is Calgcogonium
Inga fagifolia Dendropanax arbo- Gzcatteria blainii squamulosum
Pithecellobium reua Ocotea spathulata Heterotrichum
arboreum Didymopanax BruneUia cymosum
Andira inermis morototoni comocladif olia Micropholis
Ormosia h g i i Linociera domingensis Abhomea latifolia chrgsophyUoides
Dacrgodes excelsa Cordia alliodora
Cedrela odorata Cordia borinquenais In the upper Luquillo Mountains the forest is
Guarea guidonia Cordia sulcata similar to that of the Cordillera, but there a r e
Byrsonima c&cea Vitex divarieata in addition a number of species found only on
Dwpetes glauca Tabebuia heteropltglla the Luquillo Mountains. The common tree spe-
Cupania americana cies of the upper Luquillo Forest include the
following :
The forest of the lower slopes of the Luquillo
Mountains is similar in general appearance to Cyathea arborea Eugenia borinquensis
that in the Cordillera, but because of greater Prestoea montana Cdycogonium
precipitation and higher humidity it is some- Magnolia qlendens squamulosum
what more luxuriant, and several tree species Ocotea spathulata Heterotrichum
are much more common here than elsewhere. Alchornea latifolia cymosum
The trees of the lower Luquillo province include Croton poecilanthm Microp holis
the following: Cgrilla racemiflora cltrgsophylloides
Matayba domingensis Micropitolis
Cyathea arborea Alchorneopsis portoli- Cluaia grisebacltiana garciniif olia
Cecropia peltata censis Calgptranthes krugii Tabebuia rigida
Beilsehmiedia pendula Drgpetes glauca
Ocotea leucoxylon Sapium lauroceraszcs One of the most prominent species in these
Ocotea moschata Cupania americana upper mountain forests is the sierra palm
Hirtella rugosa Meliosma herbertii (Prestoea montana) which forms extensive,
Inga fagif olia Sloanea berteriana nearly pure stands on unstable soils. In the
Andira inermis Ochroma pyramidale western part of the Cordillera and near El
Omnosia krugii Casearia arborea Yunque peak in the Luquillo Mountains grows
Dacrgodes excelsa Buchenavia capitata Puerto Rico's only arborescent gymnosperm,
Tetragastris balsami- Myrcia deflexa
fera Manillcara bidentata caobilla (Podocarpua coriaceus) .
On Puerto Rico's mountain peaks, above
Guarea guidonia Linociera domingensis
Trichilia pallida Cwdia borinquensis 2,500 feet'elevation, the forest is dwarfed to 20
Byrsonima coriacea Tabebuia heteroph~lla feet or less in height. Little or no valuable tim-
ber is present in this forest, but tree species of
The similar forest on the top of Sage Moun- interest include Weinmannia pinnata and Bru-
tain, Tortola, does not exceed 60 feet in height, nellia comocladifolia.
 THE FORESTS OF TODAY the more fertile and accessible lands. The re-
maining trees a r e located chiefly on steep slopes,
The following description of today's forests rocky mountain summits, or where excessive
has been revised from the first volume (52). shallowness, dryness, or wetness of the soil pre-
Two trends in land use, since 1964, seem worthy cludes economic farming. Thus the best devel-
of mention. The first is the continuing migra- oped forests have disappeared. Most of the
tion of the rural population away from the forests remaining a r e those which reappeared
lands which need the protection of tree growth. after farming was abandoned on these poor
This movement, most pronounced in Puerto lands.
Rico, has given rise to the natural reforesta- The remaining forests are nearly all very dif-
tion of probably tens of thousands of acres ferent from those found by the early voyageurs.
formerly cultivated or pastured, in interior The most valuable trees, both a s to species and
as to size, have been removed. Few trees exceed
Puerto Rico, and also extensive areas in St. 12 inches in diameter. Most of these are of
Croix. The other change, in part a direct species unused for purposes other than fuel,
result of the first, is the increasingly urban and thus of negligible value. These larger trees
ownership of the rural lands. This trend has of inferior quality tend to suppress the develop-
led to more residential development in formerly ment of any younger trees of more valuable spe-
rural areas near the cities which now have be- cies which may be growing beneath them.
come suburban, together with the decline of A number of the introduced exotic tree spe-
farming and the construction of roads and cies have become naturalized in the forests of
other facilities. The net effects of this trend on the islands, now appearing as though native.
the tree-covered area of these islands remain to Common naturalized species in the humid for-
be seen, but i t may well lead to more, rather ests of Puerto Rico include pomarrosa (Eugenia
than less cover, since the viewpoint of urban or jumbos), guayaba (Psidiu?n guujava) , albizia
primarily residential owners is more favorable (Albizia proeera) , emajagua (Hibisczis tilia-
to natural vegetation than that of farmers con- ceus) , almendra (Terminalia catuppa), bucayo
cerned with making the soil produce crops. gigante (Erptl~rinapoeppigiana) , and tulipan
Within the total area of Puerto Rico and the .
africano (Spathodea campanulata) On the dry
Virgin Islands, approximately 2,335,000 acres, southwestern coast of Puerto Rico bayahonda
(Prosopis juliflom) has become naturalized in
there are about 945,000 acres covered by trees.3 pastures. In the United States Virgin Islands
Of this, about 765,000 acres are covered by an outstanding naturalized tree in the forests
forests. This is a spectacular increase of more (particularly in St. Croix) is Dominican ma-
than 100 percent since the publication of the hogany (Swietenia mahagoni) and in pastures,
first volume, most of it apparently in the last tibet (Atbizia Zebbeck) .
five years. Part of this difference undoubtedly
is due to improved estimates, but much of i t
can be exdained only - by- the wides~read,and PUBLIC FORESTS AND PARKS
everywhere evident reversion of -abandoned
farmlands to brush and forest. An additional The system of public forests in Puerto Rico
180,000 acres in Puerto Rico is covered by is one of the Commonwealth's most important
coffee shade forests, with much of i t now natural resources. With a total of 15 units, in-
abandoned a s f a r as coffee production is con- cluding some 88,000 acres, these forests are not
cerned. only diverse but well distributed over the island
I t is thus seen that somewhat more than half (fig. 4)
of the land surface of Puerto Rico and the Vir- Set aside primarily to protect soil and water
gin Islands is not in forests. F a r more than this values, these forest areas range from the larg-
has been deforested a t one time or another in est mangroves along the seacoast to the highest
the past. Less than one percent of the vegeta- peaks of the Central Cordillera and the Luquillo
tive cover of the islands (probably all of it in Mountains. They include the island's driest
Puerto Rico) is in virgin, unmodified condition. areas and its wettest.
The cutting of the forests, done partly to Ecologically the public forests are an un-
harvest their timber but more generally to clear equaled asset. They contain nearly all of the
land for farming, took place primarily in the remaining virgin forest on the island. They in-
19th century. It eliminated tree growth from clude representative areas of the major natural
ecosystems. They contain, with few exceptions,
all of the island's endemic tree and plant species
in sufficient numbers to assure their survival
despite continuing destruction of other forest
areas. For most of the rare and endangered
tree species, and for some of the wildlife as well,
to
rP

-17 caas1.t r w t p 0 Lorn. CWCLL~.. rmv

"a,? ,4"t,?~C cmts. V.W. (P*LLtII rwt,.

~I'IGURE3.-Climax forest types and forest regions of Puerto Rico (same as vol. 1, fig. 2). Not shown are mangrove forests in the 5 public forests bordering
the coast (fig. 4).
 FIGURE
4.-Public forests and forest lands of Puerto Rico (revised and combined from vol. 1. figs. 3 and 4). The public forests (solid black) are 14 Com-
monwealth Forests (Bosques Estntales) and the Caribbean National Forest or Luquillo Experimental Forest (Federal). Forest lands (shaded)
h3
are now more extensive than when mapped earlier (41, p. 115). Mona Island (fig. 2) west of Puerto RICOis owned by the Commonwealth and classed
cn under forest lands also.
these forests are currently their only protected Park contains undisturbed forest lands on the
habitat, and therefore their best base for sur- highest point of Virgin Gorda, altitude 1,371
vival. In addition, they contain a large number feet.
of planted trees in timber plantations. And they
are protected, available for study. The public
forests in which each tree species is found are FOREST CONSERVATION
indicated in the text.
The public forests are open and are being The trees and forests of Puerto Rico and the
developed for recreational enjoyment as well as Virgin Islands are a valuable asset. The orna-
scientific use, to the extent that this does not mental value of trees around homes along the
jeopardize the protection of the resources. Some roadsides and in parks is apparent to all. Tree
of the forests already have developed areas and fruits provide valuable foods and important
facilities for picnicking, hiking, and other types items of commerce. Forested areas in the
of recreation. At least one of these forests is mountains or along beaches offer peaceful
within a brief ride over a paved road from any shady environment for outdoor recreation and
point on the island. on each of the islands constitute important
The Caribbean National Forest (Luquillo Ex- tourist attractions.
perimental Forest) is administered by the In- Not so apparent any more are the forests a s
stitute of Tropical Forestry of the Forest Serv- a source of timber. The best trees of the orig-
ice, U. S. Department of Agriculture, with inal forests have been cut long since. Wood is
headquarters in Rio Piedras. The other public no longer the dominant housing material, or is
forests are all administered by the Puerto Rico it even so commonly used on farms. Local fuel-
Department of Natural Resources. wood and charcoal are no longer commonly
One public forest area, the Estate Thomas used. The most persistent local forest product
Experimental Forest, exists on St. Croix, U. S. is the fence post, of which more than 10 million
Virgin Islands (fig. 1). It contains 149 acres, are used annually.
mostly covered with natural mahogany forest, The least obvious of the values of our forests
and is a base for the research program of the is as important as any other, their capacity t o
Institute of Tropical Forestry. Although small, conserve soil and water resources. This pro-
i t also has a n area open to public enjoyment. tective benefit from forest is unexcelled by any
The Virgin Islands have four national parks other crop. The forest litter reduces surface
containing unusual forest vegetation and nu- runoff and erosion. The porous soil beneath
merous tree species not subject to long-range forests retains its maximum capacity to absorb
protection elsewhere (fig. 2). These protected rain water-water which may then appear
lands of mostly dry or seasonal forests are open gradually through clear springs rather than in
to the public and accessible. The tree species the form of muddy torrents.
known to grow within each area are noted in the The importance of the trees and forests of
text. Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands is not so
The National Park Service, United States much a matter of their present contribution a s
Department of the Interior, administers two of it is a question of what they might contribute.
these public parks. Buck Island Reef National Past cutting of trees and land clearing have
Monument was established in 1961 primarily reduced these resources to a fraction of their
as an underwater park to preserve the beautiful potential. In recognition of the possibility of
barrier reefs of coral around most of the shore. enhancing local forest resources, several con-
This uninhabited island a mile long, containing servation measures have been taken. A brief
176 acres of protected forest vegetation, is lo- history of this activity, confined largely to
cated less than 2 miles north of the eastern part Puerto Rico, is presented here.
of St. Croix. There is little record of actual accomplish-
Virgin Islands National Park, established in ments in forest conservation in Puerto Rico
1956 and also under the National Park Service, prior to 1900. Sixteenth century Spanish laws,
occupies nearly two-thirds of the island of St. reflecting the scarcity of forests in Spain, were
John, a gross area of 14,418 acres. With moun- generally unrealistic for the completely forested
tains up to 1,277 feet altitude, i t has large areas island of Puerto Rico. Clearing of forests for
of several forest types and examples of nearly farming was then needed, rather than preserva-
all tree species native on the island. tion of the forests.
Two national parks in the British Virgin Possibly the first indication of official interest
Islands are administered by the National Parks in forest conservation within Puerto Rico was a
Trust. On the island of Tortola is Sage Moun- government circular of 1824 recommending
tain National Park, about 60 acres in size. Sage that strips of trees be left along and a t the
Mountain, the highest peak in the Virgin Is- .
source of streams (71) The first appropriation
lands, has an altitude of 1,780 feet and supports of public funds for forestry in Puerto Rico is
a unique mountain forest. Gorda Peak National recorded for 1860 (70). Public forest reserves
were established in 1876 (14), and a forest de- public lands barely make up 10 percent of the
partment existed in the colonial government more than 850,000 acres of lands which, because
during the rest of the century. The extent and of climate, slope, or soil are best suited for a
condition of the island's forest resources, as permanent forest cover. The location of the
described a t the end of that period, testify that main concentrations of the lands which should
conservation efforts to that time were not very remain forested is indicated in Figure 4
effective. (shaded). Almost none of these lands are sub-
The first step toward forest conservation in ject to forest management; more than half of
Puerto Rico during the present century was the them are not even forested. The areas are now
proclamation of the Luquillo Forest Reserve in more extensive than when mapped earlier (vol.
1903. This area was surveyed in 1916 and 1, fig.4, from Koenig (41, p. 115)).
proved to contain about 12,400 acres. The The Federal and Commonwealth govern-
United States Forest Service appointed a super- ments work together to foster proper conserva-
visor to administer this forest in 1917. In the tion of all of these lands which should be kept
same year the Puerto Rico Forest Service was forested. The Department of Natural Resources
established and by 1920 was responsible for the provides planting stock and technical assistance
protection of more than 26,000 acres of un- to landowners. The Agricultural Extension
alienated forest lands in the mangroves, a t Service, the Soil Conservation Districts, and the
Gudnica and Maricao, and on Mona Island. Soil Conservation Service also participate. The
Forestry activities were materially expanded Forest Service conducts needed research and
with the advent of the Civilian Conservation provides the results for direct use. This re-
Corps in 1935. Since that time the area of Fed- search program includes the search for better
eral forest lands has increased to about 28,000 tree species and their productivity potential,
acres in the Caribbean National Forest (Lu- improved techniques for tree propagation,
quillo Experimental Forest). The Common- planting, weeding, and plantation management
wealth now administers about another 64,000 and utilization of forest products.
acres in Commonwealth Forests (Bosques In the Virgin Islands a few old laws exist re-
Estatales) . garding the protection of trees along streams,
The public forests of Puerto Rico were set but in the course of time these islands, both the
aside to serve a number of purposes : to protect British and United States, became almost com-
the soil on steep rainy mountain slopes and else- pletely deforested to the tops of the mountains.
where as needed, such a s in the mangroves, to However, in the United States islands extensive
conserve water in the headwaters of watersheds secondary forests have developed with the de-
in which the minimization of flooding is critical, cline in population and agriculture which took
to protect forms of native wildlife which re- place in the past 60 years.
quire extensive forest habitat as a refuge, to Possibly the outstanding early development
provide areas for the outdoor recreation and
education of the community, and to demonstrate which is of significance to forestry was the in-
the production of needed timber crops where troduction of Dominican mahogany (Swietenia
this is compatible with the conservation of the mahagoni) into St. Thomas and St. Croix. This
other forest values mentioned. introduction, judging by the size of some of the
To achieve these objectives the public forests older trees on St. Croix, must have been made
of Puerto Rico have been manned with pro- a t least 200 years ago. In all probability, some
tective and managerial personnel. Boundaries of these initial introductions now stand along
have been identified and monumented. Road Mahogany Road. A planting in the hills
and trail systems and ranger stations have been southwest of Christiansted, St. Croix (probably
built. Some 22,000 acres within these lands as shade trees in the estate yard a t Bellevue),
have been reforested. About 8,500 acres of nat- has given rise to natural regeneration of ma-
ural forest and plantations have been treated hogany covering some 300 adjacent acres-
silviculturally to thin out undesirable trees or to most of it in sugar cane until 1928. Isolated
harvest those mature. The yield to date has pockets on St. Croix bring the total acreage of
been more than 2,500,000 cubic feet of timber. natural mahogany on this island to about 400.
Eleven recreation areas have been built for the A limited government program of tree plant-
use of the public. These improvements represent ing was carried out in St. Thomas in the early
a total investment of about $20,000,000. 1930's, administered from Puerto Rico. Un-
The progress of forest conservation in Puerto doubtedly some of the younger mahoganies on
Rico depends more on what happens outside the that island a r e a result. Nevertheless, this spe-
public forests than what is done within them. cies is relatively unknown in St. John and
In effect they a r e merely publicly set examplcs Tortola.
intended to lead other owners of other lands to Since 1956, the U. S. Government has sup-
good practices. The critical condition of these ported a full-time forestry program in the U. S.
lands is apparent when it is recognized that the Virgin Islands, initially through the Virgin
Islands Corporation and subsequently through The establishment of Virgin Islands National
the Forest Service, recently in cooperation Park in 1956 was a n important step in forest
with the Territorial Department of Agri- conservation. Occupying nearly two-thirds of
culture. About 250,000 mahogany and teak St. John, this park assures the continued preser-
seedlings have been propagated on St. vation of forests and other natural vegetation
Croix during these 16 years, and planted on and wildlife on one island. Besides providing
nearly 100 rough, mostly steep slopes on both recreation, watershed protection, wildlife habi-
private and public lands. In addition, many tats, and other values, these forested areas pre-
thousands of mahogany and other seedlings serve rare species from extinction and a r e
have been made available to the public a s orna- available for comparison with managed forests
mentals. A 1967 Conservation Needs Inventory and nonforested lands, also for education and
shows 20,000 acres of the Virgin Islands as suit- research.
able for forestry. Twenty-nine active studies The report on forestry in the British Virgin
place special emphasis on the establishment, Islands by Beard (7) in 1945 contains a de-
growth rate, quality, and disease resistance of scription of the forests, recommendations for
mahogany. Hybrids of Honduras (Szoietenia the forest policy, and a land utilization map.
macrophylla) and West Indies mahogany (S. These islands, totaling 67 square miles in area,
nzuhagoni) are being identified for their su- have a relatively low rainfall and vegetation
perior growth rate and desirability for specialty mostly of dry or deciduous seasonal forest and
wood products. thorn bush and scrub. However, Sage Moun-
Estate Thomas Experimental Forest was tain on Tortola has higher precipitation and
established in St. Croix in 1963 and in addition, mountain or rain forest of larger trees, partly
Federally owned lands a t Ham Bluff and Sion cut. Additional descriptions of the forests and
Ridge are available for demonstration and re- other vegetation with plant lists have been made
search. Four thousand roadside trees planted for the islands of Tortola and Anegada by
within the last 15 years are given some protec- D'Arcy (17, 18).
tion and maintenance-in addition to the older The two national parks in the British Virgin
Islands, Sage Mountain near the summit of
trees established under the Danish regime, and Tortola and Gorda Peak on the highest part of
later under the U. S. Civilian Conservation Virgin Gorda, are important in forest conserva-
Corps in the 1930's. Encouragement is given tion. These areas have many beneficial values
plantations on private lands through a special of forest preserves, such as watershed protec-
tax rebate program which allows tax advan- tion, and could be developed also for recreation.
tages to landowners who manage their planta- Plantations of mahogany have been made on
tions. Sage Mountain by the Agriculture Department.
 kE CITED
(1) Abbad y Lasierra, Iiiigo. (20) Ilurland, William D.
1866. Historia geogrifica civil y natural de la isla 1929. Forest regeneration in Puerto Rico. Econ.
de Sap Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico. Imprenta y
Liber~ade Acosta San Juan. 508 p. (21) ~ & e r s , H. F. A.
(2) Adams, C. D. 1879. The flora of St. Croix and the Virgin Islands.
1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica. 848 p. Univer- U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 13.133 a.
sit of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica. (218) Ewel, J. S., and ~hitmor-e,J. L.
(3) AE~, Caroline K.,and Greqory. Luis E
1951. A new specles of Licarla from ~ u k r t oRico.
1973. Ecological life zones of Puerto Rico and the
U.S. Virgin Islands. U.S. Dep. Agric. Forest Sew.
Brittonia 7: 267-269, illus. Res. Paper ITF-18, 72 p., illus. (folded map).
(4) Barrett, Mary F. (22) Ferntindez y JimBnez, JosC Maria.
1956. Common exotic trees of South Florida (Di- 1867. Tratado de la arboricultura cubana y lleva
cotyledons). 414 D.. . . illus. Cainesville. agregada de la Isla de Pinos y Puerto Rico. 225 p.
(5) Bakrett, 0.. W. Habana.
1925. The food plants of Porto Rico. P. R. Dep. Agric. (23) Gifford, John C.
J. 9: 61-208. 1905. The Luquillo Forest Reserve, Porto Rico. U.S.
(6) Barrett, Wilfredo H. G.
1958. Las plantas cultivadas en la Repdblica Argen- Ilep. Agric. Bur. Forestry Bull. 54, 52 p., illus.
tina: Araucarilceas. Vol. 1, fasc. 19. 26 p.. illus. (24) Gilormini, JosO A.
.. .
~ r r e n t i n aInst. Bot. Amic. 1947. Manual para la propagacibn de irboles y el
(7) Beird, J. S. estnblecimiento de plantaciones forestales en Puerto
1945. Forestry in the Leeward Islands: The British Rico. Ed. 2, 109 p., illus. P. R. Dep. Agric. Comer.
Virgin Islands. Development and Welfare in the Servicio Forestal.
West Indies Bull. 7A, 16 p., illus. (25) Gleason, H. A., and Cook, Mel. T.
(8) -
1949. The natural ve etation of the Windward and
1927. Plant ecology of Porto Rico. N.Y. Acad. Sci.,
Sci. Surv. Porto Rico Virrrin Islands 7: 1-173. illus.
Leeward Islands. 8xforc1 Forestry Mem. No. 21, (25) zoodink, E. C. B., ~oveless,A. R., and ~ i o c t o r ,
192 0.. illus. c.. n.
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5
1928. Ecological -survey of the flora of orto [Link]. -
(29) ~ i l l ; ~ o b e r tT.

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1907. Disposiciones vigentes relativas a l servicio del (31) -
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(18)--
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(35) -
1966. Notes on some plants of Puerto Rico. Arnold
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(19) Duke, James A:
1965. Keys f o r the identification pf seedlings of some
(36) -
1968. The ecology of a n elfin forest in Puerto Rico.
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1962. Flowering trees of the world for tropics and
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1965. Novitates Antillanae. 11. Torrey Bot. Club Bull.
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1965. Nomenclature changes and additions to Britton
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1967. Further chan es and additions to the flora of
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372-376. Internacronal (A. I. D.) ,b t r o flegional de ~ y u d a
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1953. A new Byrsonima from Puerto Rico. Phytologia
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4: 417-422, illus. 1952. Flora apfcola de la Amdrica tropical. 334 p.,
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1965. Trees of Mona Island. Caribb. Forester 16:
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 SPECIAL LISTS

Tree species of Puerto Rico and the Virgin SMOOTH, MOTTLED BARK.--583, 586-
PEELING,
Islands with some distinctive character, special 588,590.
feature, or use in common have been grouped
together in various lists. These lists may be
helpful in identification, in locating trees with COLORED SAP OR LATEX
useful products, and in selecting species for WHITE OR MILKY SAP OR LAl'~X.-287-298
planting. (mulberry family), 432, 440-443 (Eupkorbia) ,
Special Lists for the common trees were pub- 449, 450, 455, 456, 636-647 (sapodilla family),
lished in the first volume .-ages
- 19-20). Simi- 664-668 (dogbane family), 669.
lar lists for the trees of the second volume are YELLOWOR ORANGE SAP OR LATEX.-342, 434,
listed below. The less common native trees and 435, 517-520 (mangosteen family).
the many small trees may have fewer uses, par- REDDISHSAP OR ~ATEx.388.
ticularly for wood products. However, some
would make attractive ornamentals. Introduced
trees have their special uses. LEAVES
The tree species are cited by their numbers
to save space. Common and scientific names VERYLARGE LEAVES (more than 1 foot long,
may be found under "List of Tree Species" including compound leaves) .-251-256 (tree-
(pages iv-xiv). fern family), 257,264,265-272 (palm family),
273-275 (lily family), 276, 290, 291, 312, 325,
POISONOUS TREES 342, 388, 415, 448, 456, 546, 601, 623, 647.
SPINYL E A V E S . - ~ ~ ~ , 252, 255, 274, 416, 438,
POISONOUS TREES WITH TOXIC FRUITS, SEEDS, 455, 488, 508, 698, 699, 729.
OR LEAVES.-257, 431,444,448,480, 665,668. LEAVESREDUCED TO SCALES OR NONE.-261-
POISONOUS TREES WITH IRRITATING SAP.- 263 (cypress family), 277, 278, 441-443 (Ezc-
440-443 (Eupltorbia) ,449-450 (Sapiuu) ,455- phorbia) , 521, 537-539 (cactus family).
456 (Comochdia) . FRAGRANT OR AROMATIC LEAVES (with odor
POISONOUS TREES WITH IRRITATING HAIRS.- when crushed) .-279, 280, 283, 284, 325-341
299401 (nettle family), 421, 423-427 (Mal- (laurel family), 353, 396, 397, 398, 399, 402,
pighia) ,433,506. 549, 551, 556, 559, 560, 563, 565, 580, 581, 583,
587,588,590.
APPEARANC? .AND TRUNK
GIANTTREES.-(reecking 100 feet in height FLOWERS
or 4 feet in trunk diameter).--363, 388, 499, WHITESHOWY FLowERs.-~~~, 275,367, 395,
500. 399, 497, 502, 537, 543, 545, 546, 583, 665, 666,
LARGEBUTTRESSES.-295, 388, 481, 494, 506, 667, 671, 673, 687-690 (Brunfelsia), 718, 721,
587, 640, 645, 648. 732.
PROP ROOTS (stilt roots) .-264, 288-291 YELLOWSHOWY FLOWERS.-369, 373, 374,
(Ficus), 518. 495, 496, 497, 508, 509, 510, 668, 706, 707.
UNBRANCHED~~~M.-251-256 (tree-fern ORANGE SHOWY FLOWERS.-674, 675.
family), 257, 265-272 (palm family), 273-275 PINKSHOWY FLOWERS.-371, 501, 505, 543,
(lily family), 276,447,456. 665,708.
HORIZONTAL BRANCHING.--259, 260,355,385, RED SHOWY FLOWERS.-369, 378, 379, 380,
493,528. 381, 446, 496, 497, 543, 545, 547, 551, 623, 665,
SPINYTRUNK OR BRANCHES.-251, 255, 287, 731.
299-301 (nettle family), 3.07, 355, 359, 365, BLUEOR PURPLE SHOWY FLOWERS.--366,367,
369, 376, 378-381 (Ergth~imz),385, 395, 396, 389,622,684,685.
403-407 (Zanthoxglum) , 408, 429, 441, 442, VERY FRAGRANT FLOWERS.-395, 396, 397,
452,490, 491,500, 501,525,526,534, 535,537- 399, 508, 509, 544, 659, 666, 667, 680, 713.
539 (cactus family), 542, 544, 340, 936, 676, UNPLEASANTODORS (foliage, flowers, or
681,684, 698, 699,705,733. fruits)-320, 506, 547, 561, 572, 573, 743.
 FRUITS TREESFOR WINDBREAKS.-277, 278.
TREES FOR SHORES (salt resistant) .-264,
VERY LARGE FRUITS (more than 6 inches long 349,517,521,546,665,711.
and 4 inches broad or more than 1foot long) .- TREESFOR DRY AREAS AND POOR s1TES.-260,
264, 366, 367, 371, 374, 395, 396, 499, 502, 547, 376,377,521.
647,700,704,706. TREESFOR LIVING FENCEPOSTS.-478, 380.
FRUIT A BEANLIKE ~ 0 ~ . - 4 4 3 - 3 4 7 (CUP- CULTIVATED FRUlT TREES.-303, 319, 350,
paris), 354-389 (legume family), 664-666 390, 39-97 (citrus), 398, 426, 480, 490, 519,
(dogbane family), 700,704,706-709 (bignonia 520,526,527,580,647,721.
family). SHADETREES FOR COFFEE AND cACAO.-464.
USES ORNAMENTAL ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . - 2 5 1 - 2 (tree-fern
56
family), 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264,
NATIVETIMBER TREES.-332, 334, 341, 657, 266, 267, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276,
730. 277, 278, 282, 288, 289, 290, 291, 293, 302, 312,
MEDICINALTREES (U. S. Dispensatory or 313, 326, 327, 328, 362, 366, 367, 368, 369, 371,
Pharmacopoeia) .-283, 326, 327, 328, 357,376, 373, 374, 379, 381, 389, 399, 401, 402, 411, 446,
387, 400, 410, 444, 448 495, 503, 530, 544, 545, 448, 457, 490, 493, 495, 496, 497, 499, 501, 502,
583, 665, 668, 749. 503, 505, 507, 508, 509, 517, 521, 530, 537, 543,
MEDICINALTREES (U. S. Pharmacopoeia or 544, 546, 547, 551, 583, 619, 622, 623, 626, 658,
Dispensatory) .--326, 387, 444, 448, 503, 530, 659, 665, 666, 667, 668, 669, 673, 674, 675, 684,
749. 685, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691, 693, 694, 700, 703,
EDIBLE WILD FRUITs.-294, 295, 307, 320, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708, 711, 718, 721, 731, 732,
324, 349, 468, 486, 487, 488, 491, 551, 570, 571, 748,749.
588, 599-614 ( M i c o n k ) . ORNAMENTALTREES ALSO PRODUCING EFFEC-
EDIBLEOTHER PARTS (stems, leaves, flowers, TIVE SHADE.-260, 364, 377, 388, 414, 431, 517,
young fruits, seeds) .-257, 274, 275, 433. 546.
ORNAMENTAL TREES ALSO PRODUCING EDIBLE
PLANTING LISTS F R U I T S . - ~ ~ ~ . 349. 350. 363. 390. 490. 493, 506,
TREESFOR FOREST PLANTATIONS.-258,260, 537,545, 5809'748.-
261, 353, 376, 377, 415, 496, 559, 560, 656, 700, ORNAMENTALTREES ALSO PRODUCING VAL-
712. UABLE TIMBER.-260, 377, 388, 496, 708, 718.
 KEY TO FAMILIES
When the plant family of a tree is not known, beginning of the family in volume 2 or the
this key to the families of the trees of Puerto genus listed.
Rico and the Virgin Islands aids identification. An unpublished card key to families of West
Ninety-nine plant families are included, all 86 Indian trees by the first author has served a s
with native plants and also 14 others with com- the basis for this one. Nontechnical characters
mon introduced trees. and those readily observed have been empha-
This key is slightly revised and enlarged sized. The descriptive terms are defined under
from that of the first volume (p. 21-27), which the topic "Explanation of Botanical Terms"
contained 87 families. The 12 additions, mostly (P. 12).
representing introduced or shrubby trees are: One character used in the key, presence or
Cycadaceae, Araucariaceae,' Cupressaceae,* absence of stipules (one or two scales a t the
Pandanaceae,* Liliaceae, Musaceae, Myrica- base of a leaf), may be difficult to determine be-
ceae, Papaveraceae, Oxalidaceae, Buxaceae, cause the stipules sometimes are minute or shed
Asclepiadaceae, Gesneriaceae. Also, the family early. Stipules can be examined best in the bud
Psdmrpaceae has been separated from Taxa- and immature leaves near the stem tip. Upon
ceae. shedding, the stipules leave a scar, which also
Keys to species are included in both volumes. may be minute.
The first volume has keys to the 260 species il- Vegetative characters, especially those of
lustrated. All 35 families with 2 or more species leaves, are placed first in the key. Some plant
illustrated have keys to those species. families of trees can be recognized or identified
This second volume has keys to all 760 species by certain combinations of vegetative charac-
of both. However, no further keys are needed ters alone. However, many kinds of tropical
for the 29 families represented by a single spe- trees have foliage of similar appearance.
cies, 13 in the first volume and 16 others in the For positive identification of many families,
second. The key to species covering both vol- the reproductive characters of flowers, fruits,
umes follows the paragraph of family descrip- and seeds are needed. Even when these a r e
tion. For the 260 species of the first volume the lacking, old fruits may be located on dead
names of authors, also the preferred Spanish branches or on the ground, and one tree may be
and English common names, have been added. found flowering out of season. Some sterile
Several genera have been included in the key specimens, those lacking flowers or fruits, can
to families also. If a plant family has only 1or be identified to family by the vegetative char-
2 genera of native trees, these generic names acters beginning the key. If not, the key will
are cited after the family name. Also, several eliminate many families. Then identification
genera differing slightly from the main char- can be continued by consulting the descriptions
acters of their families have been inserted sepa- and drawings for the remaining families.
rately. However, this artificial key may not The key to families is divided into four parts
provide for a few odd genera and extreme vari- according to the arrangement or position of the
ations. Introduced or exotic genera and fam- leaves and the number of blades. Parts 1 and 2
ilies are indicated by a n asterisk (*). are for trees with alternate leaves, that is, at-
Keys are outlines or shortcuts for identifying tached singly or 1 a t a point on a twig (node).
Parts 3 and 4 are for trees with opposite leaves,
trees or specimens by the process of elimina- that is, paired or 2 a t a node, and also those
tion. Thus, trees are divided into two groups with whorled leaves, 3 or more a t a node. Parts
according to one or more pairs of contrasting 1 and 3 are for trees with simple leaves, with 1
characters. Each group is divided successively blade, and Parts 2 and 4, trees with compound
into two smaller groups until the name is leaves, divided into 3 or more blades (rarely
reached. The name of a particular specimen is only 2).
found through selection, one by one, of the The first step in using this key to families is
group which fits and by elimination of the to place the unknown tree or specimen in one of
others. the four groups listed below. Then continue the
In these indented keys, paired groups are key under the part or group on the page cited.
designated by the same letter, single and double, Part 1. Leaves alternate, simple (p. 35).
beginning with "A" and "AA" a t the left of the Part 2. Leaves alternate, compound (p. 39).
page and are equally indented by steps. The Part 3. Leaves opposite, simple (p. 40).
page number refers to the descriptive text, the Part 4. Leaves opposite, compound (p. 41).
 PART 1. LEAVES ALTERNATE, SIMPLE
A. Seeds exposed or naked; flowers and fruits not produced; leaves needlelike, scalelike, lance-shaped, or narrowly
ovate, thickened, without visible lateral veins (gymnosperms, conifers).
B. Leaves lance-sha ed, with midvein; seed exposed on 2-lobed red fleshy base--Podocarp Family (Podo-
carpaceae; ~o&carp,ur; fonnprly under Yew Family, Taxaceae), vol. 2, p. 54.
BB. Leaves narrowly ovate, needlehke, or scalelike, without midvein- seeds often winged borne above scales
of a hard woody cone-Araucaria Family (Araucariaceae;* &athis,* ~ r a u c a v i a * \ vol. , 2, p. 64.
AA. Seeds enclosed in fruits maturin from flowers; leaves various (angiosperms o r flowerin planb).
C. Leaves parallel-veined; trunf unbranched or with few stout branches (very slender franches in bamboo),
not increasin in diameter (monocotyledons).
D. Leaves w i g very long etiole and with large blade more than 1 foot wide.
E. Leaves palmlike, en-shaped, spreading around apex of trunk-Palm Family (Palmae), sol. 2,
p. 68.
EE. Leaves bananalike, narrowly oblong, in 2 vertical rows along trunk-Banana Family (Musaceae;
Ravenorla*), vol. 2, p. 86.
DD. Leaves mostly without petiole and with narrow blade less 6 inches wide.
F. Leaves borne sing1 , grasslike, divided into sheath and blade; bamboo--Grass Family
(Gramineae; ~ a d u u a * ) vol.
, 2, p. 66.
FF. Leaves crowded, not divided into sheath and blade.
G. Leaves arranged in a spiral; trunks spreading, supported by prop roots-Screw-pine Family
(Pandanaceae,' Pandattus*) ,vol. 2, 66. .
GO. Leaves spreading in all directions; trunes erect, without prop roots-Lily Family (Liliaceae;
Dracaena,* Yucca*), vol. 2, p. 80.
CC. Leaves with veins forming network or inconspicuous, sometimes reduced to scales or none; trunk becoming
branched, increasing in diameter (dicotyledons).
H. Leaves reduced to scales or none.
I. Stems succulent, most1 spin
J. Sap whitish or miky-& horbia, vol. 1, p. 270; "01. 2, p. 408.
JJ. Sap yavry-Cactus F~I@& (Cactaceae), vol 2, p. 698.
11. Stems wlrelrke, not spmy, wlth mlnute scale leaves 1 a t a node-Tamarisk Family (Tamarica-
ceae;* Tamarb*), vol. 2, p. 568.
HH. Leave. Iarwr, with fiat reen blade.
K. Sap o r latex coloref,
L. Sap whitish o r milky (sometimes darkening upon exposure).
M. Stipules present (sometimes minute o r falling early, leaving a scar) ; flowers
unisexual.
N. Stipule lar el 1 a t node, forming long-pointed bud; leaf blade without land a t
basei noies mostly with rings; female flowers with 2 o r 1 style-&berry
F a m ~ l y( Moraceae) , vol. 2.
NN. Stipules mostly amall, 2 a t no&, ::forming bud; leaf blades often with 2 or
1 gland a t base; nodes without rings; female flowers with 3 styles-Spurge
Family (Euphorbiaceae) , vol. 2, p. 384.
MbI. Stipules none.
0. Leaves palmately lobed. flowers mostly unisexual-Papaya Family (Caricaceae;'
Carica*) , vol. 2, p. ~ $ 8 .
00. Leaves not lobed; flowers mostly bisexual.
P. Corolla of 3-5 separate petals-Cashew Family (Anacardiaceae), vol. 2,
p. 436.
PP. Corolla tubular, of united etals.
Q. Stamens op osite coroia lobes; fruit a berry, borne singly-Sapodilla
Family (Iapotaceae), vol. 2 774.
QQ. [Link] alternate with corolla iokes; fruits (drupes or follicles) usually
paired, 2 from a flower-Dogbane F a m ~ l y(Apocynaceae), vol. 2,
p. 826.

Leaves with midvein and many toothed lateral lobes-Poppy Family (Papavera-
ceae; Bocconia), vol. 2, .216.
SS. Leaves palmate-veined, not yobed or toothed-Anatto Family (Bixaceae;. Biza*),
vol. 2, p. 568.
RR. Sap reddish-Coccoloba uvifem, vol. 1, p. 82.
KK. Sa watery.
'!Nodes with rings.
l
U. Sti ules present.
3
Stipules forming sheath around twig-Buckwheat Family (Polygonaceae),
vol. 2, p. 148.
VV. Sti ules enclosing bud, soon shedding.
\b.
Leaves pinnate-veined, elliptic-Magnolia Family (Magnoliaceae; Mag-
nolia), vol. 2, p. 168.
WW. Leaves palmate-veined, with 7-11 main veins from base, nearly round.
X. Leaves heart-shaped not lobed-Mallow Family (Malvaceae; Hibis-
cue), v o ~ 2,
. p. 614.
 XX. Leaves very large, umbrellalike, with 7-11 rounded lobes-Cecropia,
vol. 1, p. 66.
UU. Stipules n o n e p e p p e r Family (Piperaceae; Piper), vol. 2, p. 90.
TT. Nodes w~thoutrings.
Y. Leaves in 2 rows along twig.
Z. Leaves with ~ \ ~ e l l i where
nr -
aetiole joins blade-Elaeocaraus Family - (Elaeocar-
.
paceae; ~ l o a n e a;vol.
) 2, p: 512.
ZZ. Leaves without swelling on petiole.
a. Stipules none; flowers with many istils often unitin to form 1 large many-
seeded fruit--Annona Family (Rnnonaceae), vol. [
as. Stipules present (sometimes minute or shedding early,
with 1pistil.
k;%g scar) ; flowers
b. Flowers unisexual or mostly so, petals none.
c. Leaves asymmetrical; styles 2; fruit 1-seeded-Elm Family (Ulma-
ceae; Celtis, Trema), vol. 2, p. 104.
cc. Leaves symmetrical; styles 3; fruit a few-seeded capsule-Spurge
Family (Euphorbiaceae), vol 2, p. 384.
bb. Flowers bisexual; petals usually present.
d. Petals 6 hood-shaped (sometimes none) ; stamens 5, opposite etals
and ohen within; fruit with 1-4 seeds-Buckthorn Family (dham-
naceae), vol. 2, p. 498.
dd. Petals 3-7, broad sometimes none) ; stamens 5 to many; fruit with
few to many see s.6
e. Stamens 5-15, united toward base or borne on stalk-Chocolate
Family (Sterculiaceae) , vol. 2, p. 532.
ee. Stamens many. mostly separate,
f. Leaves symmetrical, with 1 midvein from base-Flacourtia
Family (Flacourtinceae) , vol. 2, p. 670.
ff. Leaves asymmetrical, with 3 main veins from very oblique base
-Mtcittiitgia,* vol. 2, p. 512.
YY. Leaves in more than 2 rows along twig.
g. Leaves with minute gland dots (seen with lens).
h. Leaves not aromatic.
i. Gland dots both large and small-Myoporum Family (Myoporaceae; *
Bontia *) , vol. 2, p. 910.
ii. Gland dots uniformly small-Myrsine Family (Myrsinaceae), vol. 2, p. 766.
hh. Leaves aromatic, with distinctive odor when crushed.
j. Gland dots orange or yellow, on surface; leaves small, toothed on edges-
Waxmyrtle Family (Myricaceae; Murica) ,vol. 2, p. 98.
jj. Gland dots not orange or yellow, beneath surface; leaves various.
k. Flowers with numerous separate - stamens-Myrtle Family (Myrta-
ceae) , vol. 2, p. 622.
kk. Flowers with 12 or fewer stamens or if manv. united in tube.
1. Stamens with anthers opening b pores-with lids; leaves mostly
elliptic with side veins long andrcurved; odor and taste of spices
Laurel Fnmily (Lauraceae) , vol. 2. p. 182.
11. Stamens with anthers splitting open lengthwise.
m. Leaves with odor and taste of citrus; stamens large. separate
-Rue Family (Rutaceae), vol. 2, p. 320.
mm. Leaves with pep ery stinging taste; stamens minute, united
into a tube-8aneila Family (Canellaceae; Caitello. Pleo-
dsndroit) ,vol. 2, p. 570.
gg. Leaves without minute gland dots.
n. Stipules present (sometimes minute or shedding early, leaving scar).
o. Stipule a pointed scale above petiole, ersistenGCoca Family (Erythro-
xylaceae; Eq/throzylum), vol. 2, p. 814.
00. Stipules outside petiole.
p. Leaves lobed.
q. Leaves with 2 rounded lobes a t apex and 13 o r 11 veins from
heart-shaped base--Bauhinia, vol. 1, p. 168; vol. 2, p. 266.
qq. Leaves deep1 palmately lobed with mostly 5 long-pointed, finelx
toothed loies-~ochlospennum Familk (Coclospennaceae;
Cochlosperm~~m *) , vol. 2, p. 668.
pp. Leaves not lobed.
r. Leaves long, very narrow, finely toothed-Willow Family (Salicn-
ceae: Saliz '1. vol. 2. P. 96.
rr. h a v e s broad, mostly not toothed.
s. Flowers minute.
t. Flowers unisexual.
u. Leaves with stinging hairs-Nettle Family (Urtica-
ceae; Urera), vol. 2, p. 132.
uu. Leaves without stinging hairs.
v. Female flowers usually without petals. with 3 o r 2
styles; fruit a drape or capsule--Spurge Family
(Euphorbiaceae). vol. 2, p. 384.
w. Female flowers with usually 4 petals, 4 sti
fruit a berry with 4 nutlets-Holly
(Aquifoliaceae; Zlez), vol. 2, p. 442.
 tt. Flowers bisexual.
w. Ovary inferior--Ginseng Family (Araliaceae; Dendro-
panax.), vol. 2, p. 752.
ww. Ovary superior-Bittersweet Family (Celastraceae) ,
vol. 2, p. 458.
ss. Flowers larger, often showy.
x. Fruits 2-5 from flower, berr like, black, borne on an en-
larged red disk; flowers yelrow-0chna Family (Ochna-
ceae; Ocb~a,*Ouratea), vol. 2, p. 540.
xx. Fruit 1 from a flower.
y. Leaves pinnate-veined; flowers with cuplike base bear-
ing sepals, 5 petals, and mostly many separate sta-
mens-Rose Family (Rosaceae), vol. 2, p. 230.
yy. Leaves palmate-veined (pinnate-veined in Quararibea,
vol. 1, p. 336), flowers with parts inserted a t base,
stamens many, united into a column around pistil.
z. Flowers with unbranched style-Bombax Family
(Bombacaceae) , vol. 2, p. 524.
zz. Flowers with style having mostly 5 branches-
Mallow Family (Malvaceae), vol. 2, p 516.
nn. Stipules none.
A. Ovary inferior.
B. Leaves palmate-veined, etiole joining blade usually above b a s e
Hernandia Family (drnandiaceae; Hentandia), vol. 2. p. 214.
BB. Leaves pinnate-veined.
C. Corolla none or minute-Combreturn Family (Combretaceae)
vol. 2, p. 622.
.
CC. Corolla present.
D. Flowers and fruits small, less than 1% inches long and
wide.
E. Flowers nearly stalkless a t leaf bases; fruit a 1-
seeded drupe-Sweetleaf Family (Symplocaceae;
S ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~01.C O2,S p.) ,800.
EE. Flowers a t end of very long slender stalk; fruit a
many-seeded capsule-Gesneria Family (Gesneria-
ceae; Ceswe&a), vol. 2, p. 908.
DD. Flowers and fruits large, more than 2 inches long or wide
-Lecythis Family (Lecythidaceae; Barrittgtonia,*
Couroupita *) , vol. 2, p. 616.
AA. Ovary superior.
F. Corolla of separate petals o r absent.
G. Flowers unisexual.
a cylindrical tube with 4 lobes; corolla absent-
H. A ezereon Family (Thymeleaceae; Daphnopsis) , vol. 2,
p. 604.
HH. Calyx of mostly separate sepals.
I. Pistils 3, each forming a drupe with 1 curved seed-
Moonseed Family (Menispermaceae; Hyperbne~a),
vol. 2, p. 168.
11. Pistil 1.
J. Styles 3 or 2; fruit a capsule or drupe-Spurge
Family (Euphorbiaceae) ,vol. 2, p. 384.
JJ. Style 1, 3-forked; fruit of 3 winged keys-Thoui-
ttia portoricensis, vol. 1, p. 310.
GG. Flowers bisexual.
K. Pistils (or ovaries) 4 to many.
L. Pistils many, crowded in ring-Dillenia Family (Dil-
leniaceae, Dillenia *) , vol. 2 , p. 538.
LL. Pistils (or ovaries) 4-5-Ailanthus Family (Sima-
roubaceae) , vol. 2, p. 346.
KK. Pistil 1.
M. Flowers minute.
N. Flon-ers regular.
[Link] in long narrow racemea, white;
fruit a minute capsule-Xyrilla Family
(Cyrillaceae, Cyrifla), vol. 2, p. 440.
00. Flowers in panicles or single; fruit a
drupe-Icacina Family (Icacinaceae;
Mappia, Ottoschulzia) ,vol. 2, p. 478.
NN. Flowers irregular, with 5 unequal petals-
Sabia Family (Sabiaceae, Meliosma) , vol.
2, p. 496.
MM. Flowers larger.
P. Flowers regular.
 Q. Flowers with 4 etals, 4 to many long
stamens; pistif usually stalked with
short style or n o n e c a p e r Pamily
(Capparidaceae; Cappa&, Morieonia) ,
vol. 2, p. 218.
QQ. Flowers with 6 overlapping sepals, 6 pe-
tals, many stamens, and pist11 wlth 2-6
styles--Tea Family ( T h e a w e ) , vol. 2,
n. 648.
PP. lo we&-irkPlar, with usuall S petals and 8
stamens un~tedinto a t u b t d i l k w o r t Family
(Polygalaceae; Polygala), vol. 2, p. 382.
FF. Corolla of united petals.
R. Stamens separate and distinct.
S. Fruih a dru ~ O l a Familyx (Olacaceae; Schoepfia, Xi-
msnio), v3. 2, p. 140.
SS. Fruit a capsul+Heath Family (Ericaceae; Lyoda) ,
vol. 2, p. 760.
RR. Stamens inserted on corolla.
T. Stamens 2-3 tunes a s man a s corolla lobes.
U. Flowers unisexual [dioecious) styles 2-6; fruit
fleahy, f ew-seeded-Ebony gamily (Ebenaceae ;
Dwspyros), vol. 2, p. 794.
UU. Flowers bisexual, st le 1; fruit dry, l-seeded-
Storax Family (&yracaceae; Styms), vol. 2.
n. 198.
r -
TT. Stamens as many as corolla lobes or fewer.
v. Flowers re&lar.
W. Style 1; fruit a berry-Ni htshade Family
(Solanaceae), vol. 2, p. 86f.
WW. Styles 2 or divided into 4 forks; fruit a drupe
or 1-4 nutlets-Borage F a m l y (Boragina-
ceae), vol. 2 p. 838.
vv. Flowers irregular, large with long corolla tube-
EnaUagm, vol. 2, p. 836.
 PART 2. LEAVES ALTERNATE, COMPOUND
A. Trunk unbranched, not increasing in diameter; leaves very large, more than 3 feet long.
B. Leaves fernlike, bipinnate o r tripinnate, coiled a t tip when growing, often bearing brown masses of pow-
dery spores beneath; seeds, flowers, and fruits not produced-Tree-fern Family (Cyatheaceae; Cyathea,
Nephelea, Alsophila), vol. 2, p. 42.
BB. Leaves palmlike once pinnate.
C. Leaflets without lateral veins; seeds exposed or naked; flowers and fruits not produced-Cycad Fam-
ily (Cycadaceae; Cycas *), vol. 2, p. 52.
CC. Leaflets parallel-veined; seeds enclosed in fruits maturing from flowers-Palm Fnmily (Palmae),
vol. 2 p. 68.
AA. Trunk becabecamingbranched, increasing in diameter; leaves less than 2 feet long, leaflets with veins fonning net-
work or inconspicuous (dicot ledons) .
D. Leaves pinnate, including &pinnate and tripinnate.
E. Leaves bi innate o r tripinnate.
F. Leafkts long- ointed, edges toothed-Melia oredorach,* vol. 1, p. 246.
FF. Leaflets rounfed o r short-pointed a t a ex, ed es not toothed.
G. Fruit a od (legume) with beanlge s e e f w l e g u m e Family (Leguminosae) vol. 2, p. 240.
GG. Fruit a E n 3-an led capsule with winged seeds-Horseradish-tree Family (koringaeeae; *
I
Morin a ), vo 2, p. 228.
EE. Leaves once pinnafe
H. Leaflets dee 1; divided into narrow segments, white hairy beneath; leaves fernlike, almost bi-
pinnate-Srotea Family (Proteaceae; Grevillsa *), vol. 2. p. 138.
HH. Leaflets not deeply divided. qr lobed.
I. Leaflets 6-9, artly whltlsh green or bordored with white (variegated), with sharp teeth of
2 sizes-~o?y8cia~,* vol. 2, p. 758.
11. Leaflets not part1 whitish.
J. Sti ules u s u J l y present; fruit n pod (legume) with beanlike seeds-Legume Family
&[Link]), vol. 2. p. 240.
JJ. Sti ules none; fruits and seeds various.
I
!! Sap whitish or milky (sometimes darkening upon exposure) or gray, resinous.
L. Flowers with 1 very short style, stamens twice as many as petals-Bursera
Family (Burseraceae), vol. 2, p. 364.
LL. Flowers with 3-5 stigmas or styles stamens as many or twice a s many as
petals-Cashew Family (~nacardiaceae)vol. 2, p. 436.
KK. Sa watery.
&.Leaflets with minute gland d o h with citruslike odor when crushed-Rue
Family (Rutaceae) vol. 2, p. 420.
MM. Leaflets without gland dots.
N. Leaves with [Link] a s etrical leafleta, aha ly toothed,
long-pointed; fruit a w a l n u k w n u t Family (~UglanTBceae,Jw-
lans) vol. 2, p. 102.
NN. Leaves and fruit otherwiee.
0. Flowers with 2-6 pistils or 1deeply lobed pistil and with 25 styles
or stigmas.
P. Fruits shnr ly 6-angled, yellow, sour (carambola)--0xalis
Family (Bxalidaceae; Avemhoa *), vol. 2, p. 312.
PP. Fruits not angled, mostly red or black, bitter and not edible;
bark and sap bitter-Ailanthus Family (Simaroubaceae) ,
vol. 2. p. 346.
00. Flowers with 1 pistil and 1 style.
Q. Flowers mostly unisexual, stamens 5-10, separate-Soapberry
Family (Sapindaceae) ,vol. 2, p. 482.
QQ. Flowers bisexual, with mostly 8-10 stamens united into a tube
(separate in Cedre1a)-Mahogany Family (Meliaceae) ,
.
vol. 2,
DD. Leaves digitate palmate) o r with 3 leaflets (trifoliofate)
356.
I,
R. Leaflets wit minute gland dots, with citruslike odor'when crushed-Rue Family (Rutacene), vol. 2.
p. 320.
RR. L e d e t a without gland dots.
S. Leaflee 3.
T. Stlpules usually present; fruit a pod (legume) with beanlike seeds--E~th+itta, vol. 1, p. 190;
vol. 2, p. 292.
TT. Stipules absent; fruit a drupe or winged key-Soapberry Family (Sapindaceae), vol. 2.
D
r.- 482.
SS. Leaflets 5 o r more.
U. Flowers minute; fruit a small, slightly fleshy berry, 2-seeded-Ginseng Family (Aralia-
ceae), vol. 2, p. 752.
UU. Flowers large, with 5 whitish or pinkish petals; fruit a large oblong capsule with seeds
mostly in woolly hairs-Bombax Family (Rombacaceae), vol. 2, p. 624.
 PART 3. LEAVES OPPOSITE, SIMPLE
A. Seeds exposed or naked, borne above scales of a hard woody cone; flowers and fruits not produced; leaves
scalelike and 2-3 a t a node or needlelike and 2-5 in a bundle, resinous (gymnosperms, conifers).
B. Leaves scalelike, 2-3 at a node--Cypress Family (Cupressaceae; * Cztpressus,' Tiluja; * formerly included
in Pine Family, Pinaceae *), vol. 2, p. 60.
BB. Leaves needlelike, long, 2-6 in a bundle-Pine Family (Pinaceae; * Pinus *), vol. 2, 58.
AA. Seeds enclosed in fruits maturing from flowers; leaves various (angiosperms, flowering Pints)
C. Leaveq consisting o f 0 1 2 minute scales in a whorl on wiry green jointed twi-&~uari~;a Family (Ca-
suarmaceae; * Casxa&ra *) , vol. 2, p. 88.
CC. Leaves larger, with flat green blade, opposite or sometimes whorled.
D. Sa or late colored.
I! Sa whitish or milky.
8 Leaves 3-8 a t a node, with petiole about as long a s blade-Euphwbia, "01. 1, 270; vol. 2,
p. 408.
FF. Leaves 2-4 a t a node, with short petiole.
G. Leaves broadly elliptic, heart-shaped and nearly stalkless a t bas+Milkweed Family
(Asclepiadaceae; Calotropis *), vol. 2, p. 836.
GG. Leaves narrow, the base narrowed at pet~ole-Dogbane Family (Apocynaceae), vol. 2,
p. 826.
EE. Sa not whitish.
Sap yellow or orange (whitish in Colo~~l~~llzt,n)-Mangosteen Family (Guttiferae), vol. 2,
p. 560.
H H . Sap o f young leaves reddish-Tecto,ta,* vol. 1, p. 484.
DD. Sap watery.
I. Leaves with border o f coarse teeth, often unequal. flowers i n a head bordered b y many overlap-
ping scales-Composite Famil (Compositae; Ciibadium, Eupatorium), vol. 2, p. 982.
11. Leaves not toothed or finely too&ed; flowers not in a head bordered b y many overlapping scales.
J. Leaves with 3 or more main veins from base.
K. Leaves with 3-9 main veins from base and man smaller veins straight and parallel
(melastome venation)-Melastome Family ( ~ e h m a t a c e a e )vol. , 2, p. 696.
K K . Leaves with 3 main veins from base and with small veins inconspicuous.
L. Leaves aromatic, with distinctive odor when crushed-Laurel Family (Lauraceae).
vol. 2, p. 182.
LL. Leaves not aromatic-Box Family (Bnxaceae; Bzczus), vol. 2, p. 432.
J J . Leaves with 1 main vein or midvein.
M. Nodes with rings.
N. Stipules present.
0. Stipules forming sheath around twi or aired and persistent,
P. Leaves toothed-Chloranthus k a m 8 y (Chloranthaceae; H c d y o m n )
vol. 2, p. 94.
.
PP. Leaves not toothed-Madder Family (Rubiaceae), vol. 2, p. 912.
00. Stipules not forming sheath, sheddin early-Mangrove Family (Rhizophora-
ceae; Cassipourea, Rhizophra) ,va. 2, p. 620.
N N . Stipules none--Verbena Family (Verbenaceae), vol. 2, p. 854.
MM. Nodes without rings.
Q. Stipules present (sometimes minute or shedding early, leaving scar).
R. Flowers small, inconspicuous.
S. Petals 4 or 5, spreading; stamens alternate with petals-Bittersweet
Family (Celastmceae), vol. 2, 458.
SS. Petals 5 (sometimes none), hoo&ha ed; stamens o posite etals and
often within-Buckthorn Family ( ~ R ~ n a c e a ve o) f, 2. p. 4818.
RR. Flowers larger, often showy; petals fringed, wlth narrow stalk.
T. Petals 5 ; fruit a drupoMalpighia Family (Malpighinceae),vol. 2, p. 362.
TT. Petals mostly 6, sometimes 4 or 5 ; fruit a capsul+Loosestrife Family
(Lythraceae) , vol. 2, p. 608.
QQ. Stipules none.
U . Leaves with minute gland dots, often aromatic and with distinctive odor when
crushed.
V . Flowers irregular with 5-lobed crimson corolla; leaves with citruslike
odor when crushed-Ravcnia, vol. 2, p. 332.
V V . Flowers regular.
W. Stamens many, petals *Myrtle Family (Myrtaceae), vol. 2,
n. 622.
WW. ~ & m e n s - 1 2or fewer, anthers opening b y pores with lids, sepals or
calyx lobes 6 ; odor o f spices-Laurel Family (Lauraceae), vol.
-.
2. n. 182.
r-
UU. Leaves without minute gland dots.
X . Leaves 3-4 a t a node (whorled), narrowly oblong, mostly with f e w
minute sharp teeth-Macadamia,' vol. 2, p. 140.
X X . Leaves mostly 2 at a node (opposite), not toothed.
Y . Petioles with 2 glands near blad+Laguncularia, vol. 1, p. 392.
YY. Petioles without glands.
 Z. Stamens 10 to many, ovary inferior.
a. Flowers large, more than 1 inch across, stamens many,
petals 5-7-Pomegranate Family (Punicaceae; * Pu-
k c a *), vol. 2, p. 614.
aa. Flowers small, M inch, across, stamens 10, petals 6-
Mourin', vol. 2, p. 738.
ZZ. Stamens 10 or mostly fewer, ovary superior.
b. Corolla absent or of separate petals; flowers mostly uni-
sexual.
c. Stamens 8 in 2 sets of 4, inserted in calyx tube-Meze-
reon Family (Thymeleaceae; Daphnopds) , vol. 2,
p. 604.
cc. Stamens 2-10, separate or united.
d. Ovary exposed, 2celled; corolla when present of 4
narrow white uetals--Olive Family- (Oleaceae)
vol. 2, p. 804. -
. .
..

dd. Ovary enclosed in calyx tube, 1-celled; corolla ab-

sent-Four-o'clock Family (Nyctaginaceae) , vol.
2, p. 162.
bb. Corolla of united petals; flowers bisexual.
e. Flowers regular, with 5-lobed spreading, waxy, orange
or white corolla; fruit a berry-Theophrasta Family
(Theophrastaceae; Jacquinia) , vol. 2, p. 762.
ee. Flowersirregular.
f. Corolla tube short; fruit a drupe or 1-4 nutlets-
Verbena Family (Verbenaceae), yol. 2! p. 854.
ff. Corolla tube long; fruit a ca sule wlth wmged seeds
Bignonia &mily (Bignoniaceae) ,

PART 4. LEAVES OPPOSITE, COMPOUND

-4. Nodes with rings; leaves pinnate.
B. Leaflets all paired (even pinnate), 4-10, oblique or asymmetrical, not toothed-Caltrop Family (Zygo-
phyllaceae. Guaicccum) ,vol. 2, p. 318.
BB. Leaflets of odld number (odd pinnate), symmetrical or nearly so, toothed (except Hebestigma).
C. Leaf axis winged; leaflets rounded a t apex-Cunonia Family (Cunoniaceae; Weinmannia). vol. 2,
p. 230.
CC. Leaf axis not winged; leaflets pointed a t apex.
D. Leaflets 7-9, not toothed-Hebestigma,* vol. 2, p. 298.
DD. Leaflets toothed or lobed.
E. Leaflets finely toothed! not lobed.
F. Leaflets 5-11, elllptic or ovate, hairless or nearly so-Bladdernut Family (Staphylea-
ceae; Turpinia) ,vol. 2, p. 476.
FF. Leaflets 11-15, lance-shaped, densely hairy-Brunellia Family (Brunelliaceae; Bru-
nellia), vol. 2, p. 230.
EE. Leaflets 3-7 (131, those a t base deeply toothed and often divided into 3 lobes or leaflets
(bipinnate)-Honeysuckle Family (Caprifoliaceae;* Sambucus*), vol. 2, p. 980.
AA. Nodes without r i n g .
G. Leaflets 2-8, all paired (even pinnate)-Matayba, vol. 1, p. 304.
GG. Leaflets of odd number, odd pinnate or digitate (palmate) or 3 (trifoliolate).
H. Leaflets with minute gland dots, aromatic, wlth citruslike odor when crushed-Amyris, vol. 1,p. 216;
vol. 2, p. 321.
HH. Leaflets without gland dots, not aromatic (except No. 685).
I. Leaves digitate; flowers with short corolla tube; fruit a drupe-Vitez, vol. 1, p. 486; vol. 2,
p. 864.
11. Leaves digitate or pinnate (bipinnate in Jacaranda, vol. 1, p. 492) ; flowers with long corolla
tube; fruit a capsule (mostly long and narrow) with many winged seeds-Bignonia Family
(Bignoniaceae) ; vol. 2, p. 888.
 TREE SPECIES, DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
TREE-FERN FAMILY (CYATHEACEAE)
Tree-ferns, plants without flowers, fruits, or divisions often toothed [Link], with fine fork-
seeds, known by: (1) unbranched trunk usu- ing veins not forming network, unrolling from
ally slender, bearing a circle of large spreading coil a t apex ;and (3) reproduction by numerous
alternate leaves a t apex, elliptic leaf scars be- powdery spores produced in spore cases in
low, often with scales and spines, and toward brownish balls, dots, or lines on the lower sur-
base mats of fibrous air roots; (2) very large face of some leaves. Also vol. 1, p. 28.
fern leaves 2 or 3 times pinnate into numerous

Key to species

A. Leaf axis spin

B. Spines o f i e a f axis minute, less than & inch long, absent from trunk; leaf bases with many golden
brown scales to 1% inches long-252. Cyathea tesera.
BB. S inea of leaf axis larger, also resent on trunk.
[Link] axis with spines l e n t i a n Y inch long and toward base with light brown males less than % inch
long-251. Cyathea aquilina.
CC. Leaf axis with black sp!nes to ?4 inch long and toward base with many narrow blackish scales--255.
Neplrelea portoricenm.
AA. Leaf axis not spiny.
D. Leaves twice pinnate (bipinnate) , blades finely hairy-266. Alsophila bryophila.
DD. Leaves 3 times pinnate (tripinnate), blades hairless or slightly hairy.
E. Leaf axis with whitish scales to 1%inches long toward base-1. Helecho gigante, tree-fen, Cyathea
~. - .. - - f,L.1
arboren
- -~ - .. F.. Smith.
., J. -~ .. -.
EE. Leaf axis with dark reddish brown scales toward base.
F. Leaf divisions (pinnules) connected with axis along base; brown masses of spore cases and
powdery spores on lower leaf surfaces about midway between border and midvein and borne in
whitish cuplike base (indusium)-264. Cyathea iuilsonii.
FF. Leaf divisions (pinnules) separate from axis at base; brown masses of spore cases and powdery
spores on lower leaf surfaces nearer border than midvein and borne in brownish cuplike base
(mdusium)-253. Cyathea escuquensis.

251. Helecho gigante, tree-fern Cyarlrea aquilina (Christ) Domin

This locally abundant species of tree-fern is green toward tip. Many secondary or lateral
characterized by: (1) very spiny trunk, often axes (pinnae) 6-16 inches long bear many
with short curved branches, covered toward paired tapering divisions (pinnules) less than
apex by crowded dead spiny leaf bases ;and (2) 3 inches long. The smallest segments are ob-
large fernlike leaves about 6 feet long and 234 long, less than 1% inch long, rounded a t apex,
feet wide, with blade divided 3 times (3-pin- thin, hairless, and with the minutely wavy-
nate) , the axis very spiny and with light brown toothed edges turned under. The upper surface
scales toward base. is green to dark green and slightly shiny, the
Evergreen tree-fern shrubby or a small tree lower surface dull light green.
becoming 15-20 feet high and 3 4 inches in Lower surfaces of the segments of some
trunk diameter. The spiny trunk toward base leaves bear 2 rows of dark brown masses less
is brown or gray and partly covered by short than '/lo inch across, of spore cases and pow-
air roots. Toward apex of trunk among the dery spores exposed without a covering (in-
crowded spiny leaf bases pressed flat are old
brown narrow pointed scales less than inch
dusium) .
Lower and upper Cordillera forests a t 2,000-
long. In Maricao Forest many plants produce 3,000 feet altitude and lower Luquillo forest a t
after maturity several curved branches of 3-20 1,500-2,000 feet. Abundant in Maricao Forest,
inches along the trunk. Within the hard dark rare elsewhere.
brown outer layer is a whitish soft pith.
As many a s 16 leaves are erect to spreading PUBLICFORESTS.-Guilarte, Luquillo, Mari-
a t apex of trunk, and old dead leaves droop and cao, Toro Negro.
persist. The leaf axis (rachis) is grooved above, RANGE.-Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico.
dark purplish brown with many straight spines BOTANICALS Y N O N Y M . - A ~ ~ O ~aquilina
~&
%,,-v8inch long in lower part, becoming light Christ.
251. Helecho gigante, tree-fern Cyatltea aquilina (Christ) Domin
Upper leaf surface (above), lower leaf surface (lo\ver left), base of leaf axis (lower right), natural size.

43
TREE-FERN FAMILY (CYATHEACEAE)

252. Helecho gigante, tree-fern Cyathea tenera ( J . E. Sm.) Moore

An uncommon or rare large tree-fern of inches long, slightly hairy along veins. The seg-
Puerto Rican mountains, distinguished by : ( 1) ments are l/s-n/8 inch long, slightly pointed
large fernlike leaves 6-10 feet long and 2-4 forward, with rounded apex and finely wavy-
feet wide, with very thin blade divided 3 times toothed edges, dull green above and dull light
(%pinnate), slightly hairy on veins; and (2) green below.
the leaf axis with many golden-brown scales to Near the midvein of the under surface of
1% inches long toward base and with many some leaf segments are 2 rows of tiny light
minute spines less than %ci inch long in lower golden-brown balls (indusia) about 1/82 inch in
part. diameter, containing the masses of spore cases
Evergreen tree-fern to 20 feet high. The and powdery spores.
trunk 2-5 inches in diameter has fine air roots Upper Luquillo and upper Cordillera forests,
near base and near apex oval leaf scars 1% including dwarf forest, a t 2,000-4,000 feet alti-
inches long but is not spiny. tude in mountains of Puerto Rico. Rare except
The leaf axis (rachis) is grooved above, locally common at Toro Negro Forest.
purplish, with many golden-brown scales to-
ward base and with many minute spines in PUBLICFORESTS.-Luquillo, Maricao, Toro
lower part. Young leaves unrolling from spiral Negro.
coils have golden-brown scales. Se ondary or RANGE.-Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and
lateral axes (pinnae) to 2 feet lon&e slightly Lesser Antilles to Trinidad.
winged and slightly hairy. The smallest divi- BOTAKICAL SYNONYM.-Cvathea brittonkna
sions (pinnules) are mostly alternate, 2-4 Maxon.
252. Helecho gigante, tree-fern Cyathea tenera ( J . E. Sm.) Moore
Upper leaf surface (above), lower leaf surface (lower left), base of leaf axis (lower right), natural size.
TREE-FERN FAMILY (CYATHEACEAE)

253. Helecho gigante, tree-fern Cyathea escuquensis (Karat.) Domin

This uncommon small tree-fern is identified thin, with minutely wavy-toothed edges turned
by : (1) large fernlike leaves 4%-7 feet long under slightly. The upper surface is shiny green
and 2 v 2 3 feet wide, with blade divided 3 and the lower surface dull light green.
times (&pinnate) ; and (2) the leaf axis with The brown masses of spore cases and pow-
dark reddish-brown scales toward base, without dery spores on lower surfaces of some leaves a r e
spines. nearer the border than midvein and about G2
Everpeen tree-fern shrubby or a small tree inch across, borne in a cuplike brownish base
to 15 feet high with spineless dark brown trunk (indusium) .
to 5 inches in diameter and several spreading Uncommon in lower and upper Luquillo and
leaves a t apex, the old leaves gradually shed- upper Cordillera forests a t 1,500-4,000 feet
ding. The trunk has a hard blackish outer layer altitude in mountains of Puerto Rico.
and whitish pith. The leaf axis (rachis) is PUBLIC FORESTS.-LU~U~~~O, Maricao, Toro
flattened or grooved above, purplish to dull Negro.
green, with dark reddish-brown scales about RANGE.-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Colombia,
inch long toward base. Many secondary or and Venezuela.
lateral axes (pinnae) to 24 inches long bear BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-Hemitelia escziquen-
many alternate tapering divisions (pinnules)
4-6 inches long, separate from axis a t base and sis Karst.
often slightly stalked, hairless except for mi- Named for Escuque, near Maracaibo, Vene-
nute hairs on veins. The smallest segments are zuela, where first collected more than a century
oblong, less than %l inch long, rounded a t apex, ago.

254. Helecho gigante, tree-fern Cyathea wileonii (Hook.) Proctor

This rare species becoming 15 feet high and 4,000 feet altitude in moist foothills and moun-
4 inches in trunk diameter is related to No. 253 tains of Puerto Rico.
and is characterized by : (1) the secondary leaf PUBLICFORESTS.-LU~U~~~O, Maricao, Toro
divisions (pinnules) connected with axis along Negro.
base ; and (2) brown masses of spore cases and RANGE.--Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto
powdery spores on lower leaf surfaces about Rico.
midway between border and midvein and borne BOTANICALs ~ ~ o N ~ ~ . - H e m i t e E iwilsonii
a
in whitish cuplike base (indusium) Lower. Hook.
Luquillo and lower Cordillera forests at 300-
253. Helecho gigante, tree-fern Cyathea esc~cque~rsis(Karst.) Do
Upper leaf surface, (above), lower leaf surface (lower left), base of leaf oxis (lower right), natural size.
TREE-FERN FAMILY (CYATHEACEAE)

255. Helecho gigante espinoeo, tree-fern Nephelsa porloricensis ( Spreng. ) Tryon

This locally common tree-fern known only inches long, finely hairy on midveins. Segments
from Puerto Rican mountains is identified by: are oblong, slightly pointed forward, rounded
(1) black spines to l/s inch long on trunk and a t apex with border finely wavy, thin or slightly
the dark purplish-brown leaf axis (rachis) ; stiff and leathery, the upper surface dull green
and (2) large horizontal fernlike leaves mostly and hairless except along midvein, the lower
5-8 feet long and 1-2 feet wide, with blade surface dull light green and hairy along veins.
divided 3 times (%pinnate), slighty hairy on Two rows of tiny dark brown balls (indusia)
axes and midveins. !(p, inch in diameter, deeply cup-shaped and
Evergreen tree-fern to 20 feet high. The dark hairy, are borne near the midvein of the under
brown trunk 2 5 inches in diameter has many surface of some leaf segments and contain the
small air roots in lower part, many spines masses of spore cases and powdery spores.
inch long in upper part, and old dead leaf axes Locally common in understory of upper Lu-
hanging down near apex. quillo and upper Cordillera forests a t 2,000-
The leaf axis (rachis) is grooved above, dark
purplish brown, with many sharp slender black 4,000 feet altitude in high mountains of Puerto
spines % inch or less in length also narrow Rico. Especially in wet shaded ravines and
blackish scales near base. secondary or lateral slopes and noted also in an old coffee plantation.
axes (pinnae) to 2 feet long are dark purplish PUBLIC FOREs~s.-Carite, Guilarte, Luquillo,
brown and finely hairy. The smallest divisions Maricao, Toro Negro.
(pinnules) are mostly alternate and about 3 R ~ ~ c ~ . - K n o wonly
n from Puerto Rico.
255. Helecho gigante espinoso, tree-fern NepIielea portoricelrsis (Spreng.) Tryon
Upper leaf surface (above), lower leaf surface (lower left), base of leaf axis (lower right), natural size.
TREE-FERN FAMILY (CYATHEACEAE)

256. Helecho gigante de la eierra, tree-fern

One of the most distinctive tree-ferns and about 40-60 pairs about 1h inch long, more than
common, characterized by : (1) flat-topped 4/8 inch wide, oblong, thin or slightly thickened,
crown composed of horizontal leaves ; (2) large slightly curved forward, rounded a t apex,
fernlike leaves 4-8 feet long and 1-2 feet wide, border minutely wavy toothed and slightly
finely hairy, with blade divided only twice (2- turned under, the upper surface dull dark green
pinnate) with narrow oblong outline, the sec- and with scattered hairs or nearly hairless, the
ondary or lateral axes (pinnae) mostly 6-10 lower surface dull light green and hairy, espe-
inches long; and (3) leaf axis bristly in lower cially on veins.
part, the bristles resembling spines but soft. Lower surfaces of segments of some leaves
Evergreen tree-fern 15 feet or more in bear near midvein 2 rows of 7-10 brown dotlike
height. The stout trunk 3-6 inches in diameter, masses of spore cases and powdery spores in a
dark brown, with some small air roots, often
covered with mosses and liverworts, with old
shallow cup (indusium) .
Locally common on peaks and ridges a t 2,000-
deaf leaf axes hanging down and oval leaf scars 4,000 feet altitude in upper Luquillo and upper
about 1inch long, not spiny as reported. Trunk Cordillera forests of mountains of Puerto Rico.
composed of thin very hard outer layer and Common in understory of palm forest and in
hard black bundles scattered in light brown soft dwarf forest.
tasteless pith. PUBLIC F~R~sTs.-Carite, Guilarte, Luquillo,
Leaves about 16, spreading and in age hang- Toro Negro.
ing down and falling. The axis (rachis) is dark
purplish brown, with brown bristly hairs and RANGE.-Puerto Rico only.
very narrow scales in lower part, the upper part Named as a new species in 1972. Long known
finely hairy. Secondary or lateral axes (pin- as Cgathea pubescena Mett. However, that spe-
nae) mostly 6-11 inches long, with slender cies, now Nepltelea pubescens (Mett.) Tryon,
brownish-green axis, finely hairy. Segments is limited to Jamaica.
256. Helecho gigante de la sierra, tree-fern Alsophila byqphila Tryon
Upper leaf sui-face (above), lower leaf surface (below), natural size.

61
 CYCAD FAMILY (CYCADACEAE)
Palmlike evergreen shrubs and trees of slow mous) ,persistent several years; and (3) plants
growth, without flowers or fruits, known by: male and female (dioecious) with large cy-
(1) stout trunk (or none), mostly unbranched, lindric cones (strobili) , the male cones with
covered by diamond-shaped scars or leaf bases, many cone-scales bearing many scattered spore
with thick pith; (2) large Spreading leaves cases and abundant pollen, and female cones
alternate and crowded in circle a t apex of trunk,
palmlike, pinnate, with stout axis and many with many cone-scales bearing a t base large
narrow nointed thickened leathers leaflets often naked seeds with fleshy coat and 2 ( 1 5 ) cot-
toothed bn edges, with forking <eins (dichoto- yledons.

257, Cica, crozier cycae Cycns circinnlis L.*

Cycads a r e palmlike or fernlike plants be- Male trees bear large brown male cones, hard
longing to the gymnosperms, plants with naked and woody, which produce pollen in many dot-
seeds but no flowers, and thus are more closely like sacs on the lower surface of numerous
related to the conifers than to flowering plants. scales 1%-2 inches long, ending in long narrow
This handsome ornamental species is distin- point. Female trees produce a ring of light
guished by: (1) stout unbranched trunk be- brown woolly fertile leaves 6-12 inches long.
coming 15 feet or more in height and 1foot in Each leaf bears in notches along the axis 4-10
diameter, slightly rough with alternating bands naked elliptic or nutlike seeds, hard with thin
of scales and leaf bases or diamond-shaped leaf outer flesh. Observed with seeds in February.
scars ; (2) many crowded palmlike leaves clus- The starchy pith of this and other cycad
tered a t top of trunk, 5-8 feet long, pinnate, trunks has been made into flour and bread
composed of very many narrow dark green where the plants are wild. Also, the seeds,
drooping leaflets or segments; (3) erect cy- which are very poisonous when eaten raw, can
lindric brown male cones to llh feet long and 5 be ground into flour.
inches in diameter, borne on male plants and Occasionally planted for ornament and in
producing pollen; and (4) gray to orange el- gardens in Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands and
liptic seeds 1y2-2x inches long, borne exposed through the tropics. Easily propagated from
along edges of short woolly leaves on female the suckers or sprouts a t the base of large
plants (dioecious) . plants or from seeds but grows very slowly.
An evergreen ornamental shrub or small tree Cultivated in southern Florida in areas that are
to 20 feet high, unbranched except by accident, nearly frostless or protected from frost.
such as cutting of apex. The stout trunk has a R A N G E . - N ~ ~from
~ v ~ tropical Africa through
hard outer layer like bark, light brown gray, southern Asia and Pacific Islands to Philippines
slightly scaly, and becoming slightly fissured. and Guam. Introduced through the tropics.
The alternating horizontal bands or rings rep- OTHER COMMON NAMES.--cia, cicaddcea
resent stages of growth, perhaps annual. The (Spanish) ; false sago-palm, sago-palm, cycad,
trunk ends in a very large pointed bud com- East Indian cycas (English) ; queen sago
posed of many tawny-brown narrow scales (United States) ; foengobon, foengoe-palm,
about 4 inches long, which form a band from krans-palm (Dutch Antilles).
their bases. Then a new growth of about 50 or Cica, sago-palm, Cycm ~evoltcta Thunb.,'
more leaves is produced a t the same time and known also as palma de sagd, is a related
after shedding forms another band of diamond- shrubby species more common in cultivation in
shaped leaf scars. Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and else-
The crowded leaves have a stout axis with 2 where. It is mostly less than 6 feet high, has a
rows of short spines replacing leaflets toward short narrow trunk, leaves mostly 2-5 feet long,
base. There are very many mostly opposite and shorter narrower leaflets ending in spiny
thick, stiff, hairless leaflets 6-12 inches long and tip and turned under a t edges. Native of Java.
Y2-.;/ilinch wide, straight or slightly curved, One genus of the cycad family, Zamia, is
long-pointed a t apex, and extending down axis represented in Puerto Rico by 3 native shrubby
a t base, flat or nearly so a t edges, with prom- species known as marunguey and arrowroot.
These trunkless plants have an enlarged under-
inent yellowish midvein but without other vis- ground stem which bears a cluster of several
ible veins, slightly shiny dark green on upper spreading palmlike pinnate leaves 1-3 feet long.
surface and yellow green beneath. Old leaves Scattered in limestone regions of Puerto Rico.
turn brown, hang down, and finally fall off or The foliage is poisonous to livestock. Indians
are cut, the base of the axis formir., ;diamond- made starch and bread from the enlarged
shaped scar. underground stems of related species elsewhere.
 PODOCARP FAMILY (PODOCARPACEAE)

Trees, sometimes shrubs, without flowers or naked seeds borne on different plants (dioe-
fruits, known by: (1) evergreen trees mostly cious) or the same plant (monoecious) ; and
with straight axis and narrow Crown, usually (4) naked seeds solitary and often with fleshy
with soft lightweight wood without vessels stalk or few in mall female cones of few cone-
and without resin (2) scales, with 2 cotyledons. Formerly and in vol.
leaves alternate or rarely opposite, in 2 rows 1, p. 30, included in yew family (Taxaceae).
(in Ph.~lEocladusreplaced by leaflike branches),
needlelike, lanceolate, or scalelike, without One species: 2. Caobilla, podocarp, Podo-
stipules; (3) pollen in male cones (strobili) and earpzcs coriuceus L. C. Rich.

ARAUCARIA FAMILY (ARAUCARIACEAE*)

Trees often large, without flowers or fruits, parallel veins, without stipules; (3) pollen and
known by: (1) resinous evergreen trees with naked seeds borne on different plants (dioe-
straight axis, narrow crown, and branches cious) or same plant (monoecious) in separate
often in whorls, usually with resinous soft large cones (strobili) ; (4) female cones woody,
lightweight wood without vessels (nonporous) ; of many cone-scales which fall a t maturity; and
(2) leaves alternate often in 2 rows, of 2 forms, (5) naked seeds 1a t base of cone-scale, with 1
lanceolate or awl-shaped, leathery, with fine or 2 lateral wings and 2 or 4 cotyledons.

Key to species
A. Lenves minute, 'k-34 inch long, of 2 kinds, needlelike or scalelike, crowded and extending on all sides of twig-
259. A r a u c e a heterophylla.*
AA. Leaves 4-5 inches long, oblong or narrowly ovate, without visible veins, mostly opposite, spreading in 2 rows--
268. Agatltie robusta.*

258. Kauri, Queensland kauri Agathis robusta (C. Moore) F. M. Bailey*

This evergreen coniferous tree introduced inch across, light green, covered by several
from Australia in recent years for forestry rounded closely pressed and overlapping scales.
tests is recognized by: (1) the stout straight The leaves are mostly paired or opposite,
trunk with gray or brownish smoothish resin- hairless, with short, flattened light green peti-
ous bark and whorled branching; (2) dark oles less than $& inch long. Blades are mostly
green foliage of mostly opposite oblong or nar- 4-6 inches long and 1-1y2 inches wide, some-
rowly ovate, stiff and leathery leaves commonly times as large as 6 by 21,4 inches or as small a s
4-5 inches long, without visible veins, spread- 2 by 1 h inch, slightly curved upward toward
ing in 2 rows along light green twigs; and (3) margin, short-pointed a t base and gradually
egg-shaped or rounded woody cones 4-5 inches narrowed to blunt apex, the upper surface shiny
long. dark green, and the lower surface dull light
Queensland kauri is a large forest tree becom- green. Upon drying, many fine parallel veins
ing a t maturity in its native home 100-150 feet become visible.
tall and 3-4 feet or more in trunk diameter. Im- Male cones are stalkless, cylindric, dark
mature trees in Puerto Rico have reached 50 brown, 2-4 inches long and %-% inch in diam-
feet or more in height and 1%feet in diameter. eter, composed of numerous minute scales, bear-
The axis bears a long narrow crown, rounded a t ing pollen, formed in large numbers singly a t
top, of short spreading, horizontal and slightly leaf bases, falling after pollination. Seed-bear-
drooping branches of dense dark green foliage.
The bark is gray or brownish, smoothish, ing or female cones few, borne singly a t end of
slightly scaly and flaky. Gray resin flows twigs on the same tree (monoecious), dark
from cuts. Inner bark is dark red, resinous, brown, consisting of many fan-shaped, pointed,
with turpentine taste. Twigs are light green, thick and hard overlapping cone-scales, each
smooth, and hairless, becoming light brown and bearing 1 seed, falling a t maturity. Seeds ob-
finely fissured. The end bud is rounded, about % ,; long, flattened, Y2 inch long, with large wing.
258. Kauri, Queensland kauri Agathis robtcsta (C. Moore) F. M. Bailey *
Leafy twig (above), seed and cone scale (lo~verleft), cone (lower right), two-thirds natural size.
ARAUCARIA FAMILY (ARAUCARIACEAE*)
The wood is cream to light brown, light- 2,500 feet altitude in the upper Cordillera and
weight (specific gravity 0.40), fine-textured. upper Luquillo forests. This species, though
It is important locally where native for cabinet- still rare and local, is also a handsome orna-
work and interiors, being easily worked and mental with attractive narrow crown of dark
taking paint and polish well. Also suited to green foliage. One large specimen is located in
construction and pulpwood. front of the Forest Service office building at Rio
Resin of clear pale brown color is obtained Piedras.
fresh from the trees and in the fossil state from PUBLIC FORESTS.-Luquillo, Maricao.
soil under the forests. Quantities from this and RANGE.-Queensland and Fraser Island, Aus-
related species have served like turpentine in tralia, but introduced in humid tropical lands.
the manufacture of paint and varnish. OTHER COMMON NAMES.-kauri, kauri-pine,
Native of Australia, this rapidly mowing Australia kauri, dundathu-pine (English).
conifer is being tested in Puerto Rico. Possibly BOTANICALs~NON~Ms.-Agathis brozonii
it may be a good forest tree for mountain sites (Lemaire) L. H. Bailey, Damara robusta C.
with high rainfall. Planted from sea level to Moore.

259. Araucaria, Norfolk-Island-pine Araucaria heterophylla ( Salisb. ) Franco*

Norfolk-Island-pine is a handsome ornamen- oblong, 1y2-2 inches long. Female cones a r e

tal tree that has become popular in Puerto Rico rounded, 4-5 inches long, composed of many
in recent years. It is easily recognized by : (1) overlapping brown hard winglike cone-scales
the distinct symmetrical form with large erect about 11h2 inches long and broad, ending in a
straight axis ending in a point, with narrow narrow curved point almost inch long, falling
conical crown of dark green foliage; (2) hori- apart a t maturity. One large oblong edible seed
zontal branches regular in whorls of 4-7; (3) nearly 1% inches long is attached to the cone-
many slender ropelike twigs regularly arranged scale and a t maturity sheds with it like a
in a horizontal plane; (4) very numerous mi- winged seed. However, cones and seeds seldom
nute leaves ?4,-y2inch long, crowded and ex- mature in cultivation in Puerto Rico.
tending on all sides of the twig, of 2 kinds, The wood is described as soft like that of
needlelike or on large trees broader and scale- pines and other conifers.
like; and (5) the rounded hard cone 4-5 inches Norfolk-Island-pine is often grown for orna-
long, with many cone-scales ending in a narrow ment around city homes in moist parts of
curved point. Puerto Rico, especially San Juan. It is frequent
Evergreen resinous introduced ornamental in parks and gardens, also in forest plantations,
tree, in Puerto Rico mostly young and of small in subtropical and tropical climates throughout
size. Elsewhere in cultivation becoming in age the world. Northward in temperate regions the
a large tree 80 feet high, with straight trunk plants are raised indoors in pots or under glass,
3 feet in diameter, enlarged a t base or with resembling Christmas trees.
small broad buttresses. The bark is blackish, R~Nc~.-Native only on Norfolk Island be-
almost smooth, with whitish resin drops of tween New Zealand and New Caledonia in the
turpentine taste. The very slender lateral twigs South Pacific. Extensively cultivated in sub-
4-8 inches long are covered by the leaf bases tropical and tropical climates of the world; for
and with the leaves form cylindric masses :% example, from Florida, southern Arizona, and
inch broad, ending in an indistinct bud of very California south to Argentina and in Hawaii.
short young leaves. OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-araucaria (Span-
The leaves are crowded and alternate in spir- ish, English) ; Christmas-tree (British Hondu-
aIs, evergreen, falling together with the twig, ras) ; siete pisos (Cuba, Dominican Republic).
hairless, of 2 kinds on different twigs, without BOTANICAL~~NoN~M.-Al'aucaria excelsa
petiole. Juvenile leaves have the form of a (Lam.) R. Br.
curved narrow needle, triangular in cross sec- The generic name is derived from Arauco, the
tion, while adult leaves have the form of a province of Chile of the type species, monkey-
broad curved pointed scale. puzzle araucaria (Araztcaria araucana (Mo-
Male and female cones are produced on dif- lina) K. Koch) . The specific name meaning dif-
ferent trees (dioecious). The male cones are ferent leaves refers to the 2 types of foliage.
259. Araucaria, Norfolk-Island-pine Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco *
Twig with needlelike leaves (upper left), twig with scalelike leaves (upper right), seed with cone scale (lower left),
and cone, natural size.
 PINE FAMILY (PINACEAE*)
Trees, becoming large to very large, without ules ; (3) pollen and naked seeds borne on same
flowers or fruits, known by: (1) resinous plant (monoecious) in separate cones (strobili)
mostly evergreen trees with straight axis and with many spirally arranged flattened cone-
narrow crown, usually with soft lightweight scales, the male cones small and herbaceous;
wood without vessels (nonporous) and with (4) female cones large and woody, of cone-
resin ducts; (2) leaves mostly alternate or scales each above a bract; and (5) seeds naked,
whorled, sometimes of 2 forms, very narrow usually 2 a t base of a cone-scale, mostly with
and needlelike, with resin ducts, without stip- wing a t end, with 2-15 cotyledons.

260. Pino hondurefio, Caribbean pine Pinus caribaen Morelet*

Pines are easily recognized by their needle- mature cone has a short stalk and may remain
like evergreen leaves usually 26 in a bundle attached a few years. However, i t usually opens
with a sheath a t base and their hard cones with to release the winged seed&
usually 2 long-winged seeds a t the base of a The wood is reddish brown, soft, moderately
cone-scale. Not native in Puerto Rico, these lightweight (specific gravity 0.61-0.66), and
conifers are found mostly in forest plantations resinous. Where the trees are native, the gen-
or as ornamentals. This species is the best eral utility lumber is widely used. In Puerto
adapted to Puerto Rico of several that have been Rico the wood is a potential source of both lum-
tested. Caribbean pine is distinguished by: (1) ber and long-fiber pulp. Also, pine posts could
resinous tree with straight axis and regular or be available, a s preservative is absorbed well
symmetrical branches; (2) leaves needlelike, without pressure treatment.
3 in a bundle, 8-11 inches long; (3) reddish Pines a r e sparingly used in landscaping in
brown conical cones mostly 3-4 inches long and Puerto Rico and are attractive while young.
1%-1Y2 inches in diameter (closed), the many Small plants are suitable also for Christmas
cone-scales ending in a stout prickle; and (4) trees.
seeds 1%inches long, including the detachable Caribbean pine has been planted widely in
wing 1inch long. Puerto Rico, mostly in the central mountains a t
Large introduced evergreen tree becoming in 500-2,600 feet altitude, and is common locally.
its native home 80-100 feet tall and 1-2 feet Apparently i t is well adapted to sandy and well-
in trunk diameter, with straight axis and thin drained clay soils. It is suited to and found in
conical crown of regular rings or whorls of lower and upper Cordillera and Luquillo re-
horizontal branches ending in clusters of needle- gions. However, pine is rare or absent in the
like foliage, resinous throughout and with odor offshore islands and Virgin Islands.
like turpentine. Bark gray, rough, thick, with PUBLICFORESTS.-Carite, Guajataca, Gui-
long scaly ridges or plates and deep furrows ex- larte, Luquillo, Maricao, Toro Negro.
posing the reddish-brown inner bark composed RANGE.-Bahamas, western Cuba and Isle of
of rings like wood. The gray, scaly horizontal Pines, and Central America in British Hondu-
branches end in stout whitish-gray twigs. ras, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua.
The 3 needles have a t base a gray-brown Three geographic varieties of this species a s
persistent sheath l/z inch long. They are less
than '/re inch wide, dark green, sharp-pointed, Caribbean pine are distinguished. Caribbean
slightly stiff, slightly rough on edges from pine (typical; Pinus calibaea var. caribaea) is
minute teeth, and remain attached a few years. found in western Cuba and Isle of Pines. Ba-
Like other gymnosperms and other conifers, haman pine (P. caribaea var. bahamensis Bar-
pines bear exposed or naked seeds usually rett & Golfari) is the pine native in Bahama
among scales of a cone, and differ from the Islands. Honduran pine or pino hondureiio (P.
flowers and seeds enclosed in a fruit. Caribbean ca~ibaeavar. hondurensis Barrett & Golfari),
pine produces its pollen or male element in male the Central American variety, is the one best
cones, narrowly cylindric, red brown, about 2 adapted to Puerto Rico and recommended for
inches long and l/a inch in diameter, usually in forest planting.
numbers on lower side twigs and falling soon OTHER COMMON N A M E s . - ~ ~ ~ o , pino caribea
after pollen is shed. (Puerto Rico) ; pino, pino blanco (Spanish) ;
The female cones are borne usually 1-3 near pino amarillo, pino macho (Cuba) ; pino colo-
the ends of erect twigs in the upper part of the rado, ocote (Guatemala) ;Caribbean pine, Hon-
.
same tree (monoecious) Less than Y2 inch long duran pine (English) ; pitch pine, black pine,
a t pollination, they are less than YLinch long white pine (British Honduras).
as year-old conelets and continue to grow until BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Pinus ltonduremis
maturity in September of the second year. The Loock.
260. Pino hondureiio, Caribbean pine Pinus caribaea Eforelet *
Year-old conelets (upper left), closed cone (center left), open cone (lower left), leafy twig (right), two-thirds
natural size.
 CYPRESS FAMILY (CUPRESSACEAE*)
Trees and shrubs, without flowers or fruits, borne mostly on same plant (monoecious) in
known by: (1) resinous evergreen trees and separate small cones (strobili) with few cone-
shrubs mostly with straight axis and narrow scales, the male cones herbaceous; (4) female
crown, usually with soft lightweight wood with- cones woody (berrylike in Junipem), usually
out vessels (non~orous) and without resin of few cone-scales opposite or whorled and
ducts ; (2) leaves Or
flattened or attached by middle; and (6) seeds
of 2 forms, mostly small and scalelike or awl-
shaped and producing flattened or angled twigs, naked, 1-2 a t a cone-scale, often with 2 lateral
without stipules; (3) pollen and naked seeds wings, mostly with 2-4 (6) cotyledons.

Key to species
A. Leafy twigs flattened, ?4 inch wide composed of flattened scalelike leaves, branching in vertical fanlike or fern-
like sprays; cones egg-shaped, d inch long, with usually 6 scales ending in hooked poinCZ63. Thttjn d e n -
talk.*
AA. Leaf twi slender, 4-angled, less than inch wide, composed of crowded paired pointed scale leaves; cones
rounder hard-Cupre.s8us.
B. Leaves with gland dot on back; cones 1% inches in diameter-262. Cupreusus sempervirens.'
BB. Leaves without gland dot; cones about 96 inch in diameter-261. Crcpressus kimtcmica.*

261. Ciprb, Mexican cyprees Cuprearus lwritanica Mill. *

This handsome aromatic, resinous conifer has to free numerous naked brown seeds more than
been introduced for ornament and reforestation 1/8 inch long, irregularly flattened with borders
tests. It is distinguished by: (1) the very slightly winged.
slender twigs branched in 4 rows, 4-angled and The sapwood is whitish and soft. Elsewhere
less than inch across; (2) crowded minute the wood is utilized in carpentry and construc-
scalelike dark green leaves pointed and only tion like that of other conifers.
about ]/lo inch long; and (3) rounded brown For ornament the plants can be pruned in
hard cones about inch in diameter. different shapes or trimmed also as living
An evergreen tree generally small or medium- hedges. Small symmetric plants 3-6 feet high
sized, becoming 46 feet in height and 1y2 feet would serve as attractive Christmas trees and
in trunk diameter or where native a large tree, could be grown in plantations for this purpose.
with straight erect axis and dense regular or The leafy branches serve for decorations and
narrow crown of green to dark green foliage. wreaths also. In some countries this species is
The bark is reddish brown, smooth to fissured employed in reforestation.
and sometimes with few scales or shreddy. In- Occasionally planted in Puerto Rico for orna-
ner bark is whitish, slightly fibrous, and ment and reforestation. Subject to windthrow
slightly resinous. The numerous twigs branch on poorly drained soils.
regularly in 4 rows, becoming reddish brown, PUBLIC ~ o ~ ~ s ~ s . - C a r i tGuilarte,
e, Maricao,
rough and scaly with dead leaves persistent. Rio Abajo, Toro Negro.
The leaves are crowded, opposite in 4 rows, RANGE.-Native in mountains of Mexico,
mostly dark green, short-pointed, angled or Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras. Widely
keeled, and with an inconspicuous gland dot. spread in cultivation and naturalized southward
The foliage has a resinous odor and taste. in mountains to Costa Rica and in Andes from
Pollen and seeds are borne on the same tree Colombia and Venezuela to Argentina and Chile
.
(monoecious) The male cones are numerous and in the Old World. Introduced in northern
toward the apex of short branches, cylindric, Florida.
S/lo inch long and less than 1/H inch broad, OTHER COMMON NAMES.--C~P~~S mexicano
greenish yellow, the scales in 4 rows bearing (Puerto Rico) ; cipr6s (Spanish) ; Mexican
pollen sacs and pollen. cypress, Portuguese cypress (English) ; cipr6s
The female cones (strobili) begin as a few de M6xic0, cedro, tlascal, tiiscate (Mexico).
inconspicuous green scales less than y8 inch BOTANICAL sYNoNYMs.-CU~~SSZ~~ ben-
across, with naked ovules, a t the end of short tkamii Endl., C. lindleyi Klotzsch.
twigs. At maturity the second year the hard This. variable species consists of several
woody cone changes color from whitish green forms. One has drooping or weeping branches
to dull brown. I t is composed mostly of 8 and another a very long and narrow columnar
rounded but angular cone-scales, pressed to- crown. The scientific name, meaning of Portu-
gether a t edges, each with a stout central raised gal, was based on planted trees in that country
point about y8 inch high. Later the cone opens before the origin was definitely known.
261. Ciprks, Mexican cypress Ctcpress~urlusitattica Mill."
Twig with cones and male cones, natural size.

61
CYPRESS FAMILY (CUPRESSACEAE*)

262. Cipr6s italiano, Italian cyprese Cupressue sempervirem L *

Italian cypress, an introduced conifer occrf- 1/R inch long, yellowish. Mature cones short-
sionally planted for ornament, is readily identi- stalked, woody, composed of 8-14 flat cone-
fied by : (1)the very narrow columnar crown ; scales irregularly 5- or 6-sided, with a short
(2) the minute dull gray-green scalelike leaves point or knob in center. Seeds 8-20 on each
less than %/,oinch long, resinous with a gland cone-scale, 1/8-%o inch long, brown, s!ightly
dot on back, crowded, paired, and forming 4- winged. Cones not observed in Puerto Rico.
angled twigs; and (3) rounded hard gray or Italian cypress is uncommonly cultivated a s
brown cones 1-1J/ inches in diameter. Dis- an ornamental in yards in Puerto Rico from the
tinguished from A, 261, eiprbs, Mexican cy- coast to high altitudes and in the Virgin Is-
press ( Cztpressua lusitanica Mill.'), by the nar- lands. It is common in the mountains near
row shape, gland dot on the scalelike leaves, and Jayuya.
the larger cones. This classical cypress of the ancient Greeks
Medium-sized evergreen tree, coniferous and and Romans is conspicuous in formal gardens
resinous, becoming 60 feet high and llh feet in and cemeteries of southern Europe. It is hardy
trunk diameter. In its native home this is a in subtropical and warm temperature climates,
large tree with stout trunk and spreading such as southern continental United States from
branches, The variety commonly cultivated has Florida t o Arizona and California. Because of
a very narrow long crown composed of short its narrow shape, i t is used for borders as well
erect branches. Bark is gray, smooth or slightly a s formal planting. Hedges can be formed by
fissured, and thin. Leafy twigs are alternate, clipping.
numerous, crowded and spreading, much PUBLIC FOREST.--Maricao.
branched, slender, less than l/lainch in diam- R~N~E.-h'ative in the eastern Mediter-
eter. ranean region of southern Europe in Syria,
The scalelike leaves are paired or opposite,
blunt-pointed, in 4 rows covering the twigs and Cilicia, Greece, and the islands of Rhodes,
shedding with them. Crete, and Cyprus and in the mountains of
Male and female cones are borne on the same northern Iran in western Asia.
tree (monoecious) , the male elliptic, more than OTHER COMMON NAME.--c~~~& (Spanish).
262. CiplGs italiano, Italian cypress Cupresnis sempervirena L.*
Leafy twig (above), twig with cones (lower right), natural size.
CYPRESS FAMILY (CUPRESSACEAE*)

263. Tuya, oriental arborvitae Thuja orientalis L.:"

Oriental arborvitae is a popular shrub or naked and shedding upon opening. Old open
small tree planted around city homes in Puerto cones remain on the tree a t least a few months.
Rico. This conifer is recognized by: (1) the Pollen is produced in small yellowish male cones
regular compact rounded to broad conical form, :%n inch long on different twigs of the same
with lowest branches persistent to the ground, plant (monoecious) .
the leafy twigs branching on edge and flattened The sapwood is whitish and the heartwood
in vertical fanlike or fernlike sprays; (2) the dark brown. The wood is described as aromatic,
minute scalelike leaves mostly '/lainch or less in soft, lightweight, and fine-textured.
length, dull green; and (3) egg-shaped cones, In recent years this species has been planted
about r;/jl inch long, whitish or bluish but becom- widely about city homes in moist areas of
ing dark brown, with usually 6 cone-scales end- Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands from sea
ing in a hooked point. level to high altitudes. Easily transplanted,
An evergreen shrub or small bushy tree 15- shallow-rooted, and adapted to moist soils.
25 feet high, often with several trunks to 6 Hardy also in warm temperate areas, oriental
inches in diameter, much branched, with dense arborvitae has been planted for ornament in
symmetrical crown becoming thin and irregular Europe, Asia, and eastern and southern con-
at maturity, resinous and aromatic. Bark tinental United States. In Florida i t has spread
brown to dark reddish brown, finely fissured, from cultivation though has not become exten-
fibrous and becoming shreddy. Inner bark sively naturalized. Planted southward to Brazil,
whitish, fibrous, with slightly resinous taste. Argentina, and Chile. Many horticultural
Branches brown, slender, becoming slightly varieties of different shape and color of foliage,
rough, resinous. sometimes golden, are grown in parks and
The leafy twigs are flattened in verti~al gardens. The plants can be used as living fences
plane, branching in 2 rows and forming fanllke and trimmed as hedges also. Growth responds
or fernlike sprays. Leaves paired or opposite to fertilizer.
in 4 rows in flattened arrangement % inch RANGE.-Native of northern China and
wide, scalelike, short-pointed and pressed Korea.
against twig, with gland dot on back, those on OTHER COMMON NAMES.-tuya (Puerto Rico,
leading twigs to % inch long, narrow, and Spanish) ;incienso (Guatemala) ; ciprks, ciprks
spreading. romano (El Salvador) ; Brbol de vida, pinillo
Cones are borne a t ends of short twigs, com- (Dominican Republic) ; oriental arborvitae
posed of usually 6 paired hard cone-scales :Y8 (United States) ; Chinese arborvitae, Asiatic
inch or less in length and ending in a hooked arborvitae (English).
point, opening a t maturity. The lower cone- BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-Biota Orie~ttaEis(L.)
scales bear 2 oblong wingless seeds 1 h inch long, Endl.
263. Tuya, oriental arborvitae Tltuja orientalis
Twig with cones, natural size.
 SCREW-PINE FAMILY (PANDANACEAE*)
Trees and shubs, sometimes woody vines, small and without calyx or corolla, male flowers
known by: (1) few stout widely spreading on an axis (spike) consisting of many stamens
branches with rings; (2) many stiltlike prop and female flowers in rounded heads composed
roots, also brace roots from branches ; (3) many of colored scales and densely crowded pistils
crowded very narrow spiny-margined sword- with superior 1-celled ovary, 1to many ovules,
like leaves spirally arranged a t ends of short style or none, and stigma; and (5) mul-
branches; (4) flowers male and female on dif- tiple fruit a large ball (syncarp) with many
ferent plants (dioecious), mostly crowded, angled hard many-seeded fruits (drupes).

264. Pandano, screw-pine Pandanus utilis Bory*

A few species of screw-pine have been intro- very narrow point bordered by sharp spines.
duced but are infrequent. These curious palm- Female flowers in terminal heads have pistils
like ornamentals are easily recognized by: (1) demely crowded with colored scales. The mul-
the few stout widely spreading branches with tiple fruit (syncarp) borne singly on a long
rings; (2) many stiltlike prop roots or brace stalk, is a large hard heavy ball 6-8 inches in
roots from the branches t o the ground; (3) diameter, composed of about 100 fruits
many crowded swordlike leaves spirally ar- (drupes). Each is ll/g-l?4 inches long, and
ranged a t ends of branches, stiff, hard, and I-!$$ inches wide, angled and slightly flattened, .
leathery, bordered by sharp spines; and (4) shiny light brown, hard and fibrous, 3-8-celled,
fruit a large hard heavy ball 6-8 inches in containing several seeds.
diameter, with many protuberances, somewhat Locally common as a n ornamental, mostly a t
like a pine cone or pineapple. This species has sea level, and as a windbreak against the sea in
the leaves about 3 feet in length and ly2-3 Puerto Rico, St. Croix, and St. Thomas.
inches wide. Baskets, mats, and place mats can be made
Small evergreen ornamental tree to 30 feet from the leaves. The starchy fruits are edible
high, with trunk t o 10 inches in diameter, the when cooked. Suckers formed a t base of trunks
few large branches covered by old leaf bases can be used in propagation as well as seeds.
ending in clusters of erect to spreading leaves. Planted in southern Florida for the tropical
The light gray trunk has irregular ring scars aspect. In temperate parts of the United States
from fallen leaves. Prop roots are 1 3inches in the young decorative plants are grown indoors
diameter, light brown. in pots.
Leaves alternate but crowded, without petiole R~~eE.-Native of Madagascar but grown
but with broad clasping base, long and narrow, through the tropics.
ending in a long tapering drooping point. The OTHERCOMMON NAME~.-palma de tirabuz6n
upper surface is shiny green with broad groove (Puerto Rico) ; palma de tornillo (Spanish) ;
and a ridge on each side of midvein and many common screw-pine (English).
inconspicuous parallel side veins, the lower sur- The English common name screw-pine refers
face dull light green with midvein slightly to the spirally arranged leaves. The genus of
spiny. Dead brown leaves hang down and grad- screw-pines (Pandanus) is represented by
ually fall away. numerous species in the Old World tropics, espe-
Flowers are male and female on different
plants (dioecious) but seldom produced, small, cially Pacific Islands. Besides this species, a
simple and without calyx and corolla. Male few others a r e grown in Puerto Rico. Pandunus
flowers in drooping clusters 1-3 feet long con- pacificus L. H. Bailey,* from the Pacific Islands,
sist of many stamens %-?,& inch long, crowded has larger shiny green leaves 6 feet or more in
on threadlike branching stalks along an axis length and 6 inches wide, with longitudinal
(raceme) with several bracts ending in long folds.
264. Pandano, screw-pine Pandantcs tctilis Bory '
Male flowers (upper left), leaf, and single fruit (below), all two-thirds natural size; multiple fruit (lower ridit),
about ono-third natural size.
 GRASS FAMILY (GRAMINEAE)
Grasses are annual and perennial herbs, ex- (florets) grouped along an axis in clusters
cept for bamboos, which are woody shrubs or (spikelets) , generally bisexual, regular, com-
vines, sometimes reaching tree size. Known by : posed of 2 greenish scales (glumes, lemma and
(1) jointed stems with enlarged rings a t nodes, palea) a t base, no calyx or corolla, 3 stamens or
commonly hollow except a t nodes, not increas- in bamboos 6 stamens, and pistil with superior
ing in diameter; (2) leaves alternate in 2 rows, 1-celled ovary with 1 ovule and 2 feathery
composed of a sheath, which surrounds the
stem, a scale (ligule), and the blade, generally styles; and (4) fruit a grain, a dry and 1-
narrow and parallel-veined, mostly ending in seeded. Vol. 1,p. 32.
long point, not toothed a t edges ; (3) specialized One species: 3. Bambli, common bamboo,
mostly greenish or straw-colored flowers Bambusa vulga~.isSchrad."

PALM FAMILY (PALMAE)

Trees and shrubs, sometimes vines, ever- palmate-veined, thick and leathery ; (3) large
green, known by: (1) trunk stout or some- branched flower clusters (panicles) developing
times slender, unbranched, not divided into from a large bract (spathe) among the leaf
bark and wood and not increasing in diameter, bases or below; (4) many small stalkless or
often with ring scars and sometimes spiny, with short-stalked flowers generally whitish, com-
hard thick outer layer or rind and bundles of monly male and female on the same plant
woody tissue scattered in large pith; (2) large (monoecious) or bisexual, regular, composed
spreading leaves alternate and crowded a t apex of calyx of 3 sepals or lobes, corolla of 3 petals
of trunk, with stout hard petiole often forming or lobes, stamens mostly 6 and separate, some-
sheath around trunk, and blades of 2 types, times many, and pistil with 1-3-celled ovary
pinnate with many narrow leaflets with many and 1-3 ovules ; and (5) fruit mostly a 1-seeded
fine parallel veins along the axis and fanlike or berry or drupe. Also vol. 1,p. 34.
 PALM FAMILY (PALMAE)

Key to species
A. Leaves pinnate.
B. Spines on trunk and leaf axes.
C. Leaflets long-pointed; fruits yellowish, 1%inches in diameter; trunk stou-. Corozo, prickly palm,
Puerto Rico acrocomia, Acrocomia nredia 0.F. Cook.
CC. Leaflets ending in a broad jagged edge as if torn; fruits red, M-96 inch in diameter; trunk slender-
5. Palma de coyor, Aiplmties acanthoph2/tla (Mart.) Burret.
BB. S ines absent.
9. Leaf sheaths not forming long tubular base or column.
E. Leaves 12-20 feet long; fruit the familiar large edible coconut-6. Palma de coco, coconut, Cocos
ttucifera L.*
EE. Leaves 5-7 feet long; fruits about M inch in diameter.
F. Leaflets erect to arching in 2 overla ping rows on each side of axis; fruit red-8. Palma de
lluvia, Gaussia attetucata (0.F. &ok) Beccari.
FF. Leaflets spreading flat along axis and not overlapping.
G. Leaflets 20-36 inches long and 1%-2 inches wide; fruit black with 1seed-7. Palma de
sierra, sierra palm, Prestoea montana (R. Grah.) Nichols. (Euterpe globosa) .
GC. Leaflets to 18 inches long and 1inch wide; fruit red with 1-3 seeds-268. Pseudophoe-
ttix sargentii.
DD. Leaf sheaths closed a t base, form in^ conspicuous column (crownshaft) a t apex of trunk.
H. Leaves 6-8 feet long; trunks many, clustered, slender, less than 5 inches in diameter-266.
Ch~/salidocarpusltctescens.*
HH. Leaves 8-15 feet long; trunks solitary.
I. Leaf sheaths about 2 feet long; trunks 6-10 inches in diameter-265. Cdyptronoma rivalis.
11. Leaf sheaths forming column 4 feet long; trunks stout 1-2 feet in diameter-Roystonea.
J. Trunk tall, of uniform diameter; fruits dark purp\e-269. Rovstonea regia.*
JJ. Trunk enlarged a t some distance above base; fruits light brown-9. Palma real, royal-
palm, Puerto Rican royalpalm, Roystonea borinquewa 0. F. Cook.
AA. Leaves f an-shaped.
K. Blades 3-6 feet or more in diameter, with definite midrib; petioles 3-8 feet long; trunk stout, 1-2 feet in
diameter--Sabal.
L. Leaves blue green; fruits brown, 96-M inch in diameter-10. Palma de sombrero, Puerto Rico pal-
metto, S a b d causiam~?n(0. F. Cook) Beccari.
LL. Leaves green; fruits blackish, U-% inch m diameter-270. Sabal domingensis."
KK. Blades 2-4 feet in diameter, without a midrib, petioles mostly 2-3 feet long; trunk slender, less than 8
inches in diameter.
M. Petioles not split a t base, forming coarse network of fibers; l i y l e a t base of blade rounded; fruits
blue-black, juicy, 96-% inch in diameter; seed grooved over surface--267. Coccothrinax alta.
MM. Petioles split a t base; ligule a t base of blade pointed; fruits white, dry and mealy, about ?4 inch in
diameter; seed not grooved on surface-Tlwinax.
N. Leaf blades whitish beneath; ligule a t base of blade blunt-pointed; florvers and fruits stalkless-
271. Thrinaz morrieii.
NN. Leaf blades green beneath; ligule a t base of blade long-pointed; flowers and fruits stalked-272.
Thrinaz m~cttijlora."
PALM FAMILY (PALMAE)
265. Palma manaca, Puerto Rican manac Cnlyplronoma rivalis ( 0 . F. Cook) L. H. Bailey
Palma manaca, the rarest of Puerto Rican gether sunken in a pit of the ropelike axis
palms, grows wild only along a marshy stream (monoecious) , the male flowers opening first.
about 3 miles east of San Sebastihn in the The male flower is more than inch long, ex-
northwestern part of the island. I t resembles tends % * inch above the axis, and is composed of
slightly the coconut palm both in trunk and 3 narrow keeled sepals %,; inch long; tubular
leaves but is smaller. Identification is by: (1) narrow corolla %(, inch long in bud, which
the stout straight smoothish p a y trunks 6-10 breaks off below middle, forming a cuplike
inches in diameter, not swollen at base, bearing corolla and a cap (calyptra) over the stamens ;
rings but no spines; (2) large pinnate leaves ,
and 6 stamens more than '/, inch long spread-
10-15 feet long, including sheathing base of ing 1/H inch across from a fleshy curved column
the stout petiole and many long narrow leaflets j( ,, inch long. The female flower has calyx of 3
2y2-3 feet long, paired or nearly so ; (3) numer- sepals, cuplike corolla with cap, tube with 6
ous small white male and female flowers about points representing nonfunctioning stamens
inch long, sunken in many green ropelike (staminodes) , and pistil with deeply 3-angled
axes 8-12 inches long in stalked clusters; and ovary and slender style. The numerous elliptic
(4) elliptic fleshy fibrous fruits v8-$4inch long, fruits are smooth, rounded at both ends, with
containing 1large rounded seed. thin outer layer. The seed is rounded. With
This medium-sized palm becomes 30 feet flowers in November and fruits in summer.
high. The cylindric trunk is hard, smoothish, This palm is native along a small stream in a
slightly fissured, of uniform diameter, bearing valley about 3 miles east of San Sebastidn along
horizontal rings of leaf scars mostly 2-4 inches the old carriage road east toward Lares. It was
apart. The thin evergreen crown is composed of discovered and named by Orator F. Cook in
about 16-20 alternate leaves, erect and spread- 1901, during his study of the economic plants
ing to 25 feet across, not drooping. The young- of Puerto Rico. This palm is known only from
est, unopened vertical leaf forms a narrow one locality in the moist limestone forest at
vertical shaft or spire. about 1,000 feet altitude. In 1970 only about
The leaves have a sheathlike gray-green base 20 plants of all sizes were seen. It was reported
of the petiole about 2 feet long, which extends that a second grove nearby might have been
halfway around the trunk, and the stout dull destroyed by clearing for agriculture.
light green petiole continuing 2 feet or more. Thus, palma manaca not only is the rarest
Blades are divided into leaflets, nearly opposite palm but also may be considered endangered be-
and about 2 inches apart along a keeled axis. cause it is located on private land. However, the
The leaflets are mostly 21h-3 feet long and to 3 present landowner has expressed an intent to
inches wide, those on small leaves much smaller, protect the remaining trees. Young plants are
narrowed and oblique a t base, bent upward, growing in the botanical garden of the Univer-
spreading in 1plane but drooping on both sides, sity of Puerto Rico a t Lajas from seedlings col-
thick, stiff and leathery, slightly shiny yellow lected in 1958.
green, hairless, with 10-12 parallel sunken At one time this palm was included in another
veins, becoming torn between the veins. Dead species (Calyptrogpne occidentalis (Sw.)
leaves turn light brown, bend down, and break Maza), then interpreted as found also in Ja-
off a t the base, forming a smoothish scar. maica, Cuba, and Hispaniola. However, the
One to several flower clusters (panicles) 3-4 Puerto Rican palm is now accepted as distinct
feet long, spreading and drooping, arise above but with unknown history. Possibly the palm
the lowest leaves but a t maturity areabelowthe may have been more widespread in the past and
lowest remaining leaves. An oblong light green now may be nearing extinction. It may have
sheath (spathe) 1%feet long covers the devel- persisted along this marshy stream, or it might
oping flower cluster, and after elongation a have been a n accidental introduction.
second sheath about 2 feet long, boat-shaped, RANGE.-K~ow~only from one locality 3
narrowly oblong and light brown, splits open miles east of San Sebastidn in northwestern
along 1 side. The stout axis (spadix) bears In Puerto Rico.
upper half many green ropelike branches 8-12 OTHER COMMON NAMES.-palmilla (Puerto
inches long and v8 inch in diameter, mostly 2-5
on short stalks, sometimes 1.
Rico) ;manac palm (English).
BOTANICALSYNONYMS.-Calyptrog~ne l-iva-
Flowers are numerous, slightly curved and lis (0. F. Cook) LeBn, Cocops rivalis 0. F.
flattened, white, 2 male and 1 female borne to- Cook.
265. Palma manaca, Puerto Rican manac Calyptro?tomarivalis (0.F. Cook) L. H. Bailey
Flowers (lower left), fruits (lower right), natural size.
PALM FAMILY (PALMAE)

266. Palma areca, Rlaclagaecar-palm Chrysalidocarprrs lutescens H . Wendl.*

This small graceful ornamental palm with The flower clusters (panicles) are 2 3 feet
many crowded stems and feathery green to long and much branched. Sheaths (spathes)
yellow-green foliage is commonly planted are like large scales along the axis (spadix).
around buildings. I t is easily recognized by: The small whitish flowers are in groups of 2
(1) the clusters of many slender smooth, spine- male and 1 female but different clusters on the
less ringed trunks resembling bamboo; (2) same plant may appear to be all of the same sex
featherlike pinnate leaves, curved and arching a t one time (monoecious). Male flowers are
from closed sheath a t base, with many narrow crowded and stalkless along stout axes, S/la inch
paired leaflets, dull green but becoming yellow- wide, composed of 3 rounded yellowish sepals
ish before falling; (3) small whitish flowers, '/la inch long, 3 pointed yellowish petals 1/8 inch
male and female, stalkless along a much long, stiff and concave, 6 spreading white sta-
branched flower stalk attached below the leaves ; mens 1/8 inch long, and rudimentary pistil. A
and (4) long elliptic fruits greenish yellow female flower is usually between 2 male flowers
when immature, becoming violet or blackish, and opening later, consisting of 3 sepals, 3
inch long and vn inch wide, blunt and petals, and pistil with ovary, short style, and
oblique a t apex. broad stigma. The fruits with sepals and petals
A small palm 10-25 feet high, bushy, spread- a t base have a thin covering and a long brown-
ing and producing additional stems from ish seed of the same shape, hard and whitish
sprouts or suckers. The slender unbranched within. Flowering and fruits through the year.
trunks are 2-5 inches in diameter, whitish Abundant as the most widely planted palm
green to green, with rings 2-5 inches apart. around buildings including homes in Puerto
Bases become thickened, light gray, and fis- Rico, Culebra, and Vieques, and through the
sured and produce many small brownish prop Virgin Islands a t all altitudes and in wet and
roots. dry areas. This ornamental is easily propa-
The many leaves, including those from gated from sprouts as well as seeds. The flowers
sprouts, partly cover the trunks of different attract bees.
[Link]. A trunk ends in a column of whitish- Widely grown elsewhere through the tropics.
green leaf sheaths 1-2 feet long and 6-9 spread- Popular also in continental United States, out-
ing leaves. The unfolded youngest leaf extends doors in southern Florida, southern Arizona,
as a narrow erect axis. The alternate leaves are and southern California and northward indoors
mostly 6-8 feet long and 2 feet across, smaller in pots and tubs, also in Europe.
on sprouts, and have a closed sheath 1-1sfeet R ~ ~ c ~ . - N a t i vofe Madagascar.
long and a slender yellow-green petiole 1-2 feet OTHER COMMON NAMES.+reCa, palma d0-
long and grooved above. The slender keeled rada (Puerto Rico) ; palma areca (Cuba) ;
yellow-green axis bears as many as 80-100 dull eureka (Colombia) ; Madagascar palm, golden-
green leaflets, mostly paired or opposite, fruit palm, butterfly palm, red butterfly palm,
spreading and slightly curved. These are mostly bamboo palm, yellow palm (English) ; kerk-
l-llh feet long and very narrow, inch palm (Dutch Antilles) ; palmeira bambu
wide, slightly thickened, gradually narrowed, to (Brazil).
a very slender point inconspicuously 2-toothed. The generic name refers to the resemblance
The midrib is prominent and raised, and there of the spotted fruit to a chrysalis or resting
stage of a butterfly, while the specific name, yel-
are few inconspicuous parallel veins. The oldest low, describes the foliage. Formerly known as
leaves turn orange yellow toward the end before Areca lutescens Bory. The local common name
falling, then leave a smooth ring scar around areca is now a misnomer since the species was
the trunk. removed from that genus.
266. Palma areca, Madagascar-palm Ck~salidocarptisltitescetts H. Wendl.*
Blale flowers and fruits (lower right), natural size.
PALM FAMILY (PALMAE)
267. Palma de al~anico,tyre-palm Coceothrinctx ulla (0. F. Cook) Beccari

A slender, locally common palm, easily recog- The calyx is persistent a t base of fruit. There is
nized by : (1) fan-shaped leaves with leafstalks I round brown seed about %j/lr, inch in diameter,
2 - 3 s feet long, not split at base, forming grooved with curved lines over surface. Re-
coarse network of fibers; (2) leaf blades 2Y2- corded in flower in May-June.
3v2 feet long and broad, without a midrib, The foliage has served for thatching houses
deeply split beyond middle into many folded and for making brooms. This attractive palm is
narrow segments dull or shiny light green not much used as an ornamental, being difficult
above and silvery white and minutely scaly be- to transplant and slow growing. However, it
neath ; (3) large much branched flower clusters has been cultivated for its silvery leaves. The
with many short-stalked small flowers inch fruit may be edible a s in related species.
long and broad ;and (4) many round blue-black Locally common in moist limestone and north
juicy fruits (drupes) .7/1!-1hinch in diameter, coast forests of Puerto Rico from sea level to
with 1round seed grooved over surface. 1,800 feet altitude, mostly below 1,000 feet.
An evergreen shrub or small tree 10-50 feet Also common on hills through the islands east-
tall, with unbranched slender trunk 2 5 inches ward, including Vieques, Culebra, St. Croix, St.
in diameter, enlarged at base, and a t apex with Thomas, St. John, and Virgin Gorda.
a thin crown of 8-16 leaves. The trunk is gray, Britton and Wilson (10; 5:118) reported
smooth to slightly fissured, has faint rings rep- that only 1tree was known on St. Croix by Eg-
resenting scars of fallen leaves, and sometimes gers in 1876 and that they could find only 1 in
is enlarged a few feet above the ground up to 5 1923. The authors in 1954 found apparently
inches in diameter. the same tree, also 2 old trees in Cotton Valley.
Leafstalks of the alternate leaves are light PUBLICFORESTS AND PARK.-Cambalache,
green, slightly flattened. The bases of older, Guajataca, Rio Abajo, Suslia, Vega; Virgin Is-
dead leaves separate along their edges to form lands. This is the common native palm a t Vir-
coarse networks of light brown fibers around gin Islands National Park, where it is scattered
the trunk. Finally the fallen dead leaves break from sea level to 1,000 feet altitude.
off, and the trunk below is smooth. The leaf- RANGE.--Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands.
stalk joins the blade with an enlarged rounded OTHER COMMON NAMES.-palma plateada
ligule (hastula) inch long. The fan- (Puerto Rico) ; silver-palm, broom teyer, fan-
shaped blades are composed of many folded palm (Virgin Islands) ; seamberry palm (Eng-
leathery segments 16-24 inches long, the folds lish).
y2-Yh inch wide, long-pointed or 2-forked with BOTANICAL SYNONYMS.-Coccothrillax egger-
many fine lines of long parallel veins. siana Beccari, C. sancti-thomasae Beccari, C.
The flower cluster (spadix or panicle) 1-11,4 discreta Bailey & Moore. The name C. argentea
feet long attached among the leaves has many (Lodd.) Sarg., also applied formerly, refers to
slender horizontal branches. Numerous flowers a species of Hispaniola. Apparently only 1spe-
scattered on short stalks of I/,Ginch are com- cies of this genus is native in Puerto Rico and
posed of white 6-lobed calyx, usually 9 stamens, the Virgin Islands. Related species of the
and pistil with 1-celled ovary and slender style. Lesser Antilles may not be distinct.

268, Florida cherrypalm Pseudophoenix sargentii H . Wendl.

One small tree 20 feet high and 8 inches in and pistil with 3-angled 3-celled ovary and 3
trunk diameter was found on Mona Island in styles, in erect much branched clusters 2$4!-4
1970 by one of the authors. Distinguishing feet long from among the leaves; and (4)
characteristics are : (1) trunk slender, slightly many orange-red fruits (drupes) about y8 inch
swollen at base and in middle and tapering to in diameter, with thin flesh and 1seed 5/16 inch
ends, whitish gray, smoothish, with conspicuous in diameter, often with 2-3 lobes and 2-3 seeds.
ring scars and no dead leaves; (2) pinnate A lone palm of this species was seen in the
leaves 4-8 feet long, with gray-green sheath of coastal plain forest near sea level a t west end
6-12 inches, with petiole of 8-20 inches, and of Mona Island. Except for a record from Do-
many narrow segments to 18 inches long and 1 minica, this is the eastern limit of range, an
inch wide, parallel-veined, dark yellow green extension of about 40 miles from Saona Island
above and paler beneath, those toward middle off the southeast coast of Hispaniola. Possibly
longest ; (3) many small greenish-yellow flow- a n accidental natural introduction, such as from
ers 8/8 inch across, mostly bisexual, and few seed by a bird, or less likely by man. Or the tree
male, consisting of stalk of 4/8-%e inch, minute might be the survivor of a nearly extinct colony.
3-lobed calyx, 3 spreading petals, 6 stamens, Absent from Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands.
abanico, tyre-palm Coccothrinaz alta (0.
F . Cook) Beccari
Immature fruits (lower right), natural size.

75
PALM FAMILY (PALMAE)
RA~G~.-upper Florida Keys (where first dis- specific name honors the discoverer, Charles
covered and very rare), Bahamas, Cuba, His- Sprague Sargent (1841-1927), United States
paniola, Mona, and Dominica ; also southeastern dendrologist and director of the Arnold Arbo-
Mexico and British Honduras. OTHERCOMMON retum of Harvard University. West Indian
NAMES.--cache0 (Dominican Republic) ; palma plants have been distinguished as a variety or
de Guinea (Cuba) ; Florida' cherrypalm, Sar- subspecies (var. saonae (0.F. Cook) Read ; Ps.
gent cherrypalm, cherrypalm (United States) ; saottae 0. F. Cook).
hog palmetto, hog-cabbage (Bahamas). The

269. Palma real cubana, Cuban royalpalm Roystonea rebin (H.B.K.) 0. F. Cook*

Cuban royalpalm is planted occasionally in The flowers on the trunk below the leaves de-
Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands but much velop within a large narrow brown cylindric
less frequently than the native species, No. 9, sheath (spathe) more than 3 feet long and 4
Puerto Rican royalpalm (Roustonea bori?tquena inches or more in diameter, which opens in 2
0. F. Cook). The introduced species is recog- parts. The flower cluster (panicle) is a much
nized by its tall stout trunk of uniform diam- branched rounded whitish mass 3 feet or more
eter either not enlarged above the base or only in length and width. There are many small
slightly so. Other distinguishing character- white stalkless flowers along straight slender
istics are: (1) the gray smooth trunk with branches, male and female (monoecious) . Male
horizontal rings ; (2) the green column or collar flowers consist of 3 minute sepals and 3 pointed
(crownshaft) of leaf sheaths about 4 feet high petals % inch long united a t base, 6-9 spreading
a t apex of trunk; (3) very large pinnate leaves stamens, and rudimentary pistil. The smaller
crowded a t apex of trunk, forming an umbrella- female flowers have 3 sepals, tubular corolla
shaped crown (lower leaves not drooping as in with 3 pointed lobes and bearing 6 short sterile
the native species) ; (4) many small white flow- stamens (staminodes) inside, and pistil with
ers % inch long on the trunk below the leaves ovary and 3 styles. The numerous dry mealy
from a narrow cyclindric bud more than 3 feet fruits (like a drupe) are oblong or rounded,
long; and (5) fruits oblong or rounded, 1h inch with calyx at base. Seed 1, rounded, hard and
long, dull dark purple or reddish brown, 1- oily. Flowering and fruiting continuously
seeded. through the year.
Medium-sized to tall introduced palm becom- Where this palm is native, the oily seeds have
ing 60 feet in height. The stout trunk about served to fatten hogs and chickens. Beads have
feet in diameter has many minute short air been made from the seeds. Also, the leaves serve
roots a t the enlarged base and is smooth, with- for thatch, fencing, and walls. Slabs of lumber
out spines or old leaf bases, with thick hard are cut from the trunks. The flowers attract
outer part. The bud is composed of a narrow bees.
vertical growing leaf. At the base of the crown This palm is planted for ornament and as a
there is often a dead basal leaf hanging down. street tree in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Is-
The alternate pinnate leaves 10-13 feet long lands a t low altitudes near the coast but is not
consist of a smooth green sheath that surrounds common. Recorded from St. Croix, St. Thomas,
the trunk like a collar (crownshaft) and the and St. John. Mostly confined to cities but may
stout grooved axis bearing many stalkless leaf- escape from cultivation. Popular in parks and
lets in irregular double rows on both sides. The gardens elsewhere.
narrow (linear) leaflets are more than 2 feet R A N G E . - N ~ ~ ~ofv ~Cuba but introduced in
long and about 1inch inches) wide and other tropical regions.
end in a long point divided into 2 unequal OTHERCOMMON N A M E S . - P B ~ ~ ~real (Puerto
points. They are thick and leathery, parallel- Rico, Spanish) ; palma de yaguas, palma de
veined, hairless, not toothed, and green on both yagua cubana (Puerto Rico) ; royalpalm (Eng-
surfaces. The lowest and oldest leaf dies and lish) ;konningspalm (Dutch Antilles).
Possibly not distinct from Florida royalpalm
hangs down from the trunk, finally separating (Roystonea elata (Bartr.) F. Harper), of
completely and falling, leaving a smooth ring Florida, which has rounded fruits nearly a s
scar. The growing immature leaf is erect like a thick as long. Both are planted in southern
needle and often curves slightly toward the di- Florida along avenues and for framing large
rection of the wind. buildings.
269. Palma real cubana, Cuban royalpalm Roysto~zearegia (H.B.K.) 0. Cook *
Male flowers (lower left), fruits (lower right), natural size.

77
PALM FAMILY (PALMAE)
270. Hispaniola palmetto Sabal Qomingensis Beccari*
This species apparently is the ornamental many fruits (drupes) rounded or obovoid,
fan-palm introduced on St. Croix and St. x-:yLinch in diameter. The leaves have served
Thomas and formerly referred to Bermuda pal- the same purposes as the native Puerto Rican
metto (S. b e m u d a m Bailey, S. blackburn- relative, No. 10, Palma de sombrero or Puerto
ianum Glazebrook), of Bermuda, and known Rico palmetto (S. causiarum (0. F. Cook) Bec-
also a s S. umbraculifera (Jacq.) Mart., a re- cari). Straw hats have been made from the
jected name. Characterized by: (1) the stout young leaves, and baskets and mats from the
trunk with petiole bases often persistent nearly leaf fibers. RANGE.-N~~~v~ of Hispaniola.
to base; (2) large fan-shaped leaves with Introduced in Virgin Islands and other islands
blades 6-8 feet in diameter, gray green, and of West Indies and from Florida to Louisiana
petiole as long or longer; (3) flower clusters and California and southward through tropical
(panicles) at leaf bases commonly shorter than continental America. OTHER COMMON NAMES.
petioles, much branched and bearing many --cans, palma cana (Dominican Republic).
small whitish flowers 3/10 inch long; and (4)
271. Palma de eecoba, brittle thatchpalm Thrinaz morrisii H. Wendl.

This small palm of limestone hills and cliffs cupshaped calyx is y8 inch long; with 6 teeth;
is distinguished from the other native palms the 6 stamens united a t base on tube ;and orange
by: (1) fan-shaped leaves with leafstalks 2-3 1-celled ovary with stout style and funnel-
feet long and split a t base; (2) leaf blades 2-4 shaped flat stigma. The fruit contains whitish
feet long and broad, without a midrib, deeply bitter flesh and 1 rounded shiny dark brown
split about to middle into many narrow seg- seed nearly s/l, inch in diameter, smooth and
ments which are shiny green above and silvery not grooved on surface. Flowering and fruiting
white scaly beneath; (2) large much branched seasonally or irregularly.
flower clusters about 3-6 feet long with short The wood is hard and lightweight, with soft
drooping branches bearing many very short- pith toward center.
stalked small white flowers about 4/8 inch long; Common locally on limestone hills and cliffs,
and (3) round whitish fruit (drupe) about 3/ln and often in crevices of bare rock outcrops.
inch in diameter, with 1round seed smooth and Dry and moist limestone regions of Puerto Rico
not grooved on surface. from sea level to 1,000 feet altitude. Especially
Usually shrubby and less than 15 feet tall, common in the dry southwestern areas and also
this small palm has unbranched slender smooth on coastal sands. Also Mona, Muertos, and
trunk 3-6 inches in diameter, columnar or Vieques. Rare at West End, Anegada, accord-
slightly enlarged above. The narrow crown a t ing to Britton and Wilson.
apex consists of alternate spreading leaves, the Sometimes planted for ornament in Puerto
upper ones erect and lower ones drooping. The Rico. As the common name indicates, the leaves
gray trunk is rough with coarse vertical cracks are used in making brooms (also thatch) and
and is covered with old dead leaves a t apex and have supported local industries.
often a mass of fine rootlets a t base. PUBLIC FORESTS.-Guajataca, Guitnica, Rio
Leafstalks are %-% inch wide, flattened Abajo, Suslia, Vega.
above and obscurely ridged beneath, hairy RANGE.-Southern Florida including Florida
when young, and pale blue green. When old the Keys, Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Mona,
leafstalks split in middle and hang against the Puerto Rico, Vieques, Anegada, Anguilla, and
trunk. The fan-shaped light green blades, Barbuda. Reported also from Mexico (Yucatirn)
hairy beneath when young, have a thick blunt- and British Honduras.
pointed ligule (hastula) less than 1 inch long OTHER COMMON NAMES.-yaray, pandereta,
and wide at apex of leafstalk, lined with white palma de cojollo (Puerto Rico) ; guano de
hairs a t least when young. The leathery seg- sierra, miraguano, palmita (Cuba) ; brittle
ments, mostly 2-forked or split a t apex, are thatchpalm, small-fruited thatchpalm, peaberry
1%-2 inches wide in middle of blade, while palm (United States) ;buffalo-top (Bahamas) ;
those at base are shorter and only l/g inch wide. broom-palm (Anguilla) .
The flower cluster (spadix or panicle) 2-6 BOTANICAL S Y N O N Y M S . - T ~ ~ ~micro-
~~X
feet long is attached among the leaves. Along carpa Sarg., T. ponceana 0.F. Cook.
side branches many long and narrow, boat- First collected at Anguilla in 1890 by Daniel
shaped sheaths (spathes), leathery and densely Morris (1844-1933), British specialist in trop-
scaly, especially toward apex, enclose the young ical economic botany, who worked in Jamaica
flowers. The slightly fragrant flowers are borne and other islands of the West Indies.
on very short thick disklike stalks. The white
271. Palma de escoba, brittle thatchpalm Thrinax morrisii H. Wendl.
Portion of leaf showing base of Made and l i y l e (above), natural size.
PALM FAMILY (PALMAE)
272. Jamaica thatchpnlm Thrinnx multiflorn Mart.*
This closely related small fan-pallh has been flower clusters about 3 feet long bearing along
introduced and planted sparingly as an orna- side branches many crowded flowers 1/8 inch
mental in Puerto Rico. I t is a small tree to 20 long on distinct short stalks of '/,(;-v8inch ; and
feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter. Dis- (3) whitish dry round fruits (drupes) l/s inch
tinguishing characters are : (1) fanlike leaves in diameter. RANGE.-Hispaniola, Cuba, Ja-
3 feet or more in diameter, slightly lighter be- maica, Bahamas, southern Florida, Mexico, and
neath, divided halfway to center into narrow British Honduras. OTHER COMMON NAMES.-
segments to 1%inches wide, with long-pointed peaberry palm (English) ; bullhead thatch, sea
ligule (hastula) and leafstalks of 2-3 feet; (2) thatch (Jamaica).

LILY FAMILY (LILIACEAE)

Mostly perennial herbs, often with bulbs or showy, often large and white, bisexual, regular,
tubers, sometimes shrubs or small trees, known composed of 3 sepals and 3 petals nearly equal
by : ( 1 ) the trees and shrubs with stout trunk and mostly separate, mostly 6 stamens separate
unbranched or with few branches ending in or attached to corolla, and pistil with mostly
crowded narrowed pointed leaves; (2) leaves 3-celled ovary usually superior, with many
generally alternate, narrow, and entire, paral- ovules, usually 1style, and 3-lobed stigma; and
lel-veined; (3) flowers mostly clustered and (4) fruit a capsule or berry with many seeds.
Key to species
A. Leaves slightly thick, soft and curved, 2 x 4 inches wide, with midrib and many fine parallel side veins, ending
in Ion point-273. Dracaem fragran6.j
AA. Leaves Phlck, stiff and straight, grooved above, less than 2% inches wide, without visible veins, ending in long
sharp spine or oint-Yzicca.
B. Leaves I%-!?% feet long, ending in long sharp spine; fruit n capsule 3 4 % inches long-2'74. Yucca aloi-
folia..
BB. Leaves 23 feet long, ending in long weak point; fruit fleshy, to 4 inches long-275. Yucca gloriosa.*

273. Dracaena Dracnena f rngrans Ker. *

This palmlike ornamental seldom flowering Flower clusters (panicles) are terminal and
in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands is char- branched, 1-2 feet long, bearing heads of many
acterized by: (1) trunk slender and mostly fragrant flowers on stalks of 1/1(1-1/8 inch. Flow-
unbranched; (2) many long lance-shaped or ers composed of funnel-shaped yellow calyx
narrowly oblong leaves, parallel-veined, soft, about inch long with narrow tube and 6
spreading and curved down, crowded a t and narrow lobes 1h inch long; no petals; 6 stamens
near top of trunk; (3) many yellowish funnel- inserted within tube and alternate with lobes;
shaped flowers about %, inch long crowded in and pistil with 3-celled ovary, long threadlike
heads or balls of ly2 inches in branched style, and slightly 3-lobed flat stigma. Fruits
clusters ; and (4) many rounded orange berries (berries) many, clustered near ends of
I,&:)!& inch in diameter, with 1round seed. branches, round, y2-:)!& inch in diameter, green,
An evergreen planted shrub or small tree 15- turning orange, with base of style a t apex, thin,
30 feet high with slender erect trunk 1-4 inches slightly sweet flesh, and 1 rounded yellowish
or more in diameter, mostly unbranched or v2
seed nearly inch in diameter.
with few erect branches, becoming curved and Abundant as an ornamental shrub or small
spreading in age. Trunk and branches light tree in residential areas a t all altitudes in
gray, smooth to slightly fissured. Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Noted from
Leaves alternate but crowded, spreading and Culebra, Vieques, St. Croix, and St. Thomas.
curved down, 2-3 feet long and 2%-4 inches One common variety (var. massangeana Hort. )
wide, with margins straight and parallel, grad- has leaves with a broad yellow stripe along the
ually narrowed to clasping base, wider beyond center. Grown in borders, fences, hedges, and
middle, and narrowed into long point a t apex, elsewhere also as a windbreak. Propagated
slightly thick and leathery, and hairless. The vegetatively from cut segments of trunks.
shiny or dull green upper surface has indistinct Horticultural varieties of this and related spe-
cies have been grown in Puerto Rico and
grooved midvein and many fine parallel side shipped to florists in continental United States
veins, the lower surface dull light green. Horti- for decorative plants. Also in southern Florida
cultural varieties have stripes and markings and northward grown as potted plants.
of yellow or greenish white. RANGE.-Native of eastern tropical Africa.
273. Dracaena Dracae3m f ragans Ker.'
Leaf (left), flowers and fruits (upper right), two-thirds natural size; plant (center right), much reduced.

81
LILY FAMILY (LILIACEAE)
Widely cultivated through the tropics and be- usually 3-8 feet high or treelike have un-
coming naturalized. branched slender ringed stems. At apex there
OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-+oCO macaco (DO- are many crowded large narrowly oblong leaves
minican Republic), dracaena, fragrant dra- 1-1y2 feet long and 1-31h2 inches wide, curved
caena (English) ; white ray0 (Trinidad) ; sang- and parallel-veined, with petiole of 4 6 inches.
dragon (Guadeloupe) . The leaves have different shades of red and
Shrubs of the closely related genus Cordyline purple. Many varieties are distinguished by
are commonly grown for their ornamental foli- shades and patterns of leaf color. The flowers
age around houses and gardens and as fences are about inch long, white to reddish, and
in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Most of
these plants probably are horticultural varie- the fruit a large red berry with several seeds.
ties of Cord~linefruticosa (L.) A. Chev.* (C. COT-d~llineis known also by the English common
terminalis (L.) Kunth, Dracaena terminalis name dracaena and in southern Florida and
L.) of tropical Asia. These unbranched shrubs Hawaii as ti (pronounced tee).

274. Bayonets, Spanish bayonet, aloe yucca Yrrcca aloifolia L. *

This ornamental species of yucca or Spanish Uncommonly planted in gardens and borders
bayonet is characterized by: (1) stout trunks and along roadsides and beaches; coastal plain
sometimes branched, to 20 feet high and 4 of Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, including
inches in diameter ; (2) long bayonetlike leaves the larger islands. Tolerant of salt and suitable
crowded in upper part of trunks, 12-20 inches for planting on coastal sands and dunes. Easily
long and 1-1:$$. inches wide, flat, thick and stiff, propagated from sprouts. The plants are often
bordered by minute teeth and ending in a long decorated by half of an egg shell added to the
sharp brown spine, the dead leaves persistent; spiny tip of each leaf. The sharp points can be
(3) masses of white flowers 3-4 inches across removed from young leaves with pruning
the 6 spreading fleshy sepals ; and (4) fruit an shears.
elliptic blackish berry 3-3% inches long, rarely Sometimes grown as a living fence. I t is re-
produced. ported that the flowers of this species have
Large shrub or small tree, evergreen, with served elsewhere as salad and those of other
stout erect trunk, often clustered with several species eaten fried, also that the fleshy fruits
sprouts. Upper part covered by crowded dead of this and related species are edible.
leaves, which turn light brown and hang down- Pollination of yucca flowers by a particular
ward. Lower part of trunk exposed, brown, be- small whitish moth (Pronuba) is necessary for
coming fissured or scaly. The trunk has a dark formation of seeds. Thus, seeds normally are
brown outer layer 1/,, inch thick and is soft not produced outside the natural range.
whitish within, fibrous and almost tasteless. R A ~ ~ ~ . h T a t i of
v e southeastern United
Leaves alternate, crowded at top of trunks, States along the coast mainly in sand dunes,
without petiole, narrowly lanceolate, stiff and from North Carolina to northern Florida and
thick, grooved or curved above, without visible Louisiana, also in Bermuda, Bahamas, Cuba,
veins, dull green on both surfaces. and southeastern Mexico. Introduced else-
Flower clusters (panicles) 1+2 feet or where in West Indies and continental tropical
more in length, erect, bearing many flowers America north to southern Arizona and spread-
composed of calyx of 6 spreading blunt-pointed ing from cultivation.
fleshy sepals about 1y2 inches long, white or OTHER COMMON NAMES.-bayoneta (Span-
sometimes purple tinged, 6 stamens, and pistil ish) ; espino, flor de Jericd (Dominican Repub-
with slightly stalked oblong slightly 3-angled lic) ; espino, piR6n de puiial, maguey silvestre
3-celled ovary and 6-lobed stigma. The nodding (Cuba) ; Spanish bayonet, aloe yucca (United
fleshy fruits have purplish black pulp without States) ; Spanish dagger (Jamaica) ; bayo-
a central core and do not open. Seeds many, nette, pinguin (Haiti) ; sward-plant (Ba-
rounded, flat, black, about 1/4, inch across. Flow- hamas).
ers a t various times during year, especially Several cultivated varieties with colored and
spring and summer. striped leaves have been distinguished.
 274. Bayoneta, Spanish bayonet, aloe yucca Yzccca aloifolia
Flowers (above), leaf (right), two-thirds natural size.
'>
LILY FAMILY (LILIACEAE) /

275. Bayoneta, Spanish bayonet, bulbstem yucc!a Yucca elephantipes Regel*

This planted Spanish bayonet or yucca is long, 6 white stamens opposite the sepals, and
distinguished by : (1) stout trunks sometimes pistil with oblong slightly 3-angled 3-celled
branched, to 20 feet high and 9 inches in diam- ovary, many ovules, short style, and 6-lobed
eter, with swollen base; (2) long swordlike or stigma. The fruits have white or yellowish
bayonetlike leaves crowded and spreading a t flesh, many flat rounded black seeds nearly
end of trunks, 2-3 feet long and mostly I?/?- % inch across, and do not split open. Flower-
2V2 inches wide, concave, slightly thickened ing in spring.
and stiff, rough on edges, and ending in a long In Mexico and Central America the young
weak point; (3) showy masses of large white flowers with pleasant or slightly bitter flavor
bell-shaped flowers about 3 inches across the 6 are popular vegetables, for example, eaten fried
spreading fleshy sepals ;and (4) oblong whitish with eggs, in stews, or raw in salads. The leaves
fleshy berry fruits to 4 inches long, rarely pro- can be split into strips like twine and were the
duced. No. 274, Bayoneta, Spanish bayonet, source of a fiber for the Indians. The plants
aloe yucca, Yucca aloifoliu L.,* has shorter, have been grown elsewhere in tall hedges and
stiffer, sharp-pointed leaves and the trunk not on steep roadside banks for erosion control.
swollen a t base. Propagated by sprouts, cuttings, and seeds.
Large shrub or small tree, evergreen, with 1 Cultivated for ornament in gardens, near
to several trunks, often clustered with sprouts. houses, and along roadsides near coasts. Com-
Trunk gray, rough, fissured, becoming swollen mon in St. Croix; uncommon in Puerto Rico,
or broad a t base. The thin outer layer is St. Thomas, and others in Virgin Islands. Popu-
slightly bitter, and within is white starchy tis- lar in Florida because the leaf tips are soft and
sue with taste of raw potato. harmless, not sharp.
The leaves are alternate but crowded, nar- PUBLIC FOREST.-Estate Thomas.
rowly lanceolate, widest near middle and grad- RANGE.-N~~~V of~ Mexico and Central
ually narrowed toward the stalkless spreading America and widely distributed in cultivation
base and toward the weak point, rough on edges north to southern Arizona and south to Costa
with minute teeth, hairless, without visible Rica and Panama. Perhaps spread by the
veins, dull dark green on both surfaces. Older Indians.
leaves drooping, becoming straw colored and OTHER COMMON ~AM~~.-palmita,palma,
eventually shedding. yuc (Mexico) ; izote (Central America) ; pal-
mera (Guatemala) ; espadillo (Nicaragua) ;
The erect terminal flower clusters (panicles) itabo (Costa Rica) ; palmito, espinero (Pan-
are about 2 feet long and much branched. The ama) ; Spanish bayonet, Spanish dagger, bulb-
many nodding short-stalked flowers are com- stem yucca, spineless yucca (English).
posed of calyx of 6 spreading elliptic blunt- The scientific name meaning elephant's foot
pointed white fleshy sepals about 1% inches refers to the enlarged base of the stout trunk.
275. Bayoneta, Spanish bayonet, bulbstem yucca Yucca elephantipes Regel *
Flowers (upper left), leaf (right), two-thirds natural size.
 BANANA FAMILY (MUSACEAE)
Mostly herbs, often large and treelike, rarely cluster (monoecious) , each above a large long-
palmlike trees with unbranched trunk (Rave- pointed scale or bract, irregular, composed of
nu&), known by: (1) very large alternate 3 sepals and 3 petals of unequal size and some-
leaves often in 2 rows, entire but becoming times united, stamens 6 or 5 and 1 staminode,
torn, with stout midvein and many parallel and pistil with inferior 3-celled ovary with axile
straight side veins, with base of petiole form- placentation and 1t o many ovules in each cell,
ing sheath around stem ; (2) large flowers in style, and usually 3 stigmas; and (3) fruit a
large clusters (mostly spikes or panicles), bi- 3-celled capsule or long berry, the seeds often
sexual or male above and female below in same with covering (aril) .

276. Arb01 del viajero, travelers-tree Rauenrtlc mndngascariensis Sonn. *

Travelers-tree is a distinctive introduced downward about 2 feet or more. Light green
ornamental easily recognized by.: (1) the un- boatlike scales (bracts) 7-9 or more, 1-ly2
branched, ringed, palmlike trunk; (2) very feet long, spread in 2 rows and bear several
large, long-stalked bananalike leaves erect and large irregular whitish flowers. Each flower is
spreading in 2 rows on a single vertical plane composed of 3 narrow stiff sepals 6-8 inches
like a giant fan; (3) flower clusters shorter long; 3 separate petals, 1 short and 2 like the
than the leaves, with many boatlike scales bear- sepals forming a sheath; 6 stamens 4-5 inches
ing several large whitish flowers 6-8 inches long; and pistil with inferior 3-celled ovary,
long; and (4) fruit a brown cylindric hard many ovules, slender style, and 3-lobed stigma.
capsule with many deep blue seeds. The hard brown capsule about 3 inches long
Evergreen palmlike planted tree to 40 feet and 1% inches wide is slightly 3-angled and
high, with unbranched trunk 6-12 inches in splits into 3 parts. Seeds many, elliptic, about
diameter, smoothish and slightly fissured, light :% inch long. With flowers and fruits more or
brown, slightly roughened by the narrowed and less continuously.
raised rings about 2 inches apart. Beneath the The large flowers are adapted to pollination
thin dark brown outer layer is whitish soft by birds. While sucking nectar, birds cause the
tasteless stem tissue. stamens to spring open from the petals and
The crown borne a t the upper end of the scatter the pollen on feathers for a ride to
trunk is an erect giant,fan or half circle 10-15 anoiher flower.
feet or more in height and nearly twice as wide, Travelers-tree is occasionally planted for
composed of 20 or fewer large bananalike ornament and in gardens chiefly in the moist
whitish-green leaves erect and spreading in 2 lowlands of Puerto Rico, and in moist areas
rows along a vertical plane. At the base of the through the tropics including Florida and
leaves are concave sheaths about 2 feet long, southern California. Propagated by seeds and
pressed tightly together, then the stout spread- divisions.
ing petioles 3-5 feet or more in length, some- The leaf sheaths or bases contain clear
times to 10 feet. The bananalike oblong blades watery sap, which can be extracted and drunk
are 4-7 feet or more in length and 2-2y2 feet by puncturing a hole near the base with a knife.
wide, whitish green and slightly thickened and This source of water for travelers is said to be
leathery, with straight margin slightly nar- the origin of the name. Any persons planning
rowed from the notched base to the blunt apex. excursions into the forests of the island of
From the stout slightly sunken midrib are Madagascar, where this tree grows wild, may
many parallel almost straight side veins ex- wish to remember this drink. I t is reported that
tending a t a right angle. The margin becomes the blue covering of the seeds is edible.
torn into segments along the veins. The oldest, Il~NGE.-Native of Madagascar. Widely
lowest leaves bend and turn yellow to brown, planted for ornament through the moist trop-
breaking off above the sheath, which gradually ics.
weathers away irregularly, finally leaving a OTHER COMMON NAMES.-arb01 del viajero,
smoothish ring scar around the trunk. palma de viajero (Puerto Rico, Spanish) ;
The large heavy flower clusters (spikes) are palma de abanico (Dominican Republic) ;
borne singly among the leaf sheaths and project waaierpalm, waaierpisang (Dutch Antilles).
276. Arbol del viajero, travelers-tree Ravenala ntadagascariensis Sonn.*
Tree with fruits (much reduced).
 CASUARINA FAMILY (CASUARINACEAE*)

Trees and shrubs, known by: (1) many calyx and corolla, the male whorled along an
drooping green very slender twigs like pine axis (spike) and composed of 1 stamen and 2
needles or wires, with longitudinal lines and minute scales, and the female in small balls
many jointed nodes ; (2) minute scalelike leaves composed of pistil, 2 minute scales, and supe-
4-16 in a whorl forming a sheath and ring; (3) rior 1(2)-celled ovary with 2 ovules and 2 long
many minute crowded dark red flowers, male styles; and (4) multiple fruit like a ball or cone,
and female on the same plant (monoecious) or hard and woody with many minute winged
different plants (dioecious) , regular, without seeds. Also vol. 1, p. 48.
Key to species
A. Twigs most1 3-7 inches long, very slender, somewhat less than %- inch in diameter; scale leaves 8-10 in a
ring; con&ke fruits about % inch in diameter-278. Casttaritta nivtwingharnia~tn.*
AA. Twigs more than 9 inches long, slender, about J!v:! inch in diameter; conelike fruits more than inch in
diameter.
B. Scale leaves 68 in a ring; conelike fruits %-?4 inch in diameter-11. Casuarinn, Australian beef\vood.
horsetail casuarina, Casuariaa eqtciseti olia L.*
I
BR. Scale leaves mostly 12-14 in a ring; cone ike fruits %-I inch in diameter-277. C ~ s ~ t a r i ncrhtatn.'
a

277. Casuarina, scalyhark caeuarina Casunrina crisrnrn Miq. *

A medium-sized evergreen tree 60 feet high Puerto Rico. The trees grow very fast. In
and 1% feet in trunk diameter with pointed South Florida this species with spreading roots
dense crown, distinguished by : (1) blackish is rated a s excellent for windbreaks and screens
scaly rough bark; (2) very long wiry drooping or barriers against noise and dust, also suitable
gray-green twigs 9-13 inches long and only vi2 for shade in large areas. A distinctive feature
inch in diameter, jointed and grooved, the is the ability to spread by abundant suckers or
nodes about inch apart; (3) leaves about 12- sprouts from horizontal roots around a tree.
14 minute brown scales in a ring (whorled) ; These root suckers can be undesirable except
and (4) many minute light brown flowers, the in pastures. In Florida, sucker-free plants are
male crowded in narrow cylindric terminal produced by grafting upon stocks of No. 11,
clusters %,-y8inch long. The fruits, which are
dark reddish brown hard conelike balls Y2-1 horsetail casuarina, Casua?itzaequisetifolia L.*
inch in diameter, are not produced in Puerto OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-pino australiano, pino
Rico (or Florida), reportedly because female de Australia (Puerto Rico, Spanish) ; Aus-
trees a r e absent. This native species of Aus- tralian-pine (United States). BOTANICAL SYNO-
tralia has been introduced experimentally in ~ ~ ~ . - C a s u a ~ ilepidopltloia
tza F . Muell.

278. Caeuarina, Cunningham asuarina Casuarinlr crtrrninghnminnn Mi+*

This tree resembles a pine because of its thin, smoothish but becoming rough and furrowed,
pointed crown of needlelike twigs replacing the inner bark light brown and slightly bitter.
leaves. I t is recognized by: (1) long wiry The drooping wirelike twigs are mostly 3-7
drooping gray-green twigs like pine needles, inches long, with joints or rings less than $&
somewhat less than s2 inch in diameter, inch apart, older branches brown and smooth
jointed and grooved; (2) leaves reduced to 8- to rough.
10 tiny brown scales in a ring; (3) many The tiny pointed leaves are 8-10 a t a node
crowded minute light brown flowers, male in
narrow terminal clusters %-YI. inch long and
(whorled), less than v;,
inch long. The wire-
like twigs remain green and function like leaves
female lateral in balls of 4/8-1/j, inch on other in manufacturing food and in shedding gradu-
trees (dioecious) ;and (4) small brown or gray ally. The main twigs '/1,, inch or more in diam-
ball fruits, hard and conelike, about 1% inch in eter do not shed, turn from pale green to brown,
diameter, sometimes to %1 inch. Distinguished and bear larger scale leaves to 48 inch long.
from related species by the smaller cones and The light brown male flower clusters
very slender wiry twigs. (spikes) are less than 1/8 inch wide. Tiny male
A medium-sized evergreen tree to 50 feet flowers crowded in rings within grayish scales
high with straight trunk 1 foot in diameter consist of 1 exposed brown stamen less than I/u
and ascending branches. The bark is brown, inch long with 2 minute scalelike brown sepals
CASUARINA FAMILY (CASUARINACEAE" )
a t base. The short-stalked balls of female Kinus in Australia, also the most cold hardy.
flowers are more than inch across the This species is adapted to subtropical moun-
spreading dark red styles. Crowded female tains and is planted north to Florida, southern
flowers within gray scales lack sepals but have Arizona, and California, in the interior pla-
a pistil less than 1/) inch long with small ovary teaus of Mexico, through the northern Andes,
and long threadlike dark red style. The cone- and south to Argentina and Chile. In central
like multiple fruit is composed of long broad and south Florida it is recommended for shade,
hard points of 1/R inch, each developed from a shelter, and windbreaks but not in cities, be-
flower. The individual fruit nearly % inch cause of the large root systems and space
long opens in 2 parts a t maturity to release 1 needed.
light brown winged seed (akene) less than l/s OTHER COMMON NAMES.-pino australiano,
inch long. pino de Australia (Puerto Rico, Spanish) ;
The hard heavy wood is composed of light river-oak casuarina (English) ; Cunningham
brown sapwood and reddish brown heartwood. Australian-pine, Australian-pine, Australian
This species has been tested in Puerto Rico beefwood (United States) ; casuarina cava-
in windbreaks but is suitable also for ornament linha (Brazil).
and shade, having very fast growth. Perhaps Casuarina is not related to the true pines,
better suited to the mountains than the coast. which also have been introduced into Puerto
Elsewhere the plants have been pruned as Rico. The wiry drooping twigs like needles
hedges or living fences, also employed in re- obviously are the source of the common names
forestation. pine and pino.
Reported to attain the largest size in the

PEPPER FAMILY (PIPERACEAE)

Shrubs, small trees, also herbs, known by: greenish, opposite a leaf, mostly bisexual, reg-
(1) branches and twigs green with rings and ular, without calyx or corolla, with 1-10 sta-
enlarged nodes; (2) leaves mostly alternate mens and pistil with superior 1-celled ovary
simple, entire, pinnate- or palmate-veined, aro- containing 1 ovule, style (sometimes none),
matic, with spicy flavor and odor, with stipules and 1-5 stigmas; and (4) fruit (drupe or
united to petiole; (3) minute flowers crowded berry) minute and greenish, 1-seeded. Also
in fleshy cordlike cluster (spike), yellow or vol. 1,p. 50.
Key to species
A. Leaves ovate to elliptic, with 5 main veins from base-279. Piper amalago.
AA. Leaves elliptic to Ianceolate, with 1 midrib.
B. Leaves elliptic, thin, with sides sli htl unequal at base, with long curved side veins.
C. Leaves with 1 or 3 long curvet si% veins from near base on each side of midvein; flower cluster e m t
-280. Piper blattamm.
CC. Leaves with several long curved side veins along midvein; flower cluster curved-12. Himillo, Piper
aduncttm L.
RR. Leaves lanceolate, thick and stifP, oblique and with very unequal sides at base, with several short nearly
straight side veins-281. Piper tubermlatum.

279. H i y i l l o de lim6n Piper amalago L.

This common species is recognized as an An evergreen shrub, sometimes becoming
higuillo or pepper by the enlarged, ringed treelike and 18 feet high. The trunk to 3 inches
joints (nodes), the tiny flowers and fruits in diameter is green and smooth, with many
crowded in cordlike lateral axes (spikes) op- dotlike brown warts (lenticels) . The twigs are
posite the l a f bases, and the peppery taste and green, slightly zigzag, finely hairy with en-
pungent or disagreeable odor of leaves, fruits, larged ringed joints (nodes).
and seeds. Distinguishing characteristics of The leaves are alternate in 2 rows and with
this species include: (1) the leaves ovate to finely hairy green petioles about l/(r inch long.
elliptic, palmate-veined with 5 main veins from Blades are 3-6 inches long, 1Y2-31b2 inches
the rounded, slightly unequal base; (2) the wide, thin, long-pointed a t apex, not toothed
cordlike flower clusters nearly straight, erect, on borders, with minute gland dots visible
2-3Y2 inches long, of minute flowers not borne under a lens against the light, the upper sur-
in rings or spirals; and (3) the distinct egg- face slightly shiny green to dark green, hair-
shaped fruits about %,, inch long. less, and with slightly sunken veins, the lower
279. Higuillo de lim6n Piper amalago L.
Natural size.

91
PEPPER FAMILY (PIPERACEAE)
surface dull light green and minutely hairy on Puerto Rico. Also in Vieques, St. Croix, St.
veins. Thomas, St. John, and Tortola.
The nearly straight erect flower clusters PUBLICFORESTS AND PARK.-Cambalache,
(spikes) are borne singly opposite a leaf, light Carite, Guajataca, Guilarte, Luquillo, Maricao,
yellow, and more than ?/1, inch in diameter. Rio Abajo, Susfia, Toro Negro, Vega; Virgin
The very many minute flowers, each less than Islands.
$5.) inch long, consist of 6 or fewer stamens, RANGE.-Greater Antilles and through
pistil with 3 stigmas, and 1 greenish-yellow Lesser Antilles to Barbados and Trinidad. Also
hairy scale (bract). Fruits (drupes) are from Mexico and British Honduras to Costa
crowded but distinct, pointed with stigmas a t Rica.
apex, and contain 1 seed. Flowering and fruit- OTHER COMhlON NA~~s.-higuillo oloroso
ing throughout the year. (Puerto Rico) ; guayuyo (Dominican Repub-
Elsewhere the leaves and flower clusters are lic) ; cordoncillo (Mexico, Central America) ;
used in folk medicine. anisillo (Nicaragua) ; alcotin (Costa Rica) ;
Common in openings and thickets, lower cirio, anisette (Haiti) ; malimb6 (Guadeloupe,
Cordillera, lower Luquillo, and moist limestone Martinique) .
forests from sea level to 2,000 feet altitude in BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-^^^^^ medium Jacq.

280. Higuillo Piper bhtarum Spreng.

Like the others of the genus, this uncommon green with sunken veins, the lower surface
species confined to Puerto Rico has enlarged light green and slightly shiny, with prominent
ringed joints (nodes), tiny flowers and fruits veins.
in cordlike lateral axes a t leaf bases, and the The slender, curved flower clusters (spikes)
peppery taste and odor of leaves, fruits, and are borne singly opposite a leaf, the axis whit-
seeds. This species is recognized by: (1) ish and more than l/s inch across the stamens.
numerous wartlike dots on the stems; (2) the The minute fragrant whitish flowers less than
pleasantly aromatic leaves elliptic, short- 1/10 inch across consist of 3-5 stamens, pistil
pointed a t both ends, and pinnate-veined with with 2-4 (usually 3) stigmas, and 1 minute
2 or 3 long, curved lateral veins on each side of whitish scale (bract). After flowering the axis
midrib; (3) the cordlike flower clusters slender, and developing fruits turn light green. The
curved, 3-6 inches long, whitish but becoming rounded fruits (drupes) are broader than long,
light green, the minute flowers scattered and retain stigmas at apex, and have 1seed. Flow-
not borne in rinm or spirals; and (4) the dis- ering and fruiting continuously.
tinct orange rounded fruits about '/,,$ inch in The wood is light brown and hard.
diameter. Uncommon in upper Cordillera and upper Lu-
Evergreen shrub, sometimes becoming a quillo forests, also rare in moist limestone for-
small tree 15 feet or more in height (recorded est, at 1,000-3,500 feet altitude in Puerto Rico.
to 25 feet) and 3 inches in trunk diameter. Abundant in Maricao Forest. Recorded also
The bark is light brownish gray, smooth with from St. Thomas nearly a century ago.
many minute dotlike warts (lenticels) . The PUBLIC FORESTS.-Carite, Guajataca, Gui-
light grown inner bark has a spicy odor and larte, Luquillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Toro
taste. Twigs are light green, turning to light Negro.
brown, hairless or sometimes slightly hairy,
with raised brown dots (lenticels) . RANGE.-Known only from Puerto Rico.
The leaves are alternate in 2 rows, hairless, OTHER COMMON NAME.-higuil10 ~loroso
with light green petioles a-a/, inch long. (Puerto Rico) .
Blades are 3-5y2 inches long and 11,4,-3*Y2 The odd specific name, meaning "of the
inches wide, thin, not toothed on borders, m t h roaches," refers to a note by the discoverer,
minute gland dots visible under a lens against Carlo Guiseppe Bertero, that the plant was in-
the light, the upper surface shiny green to dark fested with those insects.
280. Higuillo Piper blattarroit. Spreng.
Natural size.
PEPPER FAMILY (PIPERACEAE)

281. Higuillo Piper tuberculatum Jacq.

From the other tree species of higuillo or the upper surface dull green and nearly hair-
pepper, this rare species is distinguished by: less, with midrib and the several short lateral
(1) numerous wartlike dots on the stems; (2) veins slightly sunken, and the lower surface
the aromatic narrowly ovate or lanceolate dull light green, finely hairy, with raised veins.
leaves, thick, stiff, dull green with sunken Crushed leaves are aromatic and have a spicy
veins, almost stalkless, with oblique base %-% taste.
inch or more shorter on one side; (3) the cord- Flower clusters (spikes) a r e borne singly
like flower clusters straight and erect, 4-5 opposite a leaf. The rounded fruits (drupes)
inches long and 1/R inch in diameter, the inch in diameter are borne crowded in
minute gray-green flowers crowded in regular rings. Flowering and fruiting continuously.
rings; and (4) the fruit clusters becoming The light brown wood is soft.
yellow green and more than inch in diam- Elsewhere the plants are grown in hedges,
eter. propagated by cuttings and becoming dense
An evergreen shrub of 5-10 feet, sometimes where trimmed. Also, the fruit has served as a
vinelike or becoming treelike and 15 feet high substitute for pepper.
and 3 inches in trunk diameter. The bark is Rare in moist limestone forest a t 800-2,500
gray with prominent raised dots (lenticels) , feet altitude in Puerto Rico.
the inner bark light yellow, turning reddish, PUBLIC F~R~s~~.--Guajataca, Maricao, Rio
with spicy bitter taste. The twigs are finely Abajo.
hairy, light green when young, becoming gray R A N G E . - ~ u ~Jamaica,
~, Hispaniola, Puerto
with raised dots (lenticels) , with enlarged Rico, Guadeloupe, and Trinidad and Tobago.
ringed joints (nodes), slightly zigzag. The Also widespread from Mexico and British Hon-
bud or growing point is enclosed inside the duras to Guianas, Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador.
base of the last leaf. OTHER COMMON NAMES.--cordoncillo (Span-
The leaves are alternate in 2 rows, almost ish) ; cordoncillo negro (Guatemala) ; cordon-
stalkless. The odd rounded base of the blade is cillo blanco, chile cordoncillo (El Salvador) ;
unequal, extending almost to the twig on one guisanillo (Panama) ; pimienta (Colombia) ;
side and 1h-Y2 inch or more shorter on the guayuyo (Dominican Republic) ; Spanish-elder
other, with grooved split midrib like a petiole. (British Honduras) ; pimienta longa, pimienta
Blades are 3Y2-5 inches long and 154-2 inches de Macao (Brazil).
wide, long-pointed a t apex, turned up slightly The specific name refers to the tubercles or
from midrib, with edges slightly turned under, warts on the twigs and branches.

CHORANTHUS FAMILY (CHLORANTHACEAE)

Small trees, shrubs, and herbs, known by: conelike clusters (spikes) with 1 stamen and
(1) green fragile twigs, 4-angled with rings a t no calyx or corolla, and the few female flowers
the enlarged nodes and with large pith; (2) in groups of 2 5 together enclosed by 3 whitish
leaves (and other parts) aromatic when fleshy scales, the pistil with inferior 1-celled
crushed, opposite, simple, somewhat thick and ovary containing 1 ovule, stigma or also style,
succulent, toothed, hairless, the petioles and and 3-toothed calyx above; and (4) 2 or 3 whit-
stipules joined into a sheath and ring; (3) flow- ish juicy fruits (drupes) enclosed by 3 fleshy
ers male and female on different plants (dioe- scales. Vol. 1,p. 62.
cious; sometimes bisexual), minute, greenish, One species : 13. Azafrhn, Hedyosmzcm avbo-
regular, the many male flowers crowded in rescem Sw.
281. Higuillo Piper tuberettkatrcnr Jacq.
Fruiting t\vig (left), flowering twig (right), natural size.
 WILLOW FAMILY (SALICACEAE*)
Trees and shrubs known by : (1) plants de- mens separate or united a t base, and the female
ciduous, often aromatic; (2) leaves alternate, flower with pistil with superior l-celled ovary,
simple, mostly toothed, with stipules; (3) mi- 2-4 parietal placentas and many ovules, style,
nute flowers male and female on different and 2-4 stigmas; and (4) fruit a capsule open-
plants (dioecious), regular, crowded along an ing in 2-4 parts, containing many minute seeds
axis (spike), each above a scale, the male flower with cottony hairs. Also vol. 1,p. 54.
with cuplike disk or 1-2 glands and 1-40 sta-
Key to species
A. Leaves dull green on both surfaces, with inconspicuous side veins and broad stipules; crown narrow. with
nearly erect branches-14. Sauce, Humboldt wlllow, Snliz hiirnholdtia~taWilld.*
AA. Leaves gray green on lower surface, with visible side veins and narrow stipules; crown broad, with long droop-
ing branches-282. Saliz hn hulo>tica.*

282. Sauce Ilor6n, weeping willow Snlix bnbylonica L,:*

Weeping willow is an introduced tree some- Rico. Flowers are male and female on different
times planted as an ornamental. I t is distin- trees (dioecious) , in scaly, greenish clusters
guished by: (1) broad open irregular crown of (catkins) %,-lv4 inches long a t the end of short
side twigs. Male flowers consist of 2 stamens
spreading branches; (2) numerous very long,
very slender drooping or "weeping" vertical above a slightly hairy scale, and female flowers
yellowish green to brownish twigs; and (3) with scale a t base have a pistil composed of 1-
very narrow long-pointed, finely saw-toothed celled ovary and 2 stigmas, each 2-lobed. Seed
leaves gray green on lower surface, hanging capsules about %, inch long contain many small
down vertically from short petioles. seeds with tufts of cottony hairs.
A small to medium-sized evergreen or decidu- The sapwood is whitish and soft.
ous tree becoming 30-40 feet high and 11L2 feet Weeping willow is a handsome ornamental
in trunk diameter, with crown nearly as broad widely planted in temperate regions as a
a s the height. The bark is thick, rough, and lawn and landscape tree especially near water.
gray, deeply furrowed into long branching Easily propagated from stem cuttings and fast
ridges and exposing rusty-colored inner layers. growing. The trees, like other willows, are
Inner bark whitish, fibtous, and bitter. The adapted to moist soil, and the roots may invade
branches are smooth and greenish. Twigs hang sewers and cause damage. Thus, planting near
down vertically 3-8 feet or more, mostly un- water pipes is not recommended. The branches
branched, being too slender and too weak to are weak and brittle and easily broken by
support themselves, with minute hairs when strong winds.
young but soon hairless. Buds a t leaf bases, Planted as an ornamental, such as in ceme-
oblong, v8 inch long, light green, covered by a teries, parks, and gardens, and near water. Re-
single scale, finely hairy. ported as escaping from cultivation near Maya-
Leaves alternate, with short slender petioles guez, but not persisting.
4/8-% inch long, yellow green, finely hairy RANGE.-Native of China. Widely planted
when young, sometimes with paired narrow in mild temperate regions from United States
greenish scales (stipules) a t base. Blades very south to Argentina, also in Eurasia, escaping
narrow, linear-lanceolate, 2%-5 inches long from cultivation and becoming naturalized.
and 1/J-Ih inch wide, thin, hairless, very long- OTHERCOMMON NAMES ausc-e llor6n (Span-
pointed a t both ends, with light yellow midvein ish) ; weeping willow (English, United
and side veins fine and inconspicuous, the States) ; Babylon weeping willow (United
upper surface dull green, and the lower surface States).
gray green. Willow foliage has a slight but The scientific name referring to Babylon is
distinctive odor, especially when crushed. misleading, though the tree may have been
This species may not bear flowers in Puerto introduced there by early traders.
282. Sauce Iloriin, weeping willo\'
Leafy twig, natural size.
 WAXMYRTLE FAMILY (MYRICACEAE)
Small trees and shrubs, known by : ( 1) (spikes), regular, without calyx or corolla, each
alternate simple leaves often oblanceolate, above a scale, the male flower mostly with 4-8
toothed, and leathery, with orange or yellow (2-20) stamens sometimes united, and the fe-
resinous dots, very aromatic when crushed, male flower with pistil composed of superior
mostly without stipules; (2) minute greenish 1-celled ovary with 1 ovule and 2-forked style;
or yellowish flowers, mostly male and female on and (3) fruit (drupe) small rounded whitish,
the same plant (monoecious) or different covered with wax, 1-seeded.
plants (dioecious) , in short lateral clusters
Key to species
A. Leaves 1%-2% inches long, oblanceolnte, coarsely toothed above middle, slightly thickened-283. Murica ceri-
fern.
AA. Lenves %-1% inches long, spoon-shaped, finely toothed near apex, thick and stiff with edges much curved
under-284. Murica holdridgeana.

283. Cerero, southern bayberry Myrica cerifera L.

Cerero or southern bayberry is easily recog- from the wax in Puerto Rico, according to Cook
nized by its distinctive slightly aromatic leaves and Collins (13, p. 200-201). The dried bark
and waxy fruits. I t main characters for identi- of the root has been used in medicine.
fication are: (1) small oblanceolate coarsely- In Florida recommended as one of the best
toothed yellow-green leaves nearly covered with native shrubs or small trees for screens, hedges,
minute gland dots visible with a lens, the dots landscaping, and wildlife. Propagated by tip
dark brown on upper surface and orange on cuttings, layering, and seed and of medium
lower surface; (2) flowers minute in yellow- growth rate. Adapted to wet and dry soils, also
green clusters a t leaf bases; and (3) small cold hardy and salt tolerant.
round fruits 1/H inch in diameter, covered with Uncommon and local in moist coastal forest
bluish-white wax, on female trees. (siliceous sands and Laguna Tortuguero) and
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 15 feet high moist limestone forest from sea level to 3,000
and 3 inches in trunk diameter. Bark gray feet altitude in the western upper Cordillera
smooth, the inner bark light brown and slightly forest of Puerto Rico.
bitter. The slender dark brown twigs are PUBLICFORESTS.-Maricao, Rio Abajo,
covered when young with reddish hairs and RANGE-Bermuda, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica,
orange gland dots, and bear raised whitish dots Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. Coastal plain of
.
(lenticels)
The alternate leaves without stipules are
southeastern continental United States from
New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Also from
1V2-21,$ inches long and Y2-y4 inch wide, ob- Mexico and British Honduras south to Costa
lanceolate, coarsely toothed above middle to- Rica.
ward the short-pointed apex and gradually OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - a r r a y i (Puerto
in
narrowed to the wedge-shaped base and short Rico, Spanish) ; iirbol de cera (Dominican Re-
slender leafstalk less than inch long, slightly public, Mexico) ; arraijhn (Cuba) ; cera vegetal
thickened and stiff, shiny dark green above and (Central America) ; bayberry, candle-berry,
paler beneath. waxmyrtle, southern waxmyrtle (United
Flower clusters (spikes) a t leaf bases are States) ; waxberry, waxwood (Jamaica) ; tea-
narrowly cylindric in shape and bear minute bark, tea-box, myrtle (British Honduras).
flowers without calyx and corolla, male and BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Murica mexicana
female on different plants (dioecious) . Male Willd.
flower clusters $&-.7/i inch long have many male Southern bayberry is one of the very few
flowers about '/1, inch long consisting of 4-6 Puerto Rican tree species native also in south-
stamens above a scale. Female flowers in eastern continental United States in temperate
shorter clusters are composed of scale and pistil climates north of Florida. This species grows
with l-celled l-ovuled ovary and 2 long stylcs. wild along the Atlantic coast to southern New
The fruits (drupes), several a t a leaf base, are Jersey, probably the farthest north of any na-
light green but covered with wax, 1-seeded. tive Puerto Rican tree. Thus, it apparently is
With flowers in spring and fall and fruits in the hardiest to cold weather and freezing tem-
early summer. peratures. Perhaps this species merits recom-
The wood is whitish and slightly hard. mendation in response to requests for a tree to
Elsewhere the wax from the berries is sepa- represent Puerto Rico in parks and gardens
rated in boiling water and made into candles, northward on the continent. Found on various
which burn with a fragrance. Both the Spanish islands of the West Indies, this species ap-
and scientific names mean wax bearer. Classed parently reaches its southeastern limit in
as a honey plant. Formerly, candles were made Puerto Rico.
283. Cerero, southern bayberry M y r i c a cerifera L.
Twigs with male flowers (above), fruits (lower left), hvig with female flowers (lower right), natural size.
WAXMYRTLE FAMILY (MYRICACEAE)

28P. Palo de cera Myrica holdridgeana Lundell

A rare shrub or small tree known only from minute flowers without calyx or corolla, male
Luquillo Mountains, identified by : (1) small and female on different plants (dioecious), the
thick leaves, shaped like an inverted spoon, male flower clusters 1h-/8 inch long and less
convex and much curved under a t edges, the than Jhinch wide. Many male flowers about
paler lower surface with many minute orange sa inch long consist of 24 stamens above a
gland dots visible with a lens; and (2) flowers greenish scale. Female flowers several in a
minute in yellowish or greenish clusters a t leaf greenish scaly and hairy ball l/lainch in diam-
bases, male and female on different plants. eter, each with rounded ovary less than 1/32
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 18 feet high inch long and 2 spreading dark red styles ]/lo
and 4 inches in trunk diameter, generally a inch long. Flowering in spring. Fruits not
compact much branched shrub of 6-8 feet. The seen, probably in summer.
light m a y bark is slightly fissured and warty, Wood light brown, hard.
the inner bark light brown and bitter. The Rare and local in upper Luquillo forest
short slender twigs are covered when young (colorado type) and dwarf forest of ridges of
with hairs and orange gland dots. peaks in Luquillo Mountains a t altitudes of
The alternate often crowded leaves without 2,5004,000 feet and above.
stipules have slender short, hairy leafstalks PUBLIC FOREST.-Luq~il10.
about 4/8 inch long. The spoon-shaped (spatu- RANGE.-K~ow~ only from Luquillo Moun-
late) blades are v2-1x inches long and l/e-%,
inch wide, rounded and finely toothed a t apex,
tains of Puerto Rico.
This species was named in 1942 for Leslie R.
madually narrowed to wedge-shaped base, Holdridge, who collected i t in 1939, while
thick and stiff, with edges much curved under, making extensive collections of Puerto Rican
slightly hairy on veins. The midvein and the trees for the United States Forest Service. He
few short side veins are much sunken on the authored "Trees of Puerto Rico" (SO, $ I ) ,
slightly shiny dark green upper surface and forerunner of the present reference. An earlier
raised on the paler lower surface, which is specimen identified later was by George A. Ger-
nearly covered with minute orange gland dots. hart, another forester, in 1935.
Flower clusters (spikes) at leaf bases bear
284. Palo de cera Myrica holdridgeana Lundell
Twigs with male flowers, natural size.
101
 WALNUT FAMILY (JUGLANDACEAE)
Deciduous aromatic trees, known by (1) more stamens, and the female flowers few in
leaves mostly alternate, odd pinnate, without short erect clusters (spikes) or only 1-2, com-
stipules, leaflets with toothed border and with posed of 3 bracts and 4 or fewer sepals united
resin dots beneath; (2) flowers male and fe- to the ovary, and pistil with inferior ovary 1-
male on the same tree (monoecious), minute, celled ( 2 4 cells below) with 1 ovule and 2-
greenish, the male mostly many in drooping forked style; and (3) fruit a nut with hard
scaly clusters (spikes), composed of 3 bracts, shell often splitting open or sometimes winged,
4 or fewer sepals, no corolla, and with 3-40 or or a drupe with large oily edible seed.

285. Nogal, Weet Indian walnut Jugluns jamaiceneb C. DC.

West Indian walnut is one of very few native inches in diameter, and 1large oily edible seed.
tree species of Puerto Rico that have not been The wood is reported to be of good quality
found here in recent years. It is identified by: like that of other walnuts. Elsewhere the leaves
(1) large pinnate leaves 12-20 inches long, and bark have been used in home remedies.
composed of mostly 16-20 lanceolate, finely The seeds are edible walnuts.
toothed, long-pointed leaflets, rounded and un- Botanical specimens of this species of walnut
equal a t base; (2) flowers small, greenish, male have been collected in the mountains of central
and female in narrow unbranched clusters; and Puerto Rico in the region of Arecibo, Utuado,
(3) fruit a rounded walnut about 11h inches Adjuntas, and Piiiuelas a t about 2,000 feet
in diameter. altitude. The Arst collection was probably that
Large tree reported to reach 60-70 feet in of P. Sintenis in 1885 and the last was by
height, the crushed parts probably with the dis- Bartolome Barcela in 1915. The foresta of this
tinctive odor of walnut. Twigs, leaf axes, and region have been largely removed and replaced
buds with minute rusty hairs. by coffee plantations. Also, the walnut trees,
Leaves alternate, composed of mostly 16-20 which probably were uncommon or rare, might
(12-22) nearly stalkless leaflets mostly paired. have been cut for the prized wood. A careful
Leaflets 2y2-4 inches long and 1-1v4 inches search might be rewarding, a s most other rare
wide, thin, becoming nearly hairless except on lost native trees have been rediscovered.
veins beneath. RANGE.-Cuba and Hispaniola. Also col-
Flowers male and female in different clusters lected long ago in Puerto Rico.
(catkins) on same tree (monoecious). Male OTHER COMMON NAMES.-nuez, palo de nuez
flowers many in drooping narrow clusters 4 4 (Puerto Rico) ; nogal (Dominican Republic) ;
inches long on twigs of previous year, composed nogal del pals, nuez (Cuba) ;West Indian wal-
of Globed calyx and many stamens. Female nut, walnut (English).
flowers several along axis 2-4 inches long a t BOTANICAL s ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ . - - J u g limularis
ans
end of twig of new year, about inch long, Griseb.
finely hairy, composed of a 4-toothed scale This species, the only native walnut in the
opening on 1 side, 4 sepals, and pistil with in- West Indies, is not in danger of extinction, as
ferior ovary and 2 spreading feathery styles. it g ~ o w swild in both Cuba and Hispaniola.
Fruit (drupe) a walnut, composed of blackish The scientific name is misleading, because this
husk, brown rough-ridged hard shell :%-11h species is not known from Jamaica.
285. Nogal, West Indian walnut Jugfans jamaicensia C. DC.
Twigs with female flowers (left), leafy twig (right), fruit (below), two-thirds natural size.

103
 ELM FAMILY (ULMACEAE)

Trees and shrubs, sometimes woody vines, female (bisexual in Ulmus), with calyx of 4-8
known by: (1) leaves alternate in 2 rows, persistent sepals or lobes, no corolla, 4-8 sta-
asymmetrical or unequal a t base, often with mens opposite sepals, and pistil with superior
3 main veins, generally toothed, with paired 1-celled ovary with 1 ovule and 2 styles; and
stipules; (2) minute inconspicuous greenish (3) fruit a drupe or winged (samara). Also
flowers usually 1 to many lateral, male and vol. 1,p. 56.
Key to species
A. Leaves coarsely saw-toothed, becoming hairless or nearly so; fruits single a t leaf bases, round or elliptic, %n
inch in diameter, purplish black-286. Celtis tvittewin.
AA. Leaves finely saw-toothed, with short hairs; fruits clustered a t leaf bases, round, % inch in diameter, pink or
oranpTrenta.
B. h v e s less than 2 inches long, short- ointed, rough hairy on both surfaces--15. Palo de cabrilla, West
Indies trema, Tretna lnmarckinna ( L m . & Schult.) Blume.
BB. Leaves 3%-6 inches Ion longpointed, rough hairy above, soft hairy on veins beneath-16. Cuacimilla,
false jacocalalu, ~ l o r i &trema, Tremn microntho (L.) Blume.

286. Almez Celtis trineruin Lam.

Almez is easily recognized by its small nar- leaves, 1,4-2 inches long and branched, bear sev-
rowly ovate leaves alternate in 2 rows with 3 eral male flowers or 1-3 female flowers on the
main veins from the very one-sided, oblique, same tree (monoecious). Male flowers have 5
or unequal base, tapering into a long narrow hairy sepals more than %o inch long and 5
point at apex, and saw-toothed on edges except stamens. Female flowers have 5 sepals and
near ends. Other characters for identification pistil with ovary and 2 long finely hairy styles.
are: (1) minute yellow-green flowers 1/8 inch Fruits (drupes) 2-pointed a t apex, with thin
across, clustered a t leaf bases ; and (2) round flesh, large stone, and 1 rounded seed. Flower-
or elliptic purplish black fleshy fruits 5/1 inch ing and fruiting irregularly through the year.
in diameter, single a t leaf bases. The wood is yellowish and hard.
Deciduous small to medium-sized tree 50 feet Rare in thickets and forests of coastal Puerto
high and 1 foot in trunk diameter. The bark Rico, particularly the southwestern part, from
is gray or light brown, smooth to finely fissured. sea level t o 300 feet altitude and in moist lime-
Inner bark is light green and almost tasteless. stone valleys on islands eastward. Also Mona,
The twigs are very slender, green to brown, Desecheo, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, and
slightly hairy when young. Tortola. Classed as a honey plant.
The leaves are alternate in 2 rows, with mi- PUBLIC FOREST AND PARKS.-GuEinica ; Buck
nute paired stipules $4, inch long that shed Island Reef, Virgin Islands.
early. The very slender leafstalks are x-YH RANGE.-Greater Antilles and Virgin Is-
inch long, slightly hairy. Blades are mostly lands. Also southern Mexico and Guatemala.
small, 1 G - 4 inches long and $4-1% inches OTHERCOB~MONNAMES.-guacimilla, raspa-
wide, sometimes to 6 inches long and 3 inches dor, ruiseiior (Puerto Rico) ; anisillo, amar-
guillo, palo amargo, lejio (Dominican Repub-
wide, thin, becoming hairless or nearly so, lic) ; guisacillo, gageda de gallina, ram6n de
green on upper surface, and light green be- sierra, ram6n de costa, guasiriano, hueso,
neath. guanasa (Cuba) ; bois feuilles blanches, bois
Flower clusters (cymes) a t bases of new raie (Haiti).
286. Almcz Ccltis tritrerviu Lam.
Fruiting twig (above), twig with malc and female flowers (below), natural size.

105
 MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE)
Trees and shrubs, sometimes herbs, known cious), usually many and crowded, often in
by: (1) white sap or latex usually present, spikes or heads ; (6) flowers composed of calyx
'
often abundant; (2) leaves alternate, often in with usually 4 (0-6) sepals or lobes and no
2 rows, simple, entire, toothed, or lobed, pin- petals, male flower with 4-1 opposite stamens,
nate- or palmate-veined ; (3) stipules large (1 and female flower with pistil with superior or
or 2 at a node), covering the conspicuous buds inferior 1-celled ovary and 1 ovule and 1-2
with long point, soon falling and leaving scars styles; and (6) fruit a drupe or akene, often
or often rings a t nodes; (4) minute flowers multiple and fleshy, sometimes edible. Also vol.
often greenish, male and female on the same 1,p. 60.
plant (monoecious) or different plants (dioe-
 MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE)

Key to species
A. Leaves deeply lobed with 7-11 lobes, very large.
B. Leaves umbrellalike, rounded with 7-11 rounded lobes; petiole very long-20. Yagrumo hembra, trumpet-
tree, Cecropia peltuta L.
BB. Leaves elliptic, with 7-11 long-pointed lobes; petiole short-17. Panapkn, pana de pepitas, breadfruit,
Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg.*
AA. Leaves not lobed (sometimes with 3-5 lobes in No. 296).
C. Leaves with 3 or 6 main veins from base and with many small rounded teeth-296. Moms nigra.*
CC. Leaves not as above, mostly with 1main vein and without teeth, sometimes with pointed teeth.
D. Leaves in 2 rows on twig, stipule leavin small scar a t node.
E. Leaves large, 10-18 inches long, obyong, densely hai edges with tufts of hairs appearing like
minute teeth-19. Caucho, Central American r u g e r . castilla rubber. Castilla elastica Cer-
vantes.*
EE. Leaves smaller, mostly elliptic, mostly hairless.
F. Twigs often spiny; leaves 2-5 inches long, often toothed and slightly hairy; fruit multiple,
green, fleshy, %-% inch in diameter-287. Chlorophwa tznctoria.
FF. Twigs not spiny; leaves 3-6 inches or more in length, not toothed, hairless.
G. Leaves narrowly elliptic; fruit rounded, % inch in diameter-298. Trophis racemosa.
GG. Leaves oblong-elliptic; fruit elliptic, % inch in diameter-297. Pseudolmedia spuria.
DD. Leaves in more than 2 rows on twig; stipule leaving rin scar a t node.
H. Leaves elliptic or obovate, 4-6 inches long, roundej a t apex; fruit multiple. elliptic or rounded,
very large, 1-2 feet lon 18. Jaca, jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.*
HH. Leaves various; fruit s m a c f i g l i k ~ i c u s .
I. Leaves large, mostly more than 6 inches long.
J. Leaves very large, fiddle-shaped or obovate, 8-12 inches long, with 2 large rounded lobes
a t heart-shaped base, with veins deeply sunken, stipules ersistent-290. Ficus lyratu.*
JJ. Leaves mostly elliptic, rounded a t base, with veins not sunten, stipules falling early.
K. Buds, young twigs, petioles, and fruits with short bristly red-brown hairs-289.
Ficus drtipacea.*
KK. Buds, twigs, petioles, and fruits hairless or nearly so.
L. 'Leaves with many straight, parallel lateral veins nearly a t right angles to mid-
rib-21. Palo de coma. India-rubber [Link] elastica Roxb. ex Hornem.*
LL. Leaves with fewer lateral veins.
M. Leaves crowded, the midvein and 5-7 pairs of lateral veins yellowish;
masses of air roots on branches and trunk-291. Ficus nekbuda.*
MM. Leaves not crowded. with 5-11 pairs of straight lateral veins a t about
45" angle from midvein; without air roots-292. Fictcs obtusifolia.
11. Leaves smaller, mostly less than 6 inches long.
N. Leaves rounded or blunt a t apex.
0. Leaves often slightly notched a t base; fruit with raised ring a t apex-296. Fieus
trigonah.
00. Leaves rounded or blunt a t base; fruit without ring a t apex-294. Fieus stahlii.
NN. Leaves short- or long-pointed a t apex.
P. Petiole relatively long, more than 34 inch long, blades to 4 inches or more in
length.
Q. Leaves abruptly short-pointed a t a ex-22. Jagiiey blanco, shortleaf fig.
Ficus citrifolia Mill. (F. luevigatar.
QQ. Leaves long-pointed a t apex.
R. Leaves broadly ovate, tapering to very long narrow apex, rounded a t
bas-293. Fictcs religiosa.*
RR. Leaves elliptic to ovate, short-pointed a t base-288. Ficus benjamina.*
PP. Petiole short. less than M inch long, blades less than 3 inches long.
S. Leaves diamond-sha~edto elliptic, with 3 main veins from base-23. Laurel
de la India, India-laurel fig, Ficus microca~paL.f.* (F. retusa).
SS. Leaves elliptic. with 1 main vein or midrib and many straight parallel lateral
veins less than jC6 inch apart--24. Jaeiiey colorado, Ficus perfomta L.
.
(F. sintenisii)
 MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE)
287. Mora, fustic Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud.

This spreading tree, often spiny, with whitish to brown or reddish, is lustrous, without dis-
or cream-colored latex, is uncommon in Puerto tinctive odor or taste. The wood is hard, heavy
Rico and the Virgin Islands, though widespread (specific gravity 0.6-0.85), of medium to coarse
in tropical America. It is recognized by: (1) texture, and with grain nearly straight or in-
inner bark orange and whitish streaked, with terlocked. I t is strong, tough, and very re-
whitish or cream-colored latex; (2) elliptic, sistant to the attack of dry-wood termites. I t
toothed leaves alternate in 2 rows on twigs takes a good polish, but is slightly difficult to
often spiny; (3) minute flowers, male in nar- work.
row slender drooping clusters, pale yellow, and As tested elsewhere, the wood is classed as
female in greenish balls or heads %o-:s inch good for all kinds of construction including
across ;and (4) green multiple fruits of irregu- naval construction, for plywood and veneer,
lar form, y2-:yhinch in diameter, fleshy, many- and staves. In other countries i t is used also
seeded. The secondary roots are bright red and for railroad ties, bridges, piers, vehicles, cabi-
when exposed serve for recognition. net-work, furniture, flooring, tool handles,
A medium-sized deciduous tree becoming 50 posts, balls, etc.
feet high and 1 foot in trunk diameter, with This tree, the fustic of commerce, formerly
broad spreading crown of thin foliage. The was an important dyewood and was exported
bark is light or yellowish gray, smooth or from the Antilles, Mexico, and Central America
slightly fissured, with many corky dots and to Europe and the United States. A yellowish
raised lines (lenticels) and often with some
-
/
old spiny twigs. Inner bark is orange and
whitish streaked, with whitish or cream-colored
dye, soluble in water, has been extracted from
the wood to produce the dull yellowish-brown
color khaki, familiar in military uniforms. The
latex, and gritty, slightly bitter taste. Twigs bark has been employed in tanning. The exu-
green and sometimes hairy when young, be- date of resinous latex has been used for calking
coming gray with raised dots (lenticels) and boats and in home medicine.
often with slender green or gray spines t%-:II;, Rare on coastal plain, coastal hills, and lime-
inch long. The buds are covered with pointed stone forests of Puerto Rico to an altitude of
greenish stipules less than % inch long, which 300 feet in Puerto Rico. Also in Mona, Vieques,
shed early. St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John.
The leaves are alternate in 2 rows on the PUBLIC ~o~Es~.--Cambalache.
twigs, with petioles 3/8 inch long. Leaf blades RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto
are 2-5 inches long and 1-2% inches wide, thin,
hairless or slightly hairy, the apex with long Rico and Virgin Islands, and through Lesser
narrow point, the base slightly rounded, Antilles t o Barbados, Trinidad, and Bonaire
notched, or unequal, the margins usually ir- and Curacao. Also from Mexico to southern
regularly toothed, the sides often curved up- Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru.
ward slightly. The upper surface is green or OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-mora, palo de mora
yellow green, slightly shiny, and the lower sur- (Puerto Rico, Spanish) ; escambrdn de madera
face dull light green. (Puerto Rico) ; fustic (Virgin Islands, Eng-
Flowers of the two sexes are on different lish) ; palo amarillo, mora amarilla (Spanish) ;
trees (dioecious) . Male flower clusters (spikes) fustete, mora macho (Dominican Republic) ;
are 24% inches long and 1/8-%/,, inch in diam- mora del pais, fustete (Cuba) ; moral, mora
eter and droop singly from the leaf bases or lisa, moral de clavo (Mexico) ; brasil, morillo
nodes. The numerous crowded male flowers are (Costa Rica) ; morillo, macano (Panama) ;
composed of minute calyx of 4-5 sepals less dind6, avinje, palo moro, malal fustete, morita
than '/la inch long and 4-5 pale yellow stamens (Colombia) ; moral, mora lisa, morita (Vene-
less than 4/8 inch long, folded in bud. zuela) ; moral fino, moral (Ecuador) ; insira,
The balls or heads of crowded female flowers insira caspi, limulana, amarillo (Peru) ; tata-
are single a t the nodes and v8-'$& inch across
the spreading styles. Each flower consists of a
yivCsaiyd (Argentina) ; red fustic, snook
(Jamaica) ; bois jaune (Haiti) ; palu di mora,
minute calyx and pistil with ovary less than palu dushi, palu dushi di cabei (Dutch Antil-
'/la inch long and slender threadlike whitish les) ; tajuva, jurema de espinho, auroreira
style more than l/p inch long. The multiple (Brazil).
fruit is short-stalked, very juicy, sweetish, and BOTANICALs~NoN~~.-Macluo.a tincto~<a
edible. There are many flattened brown seeds (L.) D. Don.
less than 1/8 inch long. Flowering and fruiting This species is related to Osage-orange
during spring and early summer. (Mac1zio.a pornifera (Raf.) Schneid.) , native of
The sapwood is whitish, well defined. The southern continental United States, and is
bright yellow heartwood changes upon exposure sometimes placed in the same genus.
287. Mora, fustic Chloropkora tinctoria ( L . ) Guad.
Twig with female flowers and fruits (left), twig with male flowers (right), natural size.
MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE)

288. Laurel d e Bejamina, Benjamin fig Ficus benjamina L. *

The wild and planted trees of the fig genus rings a t nodes. End bud green, y8-y2inch long,
(Ficus), known as jagiiey and fig, are recop narrow and long-pointed, covered by a scale
nized by: (1) milky juice, or white latex, (stipule).
slightly bitter or almost tasteless, which runs Leaves are alternate, with slender light green
from cut parts, often abundantly; (2) air roots petioles $4-1 inch long, grooved above. Blades
often present and extending from branches to are 2-4 inches long and s/,-lf$!&inches wide,
the ground; (3) prominent long-pointed buds short-pointed a t base. The upper surface is
a t end of each twig, formed by a scale (stipule) shiny green to dark green and turned up
which makes a ring scar; and (4) small fleshy slightly on both sides of midvein, with many
figlike fruits paired or single a t leaf bases, fine side veins connected in a curved vein along
sometimes edible, with minute flowers and seeds edge, the lower surface dull light green.
hidden inside. Eight species are described here The fleshy multiple fruits (syconia) are
and 4 in the first volume. paired, sometimes single, at leaf bases, yellow
This handsome species, which is planted for green and stalkless when immature. Mature
shade and ornament, is recognized by: (1) the fruits are dark red to purplish black (yellow or
rounded spreading dense crown of shiny green golden and larger in a variety) with light
foliage, more than twice a s wide as high and brown dots and a dark brown dot (hole) in the
drooping to the ground; (2) leaves small, el- sunken apex, and develop a fleshy stalk a t base.
liptic to ovate, slightly thickened, with long With fruits in spring and fall.
narrow point and long petiole; and (3) pajred Uncommonly planted for ornament and shade
elliptic figlike fruits vn inch long and ~nch in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and else-
wide, a t maturity turning dark red to purpl~sh where in the tropics. Requires a large area
black and forming a stalk 46-1,inch 4, long. and freedom from obstruction for roots.
Evergreen tree 30 feet high and 80 feet in Recommended as- one of the best ornamental
crown spread, becoming larger, hairless figs for parks, school grounds, and streets in
throughout. Trunks several to many, 1 foot south Florida. It grows fast in many kinds of
or more in diameter, short, growing to- soil and withstands drought but not much cold.
gether with air roots in a trunklike mass more Popular because of the dense crown and droop-
than 5 feet across. Bark is gray, smooth with ing foliage. The fruits are messy on sidewalks.
warts (lenticels), the inner bark light brown RANGE.-Native of southeast Asia from India
and gritty, yielding from cuts milky juice or to China and Malesia.
white latex. The many stout branches are OTHER COMMON NAMES.-higo, higo cima-
widely spreading, nearly horizontal and curved rr6n filipo (Dominican Republic) ; caucho Ben-
down nearly to ground, bearing wirelike air jamin (Colombia) ; Jamaican evergreen (Ja-
roots. Twigs are slender, slightly angled and maica) ; Ceylon willow (Trinidad) ; waringin
flattened, light green, becoming gray, with (Dutch Antilles).
288. Laurel de Benjaminn, Benjamin fig
Natural size.
MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE)

289. Myeore fig Ficus drupacea Thunb."

This handsome spreading fig tree is rarely or rounded a t base, slightly turned under a t
planted in Puerto Rico. Besides the whitish edges, with many straight parallel side veins,
latex and other characters of the group, it is the upper surface slightly shiny dark green,
distinguished by : (1) short bristly red-brown and the lower surface light green with raised
hairs on young twigs, buds, petioles, and fruits ; yellowish midrib and side veins and with minute
(2) the stout twigs with rings at nodes and hairs.
ending in pointed hairy bud inch long, The figlike fruits paired or single at nodes
formed by a stipule ; (3) large leaves with thick are distinctive in their oblong shape and cover-
and stiff ovate blades 6-9 inches long and 3V2-5 ing of bristly red hairs, bitter in taste and not
inches wide, bent up slightly on both sides of edible. Borne abundantly in summer, the fruits
midrib; and (4) oblong stalkless figlike fruits litter the ground beneath a tree.
about 1 inch long and y' inch in diameter, Rare in parks and gardens in moist parts of
covered with reddish hairs. Puerto Rico. A large specimen tree is located
A medium-sized evergreen tree 30 feet high, on the grounds of the University of Puerto Rico
with trunks and surrounding vertical air roots Agricultural Experiment Station a t Rio Pied-
forming a trunklike mass several feet in diam- ras, a short distance below the entrance to
eter and bordered by large horizontal roots the Forest Service Building. A handsome shade
along the surface. Many massive nearly hori- tree for parks but requiring large space.
zontal branches form a broad flattened crown RANGE.-Southeastern Asia from India and
more than 100 feet across. Bark of the trunk, Ceylon to Solomon Islands and Queensland.
branches, and air roots is brown gray, smooth- BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-Ficus mpsorensis
ish or slightly fissured. The inner bark is Heyne. That species has been reduced to a
orange brown, gritty in taste, and has whitish variety, F. drupacea Thunb. var. pubescens
latex. Old twigs, buds, and petioles become gray (Roth) Corner, native from Ceylon, India, and
and nearly hairless. East Pakistan to Laos and Burma. The former
The alternate leaves have stout rounded specific name and the common name refer to
petioles ly2-2V2 inches long. Blades are Mysore, a State of India.
abruptly long-pointed a t apex, slightly notched
289. Mysore fig Ficus drtcpacea Thunb.8
Two-thirds natural size.

113
MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE)

290. Fiddle-leaf fig Ficus lyrata Warb.*

An introduced fig tree occasionally planted Instead of being flat like most leaves, the blades
for ornament and shade, distinguished from the are much curved and raised between the EL6
others by: (1) the very large fiddle-shaped or pairs of side veins, suggesting a relief map
lyre-shaped (obovate) leaves 8-12 inches long with valleys and ridges. The upper surface is
and 6%-8 inches wide, broadest beyond middle, shiny green, with midrib and side veins yellow
stiff, thick, leathery, curved and raised from and sunken, and the lower surface is dull yellow
midvein, the few side veins deeply sunken, and green with midrib and side veins yellow and
the edges much rolled under ; (2) the very large raised. The leaves resemble in shape those of
long-pointed stipules paired and about 1% No. 184, almendra, Indian-almond (Termimlia
inches long, forming the bud and persistent a t catappa L.*). However, in that species the
base of leaves ; and (3) rounded or pear-shaped leaves are flat and only slightly thickened.
figlike fruits y4-1 inch long. Like other figs, The figlike fruits (syconia) are stalkless and
this species has milky juice, or white latex. mostly paired a t leaf bases, green with whitish
An evergreen medium-sized cultivated tree dots, maturing in summer.
to 50 feet high and 1 foot in trunk diameter, Uncommonly planted as an ornamental and
with rounded crown, hairless throughout. The street tree in Puerto Rico and St. Thomas and
twigs are relatively few and very stout, ?42T:74k elsewhere in parks and gardens through the
inch in diameter, gray and smooth, becomlng tropics. Muiioz Riviera Park in San Juan.
fissured. The rings a t nodes are hidden by the Also southern Florida and southern Arizona.
persistent stipules. Northward grown under glass as a tub plant.
The alternate leaves are attached about 2 Propagated by cuttings.
inches apart for a distance of 2 feet or more RANGE.-Native of tropical Africa.
on long unbranched twigs. The petioles are OTHER COMMON ~ A ~ ~ ~ . - l y r a t e - l e a fig
f
1?42-21h inches long, very stout and slightly (English) ; fiddleleaf fig (Curacao) ; f6lha-de-
flattened, blue green. Leaf blades are rounded lira, ficus-lira (Brazil).
in upper two-thirds and blunt a t apex, nar- BOTANICAL SYNONYM.--Ficug pandzirata
rowed in lowest third with 2 very large rounded, Sander.
overlapping lobes a t the heart-shaped base.
290. Fiddle-leaf fig Ficus lgrata Warb.O
Twig with very young fruits (above), one-third natural size; fruit (lower left), natural size.
BIULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE)

291. African cloth-bark tree Ficus nekbuda Warb.*

This ornamental and shade tree of the fig Y2-:vb inch long, yellow green, with a long sharp
genus is identified by: (1) the short trunk and brownish point.
several stout branches which form a dense The alternate leaves are crowded a t ends of
crown wider than high; (2) air roots nearly twigs with stout light brown petioles 1-1%
covering the trunk and growing together, also inches long, hairless. Blades are elliptic, 5-8
masses of hairlike air roots often hanging from inches long and 3 4 % inches wide, sometimes
the branches away from the trunk; (3) large large, blunt a t apex and rounded a t base, turned
coarse, elliptic, dark ween leaves stiff and upward toward the slightly wavy edges. The
leathery crowded a t ends a t twigs; and (4) upper surface is dark green and slightly shiny,
round yellow-green figlike fruits Y2-6/s inch in the midvein yellowish and the 6-7 pairs of side
diameter, stalkless, mostly paired a t leaf bases veins also yellowish, the lower surface dull
and clustered along twigs to 1inch in diameter yellow green.
back of leaves. The fleshy multiple fruits (syconia) are
Evergreen medium to large tree 40 feet high slightly broader than long, have yellowish dots
with crown 50 feet or more in width. The trunk on the minutely hairy surface, and have 2 broad
2 feet or more in diameter becomes nearly greenish scales less than inch long a t base.
covered with masses of vertical air roots 2-4 With fruits from spring to fall.
inches in diameter, which grow together and The wood is whitish and soft.
form a trunklike mass to 5 feet across. At only This species is planted uncommonly for orna-
6-10 feet above the ground the trunk forks into ment and shade in Puerto Rico and St. Croix.
several widely spreading stout branches. The I t grows well. Extensive rows of these street
bark is gray and smooth with warts (lenticels). trees may be seen in Old San Juan.
Inner bark is reddish, fibrous, and almost taste- In temperate climates the plants can be
less, the cut surface yielding much white latex grown under glass for decoration.
or milky juice almost tasteless. The stout twigs R A N G E . - N ~ ~ ~ vof~ East Tropical Africa.
1,lL-%, inch in diameter are gray and smoothish Planted elsewhere in the tropics.
with ring scars from stipules and raised half- OTHER COMMON NAME.-ZUIU fig (English).
round to rounded scars of leaves and fruits, also Where native this is a large tree. Cloth was
with raised dots (lenticels) , becoming hairless. made from the fibrous bark, hence the descrip-
The end bud formed from stipules is conical, tive common name.
291. African cloth-bark tree Ficus nekbuda Warb.*
Two-thirds natural size.

117
MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE)

Ficus obtusifoliu H.B.K.

A species of jagiiey or fig in St. Croix, recog- broad finely hairy scales 9/8-4/2 inch long.
nized by: (1) large ovate, elliptic, or obovate Rare in dry coastal forest from sea level to
leaves with blades 5-9 inches long and 2%-5% 400 feet altitude in St. Croix and occasionally
inches wide, rounded or blunt a t apex; and (2) planted there as a shade tree. Not found in
large rounded figlike fruits v8-$!4,inch in diam- others of Virgin Islands.
eter, usually paired, finely hairy, with 2 broad RANGE.^^. Croix. Lesser Antilles at Anti-
scales a t base. gua, St. Martin, St. Eustatius, Guadeloupe,
Medium-sized evergreen tree to 45 feet high Martinique, and St. Vincent. Also continental
and 8 inches in trunk diameter. Bark light tropical America from central Mexico and
brown, smooth, with milky juice, or white latex. British Honduras to Colombia, Venezuela, and
Twigs stout, gray, hairless, with rings a t nodes. northern Peru.
Bud conic, %-I inch long, long-pointed, covered OTHERCOMMON NAMES.--amate, matapalo
by stipule. (Guatemala) ; amate, capulamate (El Salva-
Leaves alternate, with stout petioles 1%-21/rL dor) ; figuier blanc, f i y i e r grandes-feuilles
inches long. Blades hairless, slightly thick, (Martinique) .
rounded, notched, or short-pointed a t base, not BOTANICALSYNONYMS-Ficus urbaniana
toothed on edges, with 6-11 pairs of straight Warb., F. involuta (Lieb.) Miq. var. urbaniana
side veins a t about 45" angle from midvein. (Warb.) Dugand.
The figlike multiple fruit (syconium) con- The West Indian species Ficus urbaniana has
tains numerous tiny male and female flowers been united with the continental species F.
and is stalkless or nearly so. There is a small obtusifolia.
round opening a t raised apex and a t base 2
 Ficus obtusifolia H.B.K.
Natural size.

119
MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE)

293. Botree Ficus religiosa L.+

A spreading ornamental and shade tree, yellowish veins, and lower surface dull light
characterized by : (1) drooping hairless leaves green.
with long, very slender petioles and triangular The fleshy multiple fruits (syconia) a t leaf
or ovate blades almost 'straight a t base, often bases or on short side twigs are dark green
wavy a t border, and ending in a long, very nar- with purplish spots, becoming dark and pur-
row point; and (2) figlike fruits, paired and plish black, almost tasteless, with many minute
stalkless, rounded or broader than long, %-]I2seeds. At the base are 3 flat rounded scales.
inch in diameter. Uncommon as an ornamental and shade tree
Medium-sized evergreen tree to 50 feet or in Puerto Rico.
more in height and width, with 1 or more RANGE.-Native of southeast Asia but widely
trunks 1-2 feet in diameter, often becoming planted through the tropics north to Florida
united into pillars and often with aerial roots. and southern California and in Hawaii.
Bark gray, smooth, with white, slightly bitter OTHER COMMON NAMES.-6lam0, higuillo,
latex. Twigs hairless, light green, turning to laurel (Dominican Republic) ; iilamo (Cuba) ;
gray or brown, ending in narrow pointed bud higuera de las pagodas (Argentina) ; botree,
inch long, formed by stipule, with rings peepul-tree (English) ; figueira-da-India, fi-
gueira religiosa (Brazil).
a t nodes. The long-stalked triangular leaves resemble
Leaves alternate, with round yellow green those of poplar or cottonwood (Populus), hence
petioles 2%-4 inches long. Blades 4-7 inches the Spanish common name iilamo. This species
long and 3--4Y2inches wide, slightly thickened, is a sacred tree of the Buddhists in India, as the
the upper surface shiny dark green with raised scientific name suggests.
293. Botree Finrs religioaa L.*
Natural size.

121
MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE)

Ficus stahlii Warb.

A species of jagiiey in limestone hills of borne on stout stalks Y8-Y4 inch long. At the
Puerto Rico and Mona Island, distinguished base are 2 broad scales (bracts) about y8 inch
by: (1) large oblong to ovate or elliptic leaves long, finely hairy. An opening is prominent at
Q-6V2 inches long and lqh-8v2inches wide, the apex. Inside the edible fruit are borne
rounded or blunt at both ends; and (2) small many tiny male and female flowers (monoe-
fleshy figlike fruits paired and stalked a t leaf cious) and seeds. Fruiting in spring.
bases, rounded and about y8 inch in diameter, Uncommon on limestone hills from sea level
with scales a t base about $48 inch long. to 300 feet altitude along north coast of Puerto
Evergreen large tree becoming 50 feet high Rico and also Mona Island.
and 2 feet in trunk diameter. Bark brown, PUBLIC FORESTS.-Cambalache, Vega.
smoothish, with milky juice or white latex, RANGE.-Known only from Puerto Rico and
which flows from cuts. The stout hairless twigs Mona.
are ringed and end in a very narrow pointed This species has been united with a more
bud to 9!! inch long, covered by a hairless scale common species, No. 295, Ficus trigonuta L.
.
(stipule) ( F . crassinervia Desf.), but seems distinct.
The alternate hairless leaves have petioles The latter has a raised ring around opening at
inch long. Blades are slightly thickened, apex of fruit. Named for Agustin Stahl (1842-
not toothed on edges, green above and paler 1917), Puerto Rican physician and botanist,
beneath. There are about 8-10 pairs of nearly who wrote an unfinished flora of the island
parallel [Link]. (74). He collected a specimen near his home at
The fleshy multiple fruits (syconia) are Bayam6n.
204. Jagiiey Ficus stahlii Warb.
Natural size.

123
MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE)

295. Jagiiey, wild fig Ficus trigonata L.

Characters for recognition of this common The greenish figlike fruits (syconia) are
species of jaguey or wild fig are: (1) ovate, paired or single on short stalks 1/8-3/10 inch long
oblong, or elliptic leaves blunt or rounded a t a t leaf bases, with 2 minute pointed broad
apex, slightly notched or rounded a t base, shiny scales l/lc inch long joined a t base and raised
green, stiff and leathery, hairless; and (2) ring a t apex, the surface often warty, almost
small short-stalked figlike fruits a t leaf bases, tasteless. Within are many minute seeds less
elliptic or pear-shaped and y8-y2 inch in diam- than inch long. With fruits from spring to
eter, slightly flat-topped, with raised ring a t fall.
apex, light green with brown dots, turning dark The wood is whitish and soft.
red. Common through moist limestone, lower Cor-
Evergreen medium-sized to large spreading dillera, and lower Luquillo forests a t 100-3,000
tree to 90 feet high and 3 feet in trunk diam- feet altitude, especially mountain forests, in
eter, sometimes to 6 feet, and with prominent Puerto Rico. Also Culebra, Vieques, St. Croix,
rounded buttresses and spreading crown. The St. Thomas, and Tortola.
bark is gray, smoothish or slightly fissured, PUBLIC FORESTS AND PARKS.-Cambalache,
with almost tasteless or slightly bitter milky Carite, Guajataca, Guilarte, Luquillo, Maricao,
juice, or white latex. The inner bark is whitish Rio Abajo, S u s ~ a ,Toro Negro, Vega; Sage
and fibrous and tasteless. Twigs are gray, Mountain.
stout, often finely hairy when young, with ring RANGE.-Cuba, Puerto Rico and Virgin
scars a t nodes. The densely hairy buds are long Islands, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and St. Lucia.
and narrow, lh-y! inch long, covered by a Also from southern Mexico to Colombia and
finely hairy scale (stipule) . Venezuela.
The alternate leaves have stout leafstalks $-! OTHER COMMON NAMES.-jaguey blanco
1%inches long. Blades are mostly 2-6 inches (Puerto Rico) ; higo cimarrdn (Dominican Re-
long and 1%--4 inches wide, slightly thickened public) ; jaguey (Cuba) ; chimdn, higo (Guate-
and leathery, the upper surface shiny green mala) ; figuier (Haiti) ; figuier maudit (Marti-
with veins often slightly sunken, and the lower nique) .
surface light green with prominent network of BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Ficus crmsinervia
minute veins. Desf.
295. Jagiiey, wild fig
Natural size.
MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE)

296. Mora, black mulberry

Black mulberry has been planted in Puerto greenish, the calyx with 4 lobes more than
Rico as an ornamental and for the edible fruits. inch long. Male flowers short-stalked, more
I t is characterized by: (1) milky sap; (2) than inch long and broad, consist of calyx
ovate leaves with 3 or 6 main veins from the and 4 spreading whitish stamens opposite the
notched unequal base, many small rounded lobes, the cluster s/-1 inch long and falling
teeth on margin, and ending in long narrow early. The stalkless crowded female flowers
point; and (3) edible sweet purplish black have calyx and pistil with small greenish ovary
cylindric mulberries l/z-1
- inch long and 8/s-Y2 and 2-forked whitish style $4 inch long. The
inch wide. multiple fruit (syncarp) is composed of fruits
Small to medium-sized tree 30 feet high and from many female flowers. The 4-lobed ca1.m
8 inches in trunk diameter, with crown of dense becomes enlarged to 4/8 inch across and the
dark green foliage. Bark light brown, smooth- sweet juicy part enclosing the brown flattened
ish and warty to finely fissured, the inner bark akene or "seed" more than %,, inch long. Flow-
whitish and brown, slightly fibrous, almost ering and fruiting in spring and summer.
tasteless, with small amount of whitish latex. The light brown wood is soft.
Twigs slender, light green and finely hairy Rarely planted a s a shade tree and fruit tree
when young, becoming brown with raised dots in Puerto Rico. Of rapid growth. Formerly
(lenticels) . Winter buds % inch long, short- tested experimentally here as a good plant for
pointed and covered with brown overlapping silkworms.
scales at end of twigs and a t leaf bases. This species is the source of the mulberry
Leaves alternate in 2 rows, with slender varieties planted for fruit in southern Europe
yellow-green .petioles 1-2 inches long, finely and Asia. It is naturalized in southern conti-
hairy. Blades ovate, mostly 4-7 inches long and nental United States and also planted north-
3-6 inches wide, sometimes lobed, thin, the ward.
upper surface dull dark green, smooth or rough, RANGE.-Native of western Asia, probably
with veins slightly sunken, the lower surface Iran and nearby areas. Widely planted and
paler and dull light green with raised veins, naturalized in warmer regions.
finely hairy. OTHER COMMON NAMES.-mora negra, mo-
Flowers male and female mostly on different rera negra (Puerto Rico, Spanish) ; black mul-
trees (dioecious) , short-stalked, in separate berry (English).
drooping clusters (spikes or racemes), minute,
296. Mora, black mulberry M o n i s nigra L.*
Twig with male flowers (upper left), twig with female flowers and fruit (center), leafy twig (below), two-thirds
natural size.
MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE)

297. Negra lora Peeudolmedia spurin (Sw.) Grieeh.

This tree species with milky juice, very rare long, with narrow scales but no calyx or corolla.
in Puerto Rico, is identified by: (1) narrow Female flowers single or paired, each covered
oblong-elliptic leaves abruptly long-pointed a t by overlapping scales, consisting of pistil with
apex, alternate in 2 rows; (2) flowers minute, ovary inside calyx tube and with short style
stalkless a t leaf bases, the male many together and 2 stigmas protruding. The elliptic fruit is
in rounded cluster bordered by scales about 1/4. enclosed by the fleshy calyx and contains 1seed
inch across; (3) female flowers-on other trees within a slightly hard covering.
single or paired, more than vfl inch long, cov-
ered by overlapping scales with 2 stigmas pro-
The wood is described as with thick grayish
or pinkish brown sapwood and reddish brown
truding; and (4) . . elliptic red fleshy fruit Y8 heartwood. It is very hard, of medium coarse
inch long. texture, variable grain, tough, and strong, not
Evergreen tree to 50 feet in height and 8 durable in contact with ground.
inches in trunk diameter. hairless. The bark is The red cherrylike fruits are edible. Also a
rough and slightly scaly, with milky juice or honey plant.
white latex. The twigs are slender and light This rare species is known in Puerto Rico
brown. The narrow pointed bud to 3/8 inch long only from moist limestone hills near the north-
is covered by a stipule, which sheds early, leav- ern coast, at altitudes of 200-600 feet, from
ing a slight scar but not a ring. Bayamdn and Dorado to Rio Abajo and Guaja-
The alternate leaves have short leafstalks l/s- taca.
'/s inch long. Blades are 3-6 inches long and PUBLICFORESTS.-Guajataca, Rio Abajo.
1?4,-2'/sinches wide, short-pointed and unequal R A N G E . - ~ u ~Jamaica,
~, Hispaniola, Puerto
a t base, not toothed on edges, the upper surface Rico. Also southern Mexico, British Honduras,
dark green, the lower surface paler with fine and Guatemala.
network of veins. OTHER COMMON NAMES.-pa10 de leche, ma-
Flowers are male and female a t leaf bases on cao (Dominican Republic) ; macagua (Cuba) ;
.
different trees (dioecious) Male flowers many manax (Guatemala) ; false breadnut, milkwood
within a headlike group of scales (involucre), (Jamaica) ; cherry (British Honduras) ; bois
each consisting of 1 stamen about I/lG inch merise (Haiti).
297. Negra lora Pseudolntedia spuria (Sw.) Griseb.
Twig with male floweys (above), twig with female flowers (lower left), twig with fruits (lower right), natural size.
MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE)

Trophis racemosa (L.) Urban

This rare tree with milky sap in twigs is other trees (dioecious) are short clusters
characterized by: (1) narrowly elliptic leaves (spikes) less than y' inch long, which bear few
3%-7 inches long and lf!L"-294 inches wide, greenish female flowers about 8/10 inch long,
long-pointed at apex, sometimes toothed on consisting of tubular 4-toothed hairy calyx en-
edges, alternate in 2 rows; (2) flowers male closing the ovary and Zforked hairy style. The
and female on different trees, small, stalkless berrylike reddish-brown hairy fruit contains
in clusters (spikes) a t leaf bases; and (3) within the fleshy calyx 1 reddish-brown
rounded fleshy fruit y8 inch in diameter. rounded seed y8 inch in diameter. The fruit is
Medium-sized evergreen tree 70 feet high edible but has thin flesh. Flowering irregularly
and 1% feet in trunk diameter, also flowering during the year.
as a shrub. Bark gray, smooth, with few hori- Wood light, brown, hard.
zontal lines, becoming very rough and scaly in Elsewhere the foliage has been cut for fodder
age. The inner bark is whitish, with green for livestock during the dry season.
outer layer, tasteless. Young twigs are green Rare in moist limestone and lower Cordillera
with minute hairs, becoming gray brown. The forests from sea level to 1,800 feet altitude in
light green buds 4/8 inch long are covered with Puerto Rico. Also Vieques.
2 pointed stipules, which shed early leaving a PUBLIC FORESTS.-Cambalache, Guajataca,
slight scar. Maricao, Rfo Abajo, Vega.
The leaves are alternate in 2 rows along the RANGE.-Greater Antilles. Also from Mexico
slender twigs. Leafstalks are %-v2 inch long,
slender minutely hairy. Blades are short-
and British Honduras to Colombia, Venezuela,
Ecuador, and Peru.
pointed or rounded a t base, hairless, thin, OTHERCOMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - r a m o n c i (Puerto
llo
edges [Link] teeth or sometimes with few Rico) ; ram6n (Spanish) ; ram6n de vaca (Do-
small teeth toward apex, upper surface dark minican Republic) ; ram6n de bestia (Domini-
green and slightly shiny, lower surface dull can Republic, Cuba) ; ram6n de caballos,
green with the few side veins raised. btilsamo (Cuba) ; ramoncillo, ushi (Mexico) ;
ram6n colorado (Guatemala) ; ojushte, chulu-
Narrow cylindric flower clusters (spikes) juste, pilijuste (El Salvador) ; ojoche macho,
single or paired a t leaf bases, 1y2-4 inches long breadnut (Panama) ; marlil (Venezuela) ;
and v4 inch broad, bear many crowded light
yellow male flowers less than 4/s inch long, com-
ramoon (Jamaica) ;ram6n, white ram6n (Brit-
ish Honduras); ram6n, bois neuf rarneau
posed of Clobed hairy calyx and 4 stamens. On (Haiti).
298. Ram611 Trophis racemosa ( L . ) Urban
Twig with fruits (upper left), twig with female flowers (center), twig with male flowers (right), two-thirds natural
mze.

131
 NETTLE FAMILY (URTICACEAE)
Herbs, sometimes shrubs, and less frequently minute, inconspicuous, greenish or whitish,
small trees and vines, known by: (1) leaves male and female on different plants (dioecious)
mostly alternate, simple, often with 3 or 5 or the same plant (monoecious), regular, with
main veins from base, toothed, sometimes with calyx of 4-5 sepals or lobes, no corolla, 4-5
stinging hairs, often with minute lines (cysto- opposite stamens, and pistil with l-celled ovary
liths) visible from lower surface (especially with 1 ovule, style, and branched stigma; and
when dry), with paired stipules; (2) flowers (3) fruit an akene or drupe, often enclosed by
usually in lateral branched clusters (cymes), the persistent fleshy calyx.

Key to species
A. Leaves coarsely toothed, with large stout conical stinging hairs on surfac-299. Urera baccifera.
AA. Leaves finely wavy toothed, with small stinging hairs.
B. Leaves elliptic, widest near middle, rounded or slightly notched at base-301. Urera chlorocalya.
BB. Leaves broadly ovate, widest below middle, notched at base-300. Urera caraccwatta.

299. Ortiga brava, stinging nettle Urern bnccifercr (L.) Gaud.

Ortiga brava or stinging nettle, which stings The minute flowers are male and female on
severely and painfully, is commonly a shrub in different plants (dioecious) in widely forking
the understory of moist forests but sometimes branched clusters (cymes) 1-2 y2 inches long
becomes a small tree. It is easily identified by: a t leaf bases, with fleshy purplish branches.
(1) the many large sharp needlelike stinging Female flowers about 1/,, inch long have pink-
hairs about 4/8 inch long on stems and leaves, ish 5-toothed calyx and pistil with ovary and
both leafstalk and blade; (2) the coarsely tufted whitish stigma. Male flowers have calyx
toothed elliptic to ovate leaves bearing on both and 4 or 5 stamens. Fruits several, elliptic,
surfaces large stout and conical stinging hairs ; consisting of enlarged whitish watery calyx 5-
(3) the small greenish or pinkish flowers lobed a t apex enclosing 1 elliptic seed (akene)
clustered a t leaf bases; and (4) the whitish to inch long, shiny, greenish black. Flowering
reddish elliptic watery fruits about inch in in autumn and fruiting in winter.
diameter. In Central America this species has been
Evergreen shrub, rarely becoming a small planted for hedges and fences, its spines mak-
tree 15 feet or more in height and 3 inches in ing a n impenetrable wall.
trunk diameter, usually with several main Common in understory of wet forests, espe-
stems. The bark is light gray, smooth, with few cially in drainages, of moist limestone, lower
raised warts (lenticels) and few spines or Cordillera, and lower Luquillo forests from sea
stinging hairs. Inner bark has an outer light level to 3,000 feet altitude through Puerto Rico.
green layer and is whitish, soft, watery, almost Also a weed in coffee areas. Recorded from St.
tasteless. The twigs are stout, light green, al- Thomas.
most hairless, with scattered stout stinging PUBLICFORESTS.-Carite. Guaiataca. Gui-
hairs, raised large half-round leaf scars, and larte, Luquillo, ~ a r i k o ,~ i ~o b a j o ,'Susfia,
large greenish pith. Toro Negro, Vega.
The large alternate leaves have long stout RANGE.-Greater Antilles, St. Thomas, St.
petioles l l h - 4 inches long, round, purplish Vincent. Grenada. and Trinidad and Tobago.
tinged, and bearing many stinging hairs. Nar- Also widespread from Mexico to Brazil, ~ r g g n -
row pointed light green stipules %i inch long tina, Bolivia, and Peru.
form a pointed bud and fall early. The thin OTHER COMMON N A M E S . - - O ~ ~ ~(Puerto
~~
blades are 5-10 inches long and 3-5 inches Rico, Spanish, Portuguese); pringamoza
wide, narrowed to a long point a t apex, rounded (Spanish) ; mala mujer (Mexico) ; chi-
or slightly notched a t base, the margin coarsely chicaste (Central America) ; chichicast6n,
toothed with teeth ending in stinging hairs. nigua, nigiiillo, chichicaste cuyanigua (El Sal-
The upper surface is yellow green and slightly vador) ; guaritoto (Venezuela) ; ishanga
shiny, with veins and veinlets much sunken, the (Peru) ; ortiga brava, ortiga colorada (Argen-
lower surface light green and slightly shiny, tina) ; stinging nettle (English) ; manman
wi!h many stinging hairs along the raised guepes, feuilles enraghes (Haiti) ; urtiga
velns. bronca, urtiga grauda, ortiga de cip6 (Brazil).
299. Ortiga brava, stinging nettle Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud.
Leafy twig (above), twig with female flowers (below), fruits (lower right), natural size.

133
NETTLE FAMILY (URTICACEAE)

300. Ortiga colorado, stinging nettle Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Gaud.

A nettle with stinging hairs recorded from sepals less than inch long and pistil with 1
Luquillo Mountains. It is characterized by : ovule. The seeds (akenes) about inch long
(1) large leaves with long petioles and broadly are partly covered by the very juicy sepals
ovate blades, the border with blunt teeth and forming the rounded fruit.
the base notched or heart-shaped with 3 prin- The whitish wood is soft and watery and
cipal veins; (2) stinging hairs on midvein be- not used. Elsewhere these stinging plants are
neath and often on petioles and branches of employed as hedges or living fences.
flower clusters ; (3) many inconspicuous tiny In Puerto Rico rare and local in forest under-
flowers ]/lo inch long, greenish or pink in story in Luquillo Mountains. Not found by the
stalked clusters back of leaves; and (4) very authors.
juicy orange-red or whitish fruits nearly y8 PUBLICFOREST.-LU~U~~~O,
inch in diameter. RANGE.--Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Eustatius,
Small evergreen tree 20 feet high or a shrub, Saba, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia, St.
elsewhere to 30 feet high and 6 inches in trunk Vincent, and Trinidad. Also widespread from
diameter. The bark is gray to greenish brown, Mexico south to Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay,
smooth or slightly fissured. Inner bark is light and Peru.
green, almost tasteless. Twigs are slightly stout OTHER COMMON NAMES.-ma1 hombre
and fleshy, often grooved, greenish but becom- (Puerto Rico) ; ortiga (Spanish) ; stinging
ing brown. nettle (English) ;quemador, laal, laltsimin, or-
The alternate leaves have long round light- tiga de caballo (Mexico) ; chichicaste (Central
green petioles 2-6 inches long. Leaf blades-are America) ; chichicaste de hormiga, chichi-
2%-12 inches long and 1%-10 inches broad, cast6n, la (Guatemala) ; chichicaste de flores
thin, long- or short-pointed a t apex, the upper rosadas (El Salvador) ; ortiga blanca, taba-
surface dull green and often slightly rough, and quillo, cresp6n (Costa Rica) ; pringamoza (Co-
the lower surface light gray green and finely lombia, Venezuela) ;picat6n, guaritoto hembra
hairy. The stinging hairs inch long on the (Venezuela) ; orteguilla macho (Ecuador) ;
midvein beneath are almost flat and point to- ishanga, ishanga del agua (Peru) ;ortiga brava
ward the base. If the finger rubs the midvein (Argentina) ; bois fridoche (Guadeloupe) ;
toward the apex of the blade, the needlelike urtiga (Brazil).
hairs prick' the skin and inject quantities of This species, though of broad range through
formic acid and cause pain. However, if rub- tropical America, is the rarest of the 3 native
bing is in the opposite direction, the hairs do species of the genus in Puerto Rico. It is of spe-
not sting. cial interest as apparently the ancestor of the
The flower clusters (cymes) are widely fork- more common closely related species, No. 301,
ing and spreading. Male and female flowers ortiga, stinging nettle, Urera cl~lorocarpa
mostly a r e on different trees (dioecious) . Male Urban, which is known only from Puerto Rican
flowers have 4 light pink sepals, 4 stamens, and mountains including Luquillo Mountains. The
rudimentary pistil. Female flowers several in scientific name obviously honors Caracas, Vene-
yellow-green fleshy masses about 1/8 inch in zuela.
diameter, each with 4 unequal rounded green
300. Ortiga colorada, stinging nettle Urera caraeaaana (Jacq.) Gaud.
Fruiting twig, male flowers (lower right), two-thirds natural size.

135
NETTLE FAMILY (URTICACEAE)

301. Ortiga, etinging nettle Urern chlorocnrpa Urban

This rare shrub or amall tree of moist forests plants (dioecious). The female flower is mi-
is quickly learned to be avoided because of its nute, less than ?,&inch long, light green, com-
stinging hairs on young twigs, petioles, and on posed of calyx of 4 lobes, the outer 2 smaller,
midrib and larger veins of lower leaf surfaces. and pistil with elliptic 1-celled ovary containing
It is recognized by: (1) long-stalked elliptic, 1 ovule and the whitish brushlike stigma.
thin leaves 6-10 inches long, and 2:%-4112 Fruits elliptic, light green, '/loinch long, con-
inches wide, widest near middle, long-pointed sisting of juicy 4lobed calyx and rounded
a t apex, with 3 main veins from the rounded or flattened greenish-brown seed (akene) with
slightly notched base, finely wavy-toothed, the stigma a t tip. Flowering and fruiting mainly
upper surface dull green with network of veins in winter.
sunken; and (2) the tiny greenish flowers and The sapwood is whitish and slightly hard.
fruits in crowded clusters up to 1 inch across Rare in wet soil, such as along ravines, lower
a t leaf bases and on twigs back of leaves. and upper Cordillera and Luquillo forests a t
A shrub or small tree to 16 feet high and 3 1,0003,000 feet altitude.
inches in trunk diameter. The bark is light PUBLIC FORESTS.-LU~U~~~O, Tor0 Negro.
brown, smooth with minute warts (lenticels) . RANGE.-Known only from Puerto Rico.
The inner bark is whitish and tasteless. Twigs This species is characterized by greenish
long, with few branches, stout, slightly angled, fruits, the derivation of the specific name. It
finely hairy, light green, becoming brownish, is described as having male and female flowers
with light dots (lenticels) and with raised large on the same plant, but only female flowers and
triangular leaf scars, containing thin ring of fruits were observed on the specimen examined.
wood and large greenish pith. The bud is Recorded as a shrub 6-13 feet high but found
formed by folded young leaves covered with recently to reach tree size.
stipules. At the base of each immature leaf is Closely related to No. 300, ortiga colorada,
a stipule apparently double, a narrow pointed stinging nettle, Urera caracasana (Jacq.)
yellow-green scale inch long inserted in- Gaud., a species widely distributed in conti-
side base of petiole, enclosing the next youngest nental tropical America and the West Indies,
leaf and growing point and shedding before including Luquillo Mountains. The latter has
leaves mature, forming a scar. broader, ovate leaves broadly notched or heart-
The alternate leaves have long stout petioles shaped a t base, male and female flowers usually
2 4 inches long, round with a narrow groove on different plants, and the fruits orange red.
above, light green, often pinkish tinged. The The native species of this genus are known
thin soft blades, described above, have the as ortiga or stinging nettle. The stinging hairs,
upper surface slightly rough from scattered larger than the other hairs and projecting a t a n
hairs or becoming nearly hairless, the lower sur- angle, have a needlelike point and are filled with
face light green, soft hairy with raised network transparent liquid, more in a swelling a t base.
of veins. When the skin touches a stinging hair, the end
The flower clusters (cymes) about 1 inch of the hair breaks off and the pressure injects
long and broad, are much branched regularly the liquid into the flesh. This liquid is formic
acid, similar to that of ant stings, and causes
into 2 short slender forks, bearing numerous stinging pain that lasts from several minutes to
minute flowers on very short stalks. Male and several hours. In continental United States the
female flowers apparently are borne either on herbaceous relatives in this family with similar
the same plant (monoecious) or on different hairs are called nettles (Urtica).
301. Ortiga Urera chlorocarpa Urban
Twig with female flowers, fruits (below), two-thirds natural size.
137
 PROTEA FAMILY (PROTEACEAE*)
Trees and shrubs, known by: (1) leaves calyx, no corolla, 4 stamens opposite and in-
mostly alternate, simple, entire or deeply lobed, serted on calyx, and pistil often stalked, with
without stipules; (2) flowers mostly stalked on superior 1-celled ovary, 1 to many ovules, and
1 side of axis (raceme) or in showy heads, bi- slender style; and (3) fruit a follicle, nut, or
sexual, often irregular, with colored 4-lobed drupe.
Key to species
A. Leaves alternate, fernlike, innate and deeply lobed, silky hairy beneath-302. Grevillea robust&.*
AA. Leaves in whorls of 3 or 4 simple, oblong or lanceolate, saw-toothed, hairle~[Link] temifolia.*

302. Roble de seda, eilk-oak Crevillea robusta A. Cunn.*

Roble de seda or silk-oak, a n attractive Aus- and barrel staves.

tralian tree planted for shade and ornament, is The trees are propagated readily from the
recognized by : (1)fernlike leaves pinnate and great quantities of seeds, grow rapidly, and are
deeply lobed, dark green above, the lower sur- drought resistant. However, the branches break
face silky with whitish or ash-colored hairs; easily, and the trees become very infested with
(2) flower clusters of showy yellowish flowers scale insects.
on one side of the axis; and (3) black curved Silk-oak has been widely planted in various
podlike fruits about yh inch long on slender parts of Puerto Rico for shade and ornament,
stalks and with long threadlike styles. such as along roads. However, planting is no
A handsome planted medium-sized tree to 70 longer recommended. The trees are heavily
feet in height and 14 inches in trunk diameter, attacked by scale insects, and the silky foliage
elsewhere attaining larger size, with straight becomes dirty.
axis and many branches. The bark is smooth In some countries the trees have served as
gray on the branches, becoming rough with coffee shade. Also, they are grown for shade
many deep furrows. and ornament, along highways, and in re-
The alternate pinnate fernlike leaves 6-12 forestation. This species is classed a s a honey
inches long are almost bipinnate, being deeply plant.
divided into narrow pointed lobes with borders Northward in temperate climates, as in con-
turned under. tinental United States, the fernlike plants are
The unbranched flower clusters (racemes) grown indoors in pots. This species is planted
3-7 inches long arise mostly from the trunk, and naturalized in southern Florida, grown
along twigs back of leaves, and a t leaf bases. also in southern Arizona and southern Cali-
The numerous flowers with long slender stalks fornia. Recommended in central and south
Vad8'!)5.
inch long are crowded on one side of the Florida as a fast growing flowering tree for
axis. They are composed of 4 narrow yellowish well drained sandy soils. It is drought resistant
sepals almost 1/12 inch long, curved downward; and cold hardy. However, i t produces much leaf
no petals; 4 stalkless stamens inserted on the litter and becomes ragged when large.
sepals and opposite them ; and pistil with stalk, PUBLIC ~o~Es~.-Maricao.
ovary, long slender curved style, and enlarged RANGE.-Native of Australia but widely in-
stigma. The podlike fruits (follicles) are broad, troduced and naturalized in tropical and sub-
slightly flattened and split open on 1side. Seeds tropical regions of the world. Through West
1 or 2, about a/8 inch long, elliptic, flattened, Indies and from Mexico to Brazil, Argentina,
winged, brown. Collected with flowers and and Peru. Naturalized in southern Florida.
fruits in September. OTHERCOMMON N~~Es.-roble australiano,
The light brown wood is attractive because of roble de pelota (Puerto Rico) ; grevilea, ma-
the prominent lines or rays, resembling oak or vilea, "helecho" (Spanish) ; pino rojo (Vene-
roble, as the common names suggest. I t is du- zuela) ; roble australiano (Colombia) ; roble
rable but very susceptible to attack by dry-wood sedoso (Argentina) ; silk-oak (English) ; silk-
termites. Elsewhere the wood is utilized for oak grevillea (United States) ; grevilea, car-
furniture, cabinetmaking, paneling, interiors, valho sedoso (Brazil).
302. Roble de seda, silk-oak Grevillea robwta A. Cunn.*
Flowers (upper left), leaf, fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size.

139
PROTEA FAMILY (PROTEACEAE*)
303. Macadamia Macadamia ternifolia F. Muell.'"

This medium-sized evergreen tree 30 feet or stalked whitish flowers %-% inch long i~r
more in height and 6 inches in trunk diameter, drooping narrow clusters (racemes) 4-6 inches
has been introduced sparingly in Puerto Rico long a t leaf bases, consisting of 4 very narrow
as an ornamental and in experiments. Else- whitish sepals each bearing a stamen and pistil
where in the tropics it is cultivated for its with narrow hairy ovary and long bent style;
edible seeds or nuts. Distinguishing characters and (3) round fruit nearly 1inch in diameter,
are : (1) leaves in 3's or 4's (whorled), nar- splitting in 2 parts and containing 1round very
rowly oblong, 3%-6 inches long (reported to hard thick-shelled whitish edible seed or nut
12 inches) and 1-2 inches wide, short-stalked, Y2-Y! inch in diameter. Native of Queensland
thick, stiff, and spreading, blunt a t apex, with and New South Wales, Australia. OTHERCOM-
sunken midrib, edges much curved under and MON NAMES.-nuez de Australia (Puerto
mostly with few minute sharp teeth, slightly Rico) ;nuez de Queensland (Puerto Rico, Span-
shiny green, and hairless; (2) many short- ish) ;Queensland-nut (English).

OLAX FAMILY (OLACACEAE)

Trees, shrubs, and woody vines, mostly Old petals or lobes, 4-12 stamens opposite petals
World, known by: (1) leaves mostly alternate, (or more numerous), disk often present, and
simple, and entire, without stipules; (2) small pistil of 6 cells each with 1 ovule, style, and
flowers in lateral clusters, mostly bisexual, 2-6 lobed stigma; and (3) fruit a drupe or
regular, with 4-6 minute sepals, corolla of 4-6 berry, 1-seeded.
Key to species
A. Twigs with straight stout spines single at nodes-307. Ximenia americana.
AA. Twigs spineless-Schoe
r%a
B. Leaves less than 1 inches long, obovate or elliptic, rounded at apex-305. Schoepjia obovata.
BB. Leaves more than 1%inches long, pointed at apex.
C. Leaves ovate, gradually narrowed to blunt apex; fruits 96 inch long, shiny red-304. Schoepjia arena-
nu.
CC. Leaves lanceolate-ovate to ovate, long-pointed at apex; fruits % inch long, red to black-306. Schoep-
fia schreberi.

304. Schoepfia arenaria Britton

Rare shrub of coastal forests of northern tubular 4-6 lobed corolla, P 6 stamens on co-
Puerto Rico, sometimes a small tree. Distin- rolla opposite lobes, and pistil with &celled
guished by: (1) ovate leaves 1%-3:$&inches ovary partly in a disk and inferior and with
long, 7/8-21/e inches wide, gradually narrowed style inside tube. Fruits (drupes) elliptic,
to a blunt apex, short-pointed or rounded a t inch long and y2 inch in diameter, with ring a t
base, not toothed on edges, slightly thickened, apex, light green when immature, becoming
with few indistinct long curved side veins; (2) shiny. red, with thick whitish flesh and large
flowers 23 a t leaf bases, % inch long, tubular, stone. Seed 1, elliptic, a/8 inch long, light
light yellow; and (3) elliptic shiny red fruits brown. Flowering mainly in spring and fall
5/, inch long, fleshy. and fruiting in summer and winter.
Evergreen shrub or sometimes a small The wood is light brown and hard.
spreading tree 20 feet high with several trunks Rare in moist coastal and lower Cordillera
from base to 4 inches in diameter, hairless forests a t 100-1,500 feet altitude in northern
throughout. Bark may, very thick, deeply foothills of Puerto Rico.
furrowed, the outer dead bark chocolate colored PUBLICFOREST.-R~OAbajo.
within. The inner bark dark pink, tasteless. RANGE.-Northern Puerto Rico.
Twigs slender, light gray, hairless. This rare species was discovered a t a sandy
Leaves alternate, without stipules, with peti- coastal thicket at San Jose Lagoon, Santurce,
oles I/s inch long. Upper surface green and and for many years was known only from there.
slightly shiny, lower surface dull light green. Afterwards it was found near Quebradillas.
Flowers 2-3 at end of a stalk l/s-Y2 inch long The specific name, meaning sandy, refers to the
at leaf bases. The .tubular light yellow flower first locality, where Amos Arthur Heller found
% inch long consists of small 4-toothed calyx, it in 1899.
 Sclroepfia arenaria Britton
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (below), natural size.

141
OtAX FAMILY (OLACACEAE)

305. Arafia Schoepfia obovata C . Wright

Shrub or small tree of dry forests, recognized less a t leaf bases. The red to greenish-yellow
by: (1) small flat obovate or elliptic leaves flower inch long is composed of minute 4-
%-l% inches long and 8/8-v8 inch wide, toothed calyx, bell-shaped corolla with 4 spread-
rounded a t apex and narrowed to the short- ing lobes, 4 tiny stamens on corolla opposite
pointed base, slightly thickened ; (2) flowers lobes, and pistil with 3-celled ovary partly in a
1 3 a t leaf bases B/16-$& inch long, with red to disk and inferior, short style, and dotlike 3-
greenish yellow tubular 4-lobed corolla; and lobed stigma. Fruits are round to elliptic drupes
(3) round to elliptic fruits, inch long, yel- with ring a t apex. Collected with flowers and
low or red, fleshy. fruits in winter and spring.
Evergreen shrub 6-10 feet high or small tree Locally common in dry coastal forests from
to 26 feet and 4 inches in trunk diameter, hair- sea level to 500 feet altitude along the south
less throughout. Bark gray, rough, furrowed coast of Puerto Rico west of Ponce. Also Muer-
into narrow plates. Twigs slender, light gray, tos and Anegada.
much branched. PUBLIC ~ o ~ ~ s ~ s . - G u t i n i cSuslia.
a,
Leaves alternate, without stipules, with leaf- RANGE.-Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto
stalks less than 4/8 inch long. Blades slightly Rico, and Anegada.
turned under a t edges, with few curved side OTHER COMMON N A M E . - w ~ ~ ~ beefwood ~
veins, dull light green. (Bahamas).
Flowers 1-3 a t end of stalk $4, inch long or
 Schoepfia obovata C. Wright
Natural size.

143
OLAX FAMILY (OLACACEAE)

Schoepfia schreberi 3. F. Gmel.

This shrub or small tree is absent from stamens on corolla opposite lobes, and pistil
Puerto Rico but rare on the islands eastward. with round 3-celled ovary partly inferior in a
Distinguishing characters are : (1) lanceolate- disk and short style. Fruits (drupes) are
ovate to ovate short-stalked leaves 1Y2-3 inches partly covered by the disk.
long and y'-2 inches broad, slightly thickened Rare on mountain ridges in dry coastal or
and with few indistinct veins, frequently seasonal forest from sea level to 600 feet alti-
folded; (2) flowers 1 3 a t leaf bases nearly tude in Culebra, Vieques, St. Thomas, and St.
&?I inch long, the pale yellow corolla with red- Croix.
dish lobes; and (3) elliptic fleshy fruits 3/s inch RANGE.-Culebra, Vieques, Virgin Islands,
long and inch in diameter, red or black. and Lesser Antilles from St. Barts and Saba to
An evergreen shrub or small erect tree to 25 Grenada, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, and
feet high with single trunk to 5 inches in diam- Bonaire, Curacao, and Aruba. Also from Mex-
eter. Bark deeply furrowed. Twigs slender, ico and British Honduras to Colombia and
hairless. Venezuela.
Leaves alternate, hairless, without stipules, OTHER COMMON N A M E S . - ~ ~ C O ~ O(Mex-
~~~~O
with petioles about inch long. Blades are ico) ; limoncillo (Guatemala) ; sombra de ar-
long-pointed a t apex and rounded or short- mado (Honduras) ; paaloe swaati (Curacao).
pointed a t base, frequently folded and curved This species is an erect tree with single
upward from midvein or V-shaped, not toothed trunk, while the related Puerto Rican species,
on edges. No. 304, Scltoepfia arenuria Britton, is a
Flowers 1 3 a t end of short stalk vu-yf inch spreading tree with several trunks from the
long at leaf bases, composed of minute 4- base.
toothed calyx, bell-shaped 4-lobed corolla, 4
306. Sckoepjia schreberi Gmel.
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (lower left), natural size.

145
OLAX FAMILY (OLACACEAE)

307. Tallowwood Ximeniu americana L.

This shiny-leaved shrub or small tree is rare reddish brown or orange. The wood is slightly
in dry areas of St. Thomas and southwestern fragrant, very hard, very heavy (specific grav-
Puerto Rico. It is distinguished by: (1) the ity 0.95), and fine-textured. It is hard, easy to
straight stout sharp spines inch long, work, and takes a fine polish. Elsewhere the
single a t nodes of twigs; (2) oblong or elliptic wood has been used as a substitute for sandal-
leaves l?4,-2Y2 inches long and 5/8-ll/g inches wood or siindalo (Santalum). The astringent
wide, the apex rounded or notched and the base bark has served also in tanning.
short-pointed; (3) the fragrant yellowish white Rare in dry coastal forest of southwestern
flowers vn inch long, bell-shaped with 4 very Puerto Rico west of Ponce and a t Guiinica
curved narrow petals bearing long hairs within, Forest from sea level to 500 feet altitude, also
few at leaf bases; and (4) the yellow elliptic to Water Island and St. Thomas.
round fruits (drupes) inches long and PUBLIC FOREST.-Guhnica,
Vu-1 inch in diameter, with 1large seed. RAN~~.-widely distributed on tropical and
Shrub or small tree probably deciduous (also subtropical shores and inland in both New and
evergreen elsewhere), to 25 feet high and 10 Old Worlds including tropical islands. Florida
inches in trunk diameter, with spreading including Florida Keys, Bahamas, Greater
branches often twisted. Bark dark red, astrin- Antilles, St. Thomas, Guadeloupe, Martinique,
gent. The twigs are reddish brown or gray, and Trinidad, and Bonaire. Also from central
the gray spines arise as short twigs, Mexico south to Brazil, Argentina, and Bolivia.
The alternate leaves have short petioles less Also in Africa, Asia, Australia, and Pacific
than a/8 inch long. Leaf blades are slightly thick Islands.
and leathery, not toothed on edges, hairless a t OTHERCOMMON NAMES.--limoncillo,manza-
maturity, the upper surface shiny green, and nilla, ciruelillo (Spanish) ; jicaco, (Dominican
the lower surface pale green. Republic) ; ciruelillo, jfa manzanilla, yanii
Flower clusters (cymes) lateral a t base of (Cuba) ; membrillo de monte, tocote de monte,
leaves bear 2-4 flowers on slender stalks. The tepenance (Guatemala) ; cagalero, chocomico
flower is composed of the minute 4-toothed (Honduras) ; manzanillo (El Salvador) ; pepe-
green calyx less than inch long; the yellow- nance (El Salvador, Costa Rim) ; chocomico
ish-white corolla with 4 narrow petals .7/8 inch (Nicaragua) ; limoncillo de playa, caimito de
long, curved and bearing long hairs within; 8 monte, espino de brujo (Colombia) ; manzana
narrow stamens; and pistil with oblong green guayaba, manzana del diablo, tigrito (Vene-
ovary 1-celled (4 cells a t base) and slender zuela) ; albarillo del campo (Argentina) ; tal-
style. The fruit contains thin pulp slightly lowwood, hog-plum (United States) ; tallow-
sweet or sour and 1 large pale yellow seed rich wood, Spanish-plum (Bahamas, British West
in oil. Indies) ; iguana-berry, tallow-plum, wild-olive
As some common names indicate, the sour (Jamaica) ; seaside-plum (Trinidad) ; wiri,
fruit is edible raw and cooked though not popu- wild-lime (Guyana) ; croc, macaby (Haiti) ;
lar. It has the odor of hydrocyanic acid and bois puant, prune bord de mer (Martinique) ;
perhaps may be toxic in quantities. It is re- ishiri (Bonaire) ;fransman mopp6 (Surinam) ;
ported that the oily seeds can be eaten when ameixa de espinho (Brazil).
toasted, also that the leaves are toxic to live- This species was first found in St, Thomas in
stock. 1925 but apparently was not collected in Puerto
The sapwood is yellow and the heartwood Rico by botanists until about 1960.
 Ximenia americana L.
Flowering twig, fruit (below), natural size.

147
 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (POLYGONACEAE)

Few tropical trees, also tropical shrubs and the same plant (monoecious) or bisexual, regu-
woody vines, and mostly herbs, known by: (1) lar, the parts commonly in 3's, mostly with 3
nodes enlarged with rings and a membranous sepals and 3 petals, 6-9 stamens, and pistil with
closed sheath (ocrea) from stipule; (2) leaves superior 1-celled ovary containing 1ovule, style,
alternate, simple, entire; (3) small flowers in and 2-4 stigmas; and (4) fruit a triangular or
unbranched clusters (racemes o r spikes), male flattened akene enclosed by the calyx which
and female on different plants (dioecious) or sometimes is fleshy. Also vol. 1, p. 76.

Key to species
A. Leaves oblong, long-pointed, with many parallel nearly straight lateral veins and with 2-5 faint lines on each
side of and parallel with midrib; fruits dry, with 3 showy pink wings-30. Triplaris, anttree, Triplaris
cumingiana Fisch. & Mey.* ( T. americana) .
AA. Leaves variously shaped, mostly rounded, blunt, or short-pointed, with fewer lateral veins and without faint
lines; fruits slightly fleshy, not winged-4occoloba.
B. Leaves thin or membranous, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, mostly 4-7 inches long and 1 M 3 M inches wide,
usually broadest beyond middle; flower bracts black; calyx lobes long and covering seed (akene)-29.
Calambrefia, chicory-grape, Coccoloba venosa L.
BB. Leaves thick to fleshy, variously shaped; flower bracts brown; calyx lobes short and a t end of seed (akene).
C. Leaves round or nearly so, about as wide a s long.
D. Leaves very large, mostly 1-1% feet in diameter.
E. Leaves nearly flat with veins in network, finely hairy beneath; twigs not angled, hairy
when young-26. Moral6n, Coccoloba ~ibescensL.
EE. Leaves appearing wrinkled with laterarveins deeply sunken, hairless throughout; twigs
angled, hairless-312. Coccoloba mgosa.
DD. Leaves smaller mostly 3-8 inches in diameter, hairless or nearly so-28. Uva de playa, seagrape,
Coccoloba uv)ifera (L.) L.
CC. Leaves mostly ovate to elhptic, mostly about twice a s long a s broad.
F. Leaves small, mostly 1-2 inches long.
G. Leaves ovate-oblong, blunt-pointed or rounded a t base, brownish when dry, minute veins
long and slender; nodes swollen-310. Coccoloba microstacl~~a.
GG. Leaves ovate, mostly heart-shaped a t base, greenish when dry, minute veins short and stout;
nodes not swollen--309. Coccoloba krttgii.
FF. Leaves larger, more than 2% inches long.
H. Twigs and petioles stout; blades thick and leathery.
I. Petioles %-I% inches lon ; twigs hairless--313. Coccoloba sitttenisii.
11. Petioles less than % inchqong; twigs with rusty or golden short hairs when young-
308. Coccoloba costata.
HH. Twigs and petioles slender; blades slightly thickened.
J. Leaves mostly on short side twigs and crowded; petiole attached above base of sheath
(ocrea) ; blade with tufts of hairs in vein angles beneath-314. Coccoloba teatiifolia.
JJ. Leaves mostly on long twigs, not crowded; petiole attached a t base of sheath (ocrea) ;
blade hairless.
K. Leaves mostly rounded or blunt a t apex; flowers on stalks about % inch long-25.
Uvilla, doveplum, Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq.
KK. Leaves mostly short-pointed a t a ex; flowers stalkless or nearly so.
L. Leaves with 6-1 pairs of fatcral veins, prominent beneath-27. Ortegbn,
Coccoloba swartzii Meisn.
LL. Leaves with 4-6 pairs of lateral veins, inconspicuous beneath-311. Cocco-
loba purifolia.

308. Uvilla Coccolobn costatcr C. Wright

Characters for identification of this locally Evergreen small tree to 25 feet high and 6
common species are: (1) ovate to elliptic or inches in trunk diameter. Bark gray, smoothish,
r ~ u n d e dleathery leaves mostly 2-7 inches long slightly fissured, with horizontal lines. Inner
and 2-4% inches wide, rounded or blunt a t bark light pink, slightly bitter. The stout twigs
apex, turned uMk?r a t edges, &fIost stalkless; are green when young, becoming gray and
(2) twigs with enlarged ringed nodes, bearing hairless.
a t base of leaf a yellowish sheath (ocrea) ; (3)
many small yellow-green flowers 1/8 inch long on The alternate leaves have short stout leaf-
stout terminal axis; and (4) egg-shaped fruits stalks %-% inch long. Blades are short-pointed
% inch long. a t base, thick and stiff, hairless. The upper
 Coccoloba costata C . Wright
Twig with male flo\vers (left), fruiting twig (right), natural size.
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (POLYGONACEAE)
surface is dark green and slightly shiny, the 300-1,000 feet altitude mostly in northern foot-
lower surface dull green. hills of Puerto Rico.
Erect flower clusters (racemes) about 6-9 PUBLICFORESTS.--&U~~ ataca, Rio Abaj o,
inches long bear many flowers on short stalks Suslia.
less than l/l6inch long, male and female on dif- RANGE.-Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico.
ferent trees (dioecious) . Male flowers less than OTHER COMMON NAMES.-guayabo de mulo
'/s inch long have 6 sepals and 8 stamens. Fe- (Dominican Republic) ; raisinier (Haiti).
male flowers nearly 4/8 inch long have basal BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Coccoloba rupicola
tube (hypanthium), 5 calyx lobes, 8 nonfunc- Urban.
tional stamens, and pistil with ovary and 3 In number of native tree species, 12, Cocco-
styles. Fruit with calyx lobes a t apex, maturing loba is the third largest in Puerto Rico, a s noted
in winter. in the Statistical Summary. The generic name
The wood is whitish and slightly soft. meaning lobed berry refers to the calyx lobes
Locally common in moist coastal forest a t of the grapelike fruits.

309. Wild-grape Coccoloba krrtgii Lindau

This shrub or small tree of dry areas is char- Puerto Rico. Also Mona (rare), Icacos, Vie-
acterized by : (1) broadly ovate to nearly round ques, St. Croix, St. Thomas, Little St. James
leaves 11/2-3y2 inches long and 1-2% inches Island, St. John, and Anegada.
wide, blunt a t apex and notched to short- PUBLIC FOREST AND pA~~.--GuBnica; Virgin
pointed a t base, slightly thick and leathery ; (2) Islands.
slender twigs ringed a t nodes with a green RANGE.-Bahamas, Jamaica, Hispaniola,
sheath (ocrea) 48-S/16inch high a t base of Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, St. Martin,
young leaves; (3) the slender terminal erect Barbuda, and Antigua.
flowering axis bearing many crowded almost OTHER COMMON NAMES.-wild-grape, white-
stalkless minute greenish white 5-parted flow- wood (Virgin Islands) ; crabwood, bow-pigeon
ers less than y8 inch long and broad; and (4) (Bahamas).
slightly fleshy egg-shaped black fruit nearly Some shrubs or small plants that are similar
1/4. inch long. to this species and called wild-grape in the
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 15 feet high, Virgin Islands have been identified as the hy- '
often with several trunks to 4 inches in diam- brid with No. 28, uva de playa or seagrape
eter, hairless or nearly so. Bark gray, smooth, (Coccoloba uvif era (L,) L.) , and designated -
becoming slightly fissured. The twigs are short by the formula of the two parents, Coccoloba
and slender. Icrugii x uvifera. The hybrid has leaves inter-
The alternate leaves have stout reddish peti- mediate, though variable in size, shape, and
oles y8-% inch long. Blades are slightly thick thickness between those of the two species. Dis-
and leathery, not toothed on edges, with reddish tinguishing characteristics : (1)ovate to ovate-
midvein, the veins forming a fine network. elliptic leaves 2y2-4 inches long and 1y43
Flowers clusters (spikes) are 1y2-8 inches inches wide or larger on sprouts, blunt to
long. Flowers are male and female on different rounded a t apex, slightly thickened, oblique and
trees (dioecious). Male flowers have a short heart-shaped to rounded a t base, with a lobe
basal tube (hypanthium) and 5 widely spread- often overlapping petiole of y8 inch ; (2) flower
ing calyx lobes %/,, inch long, 8 white stamens, clusters (narrow racemes) to 8 inches long,
and rudimentary pistil. Female flowers have finely hairy, the short-stalked flowers less than
small stamens and pistil with 3-angled 1-celled 1/8 inch long; and (3) elliptic or egg-shaped
ovary and 3 short styles. The fruit consists of
the basal tube (hypanthium) bearing a t apex fruits about v8 inch long. Groups of inter-
the 5 calyx lobes nearly v8 inch long and en-
closing a shiny dark brown seed (akene) . With
mediate plants sometimes are found where the
two species are absent. R A N G E . - H ~ s ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~
flowers in fall and fruit in winter. Puerto Rico, St. Croix and Buck Island Reef,
Uncommon in dry coastal forests from sea St. Thomas, Little St. James, St. John, Virgin
level to 400 feet altitude along south coast of Gorda (Gorda Peak), and St. Eustatius.
309. Wild-grape Coccoloba krugii Lindau
Fruiting twig (above), twig with female flowers (left), twig with male flowers (lower right), natural size.

151
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (POLYGONACEAE)

310. Uverillo Coccoloba microstachya Willd.

Uverillo, a small tree common and widely and female flowers on different trees (dioe-
distributed in dry forests, is identified by: (1) cious) . Male flowers are less than 4/8 inch long
short, slender zigzag twigs with enlarged and broad, composed of cuplike base (hypan-
ringed nodes from sheath a t leaf base; (2) thium) bearing 5 spreading rounded greenish-
small broadly elliptic to ovate or nearly round white calyx lobes, 8 short stamens, and tiny
leaves, slightly thickened ; (3) terminal flower- nonfunctioning pistil. Female flowers have a
ing axes 1-2 inches or more in length, slender deeper cup or basal tube bearing 5 calyx lobes,
and usually curved downward, remaining after very short nonfunctioning stamens, and pistil
the minute stalkless greenish white flowers with 3-angled ovary and 3 short styles. The egg-
have shed; and (4) egg-shaped blackish or shaped fruit is composed of the basal tube bear-
dark brown fruits inch long. ing 5 calyx lobes at apex and enclosing a black-
Deciduous or evergreen shrub or small tree ish seed (akene). Flowering in summer and
to 40 feet high and 5 inches in trunk diameter, fall and fruiting in winter.
much branched. Bark gray, smoothish, be- The wood is light brown and hard.
coming rough and deeply furrowed into plates. Common and widespread in moist and dry
The inner bark is reddish and tasteless. The limestone forests and lower Cordillera forest
short, much branched twigs are gray to light (serpentine only) from sea level to 2,500 feet
brown with dots (lenticels), finely hairy when but mostly a t low altitudes in Puerto Rico and
young. The bud is formed by a dark red sheath throughout the adjacent islands, large and
1/8 inch long, narrow and finely hairy. small. Mona, Muertos, Isla Palominos, Vie-
The alternate leaves have short yellow-green ques, Culebra, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John,
leafstalk 1/8-% inch long and a membranous Jost Van Dyke, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda.
sheath (ocrea) V8 inch long forming a ring a t PUBLICFORESTS AND PARKS.-Cambala~he,
node. Blades are x - 2 inches long, y2-llh Guajataca, Guhnica, Maricao, Rio Abajo,
inches broad, rounded or notched a t apex, Suslia, Vega, Estate Thomas; Buck Island
rounded a t base, not toothed on edges, becoming Reef, Virgin Islands.
RANGE.-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Virgin
hairless or nearly so, turning dark on drying. Islands, and Anguilla.
The upper surface is dull green and the lower OTHER COMMON N A M E S . - U V ~ ~ ~ ~ ~negra
~,
surface dull light green, the many small veins loca, uvillo (Puerto Rico) ; puckout (Virgin
inconspicuous but forming a fine network in Islands).
dry leaves. Formerly referred to Coccoloba obtusifolia .
The flower clusters'(spikes) bear many male Jacq., a species of Colombia and Venezuela.
 Coccoloba ~nicroetachyaWilld.
Natural size.
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (POLYGONACEAE)

311, Uvera Coccoloba pyrifolia Deef.

This shrub or small tree confined to Puerto or sometimes to 12 inches, bearing many stalk-
Rico is identified by: (1) narrowly ovate or less flowers, male and female on different trees
elliptic leaves 24Y2 inches long and 1-2% .
(dioecious) Male flowers have a triangular
inches wide; (2) slender twigs ringed and scale less than l/lo inch long, a basal tube
sometimes swollen a t nodes with a gray sheath (hypanthium), 5 calyx lobes, 8 stamens, and
(ocrea) l,Lg,-1/2 inch long a t base of young rudimentary pistil. Female flowers have a
leaves ; (3) the very slender drooping terminal longer basal tube, 5 calyx lobes, small stamens,
flowering axis often much longer than the and pistil with 3-angled 1-celled ovary and 3
leaves bearing many minute stalkless whitish short styles. The fruits are composed of the
or greenish flowers nearly inch long and fleshy basal tube (hypanthium) with red juice,
broad; and (4) slightly fleshy egg-shaped fruit bearing the 5 calyx lobes a t apex and enclosing
l,Lg, inch long, changing color from pale green to 1 large brown seed (akene) nearly l,Lg, inch
red to black. long, slightly 3-angled. Flowering irregularly
Evergreen, usually a shrub but sometimes a through the year.
small tree to 25 feet high and 6 inches in trunk The sapwood is whitish and hard.
diameter, hairless throughout. Bark on s?lall Locally common in moist coastal and lower
trunks is smooth and gray, the inner bark Ilght Cordillera forests a t 100-2,700 feet altitude in
brown and almost tasteless. Twigs are gray Puerto Rico.
and slender. PUBLIC ~ ~ ~ ~ s ~ s . - C a m b a l a cCarite,
h e , Gua-
Petioles of the alternate leaves are $&-?hi jataca, Luquillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Susda,
inch long. Blades are blunt or short-pointed a t Toro Negro.
apex, blupt or rounded a t base, not toothed on RANGE.-Puerto Rico only.
edges, slightly thick and leathery, the veins This Puerto Rican species was named in 1829
inconspicuous on both surfaces, the upper sur- by the French botanist R6n6 Louiche Desfon-
face green to dark green, and the lower surface taines (1750-1833) in a catalog of the plants
light green. cultivated in the botanical garden in Paris.
Flower clusters (spikes) are 3-6 inches long
311. Uvelrr Coccoloba p ~ r i f o l i aDesf.
Twig with male flowers (left), twigs with fruits and with female flowers (right), natural size.

155
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (POLYGONACEAE)

Coccoloba rugosrt Desf.

Once seen, this tree of eastern Puerto Rico is usually 8 (6-12) minute dark red sterile sta-
not forgotten because of several odd character- mens and partly enclosing the pink pistil more
istics for easy recognition : (1)the very slender than 1/8 inch long, which is composed of 3-
trunk has few or sometimes no branches; (2) angled ovary and 3 slender protruding styles
the giant nearly round to broadly ovate leaves with flattened stigmas. Male flowers have 8
mostly 9-24 inches in diameter, very strongly larger stamens protruding beyond the calyx
wrinkled (rugose) with extremely sunken veins lobes and a nonfunctional small pistil with
prominent beneath, very thick and brittle, ovary and 3 small styles. The fruit is composed
rolled under a t margin, hairless on both sur- of the thin red fleshy basal tube (hypanthium)
faces, heart-shaped and clasping a t base with a with sepals at apex, enclosing 1 shiny brown,
large sheath; (3) a t the top a conspicuous nar- pointed, 3-angled seed (akene) S/lo inch long.
row but stout bright red or crimson flowering Flowering irregularly, recorded with flowers '
axis 1-2ll2 feet long, bearing on slender stalks from April to September and with fruits from
numerous small red flowers less than ?{,, inch July to September.
long; and (4) the many egg-shaped or rounded The wood is white and very hard. It is re-
red fruits 1 h inch long, slightly fleshy. sistant to attack by dry-wood termites but is
A small evergreen tree to 30 feet in height little used except for stakes.
and 5 inches in trunk diameter, with very nar- The leaves are used for ornament. Formerly
row, erect, polelike, slightly angled axis and a portion of the axis with the stiff durable
thin narrow crown, hairless throughout. The leaves brilliantly painted with gilt or silver
bark is light brown or gray and fissured, with served as a room decoration in many Puerto
faint rings a t the swollen nodes. Inner bark Rican homes. The plants are sparingly grown
also light brown is slightly bitter. The green as ornamentals.
twigs are stout, more than v8 inch in diameter,
slightly flattened, with usually 12 prominent
Local and uncommon in moist coastal and
lower Luquillo forests of eastern Puerto Rico
vertical ridges and with large white pith. At from sea level to 1,800 feet altitude. Collected
end is an oblong flat yellow-green bud 2-2% years ago a t several places but now less com-
inches long rounded a t apex, formed by the leaf mon following clearing of forests. The largest
sheath (ocrea) . known areas of this species are in Barrio
The alternate stalkless leaves are borne Maizales above Naguabo in Luquillo Mountains
along twigs for a distance of several feet back and on coastal hills near Ceiba and Humacao.
of apex. At the base of each leaf is a very large Another place where the trees could be seen
firm light green to brown sheath (ocrea) ,which until a few years ago was a patch of woods on
forms a clasping ring l%-2y2inches high, split the west shore of San Josh Lagoon in Santurce,
into 2 oblong rounded lobes, and which upon since destroyed by the growing city. Trees
falling makes a ring scar. The blade is rounded still persist a t one area near CataAo. Recorded
a t apex, dull green above, and pale light green also from St. Thomas more than a century ago.
beneath. PUBLIC FOREST.-LU~U~~~O.
The flower cluster (raceme) consists of the RANGE.-Restricted to eastern Puerto Rico,
stout minutely hairy axis and finely hairy flow- and formerly recorded from St. Thomas.
ers clustered together on slender dark red
stalks X-G inch long, male and female on dif- Named in 1815 and described with the pre-
ferent trees (dioecious) . Female flowers in ceding species in 1829 by the French botanist
clusters of 2-6 have a funnel-shaped basal tube Rhnh Louiche Desfontaines (1750-1833) in a
(hypanthium) more than r/l, inch long bearing catalog of the plants cultivated in the botanical
5 rounded red calyx lobes '/lo inch long and garden in Paris.
312. Ortegdn Coccoloba rugosa Desf.
Twig with male flowers (left), one-third natural size; female flowers (upper right), fruits (center right), two-thirds
natural size.

157
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (POLYGONACEAE)

313. Uvero de monte Coccoloba sintenisii Urban

Uvero de monte, which is known only from Flower clusters (racemes) on side twigs or
mountains of Puerto Rico is distinguished by: below the leaves bear many bright red male
(1) the oblong stiff and leathery leaves 6-8 and female flowers on different trees (dioe-
inches long and 3%-6 inches wide, short- cious). Male flowers have a rounded scale less
pointed a t apex and notched or heart-shaped at than '/lr inch long, a short red basal tube
base; (2) stout twigs ringed at nodes with (hypanthium) and 5 red calyx lobes, 8 stamens,
sheath (ocrea) %-% inch long a t base of young and rudimentary pistil. Female flowers have a
leaves; (3) stout reddish flower stalks 11h-6 longer basal tube, 5 calyx lobes, 8-10 small sta-
inches long bearing many bright red flowers l/s mens and pistil with 3-angled 1-celled ovary
inch long on slender red stalks of V8-5/le inch ; and 3 short styles. The axis of the fruit clusters
and (4) red to brown egg-shaped fleshy fruits becomes as much as 6-8 inches long and 8/1e-'/
5/16-3/8 inch long. inch in diameter. The red fruits are compose%
Evergreen small tree 20 feet high and 6 of the fleshy basal tube (hypanthium), 5 calyx
inches in trunk diameter, reported to reach 30 lobes a t apex, and 1 large brown seed (akene)
feet and 12 inches, hairless throughout. The nearly $& inch long, slightly 3-angled. With
bark is gray or light brown and fissured, the flowers and fruits from spring to fall.
inner bark light brown and almost tasteless. The sapwood is whitish and hard.
Twigs are gray or light brown and stout, with Locally common in upper Cordillera forest at
rings a t nodes. 1,000-2,800 feet altitude in western Puerto Rico
The alternate leaves have stout petioles I,$- from Aibonito to Maricao. A form near Coamo
1% inches long. Blades are thick, not toothed has white flowers on a whitish axis.
on edges, with midvein in a groove, with few PUBLICFORESTS.-Maricao, Susria.
side veins, the upper surface shiny green, and RANGE.-Mountains of central and western
the lower surface dull blue green. Puerto Rico.
Leafy twig (above), male flowers (below), fruits (lower right), natural size.

159
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (POLYGONACEAE)

This rare shrub or small tree was first found hairs in vein angles.
in Puerto Rico in 1963 by one of the authors. Flower clusters (racemes) with slender
It is recognized by: (1) twigs with slightly en- finely hairy axis bear many small flowers, male
larged ringed nodes bearing at base of leaf a .
and female on different trees (dioecious) Male
sheath (ocrea) to lh inch long; (2) elliptic flowers 1 - 4 in a cluster, are composed of minute
leaves 1?&U,k2 inches long and 3/!11--4 inches basal tube (hypanthium), 5 calyx lobes, and 8
wide, thin, the petioles attached above base of spreading stamens. Female flowers borne singly
sheath; (3) many small flowers, less than 1 , have larger basal tube, 5 calyx lobes, minute
inch long on stalks of inch in slender ter- nonfunctional stamens, and pistil with ovary
minal clusters of 3-7 inches; and (4) egg- and 3 styles. The fruits consist of basal tube
shaped to rounded fruits nearly % inch long. (hypanthium) with calyx lobes a t apex and 1
An evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet seed (akene) .
high and 4 inches in trunk diameter. Twigs Known in Puerto Rico only from moist
slender, finely hairy when young. coastal forest along coastal cliffs to 300 feet
The leaves are alternate but mostly on short altitude near old railroad tunnel a t Rio Guaja-
side twigs and crowded. The minutely hairy taca near Quebradillas.
petioles l/g-Y8 inch long are attached above RANGE.-Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, and
base of sheath (ocrea) . Blades are short-pointed Puerto Rico.
a t apex, rounded or slightly notched a t base, not OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ E . - B a h a m apigeon-
toothed on edges, the upper surface shiny green plum (Bahamas).
and hairless, and the lower surface paler and BOTANICALSYNONYM.-coccoloba bahamen-
slightly hairy along veins and with tufts of sis Britton.
Twig with female flowers (above), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size.

161
 FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY (NYCTAGINACEAE)
Shrubs, woody vines, and trees in the tropics (monoecious), regular, with tubular 5-lobed
and herbs in temperate climates, known by: calyx often showy, no corolla, 1 3 0 stamens
(1) leaves mostly opposite, simple, entire, with- separate or united, and pistil with superior 1-
out stipules; (2) flowers small or minute, in celled ovary containing 1ovule, and long style;
branched clusters (cymes), sometimes with and (3) fruit a n akene enclosed by the per-
showy bracts, bisexual or male and female on sistent, sometimes fleshy calyx. Also vol. 1,
different plants (dioecious) or the same plant p. 88.
Key to species
A. Leaves small, narrowly oblong, %-I%inches long, almost stalkless, mostly whorled and crowded on short side
twigs but alternate on long twigs-317. Neea buzifolia.
AA. Leaves, larger, broader, opposite.
B. Leaves elliptic or nearly round, rounded or short-pointed at both ends, hairy at least when young; fruits
d narrow, with 5 rows of dotlike glands-Pisonia.
~.Teavesabout half as broad as long, the lower surface densely fine hairy-31. Corcho bobo, Piswia
albida (Heimerl) Britton.
CC. Leaves nearly as broad as long, rusty brown hairy when young but becoming hairless or nearly so-
32. Corcho blanco, water mampoo, Piaonia subcwdatu Sw.
BB. Leaves elli tic to obovate o r oblong, mostly short-pointed at apex (except No. 315), hairless; fruits cylin-
dric, flesgy, red or turnin to black--Guapira.
D. Leaves %-I% inches tng, oblong or elliptic, rounded or slightly notched at apex.dl5. Gr~apiro
discolor.
DD. Leaves larger.
E. Young twigs, petioles, flower stalks, and flowers with minute reddish hairs; leaves elliptic,
mostly 236-6 inches long, forming prominent network of many small veins upon dr~ina-316.
- -
Guapira obtwata.
EE. Young twigs and petioles hairless; leaves obovate or elli tic usually broadest beyond middle,
2-6 inches long, sli htly thick and suceulent-3t ~orcko,black rnampoo, Guapira fiagranr
(Durn.-Cours.) ~ i t t k(Tombia fragratra).

315. Barrehorno Guapira discolor (Spreng.) Little

Shrub or small tree on Desecheo and Mona greenish, minutely hairy or almost hairless,
Islands and found near GuBnica, Puerto Rico. stalkless or nearly so. Male flowers are com-
Identified by: (1) opposite, small oblong or posed of a funnel-shaped 6-toothed calyx 3 { 6
elliptic leaves inches long and 3/a-1 inch inch long and 6-10 longer stamens. Female
wide, sometimes larger, rounded or slightly flowers have a tubular 5-toothed calyx 1/8 inch
notched a t apex; (2) many clustered cylindric long and pistil with ovary, slender style, and
fleshy 1-seeded fruits more than 1/4, - inch long, much branched stigma. The fruit (anthocarp)
bright red. consists of the red fleshy calyx with 5 minute
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet high, lobes a t apex and within a brown 10-ridged
often with several trunks to 5 inches in diam- oblong dry fruit and 1 seed. With flowers in
eter, spreading and sometimes leaning. The spring and summer and with fruits in summer
bark is gray and smooth, becoming slightly and fall.
cracked into small rectangular plates. Inner The sapwood is light brown and soft.
bark has a thin green outer layer and light Rare and scattered in the dry coastal forest
brown fibrous beneath, almost tasteless. Twigs from sea level to 700 feet altitude on Desecheo
light gray, hairless, brittle. and Mona Islands. Collected also a t Punta
The opposite hairless leaves have slender Montalva near Guirnica in the southwestern
petioles 1/k-3/8 inch long. Blades are short- part of Puerto Rico but not known elsewhere
pointed a t base, not toothed on margins, on the island.
slightly thickened, without visible veins except R A N G E . - ~ u ~ Rico,
~ ~ o Desecheo, Mona, His-
midrib, dull green on upper surface and paler
beneath. paniola, Cuba, Jamaica, and Grand Cayman.
Flowers are male and female on different Also a variety a t Navassa (U. S.) .
trees (dioecious) few to many in terminal and OTHER COMMON NAME.-barrehorno (Cuba).
lateral branched clusters (panicles) 1,4-11,4 BOTANICAL SYNONYMS.-Pisoni& discolor
inches long and broad. The flowers are small, Spreng., Torrubia discolor (Spreng.) Britton.
 Guapira discolor (Spreng.) Little
Twig with male flowers (above), fruiting twig (lower left), twig with female flowers (right), natural size.

163
FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY (NYCTAGINACEAE)

316. Corcho prieto Guapircc obtusala (Jacq.) Little

A tree of western mountains of 'Puerto Rico 6-8 stamens about twice as long. Female flow-
characterized by : (1) minute dark reddish hairs ers have a narrow tubular 5-toothed calyx l/s
on young twigs, buds, petioles, branches of inch long and pistil with ovary, slender style,
flower clusters, and flowers; (2) opposite el- and much branched stigma. The fruit (antho-
liptic leaves slightly thickened and leathery, carp) is composed of the red fleshy calyx with
forming a prominent network of many small 5 minute lobes at apex and within a 10-ridged
veins upon drying; and (3) many clustered dry fruit and 1oblong seed s/l, inch long. Flow-
elliptic red fruits 1/), inch long, fleshy and 1- ering in spring and summer and maturing
seeded. fruits in summer.
Small to medium-sized deciduous tree to 60 The wood is light brown with darker streaks
feet high and 14 inches in trunk diameter. Bark and hard.
gray or light brown, smoothish, finely fissured. Uncommon to rare in lower Cordillera and
Inner bark is light brown or whitish, slightly moist limestone forests, also on serpentine, at
bitter. The green twig becoming gray ends in 200-2,800 feet altitude in western mountains
a pointed bud '/16-4/8 inch long, both covered of Puerto Rico.
with minute dark reddish hairs. PUBLIC~ o ~ ~ s ~ s . - c a m b a l a c h eGuaj
, ataca,
The opposite leaves have slender petioles Guirnica, Maricao, Rfo Abajo, SusGa.
mostly y2-1 inch long sometimes shorter. RANGE.-Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Cuba, Ja-
Blades are broadly to narrowly elliptic, mostly maica, and Bahamas; bois cassave sylvestre
2Y2-5 inches long and 1%-21/2 inches wide, (Haiti).
slightly thickened and leathery, hairless, short- OTHER COMMON NAMES.--corcho, corcho
pointed at base, not toothed on edges, and short- blanco (Puerto Rico) ; vibora, mala mujer
pointed or blunt a t apex, slightly shiny green or (Dominican Republic) ; sapo, macagiiey
yellow green, and paler green beneath. (Cuba) ; broad-leaved blolly (Bahamas).
Many small male and female flowers are BOTANICALSYNONYMS.-Pkonia obtusata
borne on different trees (dioecious) , nearly Jacq., Torwbia obtmata (Jacq.) Britton.
stalkless, greenish with reddish hairs, in much Britton and Wilson (LO) did not list this spe-
branched clusters 1 Y 2 4 inches long and broad cies from Puerto Rico, though Cook and Collins
a t or near ends of twigs. Male flowers have (13) did. Originally named from Bahamas, it
funnel-shaped 5-toothed calyx 1/8 inch long and reaches its eastern limit here.
Twig with male flowers (upper left), twig with female flowers (upper right), fruiting twig (below), natural size.
- -

FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY (NYCTAGINACEAE)

Neea buxifolia (Hook. f.) Heimerl

This rare shrub or small tree is easily recog- Flowers are male and female on different
nized by: (1) very slender light gray twigs; plants (dioecious), borne singly a t leaf bases,
(2) small narrowly oblong leaves %-I Ys inches hanging down on short stalks '/lo inch long.
long, inch wide, mostly whorled and Male flowers have a narrowly cylindric tubular
crowded on very short lateral twigs but alter- hairy calyx inch long, 6-toothed a t apex,
nate on long twigs; (3) flowers male and fe- with 2 hairy scales a t base, containing 6-8 un-
male on different plants, small, light yellow, equal stamens less than s/,, inch long and in-
borne singly a t leaf bases; and (4) elliptic red side the tube. Female flowers have tubular
fruits inch long. 5-toothed calyx, with S hairy scales a t base, en-
Evergreen shrub or rarely small tree to 16 closing pistil with ovary and short style. The
feet high (reported to 25 feet) and 3 inches in fruit (anthocarp) is red, light green when
trunk diameter, with few slender spreading immature, with 6-toothed calyx a t apex,
branches and without a definite crown. Bark slightly fleshy, 1-seeded. Flowering in spring
gray, smooth, the inner bark greenish and whit- and summer and maturing fruits in summer.
ish, bitter. The very slender light gray twigs Wood whitish, soft.
have minute brown hairs when young and bear Uncommon in moist limestone forest a t 200-
rounded leaf scars on raised bases. 1,500 feet altitude in limestone hills of northern
The leaves have very slender short leafstalks Puerto Rico. Also Pifieros, Culebra, St.
less than '/loinch long from a raised base on Thomas, and St. John.
twig. Blades are rounded a t apex, short-pointed PUBLICFORESTS AND PARK.-Cambalache,
a t base, hairless, slightly thickened, without Guajataca, Rio Abajo, Vega; Virgin Islands.
visible side veins, the upper surface shiny RANGE.-Known only from Puerto Rico and
green, the lower surface dull light green. the Virgin Islands.
 Neea buzifolia (Hook. f.) Heirnerl
Leafy twig (left), twig with female flowers (right), natural size.
 MOONSEED FAMILY (MENISPERMACEAE)
Woody vines, also few shrubs, herbs, and sepals and 6 smaller petals separate or united,
small trees, known by: (1) leaves alternate, stamens mostly 6 and opposite petals, and 3-6
simple, mostly entire, sometimes palmately pistils with superior l-celled ovary containing
lobed, palmate-veined, without stipules; (2) 2 ovules, and stigma; and (3) fruit a drupe or
minute greenish flowers in branched clusters akene, with seed curved in form of crescent or
(cymes), male and female mostly on different moon.
plants (dioecious) , regular, with usually 6

318. Hyperbnena lnrcrijolin (Poir. ) Urhan

This rare woody vine or sometimes a small Flower clusters (panicles) to 2 inches long
tree of northern and southwestern limestone a t leaf bases contain many tiny flowers on fine,
hills of Puerto Rico is characterized by: (1) rusty hairy branches, male and female on
oblong to lanceolate leaves, thick leathery, and .
different plants (dioecious) Male flowers less
brittle, with very fine network 04 veins on both than 1/8 inch across are composed of 6 sepals
surfaces when dry, the petioles enlarged below in 2 series, the inner larger and nearly '/, inch ,
blade; (2) minute greenish yellow flowers long, 6 petals shorter than sepals, and 6 short
male and female in separate branched clusters stamens. Female flowers in short clusters
a t leaf bases; and (3) rounded but slightly (racemelike), consisting of 6 sepals, 6 petals,
flattened fruit Yk-1 inch in diameter, blackish, 6 minute nonfunctional stamens, and 3 pistils
fleshy, with large crescent-shaped or moonlike with ovary and hooklike style. The fruit
stone. (drupe) contains thin flesh and large crescent-
Evergreen woody vine or small tree to 15 shaped or moonlike stone and seed. Flowering
feet high and 2 inches in trunk diameter. The in spring and with fruits in spring and summer.
twigs are stiff, slender, and hairless. Rare in northern limestone region a t 200-
The alternate leaves have leafstalks Y2-:$'l. 600 feet altitude near Bayam6n and Rio Abajo
inch long, enlarged in the % inch below blade, and in San Josh Lagoon, northern Puerto Rico,
without stipules. Blades are 3-6 inches long and near Cabo Rojo in southwestern part. Also
and 1-2 inches wide, short-pointed or blunt a t St. Thomas.
apex and rounded a t base, not toothed on edges, PUBLIC~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - - G u a j a tRio
a c aAbajo.
,
thick and leathery, hairless, the upper surface RANGE.-Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, and Mont-
shiny green, the lower surface paler dull green. serrat.

MAGNOLIA FAMILY (MAGNOLIACEAE)

Trees and shrubs, known by: (1) leaves al- many stamens in spiral on elongated axis, and
ternate, simple, entire, mostly with large stip- in a spiral many simple pistils with 1-celled
ules that form the bud and leave ring scars ovary and 1 to few ovules; and (3) fruit of
a t nodes; (2) flowers often large and showy, many follicles or berries often united like a
frequently solitary, bisexual, regular, with 3 to cone. Vol. 1, p. 94.
many sepals, 6 to many petals c~mmonlywhit?,
Key to species (Nos. 34-35)
A. Leaves broadly elliptic to nearly round, abruptly short-pointed, hairless-34. Jagiiilla, nfngtlolia yortoricetrsis
Bello.
AA. Leaves ovate or elliptic, short- or long-pointed, the lower surface silky gray green with fine hairs-35. Laulol
sabino, Magttolia splendens Urban.
 Hyperbaena laarifolia (Poir.) Urban
Twig with male flowers (upper left), fruiting twig (below), natural size.

169
 ANNoNA FAMILY (ANNONACEAE)
Small to medium-sized trees and shrubs, equal size, and on the axis many stamens in a
known by: (1) leaves alternate, commonly in spiral and few to many separate pistils with
2 rows, simple, entire, sometimes aromatic and superior 1-celled ovary containing 1 to many
with gland dots, without stipules; (2) flowers ovules, style, and stigma; and (3) fruits, often
generally solitary, large, bisexual, regular, com- stalked, berries, follicles, or aggregate, some-
posed of 3 sepals, 6 petals in 2 series of un- times edible. Also vol. 1,p. 98.

Key to species
A. Fruit 1 from a flower, from many pistils united, edible (except No. 36 and doubtfully No. 320).
B. Flowers with -1s united a t base, the outer 3 forming thickened wings; f r u i t rounded, 2 s - 4 inches in
diameter, w ~ t hmany conic tubercles-324. Rolli~tiamucosa.
BB. Flowers with petals d~stinct,not wined-Antlonu.
C. Leaves m t h tiny- ~
fleshy spines.
- o c k e t son lower leaf surface where side veins join midrib; fruita bearing- many
D. Leaves broadest a t middle; fruit rounded, with short straight spines, not e d i b l e 3 6 . Cuansbana
cimarrona, wild soursop, Annona montana Macfadyen.
DD. Leaves broadest beyond middle; fruit elliptic or egg-shaped, with long curved spines, edible--
37. Guanhbana, soursop, Annotia muricata L.*
CC. Leaves without pockets; fruits smooth.
E. Fruit composed of many rounded tubercles-39. An6n, sugar-apple, Antrona uquamosa L.*
- -

EE. Fruit not tubercled.

F. Fruit egg-ehaped, almost tasteless; flowers nearly as broad a s long-320. Annorm glabra.
FF. Fruit rounded o r heart-shaped, sweetish; flowers narrow, about twice as long a s broad.
G.. Leaves ovate to elliptic, velvety hairy beneath-319. Annonu cherimolia*
CG. Leaves lanceolate to oblong, finely hairy beneath when young-38. .
-
Coraz6n. custard-
apple, Annona .reticulati L.*
AA. Fruits several to many from a flower, separate, inedible.
H. Flowers with 6 very narrow long- ointed drooping petals 3-6 inches long; fruits 8-16 long-stalked ellip-
tic berries %-1 inch long-40. 1fkn-i16n, ylang-ylang, Cananga o d a o t a (Lam.)Hook. f. & Thorns8
HH. Flowers with 6 petals less than 1 inch long; fruits mostly short-stalked.
I. Flowers with etals 34-?4 inch long; fruits many-Cuattena.
J. Leaves obrong, 1%-3 inches long, s h o r t ointed or rounded a t apex, thick and leathery--41. Hsya
minga, Guattelja blainii (Griseb.) d a n .
JJ. Leaves narrowly- elliptic,
- . 3-8 inches long,
- long-pointed
- - a t apex, slightly thickened-821. Cuattsria
caribaea.
11. Flowers with etals %flS6 inch long; fruits several or f e w 4 z a v d r a .
\
K. Leaves o lon el11 tic, 3%-8 inches long; flowers
lonystalke%-3&. Ozandm laurifolia.
inch long; fruits several, % inch long,
KK. Leaves lance-elliptic, 1%-3% inches long; flowers %a inch long; fruits few (or I ) , nearly ?$.
inch long, almost stalkless--322. Ozandra lanceolata.

319. Chirimoya, cherimoya Annona cherimolia Mill.*

Cherimoya is planted occasionally as a fruit 1y2-8% inches wide, sometimes larger, slightly
tree but is less common than its relatives. Dis- hairy above, with many straight parallel lateral
tinguished by: (1) yellow-brown hairs on veins.
young twigs and leaves; (2) leaves mostly The large fragrant flowers are borne singly
ovate to elliptic, blunt-pointed at apex and or 2 or 3 on short nodding hairy stalks often
rounded a t base, velvety hairy beneath, alter- opposite a leaf. There are 3 narrow outer
nate and in 2 rows ; (3) flowers greenish yellow,
1-1% inches long, with 3 narrow outer petals,
petals li/H-lx inches long, greenish yellow and
velvety hairy, within pale yellow with a purple
velvety brownish hairy; and (4) fruit rounded spot a t base, 3 inner petals very small and
to conelike or heart-shaped, about 3-4V2 inches scalelike, usually pinkish; many crowded mi-
in diameter, the surface often marked with nute stamens; and many tiny pistils crowded
small protuberances separated by line borders on conical axis.
of individual fruits. The aggregate fruit is variable in shape and
A small deciduous (?) tree to 25 feet high. composed of many united pistils, each usually
Twigs finely hairy. with a tubercle from the style or the surface
The leaves hang down in 2 rows along hori- smooth with a network formed by borders of
zontal twigs. Petioles l/g-lh inch long, finely individual fruits. From each flower there is
hairy. Blades are mostly 3-6 inches long and an oblong slightly flattened brown or black
319. Chirimoya, cherimoya Airiloita clrerinrolia Mill.=
Flowering twig, natural size.
ANNONA FAMILY (ANNONACEAE)
seed about y8 inch long. The pulp, which duced early and naturalized north to Central
separates easily from the seeds, is white and America and Mexico. Planted north to south-
has a pleasantly acid taste. ern Florida, southern California, south to
Uncommon as a fruit tree in Puerto Rico, Brazil and Chile, in the West Indies, Hawaii,
mostly in mountains, and grown experimentally and in the Old World tropics.
in St. Croix. Better adapted to subtropical re- OTHER COMMON NAMES.--chirimoya, cheri-
gions in mountains or northward than to the moya, anona (Spanish) ; anona blanca, anona
lowland tropics. poshte (El Salvador) ; cherimoya (English) ;
R A N G E . - N ~ ~ ~apparently
v~ of the Andes cachiman la Chine (Haiti). The common name
from Colombia to Peru and Bolivia but intro- chirimoya is applied also to related species.

320. C o r d n cimarrhn, pond-apple Annona &bra L.

Coraz6n cimarr6n or pond-apple, which is un- The fruits resemble those of No. 38, coraz6n
common in coastal swamps back of the man- or custard-apple, Annona reticulata L., and
groves, is recognized by: (1) shiny leathery other related species cultivated for their deli-
elliptic leaves 3-6 inches long and 1?4-29!1. cious fruits. However, fruits of this wild tree
inches wide; (2) flowers solitary, almost are seldom eaten by people because they are
round, whitish, about !!?. inch wide, with 6 almost tasteless.
large fleshy petals of 2 sizes ;and (3) large egg- Uncommon in coastal swamps and along
shaped fruits 2.7/!&-5 inches long, smooth, pale streambanks back of the mangroves in fresh
yellow with brown spots, edible but almost water almost a t sea level around the coast of
tasteless. Puerto Rico and through the Virgin Islands.
Small tree to 20 feet high and 6 inches in Recorded from Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas,
trunk diameter, with spreading crown, decidu- St. John, Tortola, Jost Van Dyke, and Virgin
ous. The trunk becomes swollen a t base and Gorda. Not found on Mona or Desecheo.
sometimes has buttresses. Bark dark reddish PUBLICFORESTS AND PARK.-Aguirre, Bo-
brown, fissured and scaly. Twigs brown or querbn, Cambalache, San Juan; Virgin Islands.
yellow, becoming warty, hairless. RANGE.-Southern Florida including Flor-
The leaves are alternate in 2 rows on stout ida Keys and widespread from Bahamas
petioles about Y2 inch long. Leaf blades are through West Indies. Also from southern
short-pointed a t apex, rounded a t base, not Mexico along Atlantic coast to Brazil and along
toothed on edges, hairless, shiny green on upper Pacific coast to Ecuador including Galirpagos
surface and pale beneath. Islands. Also coast of western Africa.
Flowers open from a triangular bud on a OTHER COBfMON NAMES.--CayUr, coyur,
stout lateral drooping stalk. There are 3 pointed corcho (Puerto Rico) ; pond-apple, corkwood
green sepals about 3/10 inch long; 6 fleshy (Virgin Islands) ;mam6n de perro, andn de rio,
petals in 2 series, the 3 outer larger, inch bagi, guanaibana cimarrona (Dominican Re-
long, concave, and short-pointed with a red dot public) ; bagi, palo bob0 (Cuba) ; corcho, palo
near the base within, and 3 inner smaller; de corcho, xmaac (Mexico) ; anonillo (Guate-
many stamens 4/8 inch long; and many pistils mala) ; anona (Honduras) ; guaniibana (Nica-
less than y8 inch long. The aggregate fruit is ragua) ; guanibana silvestre (Costa Rica) ;
formed from the many pistils and composed of an6n de puerco (Panama) ; may6s (Colombia) ;
light yellow aromatic pulp, which is almost anon liso, chirimoya cimarrona, guanhbano
tasteless. There are many elliptic shiny brown cimarr6n, guanaibano bob0 (Venezuela) ; anona
seeds Y2-'i/n inch long. Flowering in spring del campo (Ecuador) ; pond-apple, alligator-
and maturing fruits in summer. apple, custard-apple (United States) ; cork-
The wood is light brown with yellow streaks, wood, monkey-apple, pond-apple (English) ;
courasol, courasotte, sweet-sop (Dominica) ;
soft, lightweight (specific gravity 0.5), weak, bobwood, corkwood, alligator-apple (British
and not durable. The lightweight wood, cork- Honduras) ; corossol marron, mammier
like, especially that of the roots, has been em- (Haiti) ; kayuda (Dutch Antilles) ; araticum
ployed for floats of fishing nets and for bottle do brejo (Brazil).
stoppers. BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-Anm palz(9t?-is LL.
320. CorazBn cimnrrbn, pond-apple Aqrlto~taglabra L.
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), two-thirds nnturnl size.
ANNONA FAMILY (ANNONACEAE)

321, Haya blanca Guatteria caribaea Urban

Haya blanca is a small to medium-sized tree short stamens less than inch long; and
of moist forests, characterized by: (1) nar- many small pistils less than y8 inch long, each
rowly elliptic leaves 3-8 inches long and 1 3 with a l-celled l-ovuled ovary. With flowers
inches wide, long-pointed a t apex, slightly from spring to fall and with fruits from
thickened, alternate in 2 rows; (2) flowers summer to winter.
single a t leaf bases, about inch long, with 6 The sapwood is yellow or light .brown. The
oblong whitish fleshy petals; and (3) clusters hard heavy wood has served for posts. Else-
of several to many short-stalked oblong fruits where the wood has been used for lumber, and
about yl. inch long and inch wide, 1-seeded, rope has been made from the fibrous bark.
from a flower. Uncommon to rare in moist limestone, lower
Evergreen small to medium-sized tree 20-70 Luquillo, and upper and lower Cordillera for-
feet high and 6-10 inches in trunk diameter, ests a t 500-4,000 feet altitude in Puerto Rico.
with spreading horizontal branches. The bark Also in mountain forest of Sage Mountain,
is smooth and gray, the inner bark light brown Tortola. Reported from St. Thomas more than
and slightly spicy. Twigs are green and finely a century ago.
hairy when young, becoming dark brown, PUBLIC F'ORESTS AND PARK.-Lu~u~~~o, Rio
slightly zigzag. Abajo, Susca, Toro Negro; Sage Mountain.
The alternate leaves have short petioles 48- RANGE.-~U~~ Rico,
~ O Tortola, St. Kitts,
l/a inch long. Blades are short-pointed a t base, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia,
not toothed on edges, the upper surface shiny and Grenada.
dark green and hairless with faint side veins, OTHER COMMON NAMES.--atchiman grand
and the lower surface dull light green and bois, corosol grand bois (French) ; mahot
slightly hairy or almost hairless. I'anglais, corossolier, corossolier montagne,
The fragrant flowers are composed of a mahot noir (Martinique) ;maho noir, bois vio-
slender stalk about Y2inch long; 3 broad hairy Ion (Dominica).
sepals y8 inch long; 6 oblong thickened finely BOTANICALS ~ N o ~ ~ ~ . - - C a n a n gcaribaea
a
hairy petals 3/8-t/8 inch long; many crowded (Urban) Britton.
321. Haya blanca Griatteria caribaea Urban
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (below), natural size.
ANNONA FAMILY (ANNONACEAE)

322. Haya prieta, lancewood Ozandra lanceolata (Sw.) Baill.

Lancewood of this species is very rare in pendage beyond the anther; and many pistils
western Puerto Rico. Its distinguishing char- with 1-celled ovary, 1 ovule, short style, and
acters are : (1) lance-elliptic leaves 1y2-3v! enlarged stigma.
inches long and a/,-1y2 inches wide, alternate The light yellow wood is described as very
in 2 rows ; (2) flowers mostly single and almost fine textured, very strong, durable, elastic, and
stalkless at leaf bases, about 3/lc inch long, with extremely hard, equaling boxwood. Formerly it
6 elliptic petals; and (3) few (or 1 ) almost was imported into England from Jamaica as
stalkless elliptic reddish berries nearly 1h inch "lancewood spars" for carriages. Other uses
long and %a inch wide from a flower, 1-seeded. elsewhere a r e general turnery, fishing rods,
From No. 323, yaya lancewood, Oxandra lauri- poles, and masts.
f o l k (Sw.) A. Rich., this species is separated It is reported that hogs relish the fruits
by its shorter lance-shaped leaves, smaller where the trees are common.
flowers, and smaller, stalkless fruits. Very rare in woods and thickets near Que-
Small to medium-sized tree to 50 feet in bradillas and Cabo Rojo, both in western
height. The bark is gray and fissured. Twigs Puerto Rico, collected nearly a century ago by
slender, slightly zigzag, gray brown, hairless. P. Sintenis and reported by Britton and Wilson
The alternate kairless leaves have very short (10). Collected in 1971 east of Cabo Rojo, where
petioles about '/loinch long. Blades are short- locally common, by one of the authors.
pointed or rounded a t base, not toothed on R A N G E . - ~ u ~ ~Jamaica,
, Hispaniola, and
edges, long-pointed a t apex, gland dotted, form- Puerto Rico.
ing a dense network of fine veins. OTHER COMMON NAMES.-^^^^ blanca (Pu-
The flower consists of 3 rounded sepals about erto Rico) ;yaya (Dominican Republic, Cuba) ;
inch long; 6 elliptic petals the 3 outer %(, yaya, yaya prieta, yaya, yaya boba macho
inch long and the 3 inner slightly shorter; (Cuba) ; lancewood (English) ; black lance-
many stamens ending in a long tapering ap- wood (Jamaica) ; bois de lance (Haiti).
322. Haya prieta, lance~vood Oxandon laaceolata (Sw.) Baill.
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (below), natural size.

177
ANNONA FAMILY (ANNONACEAE)

323. Yaya, lancewood Oxandra laurifolia (Sw.) A. Rich.

This species of lancewood is uncommon in and many pistils '/la inch long, consisting of
the Luquillo Mountains. It is identified by : (1) hairy 1-celled ovary, 1 ovule, short style, and
oblong-elliptic leaves 3y2-8 inches long and enlarged stigma. Several separate fruits on
1%-21h inches wide, long-pointed a t both ends, stalks s/,, inch long are produced from a flower.
brittle, alternate and spreading in 2 rows; (2) The brown elliptic seed is more than inch
flowers few or 1 a t leaf bases, about inch long. Collected in flower in May and July and
long, with 6 spreading oblong white petals; in fruit from February to May and in Novem-
and (3) several long-stalked elliptic purplish ber.
black berries inch long and y8 inch broad The wood is described a s similar to that of
from a flower, 1-seeded. the related species No. 322, haya prieta, lance-
Small evergreen tree 30 feet high and 8 wood, Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Baill., and to
inches in trunk diameter, elsewhere becoming be used for the same purposes. However, in
a large tree. Twigs green, slender, slightly Puerto Rico the supply is limited and the size
zigzag, finely hairy. restricts use to posts.
The alternate leaves have short stout petioles PUBLIC FOREST.-Lu~u~IIo.
about inch long. Blades are soft hairy Uncommon in lower Luquillo forest at 500-
beneath when young, becoming hairless, 2,000 feet altitude in Luquillo Mountains of
slightly thickened and leathery, not toothed on Puerto Rico. Reported long ago from St. Croix.
edges, dark green above and light green be- RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto
neath. Rico, and Guadeloupe.
The short-stalked flowers are composed of 3 OTHER COMMON NAMES.-^^^^, haya mala
sepals '/lc inch long; 6 oblong white petals (Puerto Rico) ; yaya, yaya boba, yaya blanca
%-%/,, inch long, the outer 3 slightly longer; (Dominican Republic) ; purio (Cuba) ; lance-
many stamens nearly 1/8 inch long ending in a wood (English, Jamaica) ;bois de I'an (Guade-
long tapering appendage beyond the anther; loupe) ; bois de lance batard (Haiti).
Flowering twig (upper right), fruiting twig (below), natural size.

179
ANNONA FAMILY (ANNONACEAE)

RoUinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill.

This rare tree with edible mucilaginous fruit !h2 inch long, light yellow; and many light
is distinguished by: (1) the elliptic leaves 4-8 yellow pistils crowded on conical base in central
inches long and 1%-2% inches wide, alternate mass 4/8 inch long and broad, each composed of
in 2 rows on nearly horizontal twigs; (2) narrow ovary and stigma.
flowers 1-1% inches broad, yellow green, with The rounded multiple fruit is composed of
3 large thick, winged petals; and (3) rounded many crowded individual fruits ending in stout
multiple fruit 2s-4 inches in diameter, whitish spreading points, each with a brown elliptic
green, with many spreading, pointed conic seed y8 inch long in sticky whitish pulp. Flower-
tubercles l/s;--1/2 inch long, whitish sweet and ing in spring and summer and with fruits in
edible pulp, many-seeded. summer.
A small evergreen tree to 45 feet high and The yellowish wood is reported to be hard,
6 inches in trunk diameter. Bark gray, smooth, heavy, and strong.
slightly warty. Twigs nearly horizontal, green Planted in various tropical countries for the
and finely hairy when young, afterwards brown edible mucilaginous fruits, to which the specific
with light dots (lenticels), ending in bud of name refers.
minute folded brown hairy leaves without Rare in moist limestone and upper Cordillera
scales or stipules. forests a t 600-2,000 feet altitude in Puerto
The leaves are alternate in 2 rows and have Rico.
petioles 3/8 inch long, yellow green, slightly PUBLIC FORESTS.-Guajataca, Maricao.
hairy. Leaf blades are elliptic, thin, with long RANGE.-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and from
point at apex and short point a t base. The Guadeloupe and Dominica to St. Vincent and
upper surface is shiny green, almost hairless, Trinidad. Also northwestern South America
turned up on both sides of midvein, with many from Colombia and Venezuela to Brazil, Peru,
curved sunken side veins, the lower surface and Ecuador. The native range uncertain and
dull light green with raised side veins and with extended by cultivation.
minute inconspicuous hairs. OTHER COMMON NAMES.--cachim&n (Puerto
Flowers 3 or fewer opposite the base of a Rico) ; candongo (Dominican Republic) ; mu-
leaf on stalks 94,-1y2inches long, yellow green. lato (Colombia) ;rii6n, riii6n de monte (Vene-
The flower consists of calyx of 3 pointed sepals zuela) ; chirimoya (Ecuador) ; an6n (Peru) ;
3/16 inch long; corolla of 6 thickened finely hairy wild sugar-apple (Trinidad) ; cachiman mor-
petals, the outer 3 pointed and % inch long veux (Guadeloupe) ; araticum, araticum pitayti
and 3 forming oblong thickened wings (Brazil).
inch broad; stamens many, crowded in ring,
324. An6n cimarr6n Rolli~tiaatrccosa (Jacq.) Baill.
Flowering twig (above), fruit (left), flower (lower right), natural size.
 LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE)
Trees, mostly large, and few shrubs, known oecious), regular, often with short cup (hy-
by: (1) bark, wood, and leaves aromatic; (2) panthiurn), 3 sepals and 3 similar petals (or 6
leaves mostly alternate (sometimes opposite or tepals), 9-12 stamens or some reduced to sta-
whorled) , simple, commonly elliptic, entire, minodes, the anthers opening by 2 or 4 pores
pinnate-veined with few long curved side veins, with lids, and pistil with superior 1-celled ovary
often leathery, with minute gland dots, without with 1 ovule, and short style; and (4) fruit a
stipules; (3) flowers mostly small, yellow, berry or drupe with 1 large seed, mostly with
greenish, or whitish, usually many in lateral cup or tube from calyx or corolla persistent a t
branched clusters (panicles), bisexual or som!- base. Also vol. 1,p. 110.
times male and female on different plants (dl-

Key to species
A. Leaves with 3 main veins from near base.
B. Leaves alternate, dull green, thin; twigs finely hairy when young; native species of mountains-341.
Phoebe montana.
BB. Leaves mostly opposite, shiny green, mostly thickened; twigs hairless; introduced species.
C. Twigs ending in enlarged buds covered by overlapping scales, with odor and taste of camphor--327.
Cinnamomum camphra.*
CC. Twigs with buds not enlarged or covered by overlapping scales, with odor and taste of cinnamon.
D. Leaves lanceolate, about 3 times as long as broad, less than 1% inches w i d d 2 6 . Cinnamomum
burnannii.*
DD. Leaves elliptic, about twice a s long as broad, mostly more than 2 inches w i d e 3 2 8 . Cinnamo-
mum zeylanicum.*
AA. Leaves with 1main vein bearing side veins ( innate-veined) .
E. Leaves broadest beyond middle, r o u n d or bluntpointed a t apex.
F. Leaves clustered a t or near ends of twigs, 1%-3% inches long-SO. NemocB, Ocotea spathuhta Mez.
FF. Leaves borne singly, 3-7 inches long.
G. Leaves with lower surface densely hairy, reddish brown when young but becoming g r a y 4 6 .
Canelbn, Ocotea cuneate (Griseb.) Urban.
GG. Leaves shiny on both surfaces, hairless or nearly so, veins mostly reddish tinged near b a s d 9 .
Nuez moscada, Ocotea moschata (Meisn.) Mez.
E E . Leaves broadest below or near middle, mostly longpointed.
H. Leaves very narrow, lanceolate, more than 4 times a s long a s broad.
I. Leaves large, 7-14 inches long, often 3 or more a t node (whorled)--325. Aniba bracteata.
11. Leaves small, most1 less than 4 lnches long, borne singly.
J. Leaves with sidra veins formlng fine network, lower surface soft hairy--43. Canelilla, Lica-
&a salici olia (Sw.) Kosterm.
JJ. Leaves witL side veins inconspicuous and not forming network, lower surface densely cov-
ered with pressed rusty hairs--337. Ocotea wrightii.
HH. Leaves broader, mostly elliptic to ovate, mostly 2-3 times a s long a s broad.
K. Leaves thickened, shiny green on both surfaces, with prominent network of fine veins.
L. Leaves very thick and stiff; fruit cup with double margin-329. Licccria brittoniana.
LL. Leaves thick but flexible; fruit cup with sim le margin.
M. Leaves with aide veins sunken; fruits obfong, %-1 inch long. whitish--333. Nectandra
patens.
MM. Leaves with side veins not sunken. fruits round or elliptic, %-% inch long, blackish
or dark blue-46. , Jamaica nectandra. Nectandra coriacea (Sw.1
Laurel avisDiilo.
- . .
Griseb.
KK. Leaves slightly thickened, dull green or the upper surface slightly shiny, the smallveins in-
conspicuous.
N. Fruit without calyx or cup a t base.
0. Fruit pear-shaped or near1 round, yellow green, 4-6 inches long, edible (avocado)-
51. Aguacate, avocado, A r s e a americana Mill.*
00. Fruit elliptic, black, 1-1% inches long, inedible--42. Guajbn, Bdlschmiedia pendula
(Sw.) Benth. & Hook. f.
NN. Fruit with calyx or cu a t base.
P. Fruit with 6-lobejcalyx a t base.
Q. Fruit round.
R. Leaves whitish beneath-339. Persea urbaniana.
RR. Leaves covered beneath with short pressed brown hairs-338. Persea
krugii.
QQ. Fruit elliptic, twice as long as broad--340. Phoebe elongata.
 LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE)
PP. Fruit with cup at base, not 6-lobed (lobes often persistent in No. 47).
S. Fruit cup with double ma
T. Frult nearly round,
bunda (Sw.) Mez.
3% 96 inch long-47. Laurel espada, Ocotea flori-
TT. Fruit elliptic, about twice a s long a s broad, % inch or more in lens.
U. Fruit green or dark blue, in half-round red cup; leaves a b r u ~ t l yl o n g
pointed a t a p e x 4 4 . Palo de misanteco, Gulf licaria, h e a r i a tri-
aitdra (Sw.) Kosterm.
UU. Fruit black, in saucer-shaped cup; leaves broadly short-pointed a t
a ex--335. Ocotea foeniculacea.
SS. Fruit cup wi& simple margin.
V. Fruits many, round, about %a inch in diameter, the cup covered with
warts; leaves often with scattered raised d o t . ( g a l l s ) 4 8 . Laurel geo,
Ocotea teucozylon (Sw.) Mez.
VV. Fruits mostly few. larger, with smooth cup; - . leaves without raised dots.
W. Fruit nearly round;
X. Fruit stalk much thickened below cn-32. Nectatdra mem-
braimea.
XX. Fruit stalk not thickened--330 Nectandra antilkr~m..
WW. Fruit elliptic, about twice a s long a s broad.
Y. Leaves often with calluslike thickenings (galls) in vein angles
beneath--336. Ocotea portorice&.
YY. Leaves without calluslike thickenings in vein angles beneath.
Z. Twigs, branches of flower clusters, and flowers with loose
rusty hairs-331. Nectand~ahmtgii.
ZZ. Twips, branches of flower clusters, and flowers hairless or
w ~ t hshort pressed hairs-334. Nectandra sintenisii.
LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE)

325. Canelillo Aniba bracteata (Nees) Mez

This rare tree of mountain forests of eastern branched, a t leaf bases. Flowers many, nearly
Puerto Rico is identified by: (1) large lance- stalkless, about l/ls inch long and broad, com-
shaped t o elliptic slightly thickened leaves com- posed of finely hairy calyx with 6 pointed lobes
monly 3 4 a t a node; (2) elliptic berry % inch less thanxo inch long; 9 stamens and 3 smaller
long, with warty irregularly toothed cup ya-v2 sterile stamens (staminodes) ; and pistil with
inch long and broad a t base. 1-celled ovary. The fruit has a half-round cup
Evergreen small to medium-sized tree 40 feet and contains 1large seed. With fruits in winter
high and 6 inches in trunk diameter or larger, and spring.
with horizontal branches. Twigs stout, rusty Wood yellowish, hard, heavy, and fine-tex-
hairy when young. tured.
Leaves commonly 3--4 at a node, sometimes Rare in lower and upper Luquillo forests a t
5-6 (whorled), also partly alternate, with short 1,000-2,000 feet altitude and near Yabucoa in
stout petioles l/a-y2 inch long. Blades 6-16 eastern Puerto Rico.
inches long and 11/24y2inches wide, the PUBLIC FOREST.-LU~U~~~O.
straight margins gradually narrowed to blunt RANGE.-Puerto Rico, Montserrat, Guade-
or short-pointed base and long narrow apex, loupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, and St.
hairless, the upper surface green, and the lower Vincent.
surface light green with raised network of OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-~O~S jaune, laurier
veins. bois, laurier jaune (Guadeloupe, Martinique) ;
Flower clusters (panicles) 2-5 inches long, laurier rouge (Dominica).
LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE)

326. Malay cinnamon Cinnamomum burmannii (Neee) Blume =

Though not the main source of the spice, this Flower clusters (panicles) about 3 inches
species of cinnamon is sometimes grown in long and broad, a t ends and sides of twigs. The
Puerto Rico as an ornamental. Distinguishing flowers on slender stalks have finely hairy calyx
characters are : (1)bark and foliage with pleas- with 6 lobes inch long, 9 stamens mostly
a n t taste and odor of cinnamon; (2) mostly with glands toward base, and pistil with elliptic
paired oblong to lanceolate slightly thickened ovary, slender style, and enlarged stigma. The
leaves long-pointed a t apex, with 3 main veins fleshy fruits (berries) have a t base a shallow
from near the short-pointed base; (3) many cup with 6 spreading broken calyx lobes. Col-
small yellowish flowers about inch wide, in lected with fruits in January.
branched clusters; and (4) many elliptic blue- Uncommon as an ornamental in Puerto Rico.
black fruits about g2 inch long with shallow RANc~.-Native of southeastern Asia from
cup bordered by base of calyx lobes. India to China and Malaya. Planted beyond in
A small evergreen planted tree 25 feet or tropical regions as an ornamental and source
more in height and 8 inches in trunk diameter. of cinnamon.
Bark brown, smoothish, the inner bark brown OTHER COMMON NAME.-Canela de China
and spicy. Twigs slender, finely hairy when (Cuba).
young. Trees of this saecies have been referred to
Leaves mostly opposite, with slender petioles cassia-bark-tree, &nnamomum cassia (Nees)
of x-8l8 inch. Blades mostly 21/24 inches long Nees & Eberm. That species also from south-
and vb-la/8inches wide, sometimes larger, hair- eastern Asia has larger, thicker leaves with
less or nearly so, the upper surface shiny green, the 3 veins raised beneath and the fruit with
and the lower surface dull whitish green. deep cup.

327. Alcanfor, camphor-tree Cinnamomum camphora ( L. ) Sieb.*

A small evergreen tree to 25 feet high and polish, and has served elsewhere in cabinet-
6 inches in trunk diameter, with gray rough work, especially chests because the odor is re-
furrowed bark and dense oval crown, easily pellent to insects. Camphor gum and oil, used
recognized by its distinctive odor of camphor in medicine and industry, are prepared by steam
in crushed leaves and twigs. Other characters distillation of leaf clippings and wood from
for identification are : (1) mostly opposite ovate plantations. Uncommon as an ornamental in
to elliptic leaves 2-3 inches long and 34,-2 inches moist parts of Puerto Rico and in St. Croix.
wide, sometimes larger, long-pointed a t apex Grown from seeds and cuttings. Widely planted
and blunt to rounded a t base, slightly thickened, for ornament, also windbreaks and hedges, in
hairless, with 3 main veins from near base, subtropical and warm temperate regions north
shiny green above and dull whitish green to southern continental United States from
beneath, pinkish when young, with slender Florida to Texas and California.
mostly long petioles of vq-lx inches; (2)
greenish hairless twigs ending in enlarged el-
RANGE.-Native of China, Japan, and Taiwan
liptic brownish buds %-%%inch long, covered and widely introduced through tropical and
by many rounded overlapping scales ; (3) small subtropical regions.
yellowish flowers l/s inch broad in lateral OTHERCOMMON NAMES.--alcanfor, alcanfor
branched clusters (panicles) of 2-3 inches ;and del Jap6n (Spanish) ; camphor-tree, Japanese
(4) the round black berries s/s inch in diameter camphor-tree (English) ; camphier (French) ;
with short cuplike base, 1-seeded. Not ob- canforeiro (Brazil).
served to bear flowers and fruits locally. The BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Camphora camphora
wood is yellowish, fine-textured, takes a good (L.) Karst.
Fruiting twig, natural size.
LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE)

328. Canela legitima, cinnamon-tree Cinnamomum seylanicurn Breyne *

Canela legitima or cinnamon-tree, sometimes upper surface is shiny green, yellow green
cultivated for ornament and shade, is the when young, with 3 or 5 yellowish raised main
source of the spice of the same name. This aro- veins, curved up on both sides, and the lower
matic tree is recognized by: (1) the aromatic, surface dull whitish green.
spicy bark, the cinnamon of commerce; (2) Flower clusters (panicles) 2--3y2 inches long
the paired, very shiny green ovate or elliptic bear many flowers with distinctive odor, on
leaves also aromatic, stiff and slightly thick- forking yellow-white stalks. There are 6
ened, with 3 or 5 long main veins from the spreading calyx lobes less than v8 inch long,
base; (3) many small yellow-white flowers less yellow white and finely hairy; 9 stamens; and
than l/a inch wide, in branching clusters a t and pistil with 1-celled ovary, slender style, and
near twig ends; and (4) the elliptic blackish enlarged stigma. The fleshy fruits have 6-lobed
berry fruits 1/2-ri/8 inch long, with 6-lobed cup- cuplike calyx a t base and contain 1 large seed.
like base. With flowers and fruits from late spring to fall.
A small evergreen planted tree to 20 feet The reddish brown bark is the source of the
high and 6 inches in trunk diameter, with cinnamon or Ceylon cinnamon of commerce and
widely spreading dense crown. The bark is has served in medicine.
brown, smoothish with warts (lenticels), be- The sapwood i s light brown and slightly soft.
coming slightly fissured. Inner bark is light Rarely planted for ornament and shade in
brown, turning reddish brown on exposure, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Elsewhere
with spicy odor and strong taste of cinnamon. through the tropics the trees are grown also for
The slender twigs are light green and hair- the spice and locally naturalized.
less, with same taste. RA~~~.-hTativeof southern Asia from India
The leaves are opposite, or paired, or nearly and Malaya.
so, hairless. The yellow-green petioles are 1,4-1
inch long, flattened above, with spicy taste. OTHER COMMON N A M E S . - C ~ ~ ~ ~(Puert0
Blades are 3-6 inches long 1y2-3s/j, inches Rico, Spanish) ; canela de Ceil6n (Spanish) ;
wide, blunt or short-pointed at apex, the cinnamon (English) ; Indian cinnamon-tree
rounded base abruptly narrowed into the (Jamaica) ; cannelle, cannellier (French) ;
widened petiole, not toothed on edges. The canela, canela da India (Brazil).
328. Canela legitima, cinnamon-tree
Two-thirds natural sizc.
LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE)

Licaria brittoniuna Allen & Gregory

This distinct species of the laurel family is The wood has been used locally for stakes
known only from western Puerto Rico, where and in general construction. However, the
it is rare or locally common. It is recognized trees with several trunks seldom reach saw-
by: (1) erect branching with several trunks timber size.
and columnar crown ; (2) leaves elliptic, 2 r/(l-6 Rare or locally common in moist limestone
inches long and 1x4 inches wide, thick, stiff
and leathery, both surfaces slightly shiny and
forest from Vega Baja west and lower and
upper Cordillera forests, especially on serpen-
with prominent network of minute veins; (3) tine, at 5003,000 feet altitude in western
yellow-green flowers 34 inch long and 4/8 inch Puerto Rico.
broad, in clusters a t leaf bases; and (4) fruit PUBLIC FORESTS.-Guajataca, Maricao, Rio
an oblong, pointed violet berry ?L2-V8 inch long, Abajo, Susda.
half covered by a deep brown cup with double R~Nc~.-Known from western and northern
6-lobed border. Puerto Rico.
Evergreen medium-sized tree to 60 feet high OTHER COMMON N A M E S . - - C B ~ ~ ~ ~ ,canela
and 1%feet in trunk diameter, commonly 30 amarilla, Casa Maria laurel, cacao macho
feet and 6 inches, often with several trunks. (Puerto Rico) .
Bark gray to pinkish, smoothish with warts This species was discovered in 1932 by
(lenticels) , becoming slightly rough, coming Nathaniel Lord Britton (1859-1934) on the
off in flat scales. Inner bark is brown, with grounds of the Interamerican University near
spicy aromatic taste. Twigs gray, brown when Casa Maria at San German, altitude about 400
young, smoothish with raised dots (lenticels) , feet. However, his manuscript name was never
hairless. effectively published. The next specimens were
The alternate hairless leaves have stout obtained in 1939 by Luis E. Gregory, while
petioles 34-34 inch long. The blades are short- making a large collection of tree specimens
pointed a t both ends, dark green on upper with the United States Forest Service. The
surface and yellow green on lower surface. scientific name dating from 1951 appropriately
Flower clusters (panicles) a t leaf bases are honors the director-in-chief of the New York
1-2 inches long, brownish. Flowers several to Botanical Garden and coauthor of "Botany of
many, stalkless or nearly so, composed of urn- Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands." (10)
shaped fleshy 6-lobed finely hairy calyx, the 3 Apparently there are no closely related trees
in Puerto Rico and nearby islands. In foliage
outer lobes pointed and 3 smaller rounded inner this species resembles Licaria puchury-major
lobes, 3 stamens united into a tube, 6 sterile (Mart.) Kosterm., known a s puchury, a small
stamens (staminodes) , and pistil with elliptic tree of Amazonian Brazil and Venezuela. The
ovary and short slender style. Collected with latter has larger, more numerous flowers and
flowers in summer and fall and with fruits much larger fruits and has been planted for
from summer to winter. medicinal purposes.
329. Cane1611 Licaria brittoniana Allen & Gregory
Fruits (upper right) and flowering twig, natural size.

191
LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE)

Nectandra nntillann Meisn.

This uncommon laurel in eastern and central slightly enlarged reddish stalks and contain 1
Puerto Rico is identified by: (1) leaves oblong round seed nearly l/q, inch in diameter. Flower-
to broadly lance-shaped, 2y2-9 inches long and ing and fruiting in spring and summer.
:vI.-3 inches wide, long-pointed a t apex, with The light brown wood serves for posts and
few side veins, hairless or nearly so; (2) may be cut for lumber but not distinguished
flowers whitish, inch acrosq the 6 spreading from related species of laurel. Elsewhere used
calyx lobes, many in wide forking clusters ; and for shingles, staves, and lumber but reported
(3) round berries almost v8 inch in diameter,
blue black, on a red saucer-shaped shallow cup.
not durable where exposed.
Uncommon in moist coastal, lower Luquillo
Evergreen medium-sized to large tree to 65 and lower Cordillera forests from sea level to
feet high and 1V2 feet or more in trunk diam- 1,500 feet altitude in central and western
eter. Bark gray, becoming scaly. Twigs Puerto Rico. Also in St. Thomas.
slender, slightly angled, finely hairy when PUBLIC FORESTS.-Guilarte, Luquillo, Toro
young. Negro.
Leaves alternate, with petioles x-y8 inch RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto
long, slightly hairy. Blades slightly th~ckened, Rico and St. Thomas, Guadeloupe, Martinique,
mostly short-pointed a t base, with 5-7 curved and Tobago.
veins on each side of midvein, the upper surface OTHER COMMON N ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ . - l abobo,
u r e l geo
dull green, and the lower surface paler with rojo (Puerto Rico) ; laurel blanco, laurel cam-
prominent veins and hairy on midvein. br6n (Dominican Republic); ayacatillo
Flower clusters (panicles) a t leaf bases, 2-5
inches long, widely branching. Many fragrant (Cuba) ; shingle-wood, white-wood, long-leaved
short-stalked flowers consisting of finely hairy sweetwood, yellow sweetwood (Jamaica) ;
whitish calyx with 6 spreading lobes inch laurier caca (Grenada) ; laurier grandes feu-
long, 9 stalkless stamens, and pistil with illes (Haiti) ; bois dous avocat (Guadeloupe) ;
rounded ovary and short style. The fruits have laurier gland (Martinique) .
330. Aguacatillo
LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE)

331. Laurel caneldn Nectandra krugii Mez

An uncommon laurel in mountain forests of inches long, branched. The slightly fragrant
Puerto Rico, identified by: (1) twigs, young flowers on stalks of V8+/g inch have white
leaves, petioles, branches of flower clusters, calyx with 6 elliptic finely hairy lobes q/,, inch
and flowers with short rusty or light brown long, 9 stamens, and pistil with rounded ovary
hairs; (2) oblong to broadly lance-shaped
leaves, 4y2-11 inches long and 1x4 inches
vu
and short style. Fruits with cups about inch
long and broad. Flowering in fall and matur-
wide, the side veins sunken ; (3) white flowers ing fruits in winter and spring.
inch across the 6 calyx lobes, several to many The wood has served for posts.
on a longstalked lateral cluster; and (4) nar- Uncommon in upper Cordillera forest a t
rowly elliptic berry, Yu-V8 inch long and about 1,000-2,000 feet altitude in central Puerto Rico,
Y8 inch wide, dark violet, with half round cup. also Sierra de Cayey.
Evergreen medium-sized tree to 70 feet high PUBLIC FORESTS.-Carite, Toro Negro.
and 14 inches in trunk diameter. Bark gray, RANGE.-Hispaniola (Dominican Republic),
smooth. Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, and Dominica.
Leaves alternate, with petioles 9/8-Y8 inch OTHER COMMON N A M E . - ~ & U ~ ~ ~(Puerto
long. Blades long-pointed at apex, shorbpointed Rico) .
or blunt a t base, not toothed on edges, thin, the
upper surface shiny green with sunken veins The scientific name honors Leopold Krug
and finely hairy when young, the lower surface (1833-98), German consul in Puerto Rico,
dull light green and finely hairy, especially on businessman, botanist, and patron of science,
the raised veins. who aided P. Sintenis, collector of the type
Flower clusters (panicles) a t leaf bases, 3-6 specimen in 1885.
331. Laurel canel6n ~ e i t o n d r akrugii Mez
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (lower right), two-thirds natural size.
LAUREL FAMILY (JAURACEAE)

332. Laurel prieto Nectandra membranacea (Sw. ) Griseb.

This member of the laurel family is distin- Recorded in flower nearly through the year and
guished by: (1) lance-shaped or narrowly el- in fruit in winter and spring.
liptic leaves, long-pointed a t apex and abruptly The sapwood is gray and the heartwood yel-
long-pointed at base with edges rolled under lowish brown to golden brown. The wood is
and with the few lateral veins long curved and moderately soft and lightweight (specific grav-
prominent beneath; (2) numerous minute 6- ity 0.45) and moderately strong. It has straight
parted white flowers 4/8-9/,, inch across in to occasionally wavy grain, medium texture,
branched clusters at base of leaves ; and (3) the and medium luster. Air-seasoning is a t a mod-
black fleshy fruit (drupe) about l/z inch long, erate rate and satisfactory. The wood saws and
rounded to elliptic, with saucer-shaped cup a t machines easily but tends to tear and develop
base. fuzziness during sawing and torn grain in turn-
Small to large evergreen tree to 80 feet high ing. The heartwood is very susceptible to dry-
and 16 inches in trunk diameter. Twigs, bark, wood termites and other insects.
and leaves have the spicy taste characteristic Laurel prieto is used for posts and is suitable
of the family. The bark is gray or brown and for boxes, crates, interior trim, general car-
smooth, inner bark light brown. The slender pentry, and light construction. However, it
green twigs and leafstalks are minutely brown lacks attractiveness and good working proper-
hairy when young. ties for use in furniture and cabinetwork.
Leaves are alternate, the leafstalk x-g Uncommon in lower Cordillera, lower Lu-
quillo, and moist limestone forests a t 600-2,000
inch long and merging into base of blade.
Blades are 3-9 inches long and 1-2% inches feet altitude in foothills and mountains of
broad, thin, hairless or nearly so, above green Puerto Rico. Also recorded long ago from St.
to dark green and slightly shiny with lateral Thomas and St. Croix.
veins a little sunken, and beneath shiny lighter PUBLIC ~ o l t ~ ~ ~ s . - C a r i t eGuajataca,
, Lu-
green with lateral veins prominent. quillo, Rio Abajo, Toro Negro.
Flower clusters (panicles) 2-6 inches long, RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto
lateral at base of leaves, with branches often Rico, St. Thomas and St. Croix (?), nearly
finely hairy bear numerous minute white 6- throughout Lesser Antilles to Grenada and
parted flowers. The calyx has 6 spreading white Barbados, and Tobago and Trinidad. Also in
lobes less than l/l, inch long, finely hairy on Central America from British Honduras to
Costa Rica and in Venezuela.
outside; 9 minute white stamens; and whitish OTHER COMMON NAMES.-laurelillo, laurel,
pistil less than 1/8 inch long, with 1-celled ovary, laurel geogeo (Puerto Rico) ; laurel, laurel
style, and stigma. The black fleshy fruit blanco (Guatemala) ; laurier noir (Dominica) ;
(drupe) is 1-seeded and has a saucer-shaped sweetwood (Barbados) ; bois violon (Guade-
cup inch across a t base and a thickened stalk. loupe) .
332. Laurel prieto Ncctandra membralaacea (Sw.) Griseb.
Flowering twig (left), fruits (lower right), natural size.
LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE)

333. Laurel geo colorado Nectandra patens (Sw. ) Grieeb.

This common species of laurel flowers as a leaf bases are 1y2-3inches long. Flowers many,
shrub, often vinelike. It is characterized by: short-stalked, composed of finely hairy whitish
(1) leaves elliptic, 3-8 inches long and 1v4-3 calyx with 6 spreading lobes '/la inch long, 9
inches wide, slightly thickened and leathery, tiny stamens with hairy stalks, and pistil with
shiny green, with prominent network of veins elliptic ovary and short style. The fruits with
on both surfaces and tufts of hairs in vein slightly enlarged reddish stalks are reported to
angles beneath; (2) small whitish flowers S/16 be blackish or whitish a t maturity. There is 1
inch across the 6 spreading calyx lobes, many oblong seed about inch long. Flowering in
in branched clusters a t leaf bases ; and (3) ob- spring and fall and fruiting in summer and
long berries
cup a t base.
$!-v8 inch long, with shallow red winter.
The wood is light brown and hard, used for
Evergreen shrub, often vinelike, or small tree posts.
6-25 feet high and to 6 inches in trunk diam- Common and widely distributed in moist
eter, sometimes a medium-sized tree to 60 feet forests of Puerto Rico, including moist coastal,
high and 1 foot in diameter. The bark is moist limestone, lower Luquillo, and lower
smooth, gray or brown, the inner bark whitish Cordillera forests from sea level to 2,000 feet
with spicy taste. Twigs are slender, brown, altitude.
finely hairy when young. PUBLICFORESTS.-Cambalache, Carite, Gua-
The petioles of the alternate leaves are v8-?48 jataca, Guilarte, Luquillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo,
inch long, finely hairy. Blades are short- to Toro Negro, Vega.
long-pointed a t apex, short-pointed a t base, the R A N G E . - ~ u ~Jamaica,
~, Hispaniola, Puerto
upper surface shiny green, hairless, with 6-8 Rico, and Martinique.
pairs of curved, slightly sunken side veins and OTHER COMMON NAMES.-laurel roseta,
raised network of small veins, the lower surface laurel (Puerto Rico) ; cap-berry, sweetwood
yellow green with raised veins and hairless ex- (Jamaica).
cept for tufts in vein angles. The specific name, meaning spreading, de-
The branched flower clusters (panicles) a t scribes the shrubby or vinelike growth habit.
333. Laurel geo colorado Nectandra patens (Sw.) Griseb.
Two-thirds natural size.

199
LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE)

334. Laurel amarillo Neccandra sintenisii Mcz

An uncommon laurel in moist forests of The pale greenish-yellow heartwood merges

Puerto Rico, characterized by: (1) young gradually into the slightly lighter colored sap-
twigs and branches of flower clusters with wood. The wood is moderately soft, lightweight
short pressed or flat hairs ; (2) lance-shaped to (specific gravity O.65), has satiny luster, me-
elliptic leaves 2-8 inches long and y1.-3 inches dium texture, and interlocked or straight grain.
wide, longpointed a t apex, hairless, with few I t is very susceptible t o attack by dry-wood
side veins; (3) white flowers x8-V8 inch across termites but may be moderately durable in the
the 6 calyx lobes, many in longstalked widely ground. Rate of air-seasoning is moderate,
forking cluster; and (4) elliptic berry y2 inch without excessive degrade. The easily worked
long, with warty half-round cup. wood produces good surfaces in all operations
Evergreen medium-sized tree to 60 feet high except planing, requiring considerable sanding
and 14 inches in trunk diameter. Bark smooth, of exposed surfaces.
grayish. The slender twigs are slightly angled Wood of laurel amarillo is used for posts or
and covered with short pressed hairs when poles and is suitable for general construction,
young. boxes, crates, carpentry, millwork, flooring,
Leaves alternate, with petioles inch and interior trim. It should serve also for some
long. Blades are slightly thickened, short- kinds of furniture and cabinetwork. Similar
pointed at base, with 5-6 curved veins on each species are utilized also for tool handles, instru-
side of midvein, slightly shiny green above and ments, crossties, and boat construction.
paler beneath. Uncommon in lower Cordillera, lower Lu-
Flower clusters (panicles) a t leaf bases and quillo, and moist limestone forests a t 500-1,800
ends of twigs are 21/2-6inches long and wide, feet altitude in Puerto Rico, mainly foothills.
with long slender widely forking branches, Also recorded long ago from St. Thomas.
hairless. Flowers many on short stalks %-Y$ PUBLIC FORESTS.-Carite, Guajataca, Lu-
inch long, composed of finely hairy white calyx quillo, Rio Abajo, Toro Negro.
with 6 spreading lobes % inch long, 9 stalkless R ~ ~ ~ E . - p u e r tRico.
o
stamens, and pistil with rounded ovary and OTHER COMMON NAMES.-laurel blanco,
slender style. The fruits have enlarged reddish laurel geo, laurel macho, laurel (Puerto Rico).
stalks and contain 1 oblong seed. Flowering The scientific name honors Paul Ernst Emil
from spring to fall and fruiting in summer and Sintenis (1847-1907), German botanical col-
winter. lector, who discovered this tree in 1885.
LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE)

Ocotea foenicuiacea Mez

A rare species found in Puerto Rico only in with prominent network and minute hairs on
central and western mountains and distin- veins.
guished by: (1) leaves stiff and leathery,.el- Flower clusters (like racemes) shorter than
liptic, 243% inches long and 1-1% inches wide, the leaves, hairy. Flowers composed of white
short-pointed a t both ends, hairless, shiny, with hairy calyx with 6 pointed lobes, 9 stamens
prominent network of veins beneath; and (2) with short hairy filaments, and pistil with
elliptic berry .9/!& inch long and y2 inch wide, rounded hairless ovary and short style. Col-
black in saucer-shaped cup double-margined. lected in flower from spring to fall and with
Small evergreen tree 30 feet high and 4 fruits in May and June.
inches in trunk diameter, reported to reach 80 Rare and local in upper Cordillera forest a t
feet in height. Bark described a s very aromatic 2,500-3,500 feet altitude in high mountains of
and spicy as in fennel (Foeniculum, source of
the specific name). Twigs slender, with long central and western Puerto Rico.
and short internodes, hairy when young. PUBLIC FOBESTS.-Maricao, Toro Negro.
Leaves alternate but clustered near ends of RANc~.-Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, and Cuba.
twigs. Petioles stout, 1/8-Y4 inch long. Blades OTHER COMMON NA~~s.-laurel (Puerto
hairless on upper surface, the lower surface Rico) ; canelilla (Dominican Republic).
335. Palo sanb Ocotea foeniculacea Mez
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (lower right), natural size.

203
LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE)

336. Laurel de paloma Ocotea portoricensie Mez

This uncommon tree found only in upper different trees (dioecious), more than $4 inch
mountain forests of Puerto Rico is identified across the calyx of 6 spreading finely hairy
by: (1) lance-shaped or elliptic leaves 2 4 % lobes. Male flowers have 9 stamens and non-
inches long and 6/8-1% inches wide, long- functional pistil with hairless ovary, slender
pointed a t both ends, slightly thickened, with style, and enlarged stigma. The berries on a
calluslike thickenings in vein angles beneath; stout stalk have a short funnel-shaped cup
and (2) cylindric berries ri/o inch long and l/e more than y8 inch long and are 1-seeded. With
inch in diameter, on a short narrow reddish flowers from spring to fall and with fruits in
brown cup. summer and winter.
Evergreen tree to 50 feet high and 10 inches Uncommon in upper Cordillera and upper
in trunk diameter. Twigs and petioles finely Luquillo forests at 1,000-3,000 feet altitude
hairy when young. through high mountains of Puerto Rico.
Leaves alternate, with petioles j/e-3/s inch PUBLIC FORESTS.-Carite, Guilarte, Luquillo,
long. Blades slightly shiny, becoming nearly Maricao, Toro Negro.
hairless. RANGE.-Known only from Puerto Rico. Re-
Flower clusters (panicles) 2-4 inches long ported long ago from Cuba.
a t leaf bases, much branched. Flowers many on OTHERCOMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - - l a u r e llaurel
, avis-
slender stalks of 4/8 inch, male and female on pillo, laurel geo (Puerto Rico) .
336. Laurel de paloma Ocotea portoricensia Mez
Twig with female flowers (above), fruiting twig (lower left), t d g with male flowers (lower right), natural size.
205
LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE)

337. Laurel caneldn Ocotea wrightii (Meien.) Mez

A rare species of the western mountains of ovary and long style. The seed is oblong. Noted
Puerto Rico, characterized by : (1) lance- with flowers in summer and fall and with
shaped leaves 21/24 inches long and %-1Y8 fruits in winter and spring.
inches wide, long-pointed a t both ends, thick Rare to uncommon in upper Cordillera forest
and leathery, the lower surface with a dense a t 1,600-3,000 feet altitude in mountains of
covering of rusty or grayish pressed hairs; western Puerto Rico. A variation or closely re-
and (2) oblong ,berries, y4-1 inch long, in a lated species with shiny hairless leaves was
large funnel-shaped thick cup nearly 9!! inch found in La Torrecilla.
long and 1/2 inch wide, with double margin or The very aromatic bark serves for tea in folk
ring. medicine elsewhere.
Evergreen tree to 60 feet high and 16 inches PUBLIC ~o~EsTs.--Guilarte, Maricao.
in trunk diameter. Bark aromatic. Young RANGE.-Pu~~~o Rico, Hispaniola, and Cuba.
twigs and petioles are covered with small OTHER COMMON N~MEs.--canel6n, canela
pressed hairs. (Puerto Rico) ; canelilla (Dominican Repub-
The alternate leaves have narrowly winged lic) ; canelle (Haiti).
petioles about l/a inch long. Blades are stiff, Charles Wright (1811-1885), botanical col-
slightly shiny and hairless on upper surface, lector from the United States, discovered this
and turned under a t edges. species in Cuba. He made important plant col-
Flower clusters (panicles) shorter than the lections in Cuba and the Dominican Republic,
leaves, with hairy branches, Flowers about l/s as well as in the Southwest along the Mexican
inch long have densely hairy calyx with 6 lobes, border.
9 stamens, and pistil with hairless 1-celled
337. Laurel caneldn Ocotea wrightii (Meisn.) Mez
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (lower right), natural size.
LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE)

Persea krugii Mez

The soft coat of silky brown pressed hairs on cup-shaped, yellow ; the hairy calyx composed
lower leaf surfaces, young twigs, branches of of 3 outer lobes slightly shorter than the 3 inner
flower clusters, and flowers distinguish this lobes inch long; 9 stamens and 3 smaller,
rare tree of mountain forests of western Puerto pointed nonfunctional stamens, and pistil with
Rico from other native members of the family. hairless I-celled ovary and slender style. The
Other characters are: (1) lance-shaped to fruits have thin greenish flesh and 1 large
narrowly elliptic leaves 11/24inches long and round seed. With flowers from spring to fall
%-I% inches wide; and (2) round berries 3/8 and with fruits in winter.
inch in diameter, with 6-lobed calyx and en- The sapwood is whitish and moderately soft.
larged stalk at base. Rare to uncommon in upper Cordillera forest
Evergreen small to medium-sized tree 45 feet a t 1,500-2,500 feet altitude in high mountains
high and 1foot in trunk diameter. Bark gray, of central and western Puerto Rico, also dwarf
smoothish, becoming rough. Inner bark is forest above 4,000 feet altitude on Cerro de
brownish, with slightly spicy taste. Twigs Punta. Recorded from near C o h o and Ad-
brown, finely hairy. juntas west to Maricao and Aguadilla.
The alternate leaves have hairy petioles %- PUBLICFOREST.-Maricao.
1/z inch long. Blades are long- or short-pointed RANGE.-Puerto Rico and Hispaniola.
a t apex, short-pointed or blunt a t base, not OTHERCOMMON NAMES.--canela de la tierra,
toothed, slightly thick and leathery, the upper almendro, macao, aquacillo (Dominican Re-
surface becoming nearly hairless, with side public) ; piiche marron (Haiti).
veins inconspicuous. The scientific name commemorates Leopold
Flower clusters (panicles) a t leaf bases, 2-4 Krug (1833-98), German businessman, bot-
inches long, branched. Flowers many on stalks anist, and patron of science, who lived in Puerto
less than 4/8 inch long, about inch across, Rico and studied West Indian plants.
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (lower left), natural size.

209
LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE)

As indicated by its common name, aguaca- smaller nonfunctional stamens; and pistil with
tillo is a relative of the cultivated aguacate or hairy 1-celled ovary and slender style. The 6
avocado (No. 61). Identified by: (1) leaves slightly enlarged calyx lobes remain at base of
slightly thick and leathery with edges turned fruit. With flowers and fruits through much of
under, elliptic, mostly 2 4 inches long and 1-3 the year.
inches wide, long- to short-pointed at both ends, Uncommon in lower Luquillo and upper Cor-
the lower surface pale whitish green with mi- dillera forests at 1,5004,000 feet in mountains
nute short pressed hairs and often whitish; and of Puerto Rico. Dwarf forest on the highest
(2) the rounded berries vn-Vn inch in diameter, peak, Cerro de Punta, altitude more than 4,000
with 6-lobed calyx a t base. feet.
Small to medium-sized evergreen tree becom- PUBLICFoREsTs.-Lu~u~~~o, Maricao, Toro
ing 36-70 feet high and 8-12 inches in trunk Negro.
diameter, with low buttresses to 1 foot high. R~Nc~.--Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and Lesser
Observed with fruits when only 8 feet high. Antilles in Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica,
Bark gray, smooth, with raised dots (lenticels). Martinique, and St. Lucia.
Inner bark light brown to orange, bitter. Twigs OTHER COMMON NAME.--Sweetwood (Mont-
light green, becoming darker, with fine pressed
hairs when young. serrat).
Leaves alternate, hairless or nearly so, with BOTANICAL SYNONY M.-Persea portoricemis
slender petioles v8-1 inch long. Upper surface Britton & Wilson.
dark green, slightly shiny, the midvein and side The name Persea portoricemis was given to
veins slightly sunken. shrubby plants from Cerro de Punta. However,
Flower clusters (panicles) at leaf bases, 1-4 that species has been united with P. urbanianu
inches long, branched. Flowers few, almost of Jamaica and the Lesser Antilles. This ape-
stalkless, yellowish, about 1/ inch long and cies was dedicated to Ignatz Urban (1848-
broad; the cup-shaped finely b i r y calyx com- 1931), director of the botanical garden at Ber-
posed of 3 short outer lobes and 3 rounded lin and author of floras of Puerto Rico and
inner lobes 1/8 inch long; 9 stamens and 3 other West Indian islands.
339. Aguncatillo Pereea nrbaniana Mez
Fruiting twig (left), flowering twig (upper right), two-thirds natural size.
LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE)

340. Laurel avispillo Phoebe elongcctn (Vahl) Neee

This tree of moist forests is identified by: darker colored bands or stripes which develop
(1) large buttresses a t base of trunk; (2) nar- fuzziness in machining operations. The wood
rowly elliptic shiny leaves 2-7 inches long and is moderately soft and lightweight (specific
1 3 inches wide, hairless or nearly so, long- gravity 0.47) and moderately strong. I t has
pointed a t apex and short-pointed or rounded straight to irregular and tightly interlocked
a t base; and (3) elliptic shiny black berries grain, medium texture, and medium to high
about v8 inch long with 6 pointed calyx lobes
remaining a t base on enlarged red cup and
luster. Air-seasoning a t a moderate rate is easy
and is satisfactory except for a moderate
stalk. amount of warping. The wood is easily ma-
Small to large evergreen tree becoming 100 chined but requires extra care in turning and
feet or more in height and 16 inches in trunk sanding. I t is very susceptible to dry-wood
diameter, with marked buttresses a t base. The termites and other insects, while logs are
bark is smooth and gray. Twigs slender, droop- attacked by pinhole borers. Like that of related
ing, often finely hairy when young. species, the heartwood may be moderately du-
The alternate leaves have slender petioles rable in the ground.
3!-%1 inch long. Blades are slightly thickened, The wood is suitable for furniture, cabinet-
with few curved side veins, shiny green or dark work, interior trim, paneling, toys, novelties,
green on upper surface, the lower surface paler and turning. It should serve also for car-
and often hairy on veins. pentry, interior and exterior construction, and
Flower clusters (panicles) are 3-9 inches or possibly for decorative veneer and plywood.
more in length, with many slender branches, Miscellaneous uses would be boxes, crates, toys,
hairy or hairless. Flowers many on stalks of and boatbuilding.
'/s inch or less, about inch wide. Calyx Uncommon in moist limestone, lower Cor-
composed of 6 greenish white lobes less than dillera and lower Luquillo forests a t 100-800
'/s inch long; stamens 9, with 3 smaller pointed feet aititude in northern foothills of Puerto
sterile stamens (staminodes) ; and pistil with Rico. Also St. Thomas and St. Croix.
rounded 1-celled ovary and slender style. The PUBLIC FORESTS.-Guajataca, Luquillo, Rio
berries are green when immature, 1-seeded. Abajo, Vega.
Flowering and fruiting irregularly over the R A N G E . - ~ u ~Hispaniola,
~, Puerto Rico, and
year. from Montserrat to Trinidad.
The common name laurel avispillo is applied OTHERcoMafoN N A M E S . - ~ ~ U ~bobo,
~~ avis-
also to another species (Nectanrlra coriucea pi110 (Puerto Rico) ; boniatillo (Cuba) ; laurier
(Sw.) Griseb.), and woods of the two have canelle (Guadeloupe) ; laurier de rose (Domi-
been confused. This species has pinkish-colored nica).
heartwood, which merges gradually into light BOTANICALs ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ . - C i n n a m oelon-
rnum
brown sapwood. There are attractive slightly gatum (Vahl) Kosterm.
340. Laurel avispillo Phoebe elongata (Vahl) Nees
Flowering twig (left), fruits (upper right), leaf (lower right), two-thirds natural size.

213
LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE)

Phoebe montana ( Sw. ) Grieeb.

The leaves with 3 main veins, 2 prominent 1-2 inches long, bearing many flowers less than
long curved side veins joining the midvein 1/R inch long on stalks of about g,,inch from
about % inch above the base distinguish this the hairy branches. The calyx has 6 greenish
rare member of the laurel family from all other white finely hairy lobes more than '/lo .inch
native species. Other characteristics for recog- long; there are 9 stamens and 3 smaller pointed
nition are: (1) leaves relatively small, 2-4 sterile stamens (staminodes) ; and pistil with
inches long and YL-l'/e inches wide, paler be- 1-celled ovary and short style. The fleshy fruits
neath; (2) minute greenish white, finely hairy green when immature have 1large seed. With
flowers less than l/s inch long; and (3) elliptic flowers in spring and summer and with fruits
blackish berries about s/8 inch long with 6 from spring to fall.
pointed calyx lobes remaining a t base, on an en- Rare in lower Luquillo and moist limestone
larged reddish stalk. forests a t 600-l,500 feet altitude in Puerto
Medium-sized evergreen tree to 66 feet high Rico.
and 1 foot in trunk diameter. Young twigs PUBLIC FORESTS.-Luquillo, R1o Abaj o.
finely hairy. R A N G E . - ~ u ~ ~Jamaica,
, Hispaniola, and
The petioles of the alternate leaves are Puerto Rico.
slender, about % inch long, finely hairy. Blades
are short-pointed at base, not toothed, long- OTHER COMMON NA~ES.-1aure'el (Puerto
pointed a t apex, thin, the upper surface dull Rico) ; laurel, sigua boba, sigua laurel (Do-
green, hairless or nearly so, with veins slightly minican Republic) ; boniato del Pinar, sigua
sunken, and the lower surface paler and slightly macho (Cuba) ; laurier rose (Haiti).
hairy on veins. BOTANICALS Y N O N Y M . - C ~mon- ~ ~ ~ ~ U
Flower clusters (panicles) at leaf bases are tunum (Sw.) Berchthold & Presl.

HERNANDIA FAMILY (HERNANDIACEAE)

Trees, shrubs, and woody vines, known by: mens, often ataminodes or glands, and pistil
(1) leaves alternate, mostly simple, large, en- with inferior 1-celled ovary and 1 ovule, style,
tire or palmately lobed, palmate-veined, with- and broad stigma; and (3) fruit a n akene en-
out stipules; (2) many small greenish flowers closed by inflated base (receptacle) or with 2
in branched clusters (cymes), bisexual or male long wings. Vol. 1,p. 130.
and female on the aame tree (monoecious), One species: 52. Mago, Hemandiu sonora L.
regular, with 3-8 sepals, no corolla, 3-6 sta-
341. Avispillo Phoebe molttuna (Sw.)Griseb.
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (lower right), two-thirds natural size.
 POPPY FAMILY (PAPAVERACEAE)
Herbs, rarely shrubs and small trees (Boc- that fall early, 4-6 (12) petals (none in Boc-
conia) , known by: (1) milky or colored sap conia), many stamens, and pistil with superior
(orange in Bocconia) ; (2) alternate simple 1-celled ovary, 2 to many parietal placentas and
leaves, entire to deeply lobed, with stipules; (3) stigmas and many ovules (1 in Bocconia) ; and
flowers mostly solitary and showy (many in (4) fruit a capsule.
panicles in Bocconia), bisexual, with 2-3 sepals

342. Pan eimarr6n Bocconia jrutescens L.

A treelike shrub of the poppy family, easily ovary containing 1ovule, style, and 2 spreading
recognized by: (1) orange bitter sap in stems stigmas. The pods (capsules) separate from
and leaves; (2) large elliptic leaves deeply an elliptic frame with persistent style. Flower-
lobed and toothed along edges, blue green and ing and fruiting through the year.
densely fine hairy beneath; (3) many small The wood is brown to orange red, soft, with
greenish flowers 3/8 inch long in large branch- large pith. Elsewhere the sap has served locally
ing clusters; and (4) fruit an elliptic light gray as a dye and in home medicines.
capsule a/8 inch long, splitting into 2 parts. Uncommon and scattered in openings and
Evergreen shrub usually less than 10 feet thickets in upper Cordillera forest a t 1,000-
high, rarely reaching the minimum size of a 3,000 feet altitude in central mountains of
tree, 15 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diam- Puerto Rico.
eter, with few spreading branches and without PUBLIC F O R E S T S . - ~ ~ ~ ~Guajataca,
~~, Gui-
a definite crown. The bark is light brown, larte, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Toro Negro.
smoothish to slightly fissured, with enlarge- RANGE.-Greater Antilles, St. Kitts to St.
ments a t leaf scars, thin, orange red within, Vincent, and from Mexico to Costa Rica and
and bitter. Twigs are stout, green, and finely Colombia. Recorded as introduced in Hawaii.
hairy. OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-panapen cimmarbn,
The alternate leaves have stout green, finely pasilla (Puerto Rico) ; yagrumo macho, palo de
hairy petioles. Blades are 6-12 inches long and toro, gengibrillo, llorasangre (Dominican Re-
3-6 inches wide, slightly thickened, the border public) ; palo amarillo, yagrumita, palo de pan
deeply lobed and toothed, the lobes and base cimarr6n (Cuba) ; gordolobo, calderh, llora-
short-pointed, the upper surface green and al- sangre (Mexico) ; sangre de toro, camotillo
most hairless, the lower surface blue green and (Guatemala) ; guacamayo, tabaquillo (Costa
densely fine hairy with very thick midvein. Rica) ; celidueiia, celedonia, trompeto, golon-
The flower clusters (panicles) a t ends of drinia (Colombia) ; celandine, John-Crow-bush
twigs are large and much branched, 8-15 inches
long, elliptic in shape. Lacking petals, the many (Jamaica) ; bois codine, bois de coq (Haiti).
slender stalked flowers have 2 greenish elliptic The Spanish common name may be derived
sepals x6 inch long, 12-13 or more stamens
that shed early, and pistil with stalked 1-celled
from the slight resemblance of the leaves to
those of breadfruit.
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), two-thirds natural size.

217
 CAPER FAMILY (CAPPARACEAE)

Herbs, shrubs, woody vines, and small to very long threadlike stamens, and pistil gen-
medium-sized trees, known by: (1) leaves erally on a long stalk with superior 1-celled
alternate, simple or palmate with 3-7 leaflets, ovary with 2 placentas and few to many ovules,
with minute or spiny stipules or none; (2) and style; (3) fruit a capsule sometimes like a
flowers often large, in unbranched clusters pod or berry; and (4) sometimes with slightly
(racemes), bisexual, regular or irregular, gen- disagreeable odor. The family name is spelled
erally with 4 sepals, 4 rounded or elliptic petals Capparidaceae also). Also vol. 1, p. 132.
commonly white, that shed early, 4 to many
Key to species
A. Petiole enlarged a t both ends and often joining blade slightly above base, leaves oblong, 3-10 inches long; flow-
ers few along twigs mostly back of leaves; fruit a ball 134-2 Inches in diameter-348. Morisonia americarta.
AA. Petiole mostly not enlarged a t ends (except in No. 76), joining blade a t base; flowers few in terminal clusters
or a t base of upper leaves-Capparia.
B. Leaves with minute scales beneath, narrowly elliptic, mostly 2-4 inches long; scales also on twigs, flowers,
and fruits; fruit narrowly long cylindrical, to 8 inches long.
C. Leaves with upper leaf surface shiny green, lower leaf surface densely covered with silvery scales-
53. Burro pneto, Jamaica caper, Cappans cynophallophora L.
CC. Leaves with upper leaf surface only slightly shiny, lower leaf surface gray green and scaly-347.
Cap aria indiiu.
BB. Leaves w ~ t f o u scales
t or hairs.
D. Leaves slightly thickened, elliptic 136-436 inches long, blunt or short-pointed a t both ends; fruits
elliptic, 1%-2% inches long and 34-1 inch in diameter-343. Capparrs anzplissima.
DD. Leaves thick and leathery.
E. Leaves notched a t base.
F. Leaves broad1 elli tic, 18#-4% inches long, blunt, rounded or notched a t apex; fruit an
oblong, sligitly iattened pod 4-8 inches long and to 1J(inches wide-346. Cappa*
hastattc.
FF. Leaves elli tic to narrowly obovate, 3-8 inches long, short-pointed a t apex; fruit short, 1-
3 inches yong and % inch broad-345. Capparis frondom.
EE. Leaves rounded or short-pointed a t base, of varylng shapes from narrowly oblong to elli tic,
19A-4 inches long, blunt, rounded or slightly notched a t apex; fruit long, narrowly cylinLic,
3-9 inches long and M inch in diameter--344. Capparis jlezuosa.

343. Burro blanco Capparia amplissima Lam.

This tree of dry forests is identified by: (1)

elliptic leaves 11/241/2 inches long and l-2Y4
sepals inch long and 2 inner
white oblong petals
v2inch long; 4
inch or more in length;
inches wide, slightly thickened and leathery; many white stamens 1y2-2 inches long, spread-
(2) whitish flowers with 4 oblong petals and ing to 2y2 inches across; and pistil on a long
many white stamens spreading to 21/2 inches stalk, with narrow ovary and stigma. The
across ;and (3) gray dry elliptic fruits 1?4,-2?4 elliptic fruits hang down on long slender stalks
inches long and v2-1inch in diameter, hanging
down on long slender stalks.
2-2% inches long from the flower, not nar-
rowed between the seeds, and opening irregu-
Evergreen small- to medium-sized tree to larly. Flowering and fruiting intermittently.
60 feet high and 1foot in trunk diameter, with The sapwood is light brown or whitish, hard,
spreading crown. The light brown bark is and heavy. The wood is used for posts.
smoothish but slightly fissured into small Uncommon in dry forests of south slopes at
plates. Inner bark light brown, gritty, with 600-1.000 feet altitude in Puerto Rico. Rare
slight spicy taste and odor like radish. The near Hatillo on north coast. Also Vieques (sea
slender twigs are greenish gray, finely hairy or level), St. Thomas, St. John, and Virgin Gorda.
hairless. PUBLIC FORESTS AND ~ ~ ~ ~ . - G u s n i Susba
ca, ;
The alternate hairless leaves have petioles Virgin Islands.
x-s/,inch long. Leaf blades are blunt or short- RANGE.-Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands and
pointed a t both ends, not toothed on edges, Dominica.
green on upper surface and slightly lighter be- OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-burro, sapo, palin-
neath. guAn (Puerto Rico) ; matabecerro (Dominican
A few flowers are borne in clusters (cor- Republic).
ymbs) at end of twigs on stalks %-5/8 inch BOTANICAL S Y N O N Y M . - C U / ~porthcen-
~~~~S
long. The pale green calyx consists of 2 rounded sis Urban.
343. Burro blanco Capparis antplissima Lam.
Fruit (above), twig with flower buds (below), natural size.
CAPER FAMILY (CAPPARACEAE)

344. Palingutin, limber caper Capparis flezuosa (L.) La

Usually a shrub, often vinelike, sometimes a cylindric yellowish ovary about .1/4, inch long,
small tree, this species is characterized by : (1) 1-celled with many ovules, ending in flat stigma.
leaves of varying shapes from narrowly oblong The long pod hangs down on a slender stalk 2-
to elliptic or linear, leathery, dull green and 2Y2 inches long beyond base of flower and is
hairless, alternate in 2 rows ; (2) few terminal slightly narrowed between the seeds. It opens
flowers nearly 2 inches across the 4 spreading late exposing the red pulp and many green
white to pink petals and with many spreading seeds. Flowering probably through the year.
white threadlike stamens 11/24 inches long; The sapwood is light brown and hard. The
and (3) long, narrowly cylindric pod 3-9 inches root reportedly has the taste of horseradish and
long and about y2inch in diameter, rusty brown has been used in home remedies.
but reddish within. Common in dry and moist coastal and lime-
An evergreen shrub, often vinelike with stone forests from sea level to 1,000 feet alti-
slender stem climbing on trees, or a small tree tude along both coasts of Puerto Rico. Also
to 20 feet high and 5 inches in trunk diameter. Mona, Desecheo, Muertos, Icacos, Vieques, St.
The bark is gray, smooth, the inner bark light Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Jost Van Dyke,
yellow, with spicy taste like horseradish. Twigs Tortola, and Virgin Gorda.
are often slightly zigzag, green, turning to light PUBLICFORESTS AND PARKS.-Cambalache,
gray with dark dots (lenticels) ,hairless. Guajataca, GuBnica, Susda, Vega, Estate
Leaves are alternate in 2 rows, hairless, with Thomas; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands.
minute paired scale stipules and with petioles RANGE.-Southern Florida including Florida
I,& inch or less in length. Blades vary from nar- Keys and from Bahamas through West Indies
rowly oblong to elliptic, 13/4 inches long and to Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago. Also
1/iL-2 inches wide, or narrow and linear on from northern Mexico through Central Amer-
shoots and young plants, the apex blunt, ica to Brazil, Argentina, and Peru.
rounded, or slightly notched, the base rounded OTHER COMMON NAMES.-burro, palo de
or short-pointed, border not toothed, the upper burro (Puerto Rico) ; bottle wiss (Tortola) ;
surface dull green, lower surface. dull light frijol de monte (Dominican Republic) ; palo
green. barba de indio, mostacilla (Cuba) ; potal (Gua-
Flower clusters (corymbs) are terminal temala) ; cansa caballo (Venezuela) ; naran-
with few fragrant flowers short-stalked, open- juelo (Colombia) ;limber caper, caper-tree, dog
ing in late afternoon and night and closing in caper, bay-leaved caper (United States) ;
late morning. The flower consists of calyx of 4
rounded yellowish sepals inch long, united at caper-tree (Bahamas) ; mabouya (Trinidad
base ; corolla of 4 white to pink petals y8-1 inch and Tobago); bois rave, bois moutarde
long; many spreading white threadlike stamens (Haiti) ; bois malouge (Guadeloupe) .
lv2-3 inches long; and pistil a t the end of a BOTANICALSYNONYM.-CU~~& cynophal-
long stalk 2--2% inches long, the narrowly Eophora L. (1759, not 1753).
344. PalinguBn, limber caper Capparis flemcoaa (L.) L.
Flowering twig (above) , fruit (below), two-thirds natural size.
CAPER FAMILY (CAPPARACEAE)

345. Sapo, ratehean Cappmie jrondosa Jacq.

From the other native species of the genus of upper leaves. The flower is composed of calyx
this species of burro is distinguished by: (1)
leaves elliptic to narrowly obovate, leathery,
of 4 rounded light brown sepals x,, inch long;
corolla of 4 rounded petals a/8 inch long, pale
3-9 inches long and 1x4 inches broad, with-
out hairs or scales, slightly notched a t base, the
greenish white or purplish ; about 50 white sta-
mens slightly longer than petals; and stalked
upper surface dull green with midrib and the pistil with cylindric green ovary $4 inch long,
few curved lateral veins all sunken, the petioles 1-celled with many ovules, and dot stigma.
unequal in length; (2) flowers about v2 inch The beanlike fruits (berries) are borne a
long, with 4 pale greenish white or purplish few together, each with stalk about inch long
petals and the stamens only slightly longer than above calyx as well a s longer flower stalk.
the petals; and (3) fruit like a bean pod, short, Mature fruits are brown, slightly soft, and
1-3 inches long and a/8 inch broad, oblong, ir- break open irregularly. Within the whitish pulp
regularly narrowed between seeds. are a few rounded dark brown seeds about lh
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 15 feet high inch in diameter. Flowering and fruiting inter-
and 2 inches in trunk diameter, in Culebra to mittently through the year.
25 feet and 4 inches in diameter, and in Vieques The wood is whitish and slightly soft.
to 45 feet and 6 inches. The bark is brownish Common locally in dry coastal, dry lime-
gray, smooth to slightly fissured and slightly stone, and lower Cordillera forests from sea
warty. Inner bark is light yellow, slightly pep- level to 1,500 feet altitude, on southern coast
pery in taste. Twigs are light gray, hairless, and southern slopes of central mountains in
becoming slightly fissured. The internodes are Puerto Rico. Also in Culebra, Vieques, St.
of unequal length, with leaves clustered where Croix, St. Thomas, St. John (reported many
internodes are short and separated by others years ago), Jost Van Dyke, and Tortola.
long. PUBLICFORESTS AND PARK.-Guhica, SuSfia ;
The alternate leaves have green petioles of Virgin Islands.
varying length, 4/s-244, inches, round and swol- R ~ ~ c ~ . - G r e a t e rAntilles, Virgin Islands,
len a t both ends. Blades are elliptic or nar- and Lesser Antilles from Barbuda to Trinidad.
rowly obovate and broadest beyond middle, Also from Mexico to Colombia, Venezuela, and
leathery, hairless, short-pointed a t apex, French Guiana.
slightly notched or heart-shaped a t base, edges OTHER COMMON NAMES.-burro (Puert0
not toothed, upper surface dull green with Rico) ; palo verraco (Cuba) ; quita-calz6n (El
sunken veins, and lower surface dull light green Salvador) ; rope (Grenadines) ; bois bourrique,
with veins slightly raised. saint-esprit (Haiti).
Few to several short-stalked flowers are BOTANICALs~NON~M.-Cappari8 baducca
borne in clusters (corymbs) terminal or a t base auth.
345. Sapo, rat-bean Capparis frondosa Jacq.
Fruiting twig (above), flowers (lower right), two-thirds natural size.

223
CAPER FAMILY (CAPPARACEAE)

346. Burro Capparia hastatn Jacq.

This small tree or shrub is characterized by: inches long, tinged with green; many white
(1) thick, leathery, broadly elliptic leaves threadlike stamens 2 4 inches long, spreading
notched or rounded a t base and blunt, rounded, more than 4 inches across; the pistil a t the end
or notched a t apex, dull green and hairless, of a long stalk 2-3 inches long, the narrowly
alternate in 2 rows; (2) few terminal flowers cylindric yellowish ovary inch long, 1-celled
nearly 2 inches across the 4 spreading white with many ovules, ending in flat stigma.
petals and with many spreading white thread- Fruit hanging on a long stalk from 2-3
like stamens 2-3 inches long; and (3) fruit an inches beyond base of flower, an oblong heavy
oblong, slightly flattened pod 4-8 inches long pod 4-8 (sometimes 10) inches long, becoming
and lY4 inches wide, red when mature and slightly flattened and up to 1%inches wide, red,
open. splitting open on 2 lines. In the dark red juicy
An evergreen small to medium-sized tree to pulp are many whitish elliptic seeds about lh
50 feet high and 1 foot in trunk diameter inch long arranged in 2 rows. In flower and
or a shrub. Bark smoothish, gray or brown, the fruit nearly through the year.
inner bark light brown, with slight taste of The sapwood is light brown and hard. The
horseradish. Twigs stout, with minute hairs, wood has been used for posts.
green when young, becoming light gray or Sometimes planted as an ornamental road-
brown with many raised dots (lenticels) ,some- side tree in Puerto Rico.
times slightly zigzag. Common in dry coastal, limestone, and lower
Leaves alternate in 2 rows, with minute Cordillera forests from sea level to 1,000 feet
paired scale stipules and with stout brownish, altitude of south coast and southern slopes and
minutely hairy petioles x-v8 inch long. Blades east end of Puerto Rico. Also Palominos,
elliptic to nearly round, 1!$&-4Y4 inches long Vieques, Culebra, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St.
and l%-2Y4 inches wide, thick, leathery, John, and Jost Van Dyke.
often stiff, border not toothed, upper surface PUBLIC FOREST AND ~~It~s.-Gutinica;Buck
dull green or slightly shiny and with the sides Island Reef, Virgin Islands.
slightly turned up a t midrib, the lower surface RANGE.-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Virgin
dull light green. Islands, and from Antigua to Grenada and
Flower clusters (corymbs or racemes) are ter- Trinidad. Also Curacao, Venezuela, and Co-
minal, with few to several flowers on stout green lombia.
stalks Y2-1 inch long, opening a t night, 1 a t a OTHER COMMON NAMES.--88 0 (Puert0
time. The flower is composed of cup-shaped Rico) ; contra, ararzl, paniagua Pveneeuela) ;
calyx 3/8 inch long and broad, greenish with 4 mabouya (Trinidad).
rounded yellow lobes 1/4, inch long; corolla of 4 BOTANICALSYNONYM.-~apparis coccolobi-
oblong concave whitish petals about 1-1y2 f olia Mart.
346. Burro Capparis haetata Jacq.
Flowering twig (left), natural size; fruit (right), one-half natural size.
CAPER FAMILY (CAPPARACEAE)

347. Sapo prieto, linguam Capparis indica (L.) Fawc. & Rendle

A shrub or small tree of relatively dry low- flower is composed of brown scaly calyx l/s inch
lands, identified by: (1) minute brown scales long, deeply blobed, the lobes overlapping and
on twigs, petioles, lower leaf surfaces, flower open in bud; corolla of 4 elliptic petals nearly
stalks, flowers, and fruits; (2) narrowly el- '/z inch long, whitish but turning red, densely
liptic, slightly leathery leaves short-pointed or hairy on both sides; about 20 slender white sta-
blunt a t both ends, gray green and slightly mens 1 inch long, with yellow anthers, soon
shiny on upper surface, gray green beneath; withering; and pistil on a long whitish stalk
(3) whitish flowers turning red, about 3h inch about 7/8 inch long, the ovary nearly l/s inch
across the 4 petals and 2 inches across the long long, narrowly cylindric and scaly, 1-celled with
threadlike spreading stamens, in flattened clus- many ovules, and ending in flat stigma.
ters a t or near ends of twigs ;and (4) long, nar- The scaly pod hangs down on a slender stalk
rowly cylindric, silvery-brown pods 3-8 inches more than 1 inch long beyond base of flower.
long and l/a inch in diameter. From its close It opens irregularly on 2 sides, is red within,
relative No. 53, burro prieto or Jamaica caper, and is slightly narrowed between the blackish
Capparis cynophallophora L., this species is seeds, which are elliptic and about l/s inch
distinguished by: (1) bark light gray instead long. Flowering and fruiting intermittently.
of dark; (2) the leaves only slightly shiny The sapwood is light brown and hard.
above and the lower surface gray green with Common in thickets, dry coastal and lime-
the scales not forming a solid silvery-brown stone regions from sea level to 500 feet altitude
coat; and (3) the flowers with shorter calyx in southern and eastern Puerto Rico. Also in
only 1/8 inch long, the lobes overlapping, and Desecheo, Culebra, Vieques, St. Croix, St.
the petals densely hairy instead of scaly. Thomas, St. John, Jost Van Dyke, Tortola, and
An evergreen small tree becoming 20 feet Virgin Gorda.
tall and 4 inches in trunk diameter or larger. PUBLICFORESTS AND PARKS.-GUB~~C~, SU-
The bark is gray or light brown and smoothish, s6a, Estate Thomas; Buck Island Reef, Virgin
the inner bark yellow or red and bitter. Twigs Islands.
are angled, covered with minute brown and RA~cE.-Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico
silvery scales, becoming gray. The narrow and Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles from St.
pointed buds are formed of minute leaves with- Barts and Barbuda to St. Vincent, The Grena-
out stipules. dines, and Barbados. Also from Mexico to
The alternate leaves have scaly petioles I/ Venezuela and Dutch Antilles.
y8 inch long, grooved above. Blades are 2-44r-/z OTHER COMMON ~ A ~ E s . - b u r r o (Puerto
inches long and 3/-1% inches wide, not toothed Rico) ; colorin, vara prieta, palo zapo, taiche
on edges, with upper surface green, hairless, (Mexico) ; endurece maiz (Nicaragua) ; cu-
and slightly shiny, the lower surface gray green rumo, guacoco (El Salvador, Panama) ; naran-
with many minute scales not forming a solid juelo, pachaca, olivo macho (Colombia) ; olivo
coat. (Venezuela) ; bois de mCche, bois puant (Gua-
Flower clusters (corymbs) are branched and deloupe) ; white willow (Barbados) ; bois noir
flattened at or near ends of twigs, with several (Martinique) ; paaloe pretoe, raba, stokki
slightly fragrant flowers on scaly stalks. The (Curacao).
, 347. Sapo prieto, linguam Capparis indica ( L . ) Fawc. & Rendle
Floweririg twig (left), fruits (right), natural size.
CAPER FAMILY (CAPPARACEAE)

This shrub or small tree grows in the dry with narrow cylindric ovary 1-celled with many
forests of the Virgin Islands, also Culebra, ovules and flat rounded stigma.
Vieques, and Desecheo, and is rare in south- The fruit (berry) has a stout stalk about l/z
western Puerto Rico. I t is characterized by: inch long from inside the flower, separated by
(1) oblong shiny leathery leaves varying an enlarged ring from the less stout flower
greatly in size and hanging down, the petioles stalk. The hard fruit covered with minute scales
of unequal length, enlarged a t both ends and does not open, except perhaps by decay or action
often joining blade slightly above base; (2) of animals. Inside the whitish wall more than
few flowers in clusters along twigs back of '/s inch thick are many elliptic light brown
leaves, nearly 1 inch wide, with 4 white petals ; seeds about 3/8 inch long, in thin whitish juicy
and (3) fruit a hard light greenish brown ball pulp which is slightly aromatic and peppery in
1Y2-2 inches in diameter, hanging down from taste. Flowering and fruiting intermittently.
stout stalk along twigs back of leaves. Similar The wood is light brown and hard.
to No. 345, sapo, rat-bean, Capparis frondosa In other regions this small tree is an orna-
Jacq., except for the large round fruit and mental in plazas, along avenues, and near
shiny leaves. homes. I t has a domelike crown and showy
Evergreen shrub or small tree becoming 25 coloration, is drought-resistant, and grows
feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, some- slowly.
times partly climbing on trees. The bark is gray Common locally on dry slopes and in dry for-
to blackish, smooth to slightly fissured, the in- ests from sea level to 600 feet altitude. De-
ner bark light brown, with peppery taste. The secheo, southwestern Puerto Rico, Culebra, and
stout light gray or light brown twigs are cov- Vieques. Also St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John,
ered with minute scales. Jost Van Dyke, and Tortola.
The alternate leaves have yellowish petioles PUBLICFOREST AND p~.R~s.-Gu&nica; Virgin
Y2-2YL inches long, of unequal length and Islands, Sage Mountain.
round and enlarged a t both ends, covered with
minute scales. Blades are 3-10 inches long and RANGE.-Hispaniola, Desecheo, Puerto Rico,
inches broad, oblong, stiff and leathery, Culebra, Vieques, Virgin Islands, and Lesser
hairless, short-pointed or rounded a t apex, the Antilles from St. Martin, St. Barts, and Saba
base rounded or often slightly cup-shaped to Trinidad. Also from Mexico to Nicaragua
from attachment to petiole slightly above and from Colombia to Venezuela, Aruba, and
base, border not toothed, with few curved lat- Ecuador.
eral veins, the upper surface shiny green, and OTHERCOMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - , r a t - a p(Virgin
ple
the lower surface dull light green. Islands, Saba) ; guarapo, aguacatillo (Domini-
Several short-stalked flowers are borne in can Republic) ; chico (Mexico) ; cacao mico
lateral clusters (coryrnbs) about 1 inch long a t (Nicaragua) ; naranjito, nispero de saino, pan
leaf bases and along twigs back of leaves, the galleta, toco (Colombia) ; zorrocloco, pachaca
flowers and stalks covered with minute scales. (Venezuela) ; sapote de perro (Ecuador) ; sa-
The flower consists of greenish yellow scaly potille marrow (Trinidad) ; wild misple (Dutch
calyx l/g inch long, which covers the elliptic bud Antilles) ; jumbie sapodilla, dog sapodilla (The
and breaks open into 2 parts ; corolla of 4 white Grenadines).
rounded petals about v2 inch long scaly outside The genus honors Robert Morison (1620-
1683), professor of botany a t Oxford Univer-
and hairy within; about 20 or fewer stamens
attached on a disk; and hairy pistil on a stalk, sity, England.

HORSERADISH-TREE FAMILY (MORINGACEAE*)

Trees of only 1 genus (Moringa), known by: and pistil with superior 1-celled ovary, 3
(1) leaves alternate, twice or three times pin- parietal placentas and many ovules, and slender
nate, deciduous, the stipules like glands or style; and (3) fruit a long 3-angled capsule that
none; (2) many showy, mostly white flowers in opens in 3 lines, with many large seeds often
branched clusters (panicles), bisexual, slightly winged. Vol. 1, p. 134.
irregular, with very short cup (hypanthium) One species : 54. Reseda, horseradish-tree,
that bears 5 unequal sepals, 5 unequal petals, 5 Moringa oleifera Lam.*
stamens and 3-5 staminodes inserted on disk,
348. Rat-apple Morbonia arnericana L.
Leafy twig (above), fruits and flowers (below), two-thirds natural size.

229
 BRUNELLIA FAMILY (BRUNELLIACEAE)

Trees, sometimes shrubs, known by: (1) op- stamens inserted on base of lobed disk, and in
posite or whorled leaves, odd pinnate or some- female flowers 5 separate pistils with 1-celled
times simple, toothed, commonly hairy, some- ovary containing 2 ovules, and curved style;
times spiny, with stipules; (2) small greenish and (3) fruits 5 or fewer follicles with 1-2
flowers in branched clusters (panicles), male seeds. Vol. 1, p. 136.
and female on different plants (dioecious) , One species : 55. Palo bobo, Brunellia como-
regular, with 4-5-lobed calyx, no corolla, 8-10 cladifolia Humb. & Bonpl.

CUNONIA FAMILY (CUNONIACEAE)

Trees and shrubs, known by: (1) opposite stamens on a disk, and pistil with superior
or whorled leaves, odd pinnate with leaflets ovary generally 2 (-5)-celled with few to many
paired except the terminal, or with 3 leaflets, ovules, and 2 (-5) styles (or 1-5 simple pistils) ;
rarely simple, often toothed, with stipules and (3) fruit a 2 (-5) -celled capsule or nut with
sometimes large and united in pairs ; (2) small few to many minute seeds. Vol. 1, p. 138.
bisexual regular flowers, generally with 4-5 One species : 56. Oreganillo, Weinmannia
sepals, 4-5 petals often lobed and mostly pinnata L.
smaller than sepals (or none), 8-10 to many

ROSE FAMILY (ROSACEAE)

Trees, shrubs, and herbs, known by : (1) 10) separate stamens, and with 1 to many
leaves alternate, generally simple, with paired simple pistils or 1 compound pistil with mostly
stipules; (2) small to large bisexual flowers, superior 2-5-celled ovary with few ovules, and
usually regular or sometimes slightly irregular, 2-5 styles; and (3) fruit various, a drupe,
generally with cuplike base (hypanthium) that pome, akene, or follicle. Also vol. 1, p. 140.
bears 5 sepals, 5 petals, and many (sometimes
Key to species
A. Leaves rounded or slightly notched a t apex, elliptic or nearly round, thick and leathery, turned upward-349.
Chryeobalanue icaco.
AA. Leaves most1 long-pointed a t apex, mostly oblong or ovate, thin (except No. 350), spreading.
B. ~ e t i o l e s L than
s ?4 inch long.
C. Leaves with saw-toothed edges, brownish woolly beneath-350. Eriobotlya japonica.*
CC. Leaves not toothed on edges, hairy on veins beneath-Hirtella.
D. Leaves with veins much sunken in upper surface and raised beneath; twigs bristly hairy; fruits
dark red--57. Icaquillo, Hirtella lu ocra Pers.
DD. Leaves with veins not sunken; twigs inely hairy; fruits blackish-351. Hirtella triandm.
BB. Petioles %-% inch long; crushed foliage with taste and odor of almond-Prunucr.
E. Leaves ovate, 2-4% inches long; fruit rounded about % inch in diameter-352. Plunus myrtifolia.
EE. Leaves oblong-elliptic, 4-8 inches long; fruit elliptic, %-1 inch long-353. P r u n w occidentalis.

349. Hicaco, coco-plum Chrysobalunus icaco L.

Hicaco or coco-plum is characterized by: (1) edible, containing 1 large 5-6-ridged brown
numerous shiny, dark green thick and leathery, stone and an edible white seed.
elliptic or nearly round leaves 1y231/g inches Evergreen and mostly shrubby with several
long and 1-2% inches broad, alternate in 2 stems from base to 10 feet in height, or creep-
rows and turned upward along twig, the visible ing when growing on sandy beaches. Some-
lower surfaces yellow green; (2) small green- times becoming a much-branched small tree to
ish white flowers less than y8 inch long, sev- 15 feet tall and 4 inches in trunk diameter, with
eral in clusters a t leaf bases; and (3) the el- dense crown, especially in cultivation inland.
liptic or nearly round, pink, whitish, or dark- The bark is brown or gray, smoothish or becom-
purplish fruits V4-ly2 inches long, juicy and ing scaly, and astringent. The twigs are green
349. Hicaco, coco-plum Chrysobatanus icaco L.
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (lower left), fruits (lower right), natural size.

231
ROSE FAMILY (ROSACEAE )

and hairless when young, turning reddish Locally common forming thickets on coastal
brown, with raised dots (lenticels). lowlands and sandy beaches and elsewhere on
The leaves are alternate on short stout peti- shallow wet soils from sea level to 1,600 feet
oles Y8 inch long. Leaf blades are rounded or altitude in eastern mountains of Puei-to Rico,
slightly notched a t apex and short-pointed at also islands eastward. Also Icacos (this island
base, and yellow green beneath. apparently named for the species), Vieques, St.
Flower clusters (cymes) near ends of twigs Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, and Vir-
are 1-1v2 inches long, shorter than the leaves. gin Gorda.
The finely hairy, light green, bell-shaped base PUBLIC FORESTS AND pA~~s.-Aguirre, Bo-
(hypanthium) is nearly v8 inch long and the 5 quer6n, Cambalache, Carite, Luquillo, San
spreading pointed sepals the same length; there Juan ; Virgin Islands, Sage Mountain.
are 5 narrow white petals s/,, inch long, shed- RANGE.-Southern Florida including Florida
ding early; about 20 hairy white stamens % Keys and throughout West Indies from Baha-
inch long, united into tube a t base ;and pistil of mas and Cuba to Trinidad and Tobago. Also
green hairy 1-celled ovary with 2 ovules and from Mexico to Brazil and Ecuador. Native of
slender hairy style 1/4, inch long attached a t sea coasts but the range extended by planting
base. inland. Also a closely related species in western
The soft fruits (drupes) resembling plums Africa.
have a whitish, thin and spongy, slightly sweet OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-hicaco, icaco, jicaco
or almost tasteless flesh, astringent until ma- (Puerto Rico, Spanish) ; coco-plum (Virgin
ture. Immature fruits are light green and 5-6- Islands, English) ; icaco de costa, icaco dulce
angled. The nutlike edible seeds weigh about (Cuba) ; icaco rosado, icaco negro (El Salva-
80 to a pound. Flowering and fruiting nearly dor) ; icaco coco-plum, coco-plum (United
through the year. States) ; pork-fat-apple, white-plum (Baha-
The wood is described as light brown, hard mas) ; red coco-plum, white coco-plum (St.
and heavy (specific gravity about 0.8). It is Barts) ; fat-pork, icaque, zicaque (Trinidad
not used in Puerto Rico but elsewhere has been zicaque (St. Lucia) ; icaco (British Honduras
employed in carpentry. fat-pork, pigeon-plum, kulimiro, caramio (Gu-
Occasionally planted as an ornamental shrub yana) ; zicaque (Haiti) ; icaque (Guadeloupe,
and for the .fruits. These are commonly pre- Martinique) ; prune de Guyane (French Gui-
pared as preserves or made into jelly but are ana) ; coco-plum, fat-pork, ecacs (Dutch An-
edible raw. Also the nutlike seeds have a high tilles) ; pruim (Surinam) ; icaco, guajuru,
oil content and can be eaten. I t is reported that ajuru (Brazil) ; zicaque, fat-pork (Dominica).
the Carib Indians strung them on sticks and A variety with smaller, purplish black fruits
burned them like candles. Various parts of the and smaller leaves has been distinguished
plant are astringent and have served in folk ( C h r p o b a h u a icaco var. pellocarpua (G. F.
medicines. A honey plant. Elsewhere the shrubs W. Mey.) DC. ; botanical synonym, Chrysoba-
have been used for stabilization of sand dunes. lanus pellocarpua G. F. W. Mey.).

350. Niepero de Eepaiia, loquat Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb. ) Lindl. *

Loquat is a handsome small tree introduced broadest beyond middle, short- or long-pointed
in Puerto Rico as an ornamental and for its a t both ends, slightly curved up on both sides of
edible fruit. It is recognized by: (1) oblong midvein, with straight sunken veins ending in
thick and leathery leaves 6-10 inches long and teeth.
ll/g-31/2 inches wide, toothed on edges, the up- Flower clusters (panicles) are 4-6 inches
per surface shiny with sunken veins, the lower long. The flowers about a/s inch long are com-
surface covered with soft gray or rusty hairs; posed of a brown hairy basal cup (hypan-
(2) many fragrant flowers about Y2 inch across thium), which bears 5 rounded brown hairy
the 5 white petals, in terminal branched woolly sepals, 5 white elliptic petals a/s inch long, and
clusters; and (3) yellow elliptic or pearlike about 20 white stamens. The pistil has a n in-
fruits (loquats) 1%-2 inches long, slightly ferior 5-celled ovary and 5 whitish styles. The
sour and edible. fruits (pomes) are hairy when young, slightly
Evergreen small tree to 20 feet high with shiny, with 5 protuberances and 5 sepals .at
shiny green foliage. The bark is gray and apex, and contain pale yellow pleasantly acid /
slightly fissured. Twigs are light brown and mealy pulp and few brown elliptic seeds 9/s-9/:
hairy. inch long.
The alternate leaves have short stout petioles Uncommonly grown around houses in Puerto :.
less than 8/8 inch long. The blades are often Rico but apparently not adapted as a fruit tree.
350. Nispero de Espaiia, loquat En'obotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.*
Flowering twig and fruits (lower left), two-thirds natural size.
ROSE FAMILY (ROSACEAE)
The fruits are eaten fresh, cooked, and made with some protection in winter. In cold climates
into preserves and jelly. The bitter seeds should also an ornamental in conservatories and a
be removed before cooking. Propagated by potted plant.
seeds and grafting. Classed as a honey plant. R~NcE.-Native of China but introduced in
As a commercial fruit tree in orchards, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the
loquat is better suited to subtropical climates of world. West Indies, southern United States,
mountains and to warm temperate regions. It and from Mexico to Brazil. Also from southern
is hardy across southern United States from Europe to eastern Asia and Japan.
Florida west along the Gulf and to southern OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - n i s p e rnispero
o,
Arizona and California. Along the Atlantic japonbs, nispero del Jap6n (Spanish) ; loquat,
Coast it can be grown northward to Philadelphia Japanese medlar (English).

Hirtella triandra Sw.

This rare shrub or small tree of moist forests inch long; and pistil with densely hairy 1-celled
is characterized by: (1) lance-shaped to el- ovary and threadlike style attached near base.
liptic leaves 2-6 inches long and 13%inches The dry drupelike fruits have calyx a t base,
wide, alternate in 2 rows; (2) many small thin sweetish edible pulp, and 1 large pointed
whitish and pinkish flowers with 3 threadlike seed with fine grooves. With flowers and fruits
stamens inch long, in branched terminal through the year.
clusters; and (3) blackish or purplish oblong The wood is light brown, hard, and heavy,
flattened hairy fleshy fruits s/,-1 inch long and elsewhere used in construction.
l/s-6/ls inch wide. To be separated from No. 54, Rare in lower Luquillo, moist limestone, and
icaquillo, Hirtella rugosa Pers., by the erect lower and upper Cordillera forests a t 200-2,000
form (branches not drooping), softer pressed feet altitude in moist lowlands and upper west-
hairs, and smoother flattened leaves with veins ern mountains of Puerto Rico.
not sunken. PUBLIC M ) R E S T S . - C ~ ~ ~Guajataca,
~~, Lu-
Evergreen shrub 10-15 feet high or a small quillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Toro Negro.
tree to 40 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diam- RANGE.-CU~~, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and
eter. Bark gray smooth, the inner bark pink. Lesser Antilles from Saba and St. Kitts and
Twigs slender, finely hairy, with lighter dots Nevis to Trinidad. Also from southern Mexico
(lenticels) . and British Honduras to Surinam, Brazil, Bo-
The alternate leaves have paired minute nar- livia, Peru, and Ecuador.
row hairy stipules inch long and hairy OTHER COMMON NAMES.-COCUYO (Domini-
petioles YE inch long. Leaf blades are long- can Republic) ; siguapa, icaquillo, icaco de aura
pointed a t apex, short-pointed or rounded a t (Cuba) ; baraz6n (Nicaragua) ; camaroncillo,
base, slightly wavy .on edges, thin, haii-y on conejo (Panama) ; pasito (Colombia) ; mere-
midvein, the upper surface green, and the lower curillo, freso, icaquillo, caramate negro (Vene-
surface paler and finely hairy. zuela) ; vara rosada (Ecuador) ; quinulla
Flower clusters (panicles) are 1v2-4 inches (Peru) ; fruta paloma, cocochat (Trinidad and
long, the branches finely hairy. The finely hairy Tobago) ; zicaque (Dominica) ; wild cocoplum,
flowers on short hairy scaly stalks have a basal
tube (hypanthium) about YE inch long; 5 wild pigeonplum (British Honduras) ; icaque i3
rounded sepals inch long and bent down, 5 poils, icaque it ramiers, icaque pendant (Guade-
elliptic white petals 3/le inch long and shedding loupe) ; icaque poileur (Martinique) ; hairy-
early; 3 threadlike plnk or purplish stamens plum (Saba) ; marisi balli (Surinam).
Natural size.
ROSE FAMILY (ROSACEAE)

352. Myrtle laurelcherry Prunur myrtifolia ( L ) Urban

This rare small tree of mountain forests is stone. Flowering mostly in spring and summer
identified by: (1) elliptic to ovate leaves 2- and maturing fruits in summer.
4v2 inches long and 1-2 inches wide, with odor The hard wood has light brown sapwood, and
and taste (when crushed) of almond; (2) many light red heartwood.
small flowers inch wide, with 5 white petals, Rare in moist limestone and upper Cordillera
in drooping unbranched clusters; and (3) forests a t 100-2,500 feet altitude in central and
rounded shiny black-purple stone fruit about l/z western Puerto Rico. Collected in dwarf forest
inch in diameter. above 4,000 feet altitude a t Cerro de Punta, the
Evergreen small tree 25 feet or more in highest peak of Puerto Rico.
height and 4 inches in trunk diameter, hairless PUBLIC FORESTS.-Cambalache, Guajataca,
throughout. The bark is light brown or reddish Maricao, Rfo Abajo, Toro Negro, Vega.
brown, smooth or slightly fissured. The twigs RANGE.-Southern Florida including Florida
are slender, orange brown, becoming gray or Keys, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, St. Eusta-
light brown, with light dots (lenticels) . tius, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica,
The alternate leaves have slender leafstalks Martinique, St. Vincent, and Trinidad. Also
about 1/2 inch long and paired narrow pointed from Venezuela to Surinam and Brazil.
stipules l/s inch long, shedding early. Blades OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-almendrito, mem-
are narrowed to a long blunt point a t apex, brillito (Dominican Republic) ; almendrillo,
short-pointed a t base, slightly thickened, cuajani hembra, cuajanincillo (Cuba) ; al-
slightly wavy a t borders, shiny yellow green on mendro (Venezuela) ; myrtle laurelcherry,
upper surface, and pale dull green on lower West Indian cherry, laurelcherry (United
surface. States) ; wild cassada, cassada-wood, ants-wood
(Jamaica); amandier B petites feuilles
Flower clusters (racemes) a t leaf bases are (Haiti) ; amandier des bois (Martinique) ;
shorter than the leaves and bear many flowers noyau (Guadeloupe) ; durdznero de monte,
on stalks 4/8-l/s inch long. The flowers have a marmelo bravo, marmelo do matto, virarii
basal cup (hypanthium) inch long, 5 (Brazil).
rounded petals more than X6 inch long, many BOTANICAL SYNONYMS.-L~UTOC~T~,S~~ mprti-
stamens, and pistil with ovary and short style. f o l k (L.) Britton, L. sphaerocarpa (Sw.)
The fruits (drupes) have thin flesh and large Roem., Prunu9 sphaerocarpa Sw.
352. Myrtle laurelcherry Prunue myrtifolia (L.) Urban
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.
ROSE FAMILY (ROSACEAE)

353. Almendr611, Weet Indies laurelcherry Prunus occidentalis Sw.

Almendrh, a rare large tree of mountain February to April and with fruits in spring and
forests, is distinguished by : (1) oblong-elliptic summer.
leaves 4-8 inches long and 1y23inches wide, Rare in upper Cordillera forest a t 2,000-
in 2 rows, with odor and taste (when crushed) 3,000 feet altitude in central Puerto Rico. One
of almond; (2) many small flowers about l/g, very large tree of this species is at the edge of
inch wide, with 5 white petals in drooping un- Villalba-Manati Highway a t kilometer 36, alti-
branched clusters; and (3) the elliptic stone tude 2,500 feet.
fruitsv4-1 inch long. The wood is described as having flesh-colored
sapwood and rich dark reddish-brown heart-
Evergreen large tree to 80 feet high and 21/2
feet in trunk diameter, developing large but- wood. It is very hard, heavy (specific gravity
tresses a t base. Bark dark brown, scaly, becom- 0.90 to 1.05), of medium to coarse texture,
ing rough and furrowed. The brown inner bark tough, and strong. The wood has been used for
and the twigs have the taste of almond. Twigs construction and elsewhere for cabinetwork,
are hairless, green when young, becoming light furniture, flooring, posts, poles, implement
brown. frames, and railway crossties.
The leaves are alternate in 2 rows, hairless, This species has been planted experimentally
with petioles 1/!-l/z inch long. The paired nar- in forestry. Elsewhere a drink has been made
row pointed stipules r/g, inch long form the bud. from the cherrylike fruits. Classed as a honey
The blades are long-pointed at apex and short- plant.
pointed or rounded a t base, slightly thickened PUBLIC FORESTS.-Guilarte, Luquillo, Toro
and slightly turned under a t edges, the upper Negro.
surface green and slightly shiny, the lower sur- RANGE.-Greater Antilles and Lesser An-
face dull light green. tilles from St. Kitts to St. Vincent. Also re-
Flower clusters (racemes) a t leaf bases are corded from Guatemala, Panama, and Vene-
1y2-3y2 inches long, bearing many fragrant zuela.
flowers on slender stalks of about l/g, inch. The OTHER COMMON N~~Es.-aImendrilo
flower has a basal cup (hyanthium) more than (Puerto Rico) ; almendro, almendrito, almen-
l/s inch long, which bears 5 pointed sepals, 5 dr6n membrillo (Dominican Republic) ; al-
mendro, cuajani, cuajani macho, juba (Cuba) ;
white rounded petals about 1 , inch long, and prune-tree (Jamaica) ; amandier B grandes
many stamens more than Y8 inch long. The feuilles (Haiti) ; amandier, noyeau (Domi-
pistil has a 1-celled ovary and short style. The nica).
fruit (drupe) like an almond has thin flesh and BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Laurocerasus occi-
a large stone containing 1seed. Flowering from dentalis (Sw.) Roem.
353. Almendrbn, West Indies laurelcherry Prunus occidentalis Sw.
Flowering twig, natural size.

239
 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)
Herbs, shrubs, and trees, often large, known the calyx usually tubular with 5 lobes, corolla
by: (1) leaves alternate, compound (mostly of 5 unequal petals (equal in Mimosoideae), 10
pinnate, also bipinnate and with 3 leaflets), to many stamens distinct or united a t base, and
rarely simple, with paired stipules sometimes pistil with superior 1-celled ovary containing 2
becoming spines; (2) flowers small to large to many ovules and with slender style ; and (3)
and showy, often in racemes, spikes, and heads, fruit generally the pod (legume), which opens
bisexual, mostly irregular in shape of bean in 2 lines and contains 1 to many elliptic bean-
flower or butterfly (regular in Mimosoideae) , shaped seeds. Also vol. 1, p. 142.
Key to the 3 subfamilies
A. Flowers r e p l a r , with 10 to many long, spreading stamens, separate or united a t base; petals meeting by edges
in bud; eaves bipinnate (pinnate in 1nga)-Mimosa Subfamily (Mimosoideae; Mimosaceae), below.
AA. Flowers irregular, with 10 or fewer stamens, often united; petals overlapping in bud.
B. Flowers only slightly irregular; the 5 petals separate, the lar est petal innermost in bud; leaves pinnate
or bipinnate, sometimes of 2 leaflets or simpl-Cassia ~ u b k m i l y(Caeaalpinioideae; Caesalpiniaceae) ,
p. 264.
BB. Flowers very irregular, beanlike or butterfly-shaped; the 5 petals being the standard (largest and outer-
most in bud), 2 wings, and 2 slight1 united forming the keel; leaves pinnate, sometimes of 3 leaflets-
Pea Subfamily (Faboideae or ~ o t o i & a e ;Fabaceae), p. 288.

MIMOSA SUBFAMILY (MIMOSOIDEAE; MIMOSACEAE)

Shrubs and trees, nearly all tropical and sub- petals 5 equal, separate or united in a tube,
tropical, known by: (1) leaves bipinnate (even meeting by edges in bud; and (4) stamens 10
pinnate, or paripinnate, in Inga and few species to many, long and threadlike, spreading, and
of Pithecellobiurn) ; (2) flowers regular, gener- very conspicuous, separate or united a t base.
ally many crowded in a head or spike; (3) Alsovol. 1, p. 142.
 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)
Key to species
A. Leaves pinnate, the leaflets in pairs (even pinnate) -1nga.
B. Leaf axis winged; leaflets hairy.
C. Twigs bristly red hairy; flowers bristly hairy; pods to 12 inches long and 2% inches wide, flattened-
364. Znga faatuosa.*
CC. Twigs densely brown hairy when young; flowers finely hairy; pods nearly cylindrical, 4-angled-64.
Guaba. Znoa Vera Willd.
BB. Leaf axis cylindhial, not winged; leaflets hairless or nearly so. pods flattened.
D. Leaflets 4 (sometimes only 2)-62. Guami, "sweetpea," fnga fagifolia (L.) Willd. (I. laurin:).
DD. Leaflets usually 6 or 8 (sometimes 4)--63. Guami venezolano, Znga quaternata Poepp. & Endl.
AA. Leaves bi innate.
E. ~eaA)etsvery narrow, less than % inch wide, relatively long.
F. Twigs with paired spines a t some nodes.
G. Lateral axes (pinnae) 1 or sometimes 2 pairs, each with 12-25 pairs of leaflets lk-% inch long;
spines brown or gray-70. Bayahonda, mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.*
GG. Lateral axes 2 to many pairs, each with many pairs of leaflets less than % inch long-Acacia.
H. Lateral axes 2-8 pairs, each with 10-30 pairs of leaflets.
I. Pods a b r u ~ t l vnarrowed a t base. cvlindrical. 136-3 inches long and 36-% inch in diam-
eter, da;k bmwn to blackish, hairless, pulpy within-58. h o m a , awe& acacia, Acu-
cia farnesiana (L.) Willd.'
11. Pods narrowed into short stalklike base, cylindrical or flattened, thin and dry.
J. Pods cvlindrical. 3-6 inches long and lk inch in diameter. narrowed between seeds.
gray; finely hairy-359. ~ c a s tortuosa.
a
J J . Pods flat, 2 6 inches long, KO-%inch wide, narrowed between seeds, whitish,
finely hairy-367. Acacia nilotica.*
HH. Lateral axes 10-40 pairs.
K. Pods sli htly flattened and narrowed between seeds, 2%-4 inches long, W-% inch
wide, f a r k bmwn, finely hairy-355. Acacia maciacantha
KK. Pods flattened, 2%-5 inches long, W-% inch wide, hairless--358. Acacia polya-
cantha.'
FF. Twigs not spiny.
L. Lateral axes ( innee) no more than 10 airs.
M. Leaflets &iny dark green, W inch ?ong, 20-40 pairs on each of 8-10 pairs of lateralrxes-
67. Cojoba, Pithecellobiurn wboreurn (L.) Urban.
MM. 'Leaflets dull green to gray green, %&$ inch long.
N. Pods gradually narrowed from apex to base and opening from apex--Calliandra.
[Link] axes 1 pair, with 10-20 pairs of gray-green leaflets; stamens pink to
purple-362. Calliandra surinarne&s.*
00. Lateral axes 2-6 pairs, each with 10-30 pairs of green leaflets; stamens white-
361. Calliandra cwacaaana.
NN. Pods not gradually narrowed to base.
P. Pods splitting open along both edges; lateral axes 3-10 pairs, each with 10-20
pairs of leaflets--66. Zarcilla, tantan. leadtree. Leucccena leucocevhata (Lam.)
de Wit (L. glauca).
PP. Pods curved into a circle, not splitting open; lateral axes 4-9 pairs, each with
20-30 pairs of leafletp363. Enteiolobiurn cyclocarpurn.*
LL. Lateral axes 12 to many pairs.
Q. Lateral axes 12-16 pairs. each with 12-30 airs of leaflets less than K inch long--360.
- bizia carbonavia.*- - Al-
QQ. Lateral axes 20-36 pairs, each with 30-100 pairs of minute narrow leaflets % inch or less
in length-66. Cojijbana, Piptadenia peregrina (L.) Benth.
EE. Leaflets more than % inch broad, less than 4 times a s long a s broad.
R. Twigs with paired spines a t some nodes; lateral axes (pinnae) 1 pair, each with 1 pair of oblong or
obovate leaflets.
S. Leaflets W-% inch long, thickened, shiny green on both surfaces--364. Acacia anegadensis.
SS. Leaflets %-2 inches long, mostly thin, dull green above and light green beneath.
T. Flower heads pinkish or yellowish; native shrub or small tree of coastal thickets-365.
Pithecellobiurn unguis-cati.
TT. Flower heads creamy white; introduced shade tree-68. Guaml americano, guamuchil, Pi-
thecellobiurn dulce (Roxb.) Benth.*
RR. Twigs spineless; lateral axes (pinnae) 2-7 pairs with many leaflets.
~ithecellibiumsaman ( ~ a c d . )~ e n t h . *
& , -
U. Leaflets slizhtlv diamond-sha~[Link]-~ointeda t aDex. asmmetrical-69. Samin. raintree.
UU. Leaflets oblong, rounded a t apex.
V. Leaflets symmetrical, rounded a t both ends, with tiny. point - a t apex-69. -
Peronlas,. jumbie-
bead, Adananthera pavonina L.*
VV. Leaflets oblique or asymmetrical a t base.
W. Leaflets W-% inch long, shiny dark green on upper surface-366. Acacia mu&cata.
WW. Leaflets %-I% inches long, dull green on upper surface.
X. Lateral axes 2-4 pairs, each with 4-9 pairs of leaflets; the flat pods straw col-
ored, more than 1 inch broad-60. Acacia amarilla, tibet, lebbek, Albizia
lebbeck (L.) Benth.*
XX. Lateral axes 4-7 pairs, each with 6-14 pairs of leaflets; the flat ods rich red,
turning to brown, less than % inch broad-61. Albizia. tall akicia. Albizia
procera (Roxb.) ~ e n t h . *
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

354. Anegada acacia Acacia anegadensis Britton

This distinctive small tree known only from spreading threadlike stamens, and slender
Anegada in the British Virgin Islands is i-ecog- pistil. Pods short-stalked, dark brown, hair-
nized by: (1) straight spines inch long less, thick-walled, opening late. Seeds few,
paired a t nodes and to 3 inches'long on trunk rounded, 4/8-3/,6 inch long, dull brown. Col-
and larger branches ; (2) bipinnate leaves with lected with flowers and fruits in February,
only 1 pair of side axes, each with usually 2 flowering intermitttently in wet season.
paired oblong leaflets 3/a-s/s inch long and less Common on the rocky plain and occasional
than I/a, inch wide; (3) many minute flowers in on the sandy plain in the dry limestone forest
yellow balls (heads) I/a, inch in diameter; and a t sea level near the west end of Anegada.
( 4 ) narrow curved pods lv4-lY2 inches long RANGE.-Known only from Anegada, the
and '/a inch wide. farthest northeast of the British Virgin Is-
A deciduous spiny tree to 26 feet high and 5 lands.
inches in trunk diameter, with many widely BOTANICALSY~oNYlK.-Fi8hlockia anega-
spreading branches. Twigs slender, gray, hair- densis (Britton) Britton & Rose.
less. This very different species was discovered
Leaves alternate, pinnate, %-l% inches in 1913 by N. L. Britton during his exploration
long. Stipules paired, developing into slender of Anegada and was named by him for that
straight dark brown spines. Petiole y8-l/a, inch island in 1916. Afterwards it was placed also
long, hairless or nearly so, with dot gland a t in a new segregate genus, F'ishlockia. The
apex, forking into 1 pair of side axes slightly foliage is not like that of other species of Acacia
longer and with gland dot a t apex, each ending but resembles that of Pithecellobiurn. The
in 1 pair (rarely 2 pairs) of stalkless leaflets. closest relative may be in the nearby Bahamas,
Leaflets oblong, thick and leathery, hairless, according to D'Arcy (17).
.unequal and rounded a t base, rounded or
notched a t apex, not toothed on edges, with Being confined to one small island, this local
prominent network of raised veins, shiny dark species without near relatives is classed a s rare
green on both surfaces. and endangered. Also, the vegetation of Ane-
Flower heads 1 - 4 on short stalks a t leaf gada is threatened by destruction through pro-
bases. Flowers about inch long, consisting posed real estate developments. Seeds should
of minute 6-toothed calyx, narrow tubular 5- be collected and distributed to botanical gar-
toothed yellow corolla inch long, about 20 dens in the West Indies for propagation.
354. Anegada acacia Acacia anegadensis Britton
Flowering twig, natural size.
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

355. Tamarind0 eilveetre, caeha AcacM macraccmtha Humb. & Bonpl.

This deciduous tree with thin spreading brown, less than l/s inch long. Flowering inter-
crown is common in the Virgin Islands but rare mittently and with fruits persisting through
in Puerto Rico. I t is characterized by: (1) the the year.
twigs slightly zigzag, with paired spines, gen- The wood is reported to be very durable. I t
erally short, a t some nodes; (2) twice pinnate is used for posts and elsewhere for construction
(bipinnate) leaves 23/g-5V2 inches long, with and charcoal.
10-25 pairs of axes, each with 12-30 pairs of The plants can be grown and pruned a s
minute gray-green leaflets less than l/s inch hedges.
long; (3) orange balls 3/s inch in diameter, of Locally common in dry lowlands, forming
many minute flowers; and (4) pod 2-4 inches costal thickets, from sea level to 500 feet alti-
long, slightly flattened and slightly curved, tude in Muertos, Vieques, Culebra, and Virgin
reddish brown, minutely hairy. Islands, including St. Croix, St. Thomas, St.
A deciduous tree, small or medium-sized to John, Tortola, and Jost Van Dyke. Rare in
30 feet high and 1foot in trunk diameter, with Puerto Rico, for example, a t Cambalache.
thin spreading crown broader than high or PUBLIC FORESTS AND PARK.-Cambala~he,
only a shrub. The trunk is slightly angled with Estate Thomas ; Virgin Islands.
grooves, with gray outer bark. The twigs are RANGE.-Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Virgin
covered with minute gray-green hairs becom- Islands, and through Lesser Antilles to Gre-
ing dark brown with light dots. nada and Barbados. Also northern South
The alternate bipinnate leaves have paired America from Colombia and Venezuela to
minute stipules, some of which become minute Ecuador and Peru. Introduced in Florida. (A
dark brown flattened spines V8-V8 inch long, related species possibly not distinct ranges
sometimes to 1-2 inches or more. The axes are north in Central America to Mexico.)
hairy gray green, the secondary axes paired,
v8-% inch long. Leaflets very numerous, stalk-
less, minute, oblong, hairy beneath.
OTHER COMMON NAMES.-wild tamarind,
stink casha (Virgin Islands) ; cambr6n, aroma,
The balls (heads) of flowers are inserted 1-6 carambomba (Dominican Republic) ; guata-
on stalks y8-y4 inch long a t the base of the pana (Cuba) ; faique, aromo, vilca, guarango
leaves, composed of many minute stalkless flow- (Ecuador) ; taque, espino (Peru) ; steel acacia
ers, somewhat fragrant. The flower 3/,, inch (United States) ; long-spined acacia (Baha-
long is formed by the calyx less than 1/,, inch mas) ; wild tamarind, park-nut (Jamaica) ;
long, corolla less than y8 inch long, both tu- acacia piquant (Martinique) ; acacia (Haiti) ;
bular, greenish yellow, hairy, and 5-toothed; French casha, Creole casha, Spanish casha
many tiny separate orange stamens 9/,, inch (Dutch Antilles).
long; and pistil inch long with narrow BOTANICALSYNONYMS.-Acacia m c r a c a n -
greenish ovary and thin white style. The pod, thoides Bert., A. lutea (Mill.) Britton, Poponux
which does not open, measures 8/8-?42 inch wide macracantha (Humb. & Bonpl.) Killip, P.
and 9/,, inch thick. Seeds several, elliptic, macracanthoides (Bert.) Britton & Rose.
Flowering twig (above), fruit (lower right), natural size.

245
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

356. Acacia nudoea, epinelees acacia Acacia muricata (L. ) Willd.

This species of acacia, which is more common flowers j/4, inch long, spreading in masses more
in the Virgin Islands than Puerto Rico, is dis- than Y2 inch across. The flower is composed of
tinguished by: (1) the absence of paired spines light yellow 5-toothed calyx less than l/loinch
at leaf bases, as in the other native species of the long; tubular light yellow corolla less than 4 8
genus; (2) twice pinnate leaves 6-10 inches inch long, with 5 pointed lobes; many white
long, with 6 6 pairs of secondary axes, each threadlike spreading stamens about jla inch
with 6-16 pairs of oblong leaflets a/8-% inch long, united a t base ;and pistil of minute green-
long and 4/8-a/8 inch wide, shiny dark green ish ovary and white threadlike style.
above and dull whitish green beneath, almost Usually 1or 2 flat pods develop along an axis.
stalkless ; (3) white flowers about l/a inch long They have straight edges not narrowed between
stalkless on slender axes 3-6 inches long; and the seeds, dark brown walls cracked a t the sur-
(4) oblong flat pods 3-6 inches long and y2-V8 face and slightly thickened, and open widely on
inch wide, dark brown, opening on 1side. 1 side, exposing the inner walls with reddish
A deciduous small tree 30 feet high and 6 brown impressions of seeds separated by light
inches in trunk diameter, reported to become yellow bands. Seeds 6-12, elliptic or oblong,
larger, with thin crown. The smooth gray bark 1/2-v8inch long, dark brown, flat and thin.
consists of an outer dead purplish layer and the Flowering intermittently through the year, the
pinkish, bitter inner bark. The slender spine- fruits persistent.
less twigs are light green and minutely hairy The sapwood is light brown and the heart-
when young, becoming brown, with raised wood reddish brown. The wood is hard, heavy,
whitish dots (lenticels). The naked buds are strong, and durable.
composed of minute brown hairy leaves with 2 Locally common in moist forest at 100-1,000
stipules less than inch long. feet altitude, lower foothills in eastern and
The alternate bipinnate leaves have a yellow- southeastern Puerto Rico. Also in Vieques,
green axis 2-6 inches long, minutely hairy, Culebra, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, Jost
with 4-6 pairs of secondary axes each 3-6 Van Dyke, and Virgin Gorda.
inches long, mostly with a cuplike gland on the PUBLICP A R K . - V ~ Islands.
~~~
main axis at base of each pair. The paired leaf- RANGE.-Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands
lets are oblique with midrib near one edge and and Lesser Antilles from Antigua to Guade-
sides unequal, slightly notched or rounded at loupe, Iles des Saintes, Dominica, and Marti-
apex, unequal and slightly notched a t base, with nique. Recorded long ago from Hispaniola
sunken midrib and edges slightly turned under, (Haiti).
thin or slightly thickened, and hairless at
~ -
OTHER COMMON NAMES.-tamarind0 cima-
maturity. rrbn, cajoba (Puerto Rico) ; amarat (Virgin
The slender unbranched flower clusters Islands) ; ironwood (Antigua) ; tendre 1 ca-
(spikes) are borne near apex of twigs before
the new leaves unfold. Along the narrow axis
illoux, amourette (Martinique) .
BOTANICALs ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ . - - S e ? z e muricata
galia
are many stalkless white, slightly fragrant (L.) Britton & Rose.
366. Acacia
Leafy twig (left), flowers and fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size.
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

357. Goma arribica, gum arabic Acacia nilotica (L ) Delile*

This species of gum arabic is planted for with bright yellow dotlike anthers and slender
ornament in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands pistil with threadlike style. Pods stalked at
and naturalized locally. I t is recognized by : (1) base, ending in a short point. Seeds several,
long slender straight light gray spines rounded but flattened, 5/ls inch in diameter,
inches long, paired a t base of some or most blackish.
leaves; (2) bipinnate leaves !&6 inches long, An ornamental in Puerto Rico and Virgin
with 3-8 pairs of side axes, each with 10-30 Islands, becoming naturalized locally and form-
pairs of narrow oblong leaflets Y8-Y4, inch long ing thickets.
and less than l/loinch wide; (3) balls of yellow Elsewhere the gum that exudes from the
flowers li/8 inch in diameter; and (4) narrow trunk has been used in mucilage, ink, and medi-
whitish gray flattened pods 2-6 inches long and cine. The hard wood has been utilized. The
5/la-s/, inch wide, finely hairy, slightly nar- pods have served in tanning, and the flowers
rowed between seeds. attract bees.
Introduced deciduous shrub or spiny tree 10- RANa~.-Native of tropical Africa and Asia.
26 feet high. Twigs gray to dark brown, Planted and naturalized in many islands of the
slender, finely hairy or nearly hairless. West Indies including Puerto Rico and Virgin
Leaves alternate, bipinnate, with paired Islands and Lesser Antilles from Anguilla and
spines formed from stipules, the axis finely St. Barts to Barbados and Tobago. Widespread
hairy, with a few dot glands. Lateral axes 1b - through the tropics.
1% inches long. Leaflets blunt a t both en&, OTHER COMMON NAMES.-gOma arhbica,
with minute hairs along edges. goma de acacia (Spanish) ;gum arabic, Amrad
Flower heads few a t leaf bases or nodes on
slender jointed stalks $4-1 inch long. Flowers gum (English) ; casha (Anguilla) ; cassie
B.% inch long are composed of tubular 6-toothed (Antigua) ; acacia saline, pompons jaunes
slightly hairy calyx, ilarrow yellow tubular 6- (Martinique) .
toothed corolla Y8 inch long, many yellow sta- BOTANICAL S Y N O N Y M . - ~ ~ ~ C ~ arabica
~
mens more than % inch long and united at base, (Lam.) Willd.
Goma arkbica, gum arabic Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile*
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (lower left), leafy twig (lower right), natural size.
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

Acacia polyacantha Willd.*

This Old World tree introduced in St. Croix lar 6-toothed hairy corolla 4/8 inch long, white,
is characterized by: (1) paired short conic changing to yellow; many threadlike stamens
curved spines at base of some leaves; (2) bi- long; and pistil with elliptic ovary and
pinnate leaves 6-9 inches long, with 7-25 pairs threadlike style. Pods pointed a t both ends,
of side axes, each with 26-50 pairs of narrow hairless, hard, with fine network of veins.
leaflets 4/8-1/4, inch long and less than 1/16 inch The wood is described as hard, heavy, very
wide; (3) small flowers % inch long, white to durable, and polishing well. Catechu or cutch
pale yellow, stalkless along axes 24/24 inches is a resinlike astringent substance obtained by
long; and (4) narrow flat gray pods 21/24 boiling down an extract from the heartwood
inches long and 3/8-5/8 inch wide. chips of this and the related species Acacia
A deciduous spiny spreading shrub or small catechu Willd, of the East Indies. This decoc-
tree to 30 feet high, with gray bark. Twigs tion has been used medicinally as an astringent
slender, light gray or whitish, velvety hairy. in chronic diarrhea and dysentery, also in tan-
Leaves alternate, bipinnate, with paired ning and dyeing.
spines developing some stipules, and with vel- Introduced and naturalized in St. Croix.
vety hairy axis bearing a gland below leaflets RANGE.-Native of tropical Asia and Africa,
and at base of some side axes. Leaflets short- originally described from India. Planted and
pointed a t apex, unequal a t base, finely hairy naturalized through the tropics. Recorded from
or nearly hairless, paler beneath. Guadeloupe, St. Vincent, and Grenada.
Flower clusters (spikes) a t leaf bases, BOTANICAL SYNONYMS.-Acacia Sum
slender, finely hairy. Flowers consist of hairy (Roxb.) Kurz, Senegalia suma (Roxb.) Britton
&toothed calyx more than l/l inch long; tubu- & Rose.
 Acacia polyacantha Willd.*
Flowering twig and fruits (lower right), natural size.
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

359. Casia, twisted acacia Acacia tortuosa (L, ) Willd.

A flat-topped spiny shrub of dry forests in pods are slightly narrowed between the sev-
the Virgin Islands and eastern Puerto Rico, eral seeds. Flowering intermittently through
identified by: (1) slender zigzag twigs with the year.
paired straight spines a t enlarged nodes; (2) The wood is light brown and hard.
twice pinnate (bipinnate) leaves 1-2 inches Livestock eat the pods. Elsewhere the plants
long, with 2-8 pairs of side axes, each with 10- have been grown and pruned as hedges.
20 pairs of minute oblong leaflets 4/8-% inch Locally abundant on dry coasts and lower
long ; (3) many tiny flowers with threadlike sta- slopes in dry forests from sea level to 600 feet
mens crowded in orange balls inch in diam- altitude, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Tor-
eter; and (4) the narrow cylindric blackish tola, and perhaps others of Virgin Islands. Also
pods 8-5y2 inches long and 6/16 inch in diam- in eastern Puerto Rico, Palominos, and Muer-
eter, not splitting open. tos.
Usually a shrub about 10 feet high, some- PUBLICPARKS.-Buck Island Reef, Virgin
times a tree to 20 feet, with trunk 6 inches in Islands.
diameter often crooked, deciduous, with very RANGE.-Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico
thin flat-topped crown. Bark light gray, finely and Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles from St.
fissured, the inner bark light brown with Barts, St. Eustatius, and Antigua to Marti-
darker streaks, slightly bitter. Twigs slender, nique. Also northern South America from
light green and hairy when young, becoming Aruba, Bonaire, and Curacao and Venezuela to
reddish brown with whitish dote (lenticels) . At Colombia and Ecuador including Galtipagos Is-
each node are 2 straight slender sharp spines
(stipules) 4/8-1v2inches long. lands. Southern Florida, apparently introduced.
The leaves are alternate, twice pinnate (bi- OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - - a ~ a c i a -(Vir-
bush
pinnate), and finely hairy, the axis with gland gin Islands) ; acacia, carambomba (Dominican
below leaflets. The oblong leaflets are almost Republic) ; aromo (Colombia) ; cuji, cuji tor-
stalkless, blunt a t apex, dull green on upper sur- cido (Venezuela) ; twisted acacia (United
face, and light green beneath. States) ; wild poponax, acacia-bush (Jamaica) ;
The numerous stalkless fragrant orange akasee, sweet-briar (Barbados) ; bayahonde
flowers are in heads on stalks about rouge (Haiti) ; wabi, holjada, Dutch casha
inches long, 1or 2 a t base of a leaf. Each flower (Dutch Antilles).
4/* inch long consists of funnel-shaped whitish BOTANICALSYNONYM.-PO~O~X tortuosa
hairy calyx less than %a inch long, 6-toothed; (L.) Raf.
funnel-shaped light yellow corolla more than Plants of southern Texas, Mexico, and Guate-
inch long, 5-toothed; many threadlike mala known as huisache and included in this
orange stamens 1/i inch long, united into tube species are now referred to a closely related
in lower half; and greenish pistil with ovary species, Acacia schafneri (S. Wats.) F. J.
and slender style, often not functional. The Hermann.
359. Casia Acacia tortuosa (L.) Willd.
Flowering twig (above), fruits (below), natural size.
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

360. Carbonero Albida carbonaria Britton*

Carbonero, an uncommon legume introduced narrow bell-shaped hairy 5-toothed greenish
in forestry tests, is characterized by : (1) young calyx 4/8 inch long; hairy greenish corolla less
twigs, foliage, and flower clusters with dense than l/s inch long, with narrow tube and 5 short
short brownish hairs; (2) leaves twice pinnate lobes; many white threadlike stamens 1/:s/n
(bipinnate), 6-12 inches long, with 7-16 pairs inch long united near base, and slender pistil
of side axes, each with 1 0 3 0 pairs of oblong with narrow ovary and threadlike style. The
stalkless leaflets; (3) many flowers in many pod has a stalk about y8 inch long a t short-
whitish heads 1inch or more across the thread- pointed base, is rounded and abruptly pointed
like spreading stamens ;and (4) oblong narrow at apex, thickened a t borders, finely hairy.
flat brown pods 21/24 inches long and 'j/B-% Seeds 16-25, oblong, Vs inch long, gray.
inch wide. The wood is light brown and soft, reported to
A medium-sized to large planted tree becom- be suitable for lumber.
ing where native 70 feet high and 2 feet in Tested in forest plantations in Puerto Rico.
trunk diameter, with flattened spreading thin Common a t a finca above Coamo. Of very rapid
crown. Bark light gray, scaly. Twigs brown, growth but short-lived and with fragile
densely short hairy when young. branches. In Colombia the trees have served
Leaves alternate, bipinnate, finely hairy, with for shade in coffee plantations.
axis 4-9 inches long, often with dotlike gland RANGE.-El Salvador, Panama, and Colom-
at end, and side axes 21/24 inches long. Leaflets bia.
oblong, s/lo-s/, inch long and '/lo inch wide, This species was named by N. L. Britton in
oblique or unequal a t base with midvein not in 1926 from trees planted by the Forest Service
center, blunt a t apex, not toothed on edges, thin, in 1921 from seed obtained from Palmira,
without side veins, the upper surface dull green Colombia, the year before.
with minute hairs, and the lower surface paler OTHERCOMMON NAMES.--carboner0 blanco,
and soft hairy. carbonero de sombria, pisquin, muche blanco,
Flower clusters (panicles) shorter than guamuche, dormilbn, bayeto antioquefio (Co-
leaves, with finely hairy branches, bearing many lombia), gallinazo (Venezuela).
heads on stalks up to 1%inches long. Flowers BOTANICAL S Y N O N Y M . - A malacocarpa
~~~~~~
on stalks less than '/lo inch are composed of Standl.
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

361. Cojobillo, white ealliandra Calliandra caracasana (Jacq. ) Benth.

This spineless shrub seldom more than 10 toward base ; and pistil with narrow ovary and
feet high rarely becomes a small tree. It is slender style. The hard pods a r e l/a-a/s inch
characterized by: (1) twice pinnate (bipin- wide, blunt or rounded a t apex, narrowed to
nate) leaves 3-7 inches long with 2-6 pairs of base, raised a t margins, hairless or nearly so,
side axes each with 1 0 3 0 pairs of crowded splitting elastically from apex. Seeds several
narrow leaflets 3/8-5/8 inch long and 1/1u-V8 inch oblong, flat, brown, 3/,, inch long.
wide; (2) many showy white flowers crowded Scattered in dry and moist forest a t lower
in heads 1-1%inches or more across the numer- and middle altitudes in Puerto Rico. Also in
ous threadlike stamens; and (3) narrow flat Vieques, Culebra, St. Thomas, St. John, and
pods 24 inches long, the hard stiff walls split- Tortola.
ting open from the apex and curving back PUBLIC PARK.-V~~@~ Islands.
spirally. RANGE.-Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Virgin
A deciduous shrub or rarely a small tree to 20 Islands, and Grenada. Also from southern
feet or more in height and 3 inches in trunk Mexico and British Honduras to Venezuela,
diameter, with twigs and foliage hairless or Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador.
slightly hairy. OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-morivivi cimarrbn,
Leaves alternate, bipinnate, with paired zarza bobs, acacia puertoriguefia (Puerto
pointed stipules 3/lu inch long, the slender axis Rico) ; granolino (Dominican Republic) ;tama-
without glands. Leaflets stalkless, narrow, rindo de monte (Guatemala) ; guacamaya
straight or slightly curved, blunt at both ends,
thin, with few veins, light green, paler beneath. mont6s, pel0 de vieja (El Salvador) ; riverain
The heads with about 15 flowers are 1 3 a t shrub (British Honduras) ; night-flowering
leaf bases on stalks 1x4 inches long. Each
flower is composed of 5-toothed calyx about 1/L6
acacia (Jamaica).
BOTANICALs ~ ~ o N ~ ~ s . - C a ~ ~ i aportori-
ndra
inch long; tubular 5-lobed whitish corolla can.& (Jacq.) Benth., Anneslia portoricensia
more than l/s inch long; many long threadlike (Jacq.) Donn. Smith, A. caracasana (Jacq.)
white stamens %,-1 inch long, united into tube Britton & Rose.

362. Surinam calliandra Calliandra rurinamensis Ben&*

This planted ornamental shrub or small tree of many narrow stalkless fragrant flowers with
with flowers suggesting a pinkish paint brush yellow-green 6-toothed calyx, yellow-green 5-
becomes 10-20 feet high, spreading, irregular, toothed corolla n/8 inch long, and very narrow
and very open, with several light gray stems to funnel-shaped white stamen tube inches
6 inches in diameter ending in long arching long ending in many spreading pink to purple
branches. Further identified by : (1) leaves threadlike stamens, and mostly without pistil;
alternate on short side twigs, bipinnate, 1-3 and (3) pods single, to 4 inches long and J/z inch
inches long, with slender petiole l/a-y8 inch
long, and 1 3 pairs of slender axes 1-234 wide, flat with raised border, splitting open
inches long, each with 7-10 pairs of narrowly from apex into 2 stiff curved parts. Flowering
oblong yellow-green leaflets x-rj/8 inch long
and less than 4/8 inch wide, blunt and unequal
irregularly through the year and propagated
by seed. R~Nc~.-Native of northern South
a t both ends, almost hairless ; (2) showy flower America. OTHER COMMON N A M E . d n a 8 b
heads nearly 2 inches long and broad, composed mexicana (Dominican Republic). /
361. Cojobillo, white calliandra Callia?zdra caracasana (Jacq.) Benth.
Natural size.

257
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

363. Guanacaete, earpod-tree Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq. ) Grieeb. *

Guanacaste, a handsome giant tree with very The sapwood is whitish and the heartwood
stout short trunk and broadly spreading crown, brown, similar to walnut, often reddish tinged.
is sometimes planted for shade and ornament. The wood is lightweight (specific gravity 0.4-
It is characterized by: (1) bipinnate leaves 6- 0.6), hard, and has many large pores. It is
10 inches long with 4-9 pairs of secondary moderately durable and resistant to attack by
axes, each with 20-30 pairs of oblong leaflets dry-wood termites. It polishes well and does
y8-y2 inch long and y8-8/lo inch wide; (2) not split or twist when exposed. The wood is
many flowers in a whitish ball about 1 inch used for construction, carpentry, interiors, fur-
across the numerous spreading stamens; and niture, and veneer. Indians made dugout canoes
(3) the very distinctive blackish seed pod, flat- from large trunks.
tened and curved in a complete circle or disk In the savannas where native, these large
31/2-4% inches in diameter, slightly resembling trees serve well as shade for livestock, which
a human ear. eat the pods and foliage. Also, the trees are
In its native home this large to very large planted for shade along highways. It is reported
deciduous tree attains a height of 60-100 feet. that the toasted seeds are edible. The bark and
It has a stout short trunk 3-6 feet or more in pods are rich in tannin. The gum from the bark
diameter, large almost horizontal branches, and can substitute for gum arabic. It is said that
a thin spreading crown broader than the height sawdust is irritating to some workmen and also
and as much as 75-160 feet in diameter. Most can kill fish if dumped into rivers.
trees planted in Puerto Rico are smaller, less Sometimes planted for shade and ornament
than 50 feet high and 3 feet in trunk diameter, in Puerto Rico but uncommon and not now
not old enough to reach maximum size. How- recommended. A fungus disease causes the
ever, a giant in Mayaguez is about 90 feet tall trees to fall suddenly. Of rapid growth.
and 10 feet in diameter. The bark is gray or Recommended in south Florida as a very
brownish gray, slightly rough or scaly with large spreading shade tree for parks, play-
shallow furrows. Inner bark is light brown, grounds, and other areas with ample space for
bitter, and astringent, and exudes a brownish the broad root system. The large branches are
gum. The stout twigs are green when young subject to storm damage.
and later brownish gray. PUBLIC ~o~~s~.-Cambalache.
The alternate twice pinnate (bipinnate) RANGE.-M~X~CO and British Honduras south
leaves have a light green axis, finely hairy, with through Central America to Venezuela, Trini-
a small gland below the lowest secondary axes dad, Guyana, and Brazil. Introduced as a shade
and another near the apex. The stalkless leaf- tree in West Indies and other tropical regions.
lets are short-pointed a t apex, squarish and OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - - d o r m i loreja
b n , de
unequal a t the base with the midvein near a mono (Puerto Rico) ; oreja, flamboyln extran-
side, thin, finely hairy, the upper surface dull jero (Dominican Republic) ;lrbol de las orejas,
green and the lower surface pale green. orejbn, algarrobo de orejas (Cuba) ; orejbn,
Flower clusters like balls (heads) are borne parota, nacazle (Mexico) ; guanacaste, cona-
on stalks a t the base of leaves or when leafless. caste (Central America) ; caro hembra, iirbol
The crowded flowers are tubular or funnel- de orejas (El Salvador) ; guanacaste de oreja,
shaped, about 1/2 inch long and a/8 inch across guanacaste blanco, genicero, tuburus (Nica-
the stamens. The calyx is tubular, 48 inch long, ragua) ; genicero, jarina (Costa Rica) ; corot6,
light green, and 5-toothed; the corolla tubular, ear-tree (Panama) ;caro, piiidn, piii6n de oreja,
% inch long, light green, and 6-toothed ;numer- carito, orejero, dormil6n (Colombia) ; caro,
ous whitish stamens to 3/8 inch long, threadlike, carocaro, caracara, hueso de pescado (Vene-
united into tube in lower half; and pistil 1/ zuela) ; tubroos, guanacaste (British Hon-
inch long with short light green ovary an3 duras) ; earpodtree, eartree (United States) ;
slender white style. elephant-ear, monkey-soap (Jamaica) ; devils-
The heavy pod is curved in a circle around ear (Trinidad, Barbados) ; bois tanniste rouge
the central space or hole of s/s inch and suggests (Haiti).
slightly the form of the human ear. The color The Spanish common name guanacaste is
'

from a word of the Nahuatl language of the

changes from shiny green when immature to Aztecs meaning ear-tree. This large tree is
blackish or dark brown. I t is flat but thicker sufficiently common and characteristic to have
around the seeds and does not open. There are given its name to the Provinc'e of Guanacaste in
several dark brown elliptic seeds
long.
v2-.7/* inch northwestern Costa Rica. Likewise, oreja means
ear.
363. Cuanacaste, earpod-tree E~rterolobittmwclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.*
Flowering twig (above), fruit (lower right), two-thirds natural size.

259
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

364. Guaba venezolana lnga fastuosa (Jacq. ) Willd.'

Guaba venezolana, which has been introduced lower surface green and bristly hairy, with
from Venezuela for coffee shade, is easily dis- raised side veins.
tinguished from the native species of guaba by Flower clusters (spikes) about 6 inches long
the much larger leaves, flowers, and pods, also are borne a t leaf bases. Flowers few, soon fall-
the long bristly reddish hairs on twigs and pods. ing, composed of narrow cylindric greenish
Further identified by : (1) pinnately compound
leaves with 3 (sometimes 4 or 5) pairs of large
calyx x-1 inch long, bristly hairy and 5-
toothed ; narrow cylindric tubular corolla 1%-2
ovate or elliptic, shiny thick hairy leaflets and inches long with 5 narrow lobes, pale green~sh,
broadly winged axis ; (2) several large greenish covered with long hairs on outside; many
white flowers stalkless along an axis with many threadlike stamens 3 4 % inches long and
threadlike stamens M y 2 inches long; and (3) spreading 2 3 inches across, united in tube in
giant brown pods 12-16 inches long and 2y2 lower half, changing color from white to
inches wide, flat but thick. orange; and very narrow pistil with threadlike
An evergreen planted tree becoming 30 feet style longer than stamens. The pods are cov-
high, with short branching trunk 6 inches or ered with bristly reddish brown hairs and twist
more in diameter, and spreading crown. The upon splitting open. There are several large
bark is brown, smoothish or with many small flattened seeds. Flowering and fruiting in
fissures, becoming scaly. Inner bark is light summer.
brown and hard. The stout brown twigs are The wood is light brown and hard.
covered with bristly hairs. This rapidly growing species has been intro-
The alternate pinnate leaves 6 1 2 inches long duced into Puerto Rico for coffee shade. The
have paired large narrow hairy scales (stip- pulp surrounding the seeds in the pods is re-
ules) a t base and brown densely bristly hairy ported to be sweet and edible.
axis 3-6 inches long with wings s-'/z inch Uncommon a s a planted shade tree in coffee
wide. Leaflets paired, almost stalkless, with plantations in Central Cordillera of Puerto
gland between each pair, lyJ-7 inches long and Rico. Introduced in 1929.
15% inches wide, the lowest smallest, with RANGE.-Native of Colombia and Venezuela.
short or narrow point a t apex, rounded or Introduced elsewhere in tropical America.
slightly notched at base, not toothed on edges, OTHER COMMON ~ ~ M ~ s . - g u a b a peluda
slightly thickened, the upper surface slightly (Puerto Rico) ; m a m a venezolana (Dominican
shiny dark green and becoming nearly hairless Republic) ; guamo cajeto (Colombia) ; guamo,
except on the slightly sunken veins, and the guamo peludo (Venezuela).
364. Guaba venezolana Znga fastuosa (Jacq.) Willd.*
Flowering twig, two-thirds natural size.
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

365. Uiia de gato, bread-and-cheese, catclaw Pithecellobiurn unguis-cnti (L. ) Mart.

Uiia de gato, a shrub or small tree of coastal pistil with narrow stalked ovary and long
thickets, is recognized by: (1) paired slender threadlike style.
sharp brown or gray spines 4/8-4/2 inch long, The curved twisted pods coiled into a circle
sometimes longer, often developing a t nodes; are ?4,-l,12inch wide, slightly narrowed between
(2) twice pinnate (bipinnate) leaves with the seeds, red on inner surface. Several shiny
slender axis and 2 forks, each with 2 almost
stalkless oblique oblong to obovate leaflets; (3)
black rounded and flattened seeds v8 inch long
hang down from reddish or white pulp (aril) .
small light yellow or pinkish flowers in many With flowers and fruits irregularly through the
ball-like heads about 94,inch across, on long year.
slender branching stalks a t leaf bases; and The wood is light brown, hard, and heavy.
(4) curved or coiled reddish to dark brown Common locally in coastal forests and hills
pods 2-5 inches long, flattened, and splitting from sea level to 600 feet altitude, along the
open on both sides. southwestern and southern coasts of Puerto
Spiny shrub less than 10 feet high or small Rico and extending up the valley of the Coamo
tree to 30 feet tall with several trunks to 6 River. Forming thickets on sandy shores and
inches in diameter, and widely spreading thin dry coastal areas. Also, widespread throughout
crown, hairless. Nearly evergreen or without the smaller islands, including Mona, Desecheo,
leaves f o r short periods. The bark is gray and Muertos, Isla Piiieros, Vieques, Culebra, St.
smooth or slightly fissured, with horizontal Croix and Buck Island Reef, St. Thomas, St.
lines and few paired spines to 1.2 inch long John, Jost Van Dyke, Tortola, Virgin Gorda,
persisting a t old nodes. The inner bark is light and Anegada.
brown and slightly bitter. The twigs are brown- PUBLIC FORESTS AND p~R~s.-Aguirre, Bo-
ish gray, angled, with dots (lenticels), often querbn, GuBnica; Buck Island Reef, Virgin
zigzag and with paired spines (stipules) .
The alternate hairless leaves 1-3 inches long
Islands.
RANGE.-Southern Florida including Florida
have a very slender petiole 1/2-1y2inches long, Keys and through West Indies to Trinidad and
with a minute green dot gland a t apex, and 2 Tobago, also Bonaire, Curacao, and Aruba. Also
lateral axes (pinnae) 4/s-% inch long. The in Mexico and Venezuela and Guyana.
4 leafleta are 95-2 inches long and y8-1 inch OTHE~ZCOMMON NAM~s.ro16n escambr6n
wide, rounded a t apex, oblique and short- colorado (Puerto Rico) ;blackbead, crab-prickle
pointed at base, not toothed on edges, thin or (Virgin Islands) ; uiia de gato (Dominican Re-
slightly thickened, dull green with raised veins public, Cuba) ; giiichere (Venezuela) ; catclaw
above, and lighter blue green beneath. blackbead, blackbead, catclaw, Florida catclaw,
Flower clusters (heads) contain 10-20 stalk- catclaw apes-earring (United States) ; black-
less hairless flowers. Each has a tubular 5- bead (Jamaica) ;bread-and-cheese, black jessie
toothed calyx '/la inch long, tubular 6-lobed (Trinidad) ; bread-and-cheese, mangrove bead-
corolla about Ka. inch long, many spreading tree (Barbados) ; diaballe (Martinique) ; crab-
long threadlike hght yellow stamens v2
long united into a pinkish tube a t base, and
inch wood, uiia di gatu, beshi di juana (Dutch
Antilles) ; beefsteak (The Grenadines).
365. Uiia de pato, catclaw Pithecellobiurn unguis-cati ( L . ) Benth.
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size.

263
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

CASSIA SUBFAMILY (CAESALPINIOIDEAE; CAESALPINIACEAE)

Trees, shrubs, and herbs, mostly tropical, equal, separate, overlapping in bud, the largest
known by: (1) leaves pinnate or bipinnate, petal innermost in bud; and (4) stamens mostly
sometimes of 2 leafleta or simple; (2) flowers 10 or fewer, separate or united. Also, vol. 1,
only slightly irregular ; (3) petals 5 slightly un- p. 168.
 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

Key to species
A. Leaves simple and 2-lobed or of 2 leaflets.
B. Leaves simple, 2-lobed-Ba1tl~i?tia.
C. Leaves divided about ?4 their length into 2 rounded lobes, base nearly straight or slightly notched;
petals pink, dotted with red-71. Mariposa, butterfly bauhinia, Bauhinia monandra Kurz.*
CC. Leaves deeply divided, base deep1 notched or heart-shaped; petals urplish.
D. Leaves divided to about mible, petals purple and white mottfed, more than 1 inch wide-367.
Bazthinia variegata.*
DD. Leaves deeply divided, petals pink to purple, less than % inch wide--366. Baul~iniapurpurea.*
BB. Leaves of 2 leaflets.
E. Leaflets 96-136 inches long, blunt or slightly notched a t apex--375. Cynometra porturicensis.
EE. Leaflets 2-4 inches long, long- or short-pointed a t apex-76. Algarrobo, West-Indian-locust, courbaril,
H v e w a e a courbaril L.
AA. Leaves compound, of several to many paired leaflets.
F. Leaves once pinnate.
G. Leaflets 2-4 pairs, widest near notched apex and tapering to base (obovate) ; twigs often with spines
- 3 7 6 . Haematoxylum campe~hianum.~
GG. Leaflets mostly more numerous, widest toward base or near middle; %wigs not spiny.
H. Leaflets oblique a t base and slightly unequal or asymmetrical, oblong, 10-18 pairs--80. Tama-
r i n d ~ tamarind,
, Tamarindus indica L.'
HH. Leaflets equal and syrnrnetrica! a t base.
T. Leaflets with scattered raised black dots on lower surface and with short red stalks
inch long-79. C6bana negra, Stahlia monosperma (Tul.) Urban.
11. Leaflets without black dots, with greenish stalks--Cassia.
J. Flowers pink or reddish; leaflets oblong; pods cylindrical, not splitting open.
K. Petals more than 1 Inch long; leaflets mostly 8-10 (5-15) pairs, [Link]-
gointed a t apex and blunt-pointed a t base; pods 16-20 inches long and K inch in
iameter-73. Casia rosada, pink cassia, Cassia javanica L.*
KK. Petals about % inch long; leaflets 20-40 pairs, mostly rounded a t both ends with
minute point a t apex; pods 15-20 inches long and 1%Inches in diameter-371.
Cassia grandis.*
JJ, Flowers yellow.
L. Leaves crowded a t nodes; leaflets 5-15 pairs, very small, mostly Sk inch long, ellip-
tic, with 3 main veins; pods flattened, 3%-6 inches long, splitting open-373.
Cassia polyphylla.
LL. Leaves not crowded, leaflets larger, with 1main vein.
M. Leaflets ovate, short-pointed a t apex; pods cylindrical, mostly not splitting
o en.
Pi' Leaflets 4-8 pairs, 3-6 inches long; pods 15-24 inches long, ?4 inch in
diameter--72. Cafiafistula, golden-shower, C a s h fitda L.*
NN.' Leaflets 12-3F) pairs, 1%-2% inches ion@;; pods 8-12 inches long and
94-M inch in diameter, sometunes splittmg open-374. Cassia specta-
bilis.'
MM. Leaflets mostly oblong and rounded a t both ends; pods flattened, splitting
open.
[Link] 6-11 pairs, 1x3 inches long; pods 6 1 0 inches long-74.
de Siam, Siamese cassia, Cassia siamea Lam.*
Casia
00. Leaflets 2 5 pairs.
P. Leaflets %-I%inches long; pods 3 inches long-372. Cassia p h i -
siliqua.*
PP. Leaflets 1-234 inches long; pods to 12 inches long-370. Cassia
FF. Leaves bipinnate.
-
emarainata.
Q. Leaves consisting of a spine and 1 or 2 pairs of drooping yellow-green strips (lateral axes) ?4 inch
broad bearing numerous small leaflets ?&-%a inch long, which shed early-77. Palo de rayo,
Jerusalem-thh, Parkinsonia aclcleata L.*
QQ. Leaves regularly branched, not spiny, with several to many pairs of lateral axes (pinnae), each with
many leaflets and featherlike.
R. Lateral axes (pinnae) 3-10 pairs.
S. Leaflets 1 2 2 8 pairs, narrowly oblong, about % inch lon 368. Caesalpinia coriaria.
SS. Leaflets 5-12 airs, oblong. %-9s inch lonn--369. - CaesaT~%a~ulchemma.*
RR. Lateral axes (pinxiae) 10-30 pairs.
T. Leaflets less than % inch long; young twigs and leaf axes greenish, finely hairy-75. Flam-
a
boyiin, flamboyant-tree, D e h i x regla Bojer) Raf.*
TT. Leaflets %-% inch long; young twigs an leaf axes with dense coat of reddish-brown hairs
-78. Flamboyhn amarillo, yellow flamboyant, Peltopfwrum inemne (Roxb.) Naves.'
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

366. Palo de orquideae, purple bauhinia Bauhinin purpures L.*

This showy ornamental small tree with 1 inch long in bud, greenish with minute red-
orchidlike flowers is recognized by: (1) the dish brown hairs, splits into 2 parts and turns
squarish or elliptic leaves divided more than down; the 5 nearly equal petals are about 2
% their length into 2 rounded lobes with 13 or inches long and less than V8 inch wide, blunt a t
11radiating main veins from the heart-shaped apex and tapering to stalk at base; 3 (some-
base; (2) the large showy flowers 34/24 inches times 4) curved purplish stamens l?,$-lyh
across, with 5 slender-stalked narrow purple or inches long and 7-6 threadlike sterile stamens
pink petals ( 1 petal dark red toward base) ; (staminodes) inch long ; and the stalked very
and (3) the flat blackish pods 8-12 inches long slender pistil Il/z inches or more in length with
and y4-1 inch wide, which twist a s they open. greenish 1-celled ovary, long curved style, and
From related species distinguished by the flow- enlarged rounded stigma. There are several
ers with narrow petals less than t;/8 inch wide, rounded flat seeds l/rs-V8 inch long, shiny brown.
calyx splitting into 2 nearly equal parts, and Flowering and fruiting in autumn and winter
the 3 (sometimes 4) fertile stamens and by the months.
deeply lobed leaves. This ornamental is widespread but uncom-
An evergreen small planted tree 25 feet high mon in moist parts of Puerto Rico, such as in
and 7 inches in trunk diameter or larger. The gardens and along roadsides, and the Virgin
bark is light gray, smoothish to finely fissured. Islands. It seldom escapes from cultivation.
Twigs are light green, finely hairy, often Grown also in Florida and elsewhere in tropical
slightly zigzag, becoming light brown. America. In central and south Florida this is
The leaves are alternate in 2 rows, hairless, one of the most common introduced trees with
with petioles 1-2 inches long, light green, slen- orchidlike flowers. It is recommended as a small
der, enlarged a t both ends. Leaf blades are llh- flowering tree for yards. Of medium growth on
6 inches long and broad, slightly thickened, well drained soils.
turned up a t middle, the upper surface dull light PUBLIC FOREST.-LU~U~~~O.
green with veins slightly sunken, and the lower RANGE.-Native of southeastern Asia from
surace paler with raised veins. India to China.
Unbranched flower clusters (racemes) a t OTHER COMMON NAMES.-^^^ de cabra (Gua-
ends of twigs bear few slightly fragrant flowers temala) ;ram0 de orquidea, pata de vaca (Vene-
on hairy greenish stalks %-l/i2 inch long. The zuela) ; orchidtree (English).
narrow finely hairy light green basal tube BOTANICALSYNONYMS.-Phanera pulpurea
(hypanthium) about v2 inch long and closed a t (L.) Benth., Caspareopsis purpurea (L.) Pit-
apex bears the other parts; the 6-angled calyx tier.
Flowering twig (left), fruit (right), natural size.
 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

367. Palo de orquideas, poor-man's-orchid Bauhinin variegaln L.:%

This ornamental small tree with flowers stout stalks v8-V4 inch long and a stalklike
slightly suggesting an orchid is identified by: light green narrow basal tube (hypanthium)
(1) the odd rounded leaves divided less than % about 1inch long. The light green finely hairy
their length into 2 rounded lobes with 11 or 9 calyx 1-11h inches long forms a pointed 5-
main veins from the heart-shaped base; (2) angled bud and splits open on 1side, remaining
large showy variegated orchidlike fragrant attached; petals 5, 2-2$5 inches long and 1-1%
flowers 3Y2-4 inches across, with 5 slender- inches wide, slightly unequal, wavy margined
' stalked purplish petals (white in a variety), and narrowed to base; 5 curved stamens 1-ly2
1darker streaked ;and (3) flat dark brown pods inches long ;and the stalked very slender curved
5-9 inches long, about :% inch wide, and only pistil nearly 2 inches long, with narrow green
?/la inch thick, longpointed a t both ends. Sepa- 1-celled ovary, style, and dotlike stigma.
rated from related species by the flowers with
broad petals more than 1inch wide, calyx split-
The pods have a stalk about v8 inch long be-
yond the persistent calyx a t base of flower.
ting open on 1side, and the 5 stamens, also the They split open in 2 parts and become curved
shallowly lobed leaves. and twisted. There are several rounded flat
Small tree 25 feet high and 8 inches in trunk light brown seeds about inch in diameter.
diameter, evergreen or deciduous. The bark is Flowering from autumn to spring and maturing
light brownish gray, smoothish to slightly fis- fruits in late spring and early summer.
sured and scaly. Inner bark is pinkish, fibrous, The wood is whitish and soft.
and bitter. The twigs are slender, zigzag, when This and related species are uncommon as
young light green, slightly hairy, and angled, planted ornamentals in residential areas
becoming brownish gray. The bud is composed throughout Puerto Rico. Widespread and escap-
of minute hairy leaves and stipules. ing in southern foothills. Also in the larger
The alternate leaves spread in 2 rows along Virgin Islands and elsewhere through the trop-
the twigs. Stipules are paired, tiny, and hairy. ics. Common as a n orchidtree in southern
The slender light green petioles are mostly 1- Florida. A variety often grown (var. candida
ll/g inches long, enlarged at both ends, finely Buch.-Ham.) has white flowers.
hairy. Blades are slightly broader than long, RANGE.-N~~~V~ from India t o China.
mostly 2y2-41/2 inches long and 2Y!-S inches OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-flamboyhn orquidea
wide, thin, not toothed on edges. The upper
surface is dull light green and hairless, slightly (Dominican Republic) ; patabuey (Colombia) ;
turned up a t middle, the lower surface lighter Buddhist bauhinia, orchidtree, mountain-ebony
green and often finely hairy on veins. (English).
Flower clusters (racemes) a r e unbranched BOTANICALs ~ N o ~ ~ ~ . - P h a n e vam'egata
ra
a t ends of twigs. The few flowers have short (L.) Benth.
Barthirtia variegata L.*

269
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

368. Dividivi Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd.

Dividivi, which is rare in St. Thomas, is The thick sapwood is whitish or yellowish
known commercially for its pods rich in tannin. and the heartwood dark brown or blackish and
Distinguishing characters are : (1) bipinnate often streaked. The wood is very heavy (spe-
leaves 2-6 inches long, with many minute nar- cific gravity 1.20), very hard, strong, and du-
row dull green leaflets 1/8-l/g inch long and less rable. It polishes well and is suitable for turning
than inch wide, often with black gland dots but is difficult to work. Reportedly, the wood
beneath ; (2) light yellow or whitish flowers l/g yields a reddish dye.
inch long and broad, with 5 petals, several in Dividivi is important in commerce for its
short lateral clusters; and (3) the brown pods bitter pods which contain 3 0 4 0 percent tannin
very curved or twisted, l'/s-2% inches long, and serve in tanning leather. It is said that a
%I-1inch wide, and % inch thick. mature tree can produce a s much as 80 pounds
Small deciduous tree 25 feet high and 1foot of pods annually. The pods have been exported
in trunk diameter, elsewhere larger, the trunk from continental tropical America to the United
frequently short and branched near base into States and Europe. In various places the trees
crooked forks. The crown is irregular, spread- are protected and almost cultivated for the
ing, and thin, often flattened above. Bark light harvests of the pods. The bark is high in tan-
brown or gray, rough and furrowed, forming nin also. A black dye has been prepared from
thick scaly plates. The dry outer bark is light the pods. Elsewhere the astringent pods and
brown and the inner bark pink and bitter. The seeds have served in home remedies. The flow-
twigs are gray or brown, hairless or finely ers attract bees.
hairy, slightly zigzag, with light brown dots This species is rare in the seasonal forest on
.
(lenticels) the coastal hills of St. Thomas and can be seen
a t the east end of the island. One tree was
The alternate twice pinnate (bipinnate)
leaves have a light green finely hairy axis. Sec- reported long ago from Boquerh, Puerto Rico.
ondary axes 9-17, mostly paired except a t end, Rare as introduced in St. Croix and Puerto
each commonly with 16-24 pairs of minute Rico as ornamentals also.
almost stalkless leaflets. The thin blades are RANGE.-Greater Antilles, St. Thomas, and
rounded a t both ends, hairless or nearly so, pale Lesser Antilles to Montserrat, Grenada, and
green beneath. Dutch Antilles (Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao).
Flower clusters (racemes and panicles) Y'- Also from Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela.
294, inches long a t leaf bases bear several fra- Introduced in the Bahamas and other islands
grant flowers. The flower is composed of a basal and naturalized in Trinidad. Planted in tropical
tube (hypanthium) 1/8 inch long; calyx of 5 regions of the world.
yellow-green oblong sepals $48 inch long, turned OTHER COMMON NAMES.--hidive, guata-
back; corolla of 5 elliptic petals more than 48 panti (Puerto Rico) ; dividive, dividivi (Span-
inch long, light yellow or whitish; 10 stamens ish, commerce) ;guatapanti (Dominican Repub-
less than inch long, with hairy green fila- lic) ;guaracabuya (Cuba) ;cascalote (Mexico) ;
ments and brown anthers; and pistil more than nacascol, nacascolo, nacascolote (Central
l/g inch long with yellow-green ovary and slen- America) ; tinaco (El Salvador) ; agallo
der style. The thick hard pods, light brown (Panama) ; libidibi, baran6, baranoa (Colom-
bia) ; guatapin, guatapanare (Venezuela) ;
turning reddish brown, are often concave and dividivi (Jamaica, Trinidad) ; libidibi (Ja-
curved in circular form or letter S and do not maica) ; dividivi (Haiti) ; dividivi, watapana
open. The few seeds are 1/4, inch long. Collected (Dutch Antilles).
with flowers and fruits in July, the fruits per- BOTANICALSY NONY M.-Libidibia coriaria
sisting. (Jacq.) Schlecht.
368. Dividivi Caesalpinia c o n k r i a (Jacq.) Willd.
Flowering twig (above), fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size.
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

369. Clavellina, flowerfence Cnesalpinin pulcherrimn (L. ) Sw. *

Clavellina, or flowerfence, is widely planted short stalk, a long threadlike yellow or red
as a n ornamental shrub or small tree, escaping style, and dot stigma.
from cultivation. It is characterized by: (1) Pods, 1 or 2 formed from a flowering axis,
twice pinnate (bipinnate) leaves 6-12 inches are narrowed into stalk y8 inch long above base
long, with many paired oblong leaflets 1h-1 of flower and have a narrow point l/s inch long
inch long and inch wide ; (2) many large a t apex, slightly oblique and broadest near
brilliant yellow or orange-red flowers with 5 apex. There are 5-8 shiny brown flat beanlike
slightly unequal petals lY2 inches across and seeds about 3/8 inch long. Flowering and fruit-
with 10 threadlike stamens 1?4-2?4 inches long, ing through the year.
on slender stalks in long erect clusters, and (3) The flowers, leaves, bark, and roots have
flat blackish or dark brown pods 3-494 inches been used in home remedies.
long and +$-vk inch wide, twisting open. A common ornamental in Puerto Rico and
smaller islands and through the Virgin Islands
An evergreen prickly shrub or small tree 10-
15 feet high, with branching trunks 2-3 inches and escaping from cultivation along roadsides
in diameter and thin flat-topped spreading and in thickets. Planted and naturalized also
crown, hairless throughout. Bark light gray, in southern Florida, southern Texas, southern
smoothish to slightly fissured. Branches with Arizona, and through the tropics of both hemi-
scattered spines to l/s inch long, with enlarged spheres.
base and narrow sharp point. In south Florida recommended as a large
The alternate bipinnate leaves have stout shrub to brighten the landscape, also as a
petiole and slender yellow-green axis together screen or unclipped hedge. It is easily propa-
5-10 inches long. There are 5-10 paired lateral gated and fast growing, even on poor soils, but
axes (pinnae), each bearing 5-12 pairs of leaf- short lived. In northern Florida where killed
lets with stalks less than l/lainch long. Leaflets back by frosts, this species can be grown as a
are rounded a t apex and often with slight notch herbaceous perennial.
and minute point, blunt and unequal a t base, PUBLIC ~~~~s~.-Guftnica.
not toothed on edges, with side veins incon- RANGE.-Original range unknown, perhaps
spicuous, dull green above, and light green Mexico and Central America, the type locality
beneath. India.
Many slightly fragrant flowers are borne on OTHER COMMON NAMES.--clavelina (Puerto
greenish stalks of 1-3 inches along the un- Rico) ; dwarf poinciana (Tortola) ; clavellina
branched erect axis (raceme). The axis con- (Spanish) ; carzazo (Dominican Republic) ;
tinues to elongate to 5-10 inches, bearing new guacamaya (Cuba, Central America) ; taba-
buds and flowers in the top 3 inches, while chin, flor de camar6n, maravilla (Mexico) ; flor
older flowers including their stalks have shed barbona (El Salvador, Guatemala) ; barb6n
promptly. The short conic green base (hypan- (El Salvador) ; barbona roja (Nicaragua) ;
thium) 3/16 inch long bears the calyx, corolla, hojaskn, gallito (Central America) ; angelito
and stamens; there are 4 oblong yellow or (Colombia) ; clavellina colorado (Venezuela) ;
orange-red sepals a/8 inch long and 1 large angel sisal (Peru) ; flowerfence, Barbados-
keeled and concave y8 inch long covering others pride, bird-of-paradise flower (English) ;
in the yellow or orange-red bud; 5 unequal flowerfence poinciana, Barbados-flower, dwarf
stalked petals %-I inch long, rounded and poinciana, Barbados flowerfence (United
States) ; Spanish-carnations (Jamaica, Barba-
finely wavy, yellow or orange red with yellow dos) ; flambeau-flower (British Honduras) ;
border (sometimes reddish purple) ; and 10 francillade (Haiti) ; maravilha, barba de ba-
threadlike yellow or red stamens 11/2-21,42 rata (Brazil).
inches long. The pistil more than 2 inches long BOTANICALs ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ . - P o i n c i agulche-
na
consists of a very narrow 1-celled ovary on a rrima L.
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

370. Velamuerto

This rare shrub or small tree is identified by : curved pistil with long narrow 1-celled ovary
(1) pinnate leaves with 2-5 pairs of elliptic and short style. There are many dull brown
leaflets mostly 1-2% inches long and y'-llh oblong seeds 3/1, inch long. Collected with flow-
inches wide, rounded a t both ends, soft hairy ers in June and October and with fruits from
beneath; (2) abundant showy flowers about October to March.
94, inch across the 5 elliptic unequal yellow The sapwood is yellow and the heartwood
petals; and (3) long straight narrow blackish dark brown. The hard wood formerly was used
pods 6-12 inches long and 3/8-y2 inch wide, elsewhere as a dyewood.
flattened and not splitting open. This species has served in home remedies.
Deciduous shrub 10 feet high or a small tree Rare in lower Cordillera a t 500-1,000 feet
to 20 feet and 5 inches in trunk diameter, else- altitude in south central foothills of Puerto
where reported to reach 50 feet in height, with Rico near Salinas and Coamo.
stout branches. Bark light gray. Twigs densely RANGE.-Greater Antilles, Antigua, Guade-
hairy when young. Buds 3/1 inch long formed loupe, St. Vincent, and from Mexico to Colom-
by the hairy stipules. bia, Venezuela, Isla Margarita, and Curacao.
The alternate pinnate leaves 4-8 inches long OTHER COMMON N A M E s . - ~ ~ ~ o de chivo, palo
have bristlelike hairy paired stipules Ifs inch de burro (Dominican Republic) ; caiiafistola
long and slender hairy petioles ly2-2 inches cimarrona, carbonera (Cuba) ;flor de San J o d ,
long. Leaflets 25 pairs on hairy stalks of 1 , alcaparro, chile perro, palo de zorrillo, palo
inch along slender hairy axis, the rounded apex hediondo (Mexico) ; arguchoco (El Salvador) ;
usually with minute point or notch, the edges vainillo (Guatemala, Nicaragua) ; chivato, pla-
not toothed, the upper surface slightly shiny tanito (Colombia) ; carhngano, platanillo, mote
green with minute hairs, and the lower surface extranjero, mucutero extranjero, b r u y - -
paler and soft hairy. A variation has large (Venezuela) ; barba de jolote (British ,,=on-
leaflets to 5 inches long. duras) ; yellow candlewood, senna-tree (Ja-
Flower clusters (racemes) a t bases of upper maica) ; bois cabrite, casse marron (Haiti) ;
leaves bear many flowers on slender hairy stalks. petite casse (Guadeloupe) .
The calyx has 5 unequal rounded greenish BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Isandrina emurgi-
sepals about j/s inch long; 5 elliptic unequal smta (L.) Britton & Rose.
yellow petals stalked a t base, 4 about YR inch Thrips attacking the plants in late fall and
long and 1 about 5/8 inch; 7 stamens and 3 winter cause the foliage to turn pale yellow
sterile stamens (staminodes) ; and slender green and easily distinguishable at a distance.
370. Velamuerto Cassia emargituita L.
Fruit (above), flowering twig (below), natural size.
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

371. Caiiafistula cimarrona, pinkshower cassia Cassia grandis L. f.*

Caiiafistula cimarrona is a rare tree with Within are many thin cross walls % inch or less
showy pink flowers. Its distinguishing char- apart, each with a seed in dark brown sweetish
acters are: (1) the even pinnate leaves with pulp or liquid. The seeds are elliptic and flat-
20-40 paired oblong leaflets densely soft hairy ; tened, light brown, inch long. Flowering in
(2) the large drooping clusters of flowers about spring and maturing fruits in summer.
1 inch across the 5 rounded pink to purplish The wood is composed of thick whitish or
petals which turn to salmon in age ;and (3) the brownish sapwood and heartwood variegated
very large and heavy cylindric dark brown pods brown with light and dark, sometimes purplish,
15-20 inches long and about 1% inches in streaks and patches. It is of medium weight,
diameter, slightly rough and cracked. hard and tough, coarse-textured, with straight
Medium-sized deciduous tree 45 feet high and to very irregular grain. The handsome wood
1foot in trunk diameter or larger, with irregu- has been used elsewhere in cabinetwork and
lar spreading crown, evergreen where planted construction.
in humid areas. The bark is light brownish The sweetish but ill-smelling pulp of the pods
gray, smoothish with many fine warts and some of this and related species has been used in
horizontal lines. Inner bark is orange brown, home remedies as a laxative.
gritty and slightly bitter. The twigs are long, Apparently introduced in Puerto Rico
slightly drooping to nearly horizontal, light though reported by Britton and Wilson (10)
green, finely hairy with rusty or gray hairs, as native in dry forests of southwestern part.
and with 3 longitudinal ridges below each leaf. Rarely planted as an ornamental in towns and
Buds are composed of very young rusty hairy roadsides in Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands.
leaves. Recorded by Britton and Wilson as naturalized
The even pinnate leaves are alternate in 2 on St. Croix and St. Thomas.
rows and slightly drooping on the long twigs, This showy ornamental is planted in south-
6-12 inches long, soft hairy with minute hairs. ern Florida, Hawaii, and elsewhere in the
The paired stipules are tiny and inconspicuous. tropics.
The light green axis is slender and grooved RANGE.-Greater Antilles, southern Mexico,
above. Leaflets drooping slightly on short hairy Central America, and northern South America
stalks 1/,, inch long are 1-2% inches long and to Trinidad, Surinam, and northeastern Brazil.
y8-% inch wide, rounded with minute point a t Planted in Lesser Antilles and naturalized
apex, rounded or slightly notched and unequal locally.
a t base, thin, with straight edges. The upper OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . - g i g a n(Puerto
t6n
surface green and slightly shiny, with many Rico) ; caiiaf istula (Spanish) ; caiiaf istula
fine slightly sunken side veins, and the lower cimarrona, chacara (Dominican Republic) ;
surface is dull light green. New growth of cafiandonga, cafiandonga de masa, caiiafistola
young leaves is yellow green and finely hairy. cimarrona (Cuba) ; cafiafistula grande, quau-
Flower clusters (racemes) a t leaf bases are huayo (Mexico) ; carao (Central America) ;
4-8 inches long, bearing many flowers on carago (El Salvador) ; caragua (El Salvador,
slender finely hairy stalks a/8-9!! inch long. The Honduras, Nicaragua) ; caritmano (Nica-
flower is composed of 6-lobed greenish calyx ragua) ; sitndalo (Costa Rica) ; cafiandonga,
344 inch long; nearly equal rounded pink to caiiafistula gruesa (Colombia) ; mari-mari,
purplish petals about l/z inch long; 10 stamens caiiafistula macho, caiiafistula burrero, cafia-
including 3 curved and longer than petals, flote (Venezuela) ; pinkshower cassia, pink-
others much shorter, the 3 smallest nonfunc- shower (English) ; horse cassia (Jamaica) ;
tional; and pistil with stalked, slender, hairy beef-feed, bookoot, stinking-toe (British Hon-
curved 1-celled ovary and style. duras) ; coral-shower (Hawaii) ; casse, casse
The very large pods hang down and do not espagnole (Haiti) ; caiiafistola, jeneuna, mari-
open. They are short pointed a t both ends, have mary preto, marimary rana, marimary saro
1ridge along one edge and 2 ridges on the other. (Brazil).
371. Caiiafistula cimarrona, pinkshower cassia Cassia grandis L. f . O
Leafy twig (above), flowers (lower left), natural size.
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

372. Cassia planieiliqurt L.*

A showy introduced ornamental shrub or Flower clusters (racemes) lateral, long-

small tree is identified by: (1) pinnate leaves stalked, flat-topped. Flowers several, composed
with 8-20 paired oblong or elliptic leaflets whit- of yellow 6-lobed calyx y8 inch long; 5 spread-
ish beneath, with a minute stalked gland be- ing elliptic bright yellow petals about 1 inch
tween the lowest pairs; (2) bright yellow long and slightly unequal and narrowed a t base ;
flowers about 2 inches broad, with 5 spreading 10 nearly equal fertile stamens; and pistil with
petals slightly unequal and 10 nearly equal sta- narrow curved hairy ovary and slender style.
mens; and (3) flat pods .4-8 inches long and The pods are dark brown, flat, thin, nearly hair-
3/8-5/8 inch wide, ending in a curved bristle. less. Seeds several, beanlike, l/s inch long, el-
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 15 feet high liptic, flattened, shiny dark brown. Flowering
and 3 inches in trunk diameter and with open throughout the year.
crown of slender spreading branches. Bark Sparingly planted for ornament in coastal
light gray, smooth. Twigs finely hairy. cities of Puerto Rico. A relatively recent intro-
Leaves alternate, pinnate, 2-8 inches long, duction, still rare. Not listed by Britton and
with threadlike paired stipules shedding early Wilson (10) and not recorded from Virgin
and with slender finely hairy axis bearing 8-20 Islands.
paired leaflets on short hairy stalks less than RAN~~.-"ative of East Indies and Austral-
l/lcinch long and a minute stalked gland be- asia. Planted in West Indies and elsewhere in
tween each of the lowest pairs. Leaflets 1 3 % the tropics for ornament. Recorded as natural-
inches long and inches wide, blunt and ized at one locality on Barbados.
often slightly notched a t apex, rounded a t base, OTHER COMMON NAME.-glaucous cassia
not toothed on edges, thin, the upper surface (United States).
light green and becoming nearly hairless, and BOTANICAL S Y N O N Y M S . - ~ ~ S S ~ ~ghuca Lam.,
the lower surface whitish and slightly hairy C. surattensis Burm. f., Psilorhegma planhi-
with pressed hairs. liqua (L.) Britton & Rose.
 Cassia planisiliqu
Flowering twig (above), fruits (center right), two-thirds natural size.
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

373. Retama prieta Cassia polyphylla Jaeq.

This ornamental shrub or small tree with Flowers 2-3 on slender green stalks nearly 1
long unbranched wandlike twigs, native in dry inch long a t leaf bases. The calyx is composed
areas, is recognized by: (1) showy bright yel- of 5 unequal elliptic yellowish green sepals %-
low flowers about 1v2 inches across the 5
spreading elliptic petals; (2) small pinnate
%I inch long; corolla of 5 slightly unequal el-
liptic petals about l inch long, short-stalked a t
leaves 1-2 inches long, composed of 5-15 pairs base; stamens 7, unequal, with long brownish
of elliptic nearly stalkless leaflets mostly inch anthers, and 3 minute nonfunctioning stamens
long and v8 inch wide, in clusters along the (staminodes) ; and pistil with very narrow
slender twigs; and (3) pods long, narrow, and curved greenish hairy ovary and short stigma.
flattened, 3-6 inches long and inch wide, The pods have a short stalk a t base and short
brown to black and shiny. point a t apex, are flattened between the flat
Shrub or small tree to 15 feet high and 4 seeds, and split open along 2 lines. Flowering
inches in trunk diameter, reported to become and fruiting throughout the year.
larger, much branched, with many slender The wood is light brown and hard.
spreading twigs, unbranched, curved, and Locally common in shrub thickets and dry
slightly drooping a t ends. Probably deciduous forests of south coast and lower Cordillera
in dry areas. Bark of trunk and larger branches from sea level to 1,000 feet altitude in Puerto
blackish, thick, furrowed into short scaly Rico from Guayama to Guiinica and Cabo Rojo.
plates. Inner bark light brown and slightly bit- Also St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, and Ane-
ter. The young twigs are very slender, dull gada. Sometimes grown for ornament. Re-
light green, slightly hairy, the older twigs light corded as cultivated a t Grenada.
brown, warty, and slightly fissured. PUBLIC FORESTS AND pA~~.-Guiinica, S U S ; ~ ~
The leaves are alternate on rapidly growing Virgin Islands.
twigs but mostly clustered 3-5 a t nodes of RANGE.-Hispaniola (Dominican Republic),
older twigs. Stipules are paired, threadlike, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands.
OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-rehma, hediondilla
about 1/8 inch long. The slender light green
hairy axis bears leaflets almost to the base.
(Puerto Rico) .
BOTANICAL s ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ . - P e i r a n i spoly-
ia
Leaflets a r e slightly unequal at base and plqjlla (Jacq.) Britton & Rose.
rounded with minute point a t apex, thin, with This species was named in 1790 from plants
veins inconspicuous, dull green above and light of Puerto' Rican origin that grew in the green-
green beneath, becoming nearly hairless, those house of the Royal Garden near Vienna, Aus-
of a pair folding together at night. tria.
373. Retama prieta Cassia polgphglla Jacq.
Flowering twig (upper left), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size.

281
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

374. Cassia spectabilis DC.

This introduced ornamental and shade tree division, 1/8 inch in diameter and flattened,
is characterized by: (1) large pinnate leaves brown. Flowering throughout the year.
8-18 inches long with 12-30 paired oblong- The sapwood is whitish, and the heartwood
lanceolate leaflets long-pointed and soft hairy brown. The wood is described as hard, heavy,
beneath; (2) very large clusters of many showy and durable.
yellow flowers 134-2 inches across the 5 elliptlc Uncommon as an ornamental and shade tree
spreading petals; and (3) blackish cylindric and along roadsides, also escaping from culti-
pods 8-12 inches long and 3/8-v2 inch in diam- vation. Very fast growing. Planted in the sub-
eter, with msny horizontal walls. tropical moist and lower and upper Cordillera
Medium-sized deciduous planted tree to 50 zones in central Puerto Rico from sea level to
feet high and 1 foot in trunk diameter, with 2,500 feet altitude and best adapted to dry
spreading crown. Bark gray, smoothish, with slopes. A relatively recent introduction in
many warts and short fissures. Twigs stout, Puerto Rico and St. Croix.
brown with light dots (lenticels), finely hairy. This species is planted also as a n ornamental
Leaves alternate, pinnate, with slender light and shade tree in southern Florida, where it
green finely hairy axis and paired threadlike flowers in early winter and is rated a s excellent.
stipules, without glands. Leaflets with short RANGE.-Southern Mexico through Central
stalks about l/o inch long are 11,42-21A2 inches America to Colombia, Venezuela, and Tobago.
long and y8-7/8 inch wide, long-pointed a t apex, Planted through tropical America including
short-pointed a t base, not toothed on edges, southern Florida, West Indies, and south to
thin, upper surface dull green and almost hair- Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru.
less, with many slightly sunken side veins, and OTHER COMMON NAMES.--4hucar0, bruscbn,
lower surface dull light green and soft hairy pela burro, libertad (Dominican Republic) ;
or sometimes nearly hairless. algarrobillo (Cuba) ; canchin (Mexico) ; cande-
Flower clusters (panicles) terminal and lillo, frijolillo (Honduras) ; candelillo (Costa
lateral, branched and very large, 6-24 inches Rica) ; caiiafistula macho (Colombia, Vene-
long. Flowers many, fragrant, composed of 5 zuela) ; velero, velillo (Colombia) ; caiiafistula
rounded hairy yellow sepals about $4, inch long; bobo, caiiafistula cimarrbna, chiquichique, mu-
5 elliptic slightly unequal yellow petals :$&-I cuteno, tarant5n (Venezuela) ;frijolillo (Ecua-
inch long, narrowed into stalklike base; sta- dor) ; mutuy (Peru) ; yellow shower, calceo-
mens 7 large and 3 small sterile (staminodes) ; Iaria shower (United States) ;pisabed (British
and slender curved hairless pistil. Pods ending Honduras) ; casse marron (Haiti) ; parica
in a short narrow point, hard, not splitting open (Brazil).
or slightly on 1 side, with many cross walls BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-Pseudocassia specta-
about 4/8 inch or less apart. Seeds 1 in each bilis (DC.) Britton & Rose.
374. Cassia spectabilis DC.*
Flowers (upper left), leaf (below), fruit (right) , two-thirds natural size.
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

375. Oreganillo Cynometra portoricensis Krug & Urban

This rare tree of moist lowland forests is veins, border not toothed, the upper surface
easily recognized by: (1) leaves with small dark green and slightly shiny, the lower surface
twin or paired leaflets, $&-lv4 inches long and dull light green.
v8-v8 inch wide, narrowly oblong or obovate
and with unequal sides and slightly notched a t
A few small white flowers are borne in short
clusters (racemes) a t leaf bases, on slender
the blunt apex ;and (2 )the oblong pods v4-1% hairy stalks less than $4 inch long. The flowers
inches long and y2-v8 inch broad, flat and about .3/8 inch long consist of calyx 5/1, inch
slightly curved. long with 4 or 5 sepals, 5 nearly equal petals
Small to medium-sized evergreen tree to 50 about inch long, 10 separate stamens, and
feet high and 14 inches in trunk diameter, with pistil with hairy ovary and threadlike style.
thin spreading crown. The bark of small trunks The pods are brown, finely warty, thick-walled
is gray or brownish, smooth, with many dots and hairy, 1-seeded. Flowering mainly in
.
(lenticels) Inner bark is pinkish, fibrous, and spring. Fruits maturing in summer, persistent
slightly bitter. Twigs are slender, slightly zig- into winter.
zag, dark brown, and finely hairy when young. The sapwood is whitish and hard.
The alternate leaves spreading in 2 rows on Rare and local in moist limestone forest of
horizontal twigs have slender dark brown hairy Puerto Rico, including northeastern, north-
petioles about +fa inch long and minute thread- western, and southwestern parts, a t 100-600
like stipules which shed early. The 2 leaflets are feet altitude.
stalkless, obliquely and narrowly oblong or RANGE.-Pu~&o Rico and Hispaniola (Do-
obovate, slightly thickened, hairless, slightly minican Republic).
notched at the blunt apex, rounded and unequal OTHER COMMON NAME.--algarrobillo (DO-
a t base, the sides very unequal with network of minican Republic).
375. Oreganillo Cywometra portoricettsis Krug & Urban
Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (right), natural size.

285
LEGUME FARIILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

376. Cam~eche,logwood Haemntoxylrtm campechianrrm I.,.+

Campeche or logwood, a t one time an impor- The thin sapwood is whitish and the heart-
tant source of dye, has been planted, escaping wood orange, becoming dark red after expo-
from cultivation and becoming naturalized in sure. The wood is very hard, heavy (specific
dry areas of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Is- gravity 0.95-1.00), medium to fine-textured, of
lands. It is recognized by: (1) the trunks irregular grain, strong but brittle, very re-
ridged or angled and fluted, branching near sistant to decay, and takes a high polish. Fresh
base; (2) even pinnate leaves with 4-8 paired wood has an odor of violets and a sweetish
leaflets reverse heart-shaped (obovate) or taste. Uses include cabinetwork and posts.
wedge-shaped, notched a t apex and tapering to The dye haematoxylin is obtained from the
blunt base; (3) light yellow flowers showy, heartwood in small chips by boiling, changing
nearly l/r2 inch broad, many in unbranched color from orange red to yellowish upon cooling
clusters a t base of leaves; and (4) the distinc- and finally black. By the use of mordants, black
tive oblong light brown pods 142% inches long and bluish-black shades are obtained. Many
and s-s inch wide, thin and papery, splitting shiploads of this valuable dyewood were sent
open down the middle instead of along edges. to Europe over a period of centuries before
Deciduous small to medium-sized tree becom- these dyes became largely replaced by synthetic
ing 30 feet high, with several short crooked dyes. The wood is still used locally for coloring
trunks to 2 feet in diameter and with thin wool textiles. Other uses are stains for bio-
spreading crown. The trunks become angled logical microscopic slides and inks. Haema-
and fluted, with long ridges and grooves. The toxylin is also a drug used as a n astringent,
bark is light brown or gray, smoothish to fis- such as for dysentery and diarrhea. British
sured or furrowed, rough, and slightly shaggy. Honduras was founded as a colony in 1638
The inner bark is light brown and gritty. Twigs mainly for export of mahogany and logwood,
are gray, smooth with many dots (lenticels), which was common in the lowland forests.
hairless. After introduction into the West Indies, Ja-
The leaves are alternate or 2-4 a t older nodes, maica, Haiti, and other islands exported the
2-4 inches long, with slender minutely hairy logs.
axis 1-3 inches long. Stipules shed early or The trees are grown occasionally as orna-
sometimes persist as stout spines %-Tj/8 inch in mentals and in fences. An important honey
length. The paired leaflets on stalks less than plant where common.
'/lo inch long are smallest a t base of leaf and Campeche or logwood has been planted and
largest a t apex. Blades are l/z-1V2 inches long has become naturalized in the dry forests in
and Yn-l% inches wide, sometimes smaller, thickets, and along roadsides in southern and
thin, with many fine parallel side veins, hair- southwestern Puerto Rico. Also, Mona, St.
less. The upper surface is green and slightly Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, and Tortola.
shiny, the lower surface dull light green. PUBLIC ~ o ~ ~ s ~ s . - G u ~ n i cEstate
!a, Thomas.
Flower clusters (racemes) 1 3 inches long R ~ N ~ ~ . h T a t i vofe southeastern Mexico
(longer in fruit) a t leaf bases bear many fra- mainly in Yucatan Peninsula, British Hon-
grant flowers on slender stalks less than duras, and Guatemala. Spread by planting in
inch long. The calyx is composed of 5 unequal West Indies from Bahamas to Lesser Antilles,
narrow purplish or reddish sepals about .?/lo Central America, and northern South America.
inch long; the 5 light yellow petals are oblong Introduced long ago into the West Indies and
and slightly unequal, about 1/4, inch long; sta- naturalized on many islands.
mens 10, separate, longer than petals, light OTHER COMMON NAMES.--campeche, palo
yellow, with hairy filaments ;and the pistil with
1-celled ovary, 2-3 ovules, curved style, and campeche, palo de tinta, tinta, palo de tinte,
dot stigma. The pods clustered among the tinto (Spanish) ; palo negro (Cuba) ; logwood
leaves are pointed a t both ends and contain 1-3 (English) ;bois campeche, campeche (French).
oblong flat seeds % inch long. Flowering from Common and scientific names refer to the
December to May. Old fruits remain attached Mexican State of Campeche, where this species
for several months. is native. Haematox~lummeans bloodwood.
376. Campeche, logwood Haematozylum [Link].*
Flowering twig (lower left), fruiting twig (upper right), natural size.
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

PEA SUBFAMILY (FABOIDEAE; FABACEAE)

Herbs mostly in temperate regions and (3) petals 6, very unequal, overlapping in bud,
shrubs and trees mostly in tropical regions, the standard (largest and outermost in bud), 2
known by: (1) leaves pinnate, sometimes of on the sides called wings, and 2 slightly united
3 leaflets (rarely simple), never bipinnate, the forming the keel ;and (4) stamens 10-9 usually
leaflets often with stipules; (2) flowers very united in 2 or 1 group, often 9 united and 1
irregular, in shape of bean flower or butterfly; separate. Also vol. 1,p. 188.
 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)
Key to species
A. Leaves with 3 leaflets; twigs often spiny (except No. 82)-Erytlrrina.
B. Leaflets with 1 main vein, mostly about twice a s long a s broad; flowers broad and spreading.
C. Leaflets elliptic to ovate, rounded o r short-pointed a t both ends, slightly thickened, whitish green and
finely hairy beneath; flowers orange o r salmon colored--83. Bucare, swamp immortelle, Erythnna
flcsca Lour. (E. glazcca) .
CC. Leaflets narrowly elliptic to oblong, short-pointed a t both ends, thin, dull green beneath, hairless;
flowers crimson and scarlet-379. Erythrina crista-galli.*
BB. Leaflets with 3 main veins from straight or blunt-pointed base, about a s wide a s long, hairless.
D. Flowers broad and spreading, erect on horizontal axes, orange red-84. Bucayo gigante, mountain
immortelle, E m t h n n a poeppigiana (Walp.) 0. F. Cook.*
DD. Flowers very long and narrow, resembling a machete or sword, horizontal on vertical axes, red to
scarlet.
E. Spines absent from twigs; leaflets blunt-pointed a t base and often nearly diamond-shaped, whit-
ish green beneath--82. Bucare enano, machette, Erythrina berteroana Urban.:
EE. S ines on twigs; leaflets straight o r nearly so a t base and nearly triangular, greenish beneath.
5. Spines on twigs scattered, short, less than ?4 inch long-381. E ~ y l h r i n avariegata*
FF. Spines on twigs numerous, long and stout, to % inch o r more.
G. Leaves not spiny;
- - . flowers more than 2 inches lonn,
- coral red-378. Eoythrina corallo-
dendnrm.
GG. Leaves with spines scattered along axis and veins; flowers less than 2 inches long, red
3 8 0 . E w t h r i n a eggersii.
AA. Leaves pinnate.
H. Twi s spiny.
I. tPines straight, slender; leaflets rounded, with yellowish spiny or bristle tip--88. Taehuelo, fustic,
Pictetia actcleata (Vahl) Urban.
11. Spines curved, stout; leaflets oblong, rounded a t apex, not spiny-385. Machaeritcm lzcnatum.
HH. Twi s without spines.
J. &eaves with all leaflets paired (even pinnate), oblong.
K. Leaflets 10-30 airs, %-I% inches long, rounded a t both ends-91. BBculo, agnti, Sesbania gran-
digom (L.) ters.*
KK. Leaflets 5-15 pairs, %I-% inch long, rounded a t both ends with a minute point a t apex-389.
Sabinea fiondtl.
JJ. Leaves with odd number of-leaflets, 1 a t end (odd pinnate).
L. Leaflets paired (oppos~te)except f o r 1a t end.
M. Leaves o p o s ~ t ewith 7 o r 9 ovate leaflets--382. Hebestigma cztbense.*
MM. Leaves a h r n a t e , leaflets various.
N. Leaflets with many nearly straight parallel lot-1 veins.
0. Leaflets slightly thickened, w ~ t hlateral velns sl~ghtlysunken and edges turned
under-87. Palo de matos, Ormosia knlgii Urban.
00. Leaflets thin, with lateral veins not sunken and edges not turned under--387.
Piaeidia carthagenenets.
NN. Leaflets with few to many curved lateral veins..
P. Leaflets shiny green on upper surface, w ~ t hpair of bristlelike scales (stipels)
kerntween each pair-81. Moca, cabbage angelin, Andira inennis (W. Wright)
Ub.
PP. Leaflets dull green, without scales between each pair.
Q. Leaflets 7-17, mostly less than 2 inches long-85. Mata-ratiin, mother-of-
cocoa, Gliricidia sepitlnt (Jacq.) Kunthmo
QQ. Leaflets 5-9 ( l l ) , mostly more than 2 inches long-Lonchocarpus.
R. Leaflets blunt with minute notch a t a ex, beneath slightly whitish green
and hairless; twigs hairless; leathery, not or slightly nar-
rowed between seeds-384. Loncltocarpus glaucifolius.
RR. Leaflets blunt to long-pointed and without notch a t apex, beneath light
green and hairy; t w ~ g sAnely hairy when young.
S. Leaflets mostly blunt-pointed a t base; ods thick, leathery, deeply
narrowed between aeeds-383. ~ o n c ~ c a r p domingntets.
us
SS. Leaflets mostly rounded a t base; pods thin, papery, not narrowed
between seeds--86. Retnmn, Lonchocwptcs petttaphylltis (Poir.)
DC. (L. latifolius)
LL. Leaflets all attached singly (alternate).
.
T, Leaflets 3-5, nearly round, along zigzag axi.s-377. Dalbcrgia sissoo.*
TT. Leaflets mostly more than 5, more than twlce as long a s broad, along straight axis.
U. Leaflets 11-17. oblong, less than 1 % inches long, with lines and dots visible with lens
against the light-386. Myrospermtcnt frutescens.*
UU. Leaflets mostly 5-9, elliptic, more than 2 inches long, without lines and dots-Ptero-
CUPpU8.
V. Leaflets rounded a t base--90. Palo de pollo, swamp bloodwood, Pterocarpus oft-
cinalis Jacq.
VV. Leaflets blunt-pointed a t base.
W. Pods 1%-1% inches in diameter-89. Pterocarpus. India padauk, Ptero-
carpus indicus Willd.*
WW. Pods 2-2% inches in diameter--388. Pterocarpzcs macrocarpus.*
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

377. Sisu, Indian roeewood Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.*

Indian rosewood, or sissoo (sisu), from India brown pod is narrowed a t both ends, stalked a t
has been introduced in forestry tests. It is base, and does not split open. Seeds 1-3, bean-
characterized by : (1)pinnate leaves with 3-5 like, yk-O/8 inch long.
rounded abruptly short-pointed leaflets alter- Sissoo belongs to the genus of rosewoods,
nate on a very slender zigzag axis; (2) many handsome cabinetwoods with attractive grain
small whitish irregular flowers like those of and color and roselike fragrance. In the native
beans, borne in short lateral clusters; and (3) home the wood has been used for furniture,
oblong flat thin pods 1y2-3 inches long and cabinets, flooring, boats, and wood carvinge.
Bh-1/3 inch wide. Young branches and foliage have served also as
A medium-sized tree 35 feet high and 1foot fodder.
in trunk diameter with rounded open crown of Recommended as one of the most desirable
spreading branches, evergreen or almost decid- nonflowering shade trees for central and south
uous. Bark gray, scaly, deeply furrowed. Florida. Planted also in southern Arizona. It
Twigs green to gray, very slender. grows very fast, is drought resistant and salt
Leaves alternate, pinnate, about 6 inches tolerant, and is adapted to a wide range of sites
long, hairy when young. Leaflets with stout including yards and streets, windbreaks, dry
stalks to 1/4, inch, almost a t right angles to axis. ridges, filled areas, and river spoil banks. Cut
Leaflet blades nearly round, 1-2 inches long and roots produce suckers. After maturing, the
broad, rounded or blunt a t base, rounded and trees should have another use as a cabinetwood.
abruptly short-pointed a t apex, not toothed on This species is rare in Puerto Rico but is be-
edges, thin, with many fine parallel side veins. ing tested in scattered forest plantings a t El
Flower clusters (panicles) 2-4 inches long a t Verde, Guayabol, and Cayey.
leaf bases and nodes back of leaves, branching, PUBLIC FOREST.-LU~U~~~O.
hairy. Flowers about v8 inch long, fragrant, RANGE.-N~~~ ofv India.
~ Widely planted in
consisting of hairy calyx with 5 teeth; corolla
with 5 petals, the standard broad, 2 narrow tropical countries for wood and shade. Reported
wings, and narrow keel of 2 united ; stamens 9, to be spreading from cultivation in southern
united into broad stalk; and stalked hairy pistil Florida.
with narrow 1-celled ovary containing few OTHER COMMON NAMES.--S~SSOO (India, COm-
ovules, short style, and dot stigma. The light merce) ; Indian rosewood, sissoo (English).
377. Sisu, Indian rosewood Dalbergia aissoo Roxb.*
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (below), two-thirds natural size.
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

378. Bucare, coraltree Erythrina corallodendrum L.

This small tree is characterized by: (1) when leafless, and maturing fruits mostly in
sharp stout spines or prickles to y4 inch long spring.
usually present on trunk and branches; (2) Rare in southern coast and lower Cordillera
alternate leaves with 3 wedge-shaped thin leaf- forest of Puerto Rico at 100-500 feet altitude,
lets long-pointed a t apex and nearly straight mostly in dry areas. Also in St. Croix, St.
a t base ; (3) large coral red or blood red flowers Thomas, St. John, and Tortola (introduced).
about 22Y2 inches long, narrow, with bell- " In cultivation for the showy flowers and as a
shaped calyx; and (3) pods 4-6 inches long and living fence.
inch long, narrowed between the several Planted as an ornamental elsewhere in trop-
beanlike seeds, which are scarlet with a black ical America north to southern and central
spot and poisonous. Florida. Propagated by seeds and cuttings.
Deciduous shrub or small tree to 25 feet high RANGE.--Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico
and 8 inches in trunk diameter. The leaves and Virgin Islands, and Lesser Antilles from
mostly 6 1 2 inches long, becoming hairless, St. Martin and Saba to Grenada, and Trinidad
have slender petioles 1v2-6 inches long, often and Tobago. The range extended by cultivation.
spiny, and leaflet stalks 4/8-% inch long. Leaf- OTHER COMMON NAMES.-pic611 espinoso,
let blades are thin, mostly 2-4 inches long and bucare (Puerto Rico) ; amapola (Dominican
wide, sometimes to 6 inches, wedge-shaped or Republic) ; common coralbean (English) ;
broadly ovate, not toothed on edges, with 3 coraltree, red-bean-tree (Jamaica) ; bois im-
main veins from base, dull green above and mortel (St. Lucia, Grenada) ; jumby cutlass
paler beneath. (St. Vincent) ;lent-tree, Judas-tree, devils-tree,
Flower clusters (racemes) 4-12 inches long jumbie-bead (Barbados) ; coralbean, jumbie-
bear along 1side many almost stalkless flowers bead, wild immortelle (Trinidad and Tobago) ;
in groups of 2-3. The narrow bell-shaped calyx immortel, immortel-pays (Guadeloupe, Marti-
y8-S inch long is straight a t apex; petals 5, nique) ; petit immortel (Guadeloupe) ; coral-
coral red or blood red, the narrowly oblong tree, bois immortel, immortel (Dominica).
folded standard 22% inches long, the 4 others The showy red-and-black seeds of this and
(wings and keel) very small, mostly l/g--3/8 inch related species, also the pods, contain a danger-
long; 10 stamens 1y2-2 inches long, united into ous poison and should never be eaten. These
tube toward base; and pistil 1%-2 inches long, toxic seeds have been strung into necklaces,
bracelets, and novelties, which could poison
very narrow, consisting of finely hairy stalked children. However, it is reported that the young
ovary and style. The pods are beadlike and flowers and young leaves of certain species have
slightly flattened, long-stalked and long- been cooked and eaten in limited quantities.
pointed. Seeds are about 3/8 inch long. Flow- The seeds and decoctions of various species
ering mostly in late winter to March, usually have served in home remedies.
378. Bucare, coraltree Erythrina corallodendrum L.
Flowers (left), leaf (right), natural size.
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

379. Cresta de gallo, cockscomb coralbean Erythrina crisla-galli L,*

A spiny shrub or small tree planted as an narrow ovary and slender style. The pods are
ornamental for its showy clusters of large bril- long-pointed a t both ends, slightly narrowed
liant crimson or scarlet flowers in early spring between the few seeds y2-Y4 inch long. Flow-
when leafless. It is distinguished by: (1) ering in early spring when leafless, the fruits
curved spines or prickles on twigs and leaves; maturing in spring and persisting. The
(2) leaves with 3 large elliptic or ovate leaflets, branches die back after flowering.
the lower surfaces whitish and waxy and often The wood is described as soft and very light-
with spines on midvein; (3) 1-3 large crimson weight.
flowers 1%-13/ inches long, with 1 broad The bark has been used in medicines.
spreading petal ; and (4) narrowly cylindric Planted occasionally for ornament in parks
pods 6-12 inches long and y2-5/ilinch broad, and gardens in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Is-
hard-walled, with several elliptic seeds black lands and elsewhere in West Indies. .Northward
with brown markings (not red), probably in warm temperate climates, a s in southern
poisonous. United States, the shrubby plants bloom in
A planted ornamental deciduous shrub or summer and die back nearly to the roots in
small tree to 15 feet high, with short trunk 4 winter. In cold climates the large fleshy roots
inches in diameter and with slender branches can be stored indoors in winter or the plants
and thin crown, often vinelike. Twigs slender, grown in greenhouses. Horticultural varieties
often spiny. have different shades of red flowers.
Leaves alternate, compound, 4-10 inches In central and south Florida this species is
long, becoming hairless, with spiny petiole 2 5 recommended a s a beautiful small flowering
inches long and 3 leaflets on stalks of 1h-S tree for yards, parks, and gardens. It is propa-
inch. Leaflet blades are elliptic or ovate, 2v2- gated by cuttings or air layering and grows
3v2inches long and 1-1y2inches broad, the end rapidly in moist fertile soil. Planted also in
one largest and with the longest stalk, short- southern Arizona.
pointed or blunt at apex and base, not toothed R ~ ~ c ~ . - N a t i v of
e southern Brazil, Para-
on edges, thin, the upper surface green, and the guay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina.
lower surface whitish and waxy. Widely cultivated through the tropics.
The irregular flowers 1 3 in groups along OTHER COMMON NAMES.--CreSta de gall0
end of twig or a t base of leaf on slender stalks (Spanish) ; coral (Dominican Republic) ; ceibo
y2-21/12 inches long are composed of bell-shaped (Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina) ; seibo (Ar-
reddish brown calyx unequally 5-toothed; gentina) ; cockscomb coralbean, common coral-
corolla of 5 crimson petals including 1 very tree, cockscomb coraltree (English) ; cr6te-de-
broad spreading petal (standard) l%-l% coq, erythrine crgte-de-coq (French).
inches long and 1inch broad, 2 short side petals Known as El Seibo, this species is the na-
(wings) 3/8-% inch long, and 2 long narrow tional flower of Argentina. The scientific n'ame
petals (keel) 1%-2 inches long; stamens 9 in a and approved common names refer to the re-
tube and 1 separate; and pistil with stalked semblance of the showy flowers.
379. Cresta de gallo, cockscomb coralbean Eyltltrina criata-galli L.*
Flowers (above), loaf (below), two-thirds natural size.

295
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

380. Piiidn espinoso, cockepur Erythrina eggersii Krukoff & Moldenke

This very spiny small tree, sometimes vine- narrowly oblong folded standard 1Y2-2y2
like, is native only in Puerto Rico and the Vir- inches long, the 4 others (wings and keel) very
gin Islands. It is identified by: (1) abundant small, 3/la inch long; 10 stamens 1%-1%inches
stout spines or prickles 48-l/g inch long on long, united into tube toward base; and pistil
leaves, twig, and trunk; (2) alternate leaves 1%-1%inches long, very narrow, consisting
with 3 wedge-shaped thin leaflets short-pointed of finely hairy stalked ovary and slender style.
a t apex and nearly straight a t base, bearing The pods end in a long point. Seeds beanlike,
spines or prickles Y8 inch long on petiole and elliptic, y2 inch long. Flowering in late winter
main veins on both surfaces; (3) . showy red from December to March, maturing fruits in
flowers 1y2-21/13 inches long but narrow, with spring and summer.
bell-shaped calyx ;and (4) pods 4-8 inches long This native plant is sometimes grown as an
and VRinch wide, narrowed between the several ornamental for the showy flowers and as a liv-
beanlike seeds, which are yellow or bright red, ing fence.
without a black spot, probably poisonous. Uncommon in moist limestone forest a t
Deciduous shrub or small tree to 30 feet high 100-400 feet altitude in northern Puerto Rico,
and 5 inches in trunk diameter, or sometimes Vieques, St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix.
vinelike. The bark is brown, slightly fissured, PUBLIC~ o ~ ~ s ~ ~ . - C a m b a l a c hGuajataca,
e,
with many spines l/s inch long. Twigs are stout, Vega.
green, becoming gray, very spiny, hairless. RA~c~.-Native only in Puerto Rico and
The hairless leaves are mostly 5-10 inches long, Virgin Islands. Introduced into Carriacou (The
with slender spiny petioles 2-5 inches long and Grenadines) and perhaps other islands.
axis 1-1y2 inches longer. Leaflet stalks are OTHER COMMON NAMES.-bucare, bucayo,
y8-j/s inch long, with minute paired glands a t coral, coral vegetal, espuelo de gallo (Puerto
base. Leaflet blades are thin, mostly 2-4 inches Rico) .
long and wide, wedge-shaped or broadly ovate, BOTANICALs~NoNJ!~.-Erythrina horrida
rounded to short-pointed a t apex, mostly Eggers, not DC.
straight or notched a t base, not toothed on This species honors its discoverer, Henrik
edges, with 3 main veins from base, dull green Franz Alexander von Eggers (1844-1903),
above and paler beneath. Danish army captain in the Virgin Islands. He
Flower clusters (racemes) bear many short- made extensive plant collections in the West
stalked long narrow flowers. The narrow cy- Indies and continental tropical America. His
lindric calyx V8-y2 inch long is straight or flora of the Virgin Islands (21) was published
minutely toothed a t apex; petals 5, red, the in 1879 by the United States National Museum.
380. Piii6n espinoso, cockspur Erythripta eggersii Krukoff & Moldenke
Leaf (left), flowers (upper right), fruit (lower right), two-thirds natural size.
 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)
381. Bucare, immortelle Erythrina variegata L,*
An introduced ornamental distinguished by : the oblong folded standard erect or nearly so,
(1) sharp small inconspicuous blackish spines 21,4,-2Y2 inches long, the 2 elliptic wings and
or prickles Sa-4/8inch long like pins, usually keel about 6/8 inch long; 10 stamens about 2
present along twigs and persistent on trunk; inches long? 9 united into a tube toward base;
(2) alternate leaves with 3 wedge-shaped thin and the pistil lY4 inches long, very narrow,
leaflets about as broad as long, short-pointed a t composed of finely hairy stalked ovary and
apex and nearly straight at base, dull green, slender style. The beanlike red seeds are y8-Y~.
paler beneath; (3) large showy scarlet flowers inch long. Flowering mostly in winter, some-
about 2% inches long but narrow, with prom- times to April. Fruits in spring, seldom matur-
inent spreading stamens, crowded in erect ing.
clusters; and (4) stout blackish pods 6-12 The wood is light brown and soft.
inches long and Y4-1 inch broad, slightly nar- Leaves, bark, and fresh flowers have served
rowed between the several dark red, poisonous elsewhere in home remedies.
seeds. Uncommon as a n introduced ornamental
A deciduous small tree 30 feet high and 1 along roadsides and in fencerows up to 200 feet
2 foot in trunk diameter or in age and where
native a large tree, with many erect and spread-
altitude in northeastern Puerto Rico, Culebra,
Vieques, and the larger Virgin Islands from
ing branches. The bark is light greenish gray, St. Croix to Tortola. A favorite ornamental in
smoothish, becoming slightly streaked and fis- Tortola known as immortelle. In southern and
sured, with scattered short spines v8 inch long.
Inner bark beneath a thin light green outer
central Florida under the name Indian coral-
bean, this showy large spreading tree with bril-
layer is light brown and almost tasteless. Twigs liant red blossoms is conspicuous in early spring
are light green with minute hairs when young, and has been described a s one of the gems of the
becoming light gray, smooth except for scat- floral world. In Hawaii the trees are called
tered sharp blackish spines or prickles and with tigers-claw from the resemblance of the large
slightly raised half-round leaf scars and light folded petal. Several varieties are distin-
colored dots (lenticels).
The leaves 7-11 inches long, with star-shaped
guished, the common one being var. orientulis
(L.) Merr. A variation with spotted or varie-
hairs but becoming nearly hairless, have gated leaflets is grown as an ornamental under
slender round light green petioles 3-5 inches glass northward in continental United States.
long, enlarged a t base, and extended nearly 1 RANGE.-Native of tropical Asia from India
inch as a n axis. Leaflet stalks are about 3/8 inch to Philippines, Polynesia, and Australia.
long, with minute paired green glands a t base. Widely planted through the tropics.
Leaflet blades are thin, mostly 2 5 inches long OTHER COMMON NAMES.-~UC~YO,bucayo
and wide, wedge-shaped or broadly ovate, not haitiano, pomp6n haitiano (Puerto Rico) ;ama-
toothed on edges, with 3 main veins from base. pola, mapoleona (Dominican Republic) ; Indian
Flower clusters, (racemes) about 6-8 inches coralbean, Indian coraltree (English) ; tigers-
long bear numerous crowded flowers, with claw (Hawaii) ; bois immortel, arbre B corail
smaller buds toward apex. The narrow tubular, (Haiti).
pointed reddish calyx about 1 inch long splits BOTANICAL S Y N O N Y M . - E ~ indica J~~Y~
open nearly to base on 1side ; petals 5, scarlet, Lam.
382. Frijolillo Hebestigma cubense (H.B.K. ) Urban*
This medium-sized deciduous tree native 5-toothed calyx, 5 petals including rounded
only in Cuba has been introduced in Puerto standard and narrow wings and keel, 9 stamens
Rico, where i t is rare. It was noted as a small in a tube and 1separate, and stalked pistil with
tree 15 feet high but doubtless becomes larger, narrow ovary and slender style and hairy
attaining 40 feet where native. Distinguishing stigma; and (3) large hard flattened blackish
characteristics are : (1)opposite pinnate leaves pod 4 4 inches long and %-la/, inches wide,
6-12 inches long with mostly 7 or 9 leaflets on containing few elliptic blackish seeds y' inch
finely hairy stalks of % inch, paired except a t long. Collected with flowers in March and with
end, ovate, 2-6 inches long and 1-3 inches fruits in September and October but not ob-
wide, short- to long-pointed at apex, rounded
or slightly notched a t base, thin, hairless or served by the authors. This tree merits fur-
nearly so, shiny green above and paler beneath ; ther testing as an ornamental. Classed as a
(2) many showy pale pink pea-shaped flowers honey plant. OTHER COMMON NAMES.-fri-
inch long on slender stalks along an axis jolillo, guamii piii6n, piA6n de costa, juravaina
of 3v2-6 inches (raceme), composed of cuplike (Cuba).
381. Bucare, immortelle Eylthrilta variegata L
.
'
Leafy twig and flowers (above), fruit (below), two-thirds natural size.
299
LEGUME FAMILY (LECUMINOSAE)

Lonchocarprur domingemis (Turp. ) DC.

A spreading tree of southern and western filaments united; and narrow pistil with short-
Puerto Rico recognized by : (1) alternate pin- stalked brown hairy ovary and slender curved
nate leaves with 7-11 elliptic leaflets mostly style.
short-pointed a t both ends, paired except a t The pods usually are finely brown hairy,
end; (2) pale rose-violet pea-shaped flowers stalked a t base, do not split open, and contain
about yu inch long, in long narrow lateral 1 to several flat kidney-shaped dark brown
clusters; and (3) brown pod 2-6 inches long seeds y2inch long. Flowering mostly in spring,
and yu-7/8 inch wide, flat but hard or leathery, also to September, the fruits maturing mostly
often narrowed between the seeds. in summer and persisting.
A deciduous tree to 70 feet high and 20 inches The wood is whitish or yellowish and strong ;
in trunk diameter. The bark is brown with in Puerto Rico used chiefly for posts.
whitish dots and fibrous. The young twigs and A shade and ornamental tree in dry areas
young leaves are finely brown hairy. and a honey plant. Elsewhere the fibrous bark
The leaves are 6-10 inches long, the leaflets has been utilized for ropes and cords and the
with stalks 4/8-s6 inch long. Leaflet blades are
2-5 inches long and ll/s-2% inches wide,
leaves have been employed in home remedies.
Uncommon in southern and western coastal
mostly short-pointed a t both ends but some- hills a t 100-800 feet altitude in southern and
times long-pointed a t apex and rounded a t base, western Puerto Rico. Also in Mona and Vie-
not toothed on edges, slightly thickened, be- ques.
coming nearly hairless. PUBLIC ~O~~sTS.-Guinica,Susda.
The flower clusters (racemes or panicles) R A N G E . - ~ u ~Jamaica,
~, Hispaniola, Puerto
are nearly as long as the leaves, with main axis Rico, Guadeloupe, and Martinique.
bearing many flowers on finely hairy stalks OTHER COMMON NAMES.-geno (Puerto
about inch long, often 2 forking from the Rico) ; anoncillo, an6n de majagua, an6n de rio
same basal stalk. The bell-shaped calyx is 9/ (Dominican Republic) ;guami, guami de soga,
inch long and broad, finely hairy, minutely guami de majagua, guamir de costa (Cuba) ;
toothed a t apex; the pale rose-violet corolla savonnette rivi+re (Guadeloupe, Martinique) ;
sometimes whitish has 6 petals, the rounded savonnette bois (Guadeloupe) ; bois caiman
standard notched a t apex and silky hairy on (Haiti).
outside, 2 oblong wings and 2 oblong, hairy, BOTANICALSYNONYM.-LOW~~OCU~~U~ seri-
slightly united keel petals; 10 stamens with cezis (Poir.) DC. var. glabrescens Benth.
383. Geno-geno Lonchocarpus domingensis (Pers.) DC.
Fruits (upper right), flowering twig (below), two-thirds natural size.
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

384. Geno Lonchocarpus glaucifolius Urban

Geno, a tree known only from limestone for- long a t leaf bases bear several flowers on
ests of northwestern Puerto Rico, is identified slender stalks about l/s inch long, often paired.
by : (1) alternate pinnate leaves with usually The pea-shaped flowers have a cup-shaped 5-
7, sometimes 6, elliptic to obovate leaflets with toothed finely hairy calyx inch long; pink-
blunt slightly notched apex, whitish green be- ish-purple corolla of 5 stalked spreading petals
neath; (2) showy pinkish purple pea-shaped
flowers t/8 inch long, several in slender-stalked
about v8 inch long, the rounded standard
notched a t apex and finely brown hairy on out-
clusters a t leaf bases; and (3) flat brown pods side, 2 oblong wings, and 2 forming the keel;
2-5% inches long and %-a/ inch wide, slightly 10 stamens with filaments united, 1 nearly
thickened, not narrowed between the several separate; and pistil with narrow hairy ovary
flat beanlike seeds, not splitting open. and curved style. The pods with calyx a t base
Evergreen tree to 30 feet high and 6 inches are abruptly pointed a t both ends, minutely
in trunk diameter. Bark gray or brown, hairy. The flat blackish kidney-shaped seeds
smoothish, the inner bark whitish, fibrous, and are about 5/16 inch long. Flowering mainly in
slightly bitter. The twigs are brown with light, late spring, sometimes in winter and summer.
raised dots (lenticels), finely hairy when young Fruits maturing mostly in summer and per-
but becoming hairless. sisting.
The alternate pinnate leaves are 6-9 inches The whitish wood is hard. The strong fibrous
long, hairless, and have a very slender light bark reportedly has been used as cordage.
green axis and paired triangular hairy stipules Locally abundant in the moist limestone for-
1/16 inch long. The leaflets, usually 7, sometimes est a t 200-800 feet altitude in northwestern
5, are paired except a t end, on stalks 1/8 inch Puerto Rico. Scattered to common on ridges
long. Leaflet blades are 1s-4inches long, % ::
lv2 inches wide, short-pointed a t base, mi- and cliffs.
PUBLICFORESTS.-Cambalache, Guajataca,
nutely wavy a t edges, slightly thick and stiff,
the upper surface green and slightly shiny, the Rio Abajo.
lower surface dull whitish green, the slightly RANGE.-K~OW~ only from northwestern
curved side veins forming a fine network upon Puerto Rico.
drying. The specific name refers to the glaucous
Flower clusters (panicles) about 2 inches leaves, whitish on lower surface.
384. Geno Lonchocarpus glaucifolius Urban
Leaf (left), flowers (upper right), fruits (lower right), natural size.
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)
Machaerium lunatum (L. f . ) Ducke

Escambrh, a spiny climbing shrub or small pistil nearlyv2 inch long with narrow flat hairy
tree uncommon in coastal thickets, is easily 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary and slender style.
recognized by: (1) climbing branches with The thick leathery pods 9!! inch wide are
paired curved brown spines (stipules) 1/8-3/8 curved into a circle 1 -1sinches in diameter
inch long ; (2) pinnate leaves with 5-11 oblong and % G inch thick. They do not split open and
leaflets; (3) many small purplish pea-shaped conta~n1flat kidney-shaped seed % inch long.
flowers a/8 inch long; and (4) the distinctive With flowers and fruits irregularly through the
thick flattened gray pods curved into a circle year.
l-ly2 inches in diameter. Locally common in coastal swamps, forming
Evergreen climbing shrub 15 feet high with thickets in and near mangrove swamp forests
many trunks, sometimes a small tree 20-25 feet a t sea level, mostly in eastern Puerto Rico, also
high and 8 inches in diameter. With arching, a t the western end near Mayaguez. Commonly
climbing, and spreading spiny branches, the a shrub but recorded as a slender tree 25 feet
plants form impenetrable thickets along coasts. high in the wet forest north of Playa de
Young twigs finely hairy. Humacao. Also in Vieques, St. Croix, and St.
The alternate leaves 24 inches long have Thomas.
slender finely hairy petiole and axis 1-21IL PUBLICFORESTS.-Aguirre, Boquerbn, San
inches long. Paired sharp spines develop from Juan.
stipules a t the base of each leaf and persist on This species is abundant over large swampy
twigs and branches. The leaflets are alternate coastal areas of northern South America,
on slender hairy stalks X G inch long. Leaflet especially in Guyana and Surinam, where it
blades are oblong, or the end one obovate, 34-2 produces extensive thickets.
inches long and 948-v4 inch wide, thin, rounded RANGE.-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Vieques,
a t both ends or short-pointed at base, not St. Thomas, St. Croix, and from Guadeloupe
toothed a t edges, with many fine parallel side and Dominica to Trinidad and Tobago. Con-
veins, the upper surface green and hairless, tinental tropical America in southern Mexico,
and the lower surface light green with minute British Honduras, and Guatemala and from
hairs. Panama to Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, and
Flower clusters (panicles) a t ends and sides Peru. Also tropical Africa.
of twigs are 2y2-6 inches long, with finely hairy
branches. Flowers many, short-stalked, ir- OTHER COMMON NAMES.-P~~O de hoZ (Puert0
regular and pea-shaped, consisting of hairy Rico) ; cambrbn, escambrbn (Dominican Re-
public) ; aturil (Peru) ; bundari (Guyana) ;
bell-shaped 5-toothed calyx
purplish petals about
inch long; 5
inch long and stalked mangle piquant, croc chien (Martinique) .
at base, the rounded standard curved back, 2 BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-Drepanocarpus l u m
wings, and 2 curved keel petals united a t end; tus (L. f.) G. F. W. Meyer.
10 stamens nearly l/(r inch long, united into a The specific name refers to the moon-shaped
tube about 2/s their length; and stalked curved pods.

386. Cereipo Myrospermum f rutelscene Jacq. *

This rare planted deciduous tree 20 feet high durable wood has been used elsewhere. First
and 4 inches in trunk diameter, becoming collected in Puerto Rico near Pefiuelas by P.
larger, is identified by: (1) alternate pinnate Sintenis in 1886. Recorded by Britton and
leaves 4-8 inches long with 11-17 alternate Wilson (10; 5 : 384) from roadsides and wood-
short-stalked oblong or elliptic thin leaflets lands in Puerto Rico, spontaneous after cultiva-
ii/U-i7/$ inch wide, rounded or notched a t apex, tion and naturalized. Now unknown outside
dull green above and paler beneath, easily dis- cultivation in Puerto Rico and not collected by
tinguished by the lines and dots visible with a the authors. Long ago reported from St.
lens against the light; (2) showy whitish Thomas and St. Croix but not observed there
masses of flower clusters (racemes) 3-4 inches in recent years. RANGE.-Native from southern
long a t or near ends of twigs bearing several Mexico and Guatemala to Colombia, Venezuela,
pea-shaped flowers %l inch long, with 5 white and Trinidad. OTHER COMMON NAMES.--cereipo
petals and 10 separate stamens; and (3) dis- (Spanish) ; cuerillo (Mexico) ; guayacln (El
tinctive yellowish flattened pods 2-234 inches Salvador) ; chiriquirin (Nicaragua) ; arco
long with 1seed a t apex and large wing taper- (Costa Rica) ; balsamito, ramoncillo (Colom-
ing to base. This species might serve for orna- bia) ; guatamare, macagua, pui (Venezuela) ;
ment and timber in dry areas, a s the hard heavy wattama (Trinidad).
385. Escmbr6n Machaeritim lunatum (L. f.) Ducke
Leafy twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

387. Ventura, dogwood , Piecidia carthagenensia Jacq.

This medium-sized tree of dry coastal areas and strong, the sapwood whitish and heart-
is characterized by: (1) pinnate leaves with wood yellowish brown. Elsewhere the wood of
usually 7 or 9 elliptic leaflets 2-4 inches long, related species has served for boatbuilding,
beneath gray green and finely hairy; (2) the vehicle construction, posts, and charcoal.
large branched clusters of pinkish pea-shaped Indians, including Caribs in the West Indies,
flowers about inch long; and (3) the dis- threw the root bark, young branches, and
tinctive light brown pod 2-4 inches long with powdered leaves of this and related species into
4 longitudinal membranous wings mostly more the water to aid in catching fish. The fish are
than 1inch across. stupefied, rise to the surface, and float but
A deciduous tree becoming 36 feet high and recover if not caught. This use is indicated in
1 foot in trunk diameter, with smooth gray the English common name and the generic
thick bark. The inner bark is light yellow, name. The bark of this and related species
streaked with tan, and bitter. Twigs are gray has served also in home remedies. The trees
green, finely hairy, becoming gray brown with sometimes are grown in fences as ornamentals.
.
whitish dots and dashes (lenticels) The pointed Locally common in thickets along coast and
buds 1/4, inch or less in length are covered by in coastal hills from sea level to 700 feet alti-
paired broad hairy scales (stipules) , which tude in southern and eastern Puerto Rico. Also
shed very early, leaving scars a t leaf bases. all larger islands eastward including Culebra,
The alternate pinnate leaves are about 7-12 Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Jost
inches long. The slender, finely hairy, gray- Van Dyke, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda.
green leaf axis is enlarged a t the base and PUBLIC FORESTS AND ~AR~s.-Aguirre, Guii-
bears usually 7 or 9 (6-11) leaflets, paired ex- nica ; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands.
cept a t end, each with a stalk % inch long. RA~c~.-Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands,
Leaflet blades are elliptic, mostly 2-4 inches through Lesser Antilles from St. Martin and
long and 1%-2 inches wide, sometimes larger, St. Barts to Barbados, Grenada, and Tobago.
thin, with apex narrowed into a minute point, Also, along coasts of Venezuela, Colombia,
rounded base, border straight or slightly wavy, Ecuador, northwestern Peru, and Galhpagos
the upper surface dark green, hairless and Islands. Also from Panama northwest along
slightly shiny with many nearly straight par- Pacific coast through Central America to south-
allel lateral veins, and the lower surface dull ern and western Mexico.
gray green and finely hairy. OTHER COMMON NAMES.-barbasco (Span-
Flower clusters (panicles), often before the ish) ; cahuirica, frijolillo, tatzungo (Mexico) ;
leaves, are lateral, branched, 3-12 inches long, matapez (Mexico, Colombia) ; zopilocuavo (El
and bear many flowers on slender stalks. The Salvador) ; cachimbo (Costa Rica) ; arepo,
pea-shaped flower is composed of bell-shaped jebe, barbasco amarillo, baurh (Colombia) ;
purplish or pinkish hairy calyx 3/{a inch long, cuchiviin (Venezuela) ; dogwood, fishpoison-
slightly 6-toothed and finely hairy; corolla of 5 tree (English) ; black mahoe (Trinidad and
unequal pale pinkish petals about %l inch long, Tobago) ; bois B bnivrer, dnivrage (Marti-
finely hairy, consisting of the broad rounded nique) ; dogwood, stinkwood (St. Eustatius, St.
spreading standard, 2 narrow wings, and 2 Martin).
united and forming the curved keel; 10 curved BOTANICAL S Y N O N Y M S . P ~ S C ~acumi-
~~~
stamens within keel and united into a narrow nata (Blake) I. M. Johnst., Ichgth~ometitia
tube; and pistil consisting of narrow greenish acuminata Blake, I. piscipuh var. acum62ata
hairy 1-celled ovary and slender bent style. (Blake) Stehl6 & Quentin.
The fruit is an odd-shaped pod composed of Referred by Britton and Wilson (10) to the
long stalk above the calyx a t base, slender body, related species Florida fishpoison-tree, Piscidia
and 4 longitudinal, broad membranous or paper piscipula (L. ) Sarg. (Ichthgomethia piscipula
wings about inch wide. It contains several (L.) Hitchc.) , of Florida, Bahamas, Cuba,
oblong bean-shaped dull brown seeds l/s, inch Jamaica, Hispaniola, and from eastern Mexico
long but does not split open. Flowering from to British Honduras, Guatemala, and coastal
February to June, the fruits maturing in early islands of northern Honduras. That species has
summer and persistent. smaller flowers about inch long with calyx
The wood is described as hard, heavy, tough, bluntly lobed.
387. Ventura, dogwood Piscidia carthagenenms Jacq.
Leafy twig (above), fruit and flowers (lower right), natural size.
LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

388, Pterocarpue, Burma padauk Pterocarpus macrocarpus K u n *

This exotic ornamental, shade, and timber Flower clusters (mostly panicles or racemes)
tree is identified by: (1) long drooping 3-8 inches long bear several to many fragrant
branches ; (2) reddish latex ; (3) pinnate leaves flowers on slender green stalks. Flowers are
alternate in 2 rows with usually 7-11 oblong about ii/8 inch long, with green bell-shaped
to ovate thin shiny green leaflets borne singly, finely hairy calyx %o inch long, unequally 5-
short-pointed a t apex; (4) showy yellow pea- toothed; 5 yellow petals s/8 inch or less in
shaped flowers 5/8 inch long profusely borne in length, becoming crinkled, including nearly
lateral clusters; and (5) nearly round flat round standard more than inch long and
light brown pod 2-29& inches in diameter, rolled back, 2 wings, and 2 smaller keel petals
bordered by a broad membranous wing, stalked united a little at sides; 10 stamens nearly y8
a t base and with minute pointed style a t one inch long, the whitish filaments united toward
side. It differs from the related species No. base; and greenish hairy pistil 7/la inch long,
89, India padauk (Pterocarpua indicua Willd.*), with stalked narrow l-celled ovary and taper-
in the larger pods and the shorter-pointed ing style.
mostly oblong leaflets. The odd fruits, yellow green when immature,
A large spreading tree becoming 80 feet tall turning to light brown, have a roughened cen-
and 2y2 feet in trunk diameter with small but- tral body with raised veins containing 2-4, usu-
tresses and with broad dense crown of long ally 3, seeds but not opening to release them.
branches, some nearly touching the ground. The narrow curved brown seeds are less than
The light brown bark is slightly furrowed and inch long. At the base are remains of calyx
a little rough and shaggy. Inner bark is and a stalk about 3/8 inch long. Recorded in
streaked reddish brown and light brown, as- flower in June and July and in fruit in August
tringent, and produces a small amount of red- and in January and February.
dish sticky bitter latex. The green twigs mi- The wood is light brown and hard. Reported
nutely hairy a t apex bear 2 rows of slightly
drooping leaves. The trees are almost ever- to be an important timber tree of Burma and a
green but with few leaves for a short period in valuable cabinetwood.
spring when old leaves fall and young leaves Sparingly planted in Puerto Rico for orna-
develop. ment and shade, having been introduced about
The leaves 9-16 inches long have 7-11 leaflets 1923. Its use for these purposes is increasing,
borne singly along a light green axis enlarged and it might become very popular. The shade
a t base. Flowering branches often have fewer of the foliage is so dense that grass does not
leaflets, sometimes only 5-1. Leaflets on stalks grow beneath the crown of a large tree.
about 5/le inch long have oblong to ovate blades A splendid ornamental in south Florida,
(or the lowest nearly round) 21/26 inches long flowering several times a year.
and 2-3 inches wide, sometimes larger, short-
pointed a t apex and broadly pointed to nearly R A N G E . - N ~ ~ ~of
v ~ southern Asia from
straight a t base, not toothed on edges, turned Burma to Indochina.
up a t midrib, slightly shiny green above, and OTHER COMMON NAME.-Burma padauk
dull light green beneath. (English).
Flowers (upper left), leafy twig (center), fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size.

309
 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)

389. Retama, wattapania Sabinea florida (Vahl) DC.

Retama or wattapania, on back cover, is a Seeds several, elliptic, flat, 4/8 inch long. In
handsome shrub or small tree with wandlike flower mostly from January to March and with
branches. It is recognized by: (1) pinnate mature fruits in spring and summer.
leaves 2-4 inches long with mostly 8-20 pairs The whitish wood is hard.
of oblong or elliptic leaflets l/s-5/s inch long and When in flower the entire plant is a mass of
. 4/8-% inch wide, bristle-tipped, and nearly bluish purple. Perhaps the most spectacular
stalkless; (2) many showy pale purple pea- species in the flora of Tortola, according to
shaped flowers about v8 inch long and 1%
inches across, usually clustered along old un-
..
D'Arcy (17) A small tree with white flowers
near Aibonito was recorded by Britton and
branched twigs when leafless; and (3 )dark Wilson ( 1 0 ) . N. L. Britton classed this as one
brown very narrow pod 3-4 inches long and % of the most elegant of endemic species in the
inch wide, flattened, and twisting when split- region.
ting open. Sparingly planted as an wnamental for the
A deciduous shrub or small tree 1 2 2 0 feet masses of beautiful flowers which are very
tall with trunk 2-4 inches in diameter, some- conspjcuous along the leafless branches but soon
times to 40 feet high with trunk to 8 inches, shedd~ng. Certainly worthy of wider cultiva-
with long slender spreading branches. The bark tion.
is gray and fissured, the inner bark whitish and Locally common in moist coastal, moist lime-
tasteless. The twigs are brown and finely hairy. stone, and lower Cordillera forests at 100-2,600
Though borne singly or alternate, the leaves feet altitude in northern Puerto Rico. Also in
on very short lateral twigs may appear to be Culebra, Vieques, St. Thomas, St. John, Tor-
paired or more numerous a t a node. There are tola, and Virgin Gorda. Originally named and
2 brown narrow scales (stipules) 3/la inch long described botanically from St. Thomas in 1793.
a t base. The slender green axis is minutely PUBLIC FURESTS AND PARKS.-Cambalache,
hairy and ends in a tiny point beyond last pair Guajataca, Luquillo,* Maricao, Rio Abajo,
of leaflets. Leaflets are rounded at both ends Suslia, Vega; Virgin Islands, Sage Mountain,
with minute bristle tip at apex, thin, dark Gorda Peak.
green and hairless above, and beneath pale RA~c~.-Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands.
green and finely hairy or hairless. OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-San JosB (Puerto
Flowers have slender stalks inch long, Rico) ; wattapama (Virgin Islands).
sometimes single. The bell-shaped purple calyx The genus Sabinea contains only 3 species.
is s/,, inch long and minutely 6-toothed; the 6 Caracolillo, Sabinia punicea Urban, is a shrub
pale purple, lavender, or blue petals nearly
inch long and stalked a t base, consisting of
v8 with dark red to pink flowers, known only
from moist parts of central and western Puerto
broad rounded standard, 2 wings, and 2 slightly Rico. The third, carinalia, S. c a r i d i s Griseb.,
united keel petals; 10 white stamens, 9 united is a shrub with scarlet flowers confined to the
into a tube near base and 1separate, 5 half as island of Dominica. The generic name honors
long as others; and pistil with stalked narrow Joseph Sabine (1770-1837), British botanist.
ovary and long curved reddish purple style. The Related to the locusts, genus Robinia, of conti-
pod is stalked at base and pointed a t both ends. nental United States.
 /

389. Retama, wattapania Sabinea florida (Vahl) DC.

Flowers (left), leafy twig (upper right), fruits (lower right), natural size.

311
 OXALIS FAMILY (OXALIDACEAE)
Herbs and shrubs, rarely trees (Averrltoa), (or 5 reduced to staminodes) in 2 series, and
known by: (1) sour sap; (2) leaves alternate, pistil composed of superior &celled ovary with
pinnately or palmately compound or rarely axile placentation and 1or more ovules in each
simple, entire, without stipules; (3) flowers in cell, and 5 separate persistent styles with dot-
clusters (like umbels or cymes) or solitary, bi- like stigmas; and (4) fruit a columnar 5-
sexual, regular, the calyx of 5 sepals, corolla of angled 6-celled capsule with many seeds, some-
5 petals sometimes united a t base, 10 stamens times with covering (aril) .
390, Carambola Averrhoa carambola L.*
Carambola is rarely planted for its odd, very rounded to wavy at apex; corolla of 5 spreading
sour, juicy, yellow fruits 2y2-4inches long and purple petals nearly % inch long, slightly
1Y2-2 inches broad, oblong and sharply 5- united by edges near base; 5 stamens alternate
angled. Other characters for identification are : with petals and 5 smaller sterile stamens; and
(1) pinnate leaves with 7,9, or 11ovate leaflets pistil with deeply 6-angled 6-celled ovary and 5
mostly paired except a t end, spreading in 2 rows slender styles pressed together.
on long twigs; and (2) small purplish 5-parted The heavy berries hang down in groups or
bell-shaped flowers 3/8 inch long and broad, singly from slender stalks along the twigs,
many on dark red branched stalks a t leaf bases bending down the twigs and branches by their
and on branches. weight. The shape is deeply 6-angled and
Evergreen small tree becoming 25 feet high, grooved (star-shaped in cross section), nar-
with a few trunks from base to 6 inches in rowed to 5 blunt points at apex, slightly
diameter. The bark is light brown, smoothish notched a t base. Color changes from yellow-
to slightly cracked, the inner bark pink brown, green to yellow and orange yellow. The thick
fibrous and tasteless. The long branches are light yellow flesh is soft, juicy, and sour. There
light brown and smooth. Twigs are brown and are 5 small cells and several brown flat seeds
finely hairy when young, ending in a minute s/n-Y2 inch long with yellow flesh (aril) a t end.
hairy leaf. The fruits do not open but fall to the ground,
The alternate pinnate leaves nearly hori- maturing from July to September.
zontal in 2 rows are 6-10 inches long including The sour fruits are eaten raw and used for
the slender light green or pinkish axis and 7, 9, marmalade and pickles. The flavor becomes
or 11drooping leaflets. The leaflets have short less acid and more pleasant at maturity. Leaves
stalks y8 inch long and fold together in pairs at and fruits have served in home remedies.
night. Blades are 1-4 inches long and y4-lYk The wood is whitish and soft.
inches wide, the lowest being smallest and end Carambola is rarely cultivated in Puerto Rico
one largest. They are short-pointed at apex, and the Virgin Islands for the edible fruits. It
rounded but unequal a t base, not toothed at is also a handsome ornamental.
edges, thin, slightly curved up from midvein, R ~ ~ c ~ . - N a t i vof
e tropical Asia but widely
with few inconspicuous side veins, nearly hair- planted through the tropics. Sometimes grown
less, the upper surface green and slightly shiny, in southern Florida and southern California.
and the lower surface dull light green.
Flower clusters (panicles) 1-2 inches long at OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - c a r a r n b o(Span-
la
base of older leaves and back of leaves bear ish, English, Portuguese) ; vinagrillo (Domini-
many flowers on short slender dark red stalks. can Republic) ; pepino de la India (El Salva-
The flower consists of 5 oblong pink sepals dor) ;zibline (Haiti).
390. Jalea, carambola Averrhoa carantbola L.*
Fruit (left), and flowering twig, two-thirds natural size.
 COCA FAMILY (ERYTHROXYLACEAE)
Shrubs and small trees, known by: (1) alter- bell or wheel, with persistent calyx of 6 sepals
nate simple leaves entire to wavy-toothed, hair- or lobes, 5 small petals with 2 minute lobes
less, often with 1pale line on each side of mid- within, 10 stamens in 2 series united into short
vein (from folds in bud), with minute pointed tube toward base, and pistil with superior 3-
stipule in the angle above the petiole like a bud ; celled ovary, 1 cell developing with 1-2 ovules,
(2) minute inconspicuous flowers 1 or several and 3 styles; and (3) fruit a reddish berrylike
at base of leaves, bisexual, regular, in form of drupe, sour, 1-seeded. Also vol. 1,p. 210.
Key to species
A. Leaves mostly 2-4 inches long.
B. Leaves thin, with 2 faint lines nearly parallel with midrib, dull dark green above, and pale whitish g r e n
beneath-92. India, E~throxylumaraolatum L.
BB. Leaves slightly thickened, without faint lines, shin dark green above with network of veins when dry, and
beneath paler and slightly rusty tinmd-392. ~ ~- t h r o- s ~ lrufum.
unt
AA. Leaves most1 l&s than 1%%&es long. -
C. Leaves &in, rounded or notched at apex, dull green to dark green above-391. Ergth~oxylumvotundifo-
liunt.
CC. Leaves thick and stiff, notched at apex, slightly shiny green above, with network of veins when dry-393.
Eylthrozylum urbanii.

391. Rocio, brieselet Erythroxylum rotundifolium Lunan

This common shrub or small tree widespread fleshy fruit (drupe) has calyx persistent a t
a t low altitudes is identified by: (1) small base and becomes dry and brown. Flowering
obovate to rounded thin leaves l/e-ly2inches in summer and maturing fruits in late summer.
long and l/g-% inch wide, alternate and The wood is light brown or whitish and hard.
crowded along short side twigs ; (2) small whit- The fragrant flowers are attractive to bees.
ish flowers about l/s inch across, 1-4 short Common to abundant in open areas from sea
stalks a t leaf bases; and (3) oblong shiny dark level to 2,500 feet altitude nearly throughout
red fleshy fruits l/s inch long. Puerto Rico except in upper Cordillera and up-
Deciduous shrub or sometimes a small tree to per Luquillo forests and through the islands
25 feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, eastward. Also Desecheo, Muertos, Isla Piiieros,
hairless throughout. Bark gray or light brown, Vieques, Culebra, St. Croix and Buck Island,
smooth, becoming finely fissured, the inner bark St. Thomas, St. John, Jost Van Dyke, Tortola,
pinkish and slightly bitter. The gray twigs are and Virgin Gorda.
much branched, often regularly, some long and PUBLIC M~RESTSAND p ~ ~ ~ s . - A g u i r r eCam-
,
slender and many short spurs, roughened by balache, Guajataca, GuBnica, Maricao, Rio
persistent stipules. Abajo, San Juan, SusGa, Vega, Estate Thomas;
The leaves have slender leafstalks l/,,-s/lo Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands, Sage Moun-
inch long. The pointed stipules inch long tain.
inserted 1 above leaf base form the buds and RANGE.-Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Virgin
persist a s crowded scales on the short side Islands, St. Martin, St. Barts, and Guadeloupe.
twigs. Blades are rounded or slightly notched Recorded from Curacao.
at apex, short-pointed a t base, thin, dull green
to dark green on upper surface, and light green OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-jiba, rat6n (Puerto
beneath. Rico) ; brisselet (Virgin Islands) ; yaria de
The flowers have a slender stalk less than Yu costa (Cuba) ; bois vinette, bresillette (Marti-
inch long, ;,-toothed calyx, 5 white petals l/s nique) .
BOTANICALS Y N O N Y M . - E ? ~ ~ ~ ~ Obre- X ~ ~
inch long with 2 lobes (ligules) near middle of
inner side, 10 stamens united into a tube toward vipes DC. The generic name has been spelled
base, and pistil with ovary and 3 styles. The also Ergthroxglon.
391. Rocio, brisselet Ewthrozyltcm rotti~idifoliumLunan
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.
COCA FAMILY (ERYTHROXYLACEAE)

Erythroxylum rufum Cav.

This rare small tree of western Puerto Rico tinged, often with 2 faint lines parallel with
is identified by: (1) elliptic to obovate leaves midvein.
with large notch a t the rounded apex ; (2) small Flowers few or 1 a t leaf bases and back of
5-parted flowers about l/a inch across on slender leaves have slender stalks %-% inch long
stalks a t leaf bases; and (3) oblong red fleshy slightly thickened above, 6-toothed calyx
fruits 1/2-5/8 inch long. inch long, 6 spreading petals s/lB inch long, 10
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet high stamens united into a tube toward base, and
and 4 inches in trunk diameter, with horizontal pistil with 3-celled ovary and 3 styles. The fruit
branches, hairless throughout. Bark gray, (drupe) has calyx a t base, thin pulp, and 1seed.
smooth to slightly fissured. Twigs brown, with Collected with fruits in June and July.
raised dots (lenticels), ending in pointed bud Rare in moist limestone forest from Vega
'/s inch long formed by stipules. Baja west and western lower Cordillera forest
Leaves alternate, mostly on short side twigs. to 2,600 feet altitude in western Puerto Rico.
Stipule a pointed scale inch long inserted PUBLIC FORESTS.-Guajataca, Maricao, SU-
above base of slender leafstalk %-s/o inch long siia.
and often persistent on twig back of leaves. RANGE.-CU~~, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and
Blades 1%-4 inches long, and 1-2% inches Venezuela and Guyana in northern South
wide, with large notch a t rounded apex, short-
pointed a t base, slightly thickened and turned America.
under a t edges, the upper surface shiny dark OTHER COMMON ~AMES.-papelillo, topillo
green, with network of veins when dry, the (Dominican Republic) ;miel de pajarito (Vene-
lower surface dull, paler and slightly rusty zuela).
 E~throa&tlrn rufttnt Cav.
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (lower left), natural size.
COCA FAMILY (ERYTHROXYLACEAE)

393. Erythroxylum urbanii 0.E. Schulz

A shrub or small tree of limestone hills of The flowers on stalks inch long are com-
northern and western Puerto Rico, identified posed of greenish 5-toothed calyx, 5 spreading
by : (1) small obovate or elliptic, thick and stiff white petals y8 inch long with 2 lobes (ligules)
leaves 3/-1% inches long and y8-1 inch wide, near middle of inner side, 10 stamens united
notched a t apex, in 2 rows on twigs, which also into a tube toward base, and pistil with ovary
are in 2 rows; (2) small whitish 5-parted flow- and 3 short styles. The fruit (drupe) has calyx
ers inch across, single or few and almost a t base, juicy orange pulp and 1oblong yellow-
stalkless a t leaf bases ; and (3) oblong orange- ish seed j/s inch long. With flowers in spring
v8
red fleshy fruits inch long.
Evergreen shrub or sometimes a small tree
and summer and with fruits in August.
The wood is light brown and hard.
to 20 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, Uncommon and local in moist limestone and
hairless throughout. Bark gray, becoming fis- western lower Cordillera forests a t 300-2,500
sured. The inner bark is light pink and slightly feet altitude in northern and western Puerto
bitter. Twigs both long and short, the short Rico. Discovered near Manati and collected
twigs roughened by crowded persistent stipules. afterwards near Vega Baja.
Leaves alternate in 2 rows but also crowded PUBLIC~ o ~ ~ s ~ s . - G u a j a t a cMaricao,
a, Rio
on short side twigs. Stipule a pointed scale '/le Abajo, Susba.
inch long ending in 2 bristles, inserted above R A N G E . - ~ U ~Rico
~~O and Hispaniola (Haiti
base of the leafstalk S6-Y8 inch long and often and Dominican Republic).
persistent. The blades are short-pointed a t
base, thick and stiff, slightly bent up a t midvein The specific name honors Ignatz Urban
and turned under a t edges, the upper surface (1848-1931), German botanist and author of a
slightly green, with network of veins when dry, flora of Puerto Rico and similar volumes on
and the lower surface dull light green. other islands of the West Indies.

CALTROP FAMILY (ZYGOPHYLLACEAE)

Mostly shrubs, also herbs and few trees, usually with disk, 5-10 (15) stamens often with
known by: (1) twigs with rings a t enlarged scales a t base, and pistil composed of superior
nodes; (2) opposite even pinnate leaves, the 4-5 celled ovary usually angled or winged, with
leaflets asymmetrical with unequal sides, en- 2 to many ovules in each cell, and style ;and (4)
tire, often leathery, with paired stipules; (3) fruit usually an angled or winged capsule with
flowers solitary or few, bisexual, regular, gen- few seeds. Vol. 1,p. 212.
erally with 5 sepals and 5 yellow or blue petals,
Key to species (Nos. 93-94)
A. Leaflets mostly 4, sometimes 6; fruits mostly flattened, heart-shaped at apex-93. Guayachn, common lig-
numvitae, Guaiacum oficiltale L.
AA. Leaflets mostly 6-10; fruits deeply 5- or 4-angled or winged, pointed at apex-94. Guayacin blanco, holywood
lignumvitae, Guaiamm savtctzrm L.
393. Ergthrozylum urbanii 0. E . Schulz
Twig with flowers and immature fruits (left), flowering twig (upper right), fruiting twig (lower right), natural
size.
 RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE)
Shrubs and trees, rarely herbs, known by: ally with 5-4 sepals and 5-4 petals, 8-10 (3 to
(1) leaves, fruits, and bark aromatic with pun- many) stamens, generally 1pistil on a disk with
gent citrus odor; (2) leaves simple, pinnate, or superior deeply lobed ovary usually 5-&celled
digitate, with gland dots, generally hairless, with 1 or more ovules in each cell, and 5-1
without stipules; (3) flowers usually regular, styles; and (4) fruit generally a capsule or
mostly white or greenish, small to large and berry, sometimes a drupe, follicle, or winged
showy, commonly bisexual, sometimes male and (samara) . Also vol. 1,p. 216.
female on different plants (dioecious) , gener-

Key to species

A. Leaves opposite.
B. Leaves simple, stalkless, elli tic to ovate, short-pointed, 2-6 inches long--401. Ravenia urbanii.
BB. Leaves compound with usuaiy 3 lon pointed leaflets or pinnate with 6 or 7-Amyri..
C. Leaflets mostly 3: fruit round.
amyris, Amiris elemifera L..
% inch long:
-. hairless or nearly- so:. widely distributed-95. Tea. sea
CC. Leaflets 3-7; fruit elliptic, %-% inch long; stiff hairs on flower clusters, calyx, and ovary; very
rare-394. Amy& balsamifera.
AA. Leaves alternate.
D. Leaves simple.
E. Leaves with margin not toothed, sometimes slightly wavy, petiole not jointed with blade; flowers and
fruit very small about %O inch long-103. Palo rubio, yellow-prickle, yellow prickly-ash, Zan-
thozylum monophullum (Lam.) P. Wilson.
EE. Leaves with many rounded teeth on margin, petiole usually jointed with blade; flowers very large,
white; fruit a rounded or elliptic juicy berry (citrus)--Citrrts.
F. Leaves small, mostly 1%-3 inches long; fruit less than 2% inches long.
G. Petioles %-I inch long, not winged; fruit deep orange or reddish orange, rounded but
much flattened, 2-3 inches in diameter, with thin loose peel (mandarin orange)-397.
Citrus reticulata.*
GG. Petioles 9 6 4 inch long, narrowly winged; fruit elliptic, green, yellow, or orange, 1%-2%
inches long (lime)-96. Lim6n agrio, lime, Citrus aurantifolia (L.) Swingle..
FF. Leaves and f ~ ilarger. t
H. Petiole wingless or narrowly winged.
I. Petiole wingless or nearly so.
J. Petiole less than U inch long; fruit oblong or elliptic, yellowish or greenish, with
very thick whitish peel and small bitter pulp (citron)-396. Citrus medics.*
JJ. Petiole almost wingless %-% inch long; f r u ~ elliptic,
t blunt- ointed or tubercled
a t both ends, the sur!ace often rough and wrinkled, yellow &on)-98. Limb
de cabro, lemon, Citrus limon (L.) B u m . f.*
11. Petiole narrowly winged, 96-94 inch long; fruit round, smooth, orange (sweet orange)
-100. China, sweet orange, Citrus sinensis Osbeck.*
HH. Petiole broadly winged.
K. Leaves mostly long-pointed a t apex; fruit round, roughened, orange, bitter, inedible
(sour orange)-97. Naranja agria, sour orange, Citrus aurantium L.*
KK. Leaves rounded a t both ends (or blunt-pointed a t apex) ; fruit round. smooth, large.
L. Petiole elliptic; fruit 3%-5 inches in diameter (grapefruit)-99. Toronja, grape-
fruit, Cztrus paradisi Macfadyen.*
LL. Petiole heart-shaped; fruit 5-6 inches in diameter, round or slightly pear-
shaped, with thick peel (pumme10)-395. Citrus grandis.*
DD. Leaves compound.
M. Leaves palmately compound (digitate) with usually 3 leaflets.
N. Leaflets 3, ovate, 34-134 inches long, with finely wavy edges and slightly notched or rounded a t
a p e x 4 0 2 . Triphasia trifolia.*
NN. Leaflets usually 3 (l-5),large, elliptic, 2-6 inches long, turned under a t edges-400. Pilocarpus
racernosus.
MM. Leaves pinnate (leaflets only 2 in No. 403 and sometimes in No. 405).
0. Leaflets 3-9, elliptic to obovate, %-I% inches long, finely wavy toothed. fruit (berry) elliptic
or egg-shaped. %-% inch long, shiny red-399. Murraya paniculatu.*'
00. Leaflets mostly 7 to many, sometimes only 3 or 2; fruit a dry blackish capsule-Zanthozylz~m.
P. Spines none; leaflets mostly 5-9, elliptic, 1-3 inches long-101. Aceitillo, yellow-sanders,
yellowheart, Zanthozylum flavum Vahl.
PP. Spines on twigs and leaves.
Q. Leaves very small with mostly 3-7 narrow leaflets %-% inch long on winged axis;
twigs very slender, widely forking, with paired spines a t nodes--406. Zanthozylum
spinif ex.
 RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE)
QQ. Leaves and leaflets larger on axis not winged; twigs mostly stout.
R. Leaflets 2, obovate or spoon-shaped, stiff and thick, turned under a t edges, with
usually a spine a t apex of petiole--408. Zanthozylum bifoliolatnm.
RR. Leaflets 3 or more (sometimes 2 in No. 405).
S. Leaflets less than 1 inch long, 5-9, ovate or rounded407. Zanthozylum
thmnasianum.
. - - ~ ~.
~

SS. Leaflets more than 1inch long.

T. Leaflets bordered with coarse wavy teeth. 7-13,. elli~tic-404.
- Znnthozu-
lum punctatum.
TT. Leaflets bordered with minute wavy teeth.
U. Leaflets elliptic or obovate, 2-7, commonly 3 4 0 5 . Zanthoxylum
punctutum.
UU. Leaflets oblong to lance-shaped, 7-19-102. Espino rubial, white-
prickle, Martinique prickly-ash, Zattthozylum martinicense
(Lam.) DC.

394. Teilla, balsam amyris Amyris balsamifeta L.

This aromatic shrub or small tree is related 8 stamens, and pistil with stiff hairs on ovary
to the common species No. 95, tea, sea amyris, and broad stigma; and (3) many black fruits
Amgris elemifera L., and has been reported (drupes) elliptic, l/s-Y8 inch long, often taper-
from near Guhnica, though not found by the ing into narrow base. The resinous wood has
authors. Main differences are the fruits slightly served elsewhere for torches and production of
larger, elliptic, and often tapering into narrow amyris oil. RANGE.-Southern Florida, Cuba,
base instead of round and the ovary densely Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico ( ?) , Colom-
hairy instead of hairless. Distinguishing char- bia, and Venezuela. OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-
acteristics include : (1) opposite compound guaconejo, palo de teja (Dominican Republic) ;
leaves with mostly 3, sometimes 5 or 7, ovate cuaba, cuaba blanca, cuaba de monte, cuabilla
leaflets 1v2-5 inches long and %-2 inches wide,
lonppointed a t apex and short-pointed or (Cuba) ; tigua (Venezuela) ; balsam amyris
rounded a t base, hairless, with many gland dots (United States) ; torchwood (Jamaica) ; bois
and aromatic when crushed; (2) many small chandelle (Haiti). Specimens of this rare spe-
whitish flowers with minute 4-lobed bristly cies are desired to verify the occurrence in
hairy calyx, 4 spreading petals s/lo inch across, Puerto Rico.

395. Pomelo, pummelo Citrus grandis ( L . ) Oebeck*

This small spiny evergreen tree is related to with 5 sepals, 6 white petals, 20-25 stamens,
No. 99, toronja or grapefruit, C. paradisi Mac- and pistil with many-celled ovary. The thick
fayden,* but has larger smoothish, thick- fruit peeling has been used in making marma-
skinned fruits 5-6% inches in diameter or lade. Sparingly planted in Puerto Rico and the
slightly pear-shaped, with the juicy particles Virgin Islands and perhaps escaping from cul-
large and easily separable, and large rough yel- tivation. R A ~ ~ ~ . h T a tof
i vsoutheastern
e Asia
lowish seeds. The twigs are stout, angular, and East Indies but widely planted and natural-
often hairy. The larger elliptic leaves are 3-6 ized in tropical regions of the world. OTHER
inches long, 2-3 inches wide, blunt a t apex,
rounded or slightly heart-shaped a t base, wavy- COMMON NAMES.-pomelo, pamplemusa (Span-
toothed on edges, often hairy on veins, the peti- ish) ; pummelo, shaddock (English) ; chadGque,
ole 1 inch long, broadly winged, heart-shaped, pamplemousse (French). BOTANICALSYNO-
and hairy. Flowers are very large and showy, NYM.-~. m a x i m (Burm.) Merr.
RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE)

396. Cidra, citron Citrus medicrt L.*

Cidra or citron is distinguished from the tube; and pistil on disk base with green 9-13-
other citrus fruits by the following characters : celled ovary tapering into the stout yellowish
(1) large dull green oblong to elliptic leaves style. The fruit (berry) contains whitish,
with usually rounded apex and short wingless pointed, elliptic seeds a/8 inch long in a pale
petiole which generally is not jointed with yellow pulp. The rind is firm and slightly bitter.
blade; (2) flowers 11/2-1% inches across, with Flowering and fruiting irregularly.
6 whitish petals curved inward a t tip and The wood is light brown and hard and not
purplish tinged on outside; and (3) the large used in Puerto Rico.
oblong or cylindric yellowish or greenish fruit The commercial part of the fruit is the thick
5-8 inches long and 3y2-6 inches in diameter, peel or rind, which is packed in brine for ship-
blunt-pointed at apex, wrinkled or smooth, with ment and afterwards candied and made into
very thick whitish peel or rind 1J,4-2Y2 inches preserves and confections. The Mediterranean
thick and scant or dry bitter pulp. region exports quantities of the rind to the
An aromatic evergreen shrub or small tree United States and other countries. Citron is
to 15 feet in height and 3 inches in trunk diam- more sensitive to cold than related species. The
eter, with short trunk and long irregular flowers of this and other species of citrus pro-
branches. The bark is brown and smoothish, duce nectar in quantity and are an important
the inner bark light brown and slightly bitter. source of honey.
The green twigs usually have large stout green Citron is grown locally in plantations in
spines a/,-1% inches long, single a t nodes. Puerto Rico, chiefly near the coast and in the
The alternate leaves have petioles %-I,&, inch central mountains but is uncommon. Also in
long and large oblong to elliptic blades 3-7 St. Croix.
inches long and 1%-2 inches wide, the apex R A N G E . - N ~ ~ ~home
v~ uncertain, possibly
sometimes short-pointed or notched, base Arabia, India, or China. Widely cultivated and
rounded or short-pointed, borders with many naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions,
minute rounded teeth, thick and leathery, with including Florida and West Indies, and from
numerous gland dots, dull green above and light Mexico and Guatemala t o Peru and Argentina.
green beneath. OTHER COMMON NAMES.--Cidra (Spanish) ;
The flowers are short compact terminal or cedro lim6n, cidrero (Mexico) ; toronja (El
lateral clusters (racemes) or 3-10 or sometimes Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica) ; zamboa,
solitary, some bisexual and some male, the buds cidro (Colombia) ;lim6n cedra (Peru) ; citron
purplish tinged. The cuplike light green calyx (United States, English) ; citron, citronnier
g6 inch long is 6-toothed; the 5 spreading ob- (French) ; c6drat (Guadeloupe) ; bois de
long petals s/-lj4 inches long; about 30-40 or citronnier, cidreira (French Guiana) ; citroen
more stamens united in lower part into a white (Dutch Antilles).
396. Cidra, citron L."
Flo\vering twig (above), fruit (below), natural size.
RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE)

397. Handarina, mandarin orange Cirrus reticulatu Blanco*

Mandarina or mandarin orange, known also pointed lobes turned back; the 5 white petals
as tangerine is recognized by its aromatic fruit are about %i inch long; about 20 stamens united
and foliage and is distinguished from other a t base; and pistil with 8-15-celled ovary, long
citrus trees by: (1) elliptic to lance-shaped style, and rounded stigma.
leaves varying from rounded to pointed a t both The distinctive fruit of mandarin orange or
ends, and petiole narrowly margined but not tangerine is composed of 8-15 sections and has
winged; (2) fragrant small white flowers :)!&-I the pulp walls more fibrous than in other spe-
inch across; and (3) the fruit, which is deep cies. The many whitish pointed seeds are about
orange or reddish orange, rounded but much inch long, not noticeably flattened. Flower-
flattened and sunken a t base and apex, 2 3 ing in spring and maturing fruits in winter.
inches in diameter, with thin skin loose and The whitish hard wood is not used.
easily removed, and hollow core of orange or A few races of this species occasionally are
reddish, sweetish acid flesh easily separated planted a s fruit trees through the moist areas
into fibrous-walled sections. of Puerto Rico. Classed also as an ornamental
A small evergreen tree 15 feet high and 3 of graceful form and fine foliage in southern
inches in trunk diameter. The bark is brown Florida.
and smoothish, the inner bark pale greenish RANGE.-Native of Philippines and south-
and yellowish, and bitter. The slender green eastern Asia. Widely planted in tropical and
twigs, angled when young, are spiny or spine- subtropical regions, including subtropical
less. United States and West Indies south to Peru
Leaves alternate with petioles inch and Bolivia.
long. The blade is 1%-4 inches long and %-13/!& OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-mandarina (Span-
inches wide, jointed to petiole, with many mi- ish) ; naranja mandarina (Dominican Repub-
nute rounded teeth a t edges, slightly leathery lic) ; mandarin orange, tangerine, king orange
and with numerous tiny gland dots, dark green (United States, English); mandarine
and dull or slightly shiny above and beneath (French) ; mandarijn (Dutch West Indies).
paler. The apex is long-pointed in one variety. BOTANICALs ~ ~ O N Y M . - c i t r nnobilis An-
There are 1 4 flowers terminal or a t leaf drews not Lour., C. noFilh var. deliciosa (Te-
base. The calyx is y8 inch long and has 5 nore) Swingle.
397. Mandarina, mandarin orange Citrus reticulata Blanco*
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.

326
RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE)

398. Kunquat, kumquat Fortrrnella rnargnritn (Lour,) Swingle*

Kumquat, a relative of the citrus fruits, is the aromatic oil, the whitish inner rind sweet-
sometimes planted in Puerto Rico for its ish, and the pulp sour like a lemon. Also, mar-
smaller edible fruits and for ornament. Its dis- malade and jelly are prepared from the fruit.
tinguishing characters are : (1) leaves lanceo- Uncommon as a cultivated fruit tree and
late, 1Y23y2inches long and y2-1% inches ornamental in Puerto Rico. The plants can be
wide, blunt or short-pointed at both ends, with trimmed as hedges.
many minute rounded teeth a t edges, slightly R~~cE.-Known only in cultivation but ap-
thickened, and shiny dark green with gland parently native in southeastern China. Planted
dots, with petiole jointed to blade; (2) small in tropical and subtropical regions of the
aromatic flowers mostly solitary a t leaf bases, world, including southern border of United
va inch across the 6 spreading white petals; States.
and (3) fruit the edible kumquat, egg-shaped OTHER COMMON NAMES.-kumquat largo
or oblong, Il/s-lJ)!k inches long and %-ll/il (Puerto Rico) ;oval kumquat, nagami kumquat
inches broad, yellow or yellow orange, with (United States).
edible peel. Kumquats are grown across the southern
An evergreen aromatic bushy shrub or small border of continental United States from
tree to 15 feet high with compact crown of the Florida to California. The plants are hardier
same width. Twigs green, angled, hairless, with than most fruits and can be grown farther
minute gland dots, mostly without spines. north, also a s potted plants. Sprays of twigs
The alternate hairless leaves have stout peti- with both leaves and fruits are sold for holiday
oles 1/$-5/8 inch long, nearly round. Blades have decorations.
inconspicuous veins and are dull light green on Two other species of kumquat have been
lower surface. planted occasionally in Puerto Rico and else-
Flowers are solitary or few a t leaf bases on where in tropical and subtropical regions.
stalks of about inch and develop from angu- Round kumquat or kumquat redondo, Fortu-
lar buds. The calyx is minute, with 6 teeth; n e l h japonica (Thunb.) Swingle,* known also
corolla of 6 narrow white petals less than as marumi kumquat, has round fruits %-I inch
inch long; 16 or 20 stamens in bundles ; and on in diameter with milder tasting peel, spines
a disk the pistil with rounded usually 44-celled often solitary a t leaf base, smaller leaves about
ovary with 2 ovules in each cell, short persistent 1-2 inches long, and smaller seeds. It also is
style, and elliptic stigma. known only in cultivation but apparently is
The fruit (berry or hesperidium) known a s native in southern China. Hongkong kumquat,
kumquat resembles a small orange or lemon, Fortunella hindsii (Champ.) Swingle,* or kun-
covered with gland dots, composed of light yel-
low wall about 4/8 inch thick, mostly 4-6 cells quat de Hongkong, has smaller fruits about
with juicy yellow pulp. Seeds usually 1in each ya-Vainch in diameter, brillant scarlet orange
cell, elliptic, whitish, s/n inch long. when ripe, with 3-4 cells, spiny twigs, and el-
The entire fruit except the seeds is edible, the liptic leaves. It is native of Hongkong and ad-
outer rind or wall being slightly spicy from jacent China.
398. Icunquat, kumquat Forttinella margarita (Lour.) Swingle*
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.

327
RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE)

399. Mirto, orange-jessamine Murraya paniculata (L. ) Jack*

Mirto or orange-jessamine is a handsome liage. The surface is shiny and has many minute
ornamental shrub common as a hedge and some- gland dots. Within the watery bitter red pulp
times reaching tree size. It is recognized by: are 1-2 elliptic light green seeds %-v8 inch
(1) small shiny dark green pinnate leaves 11h2-4 long. Flowering irregularly through the year.
inches long, with 3-9 elliptic to obovate leaflets The wood is described a s light yellow with
finely wavy margined, with minute gland dots, light brown heartwood, hard, heavy, fine-tex-
with spicy citrus taste and odor when crushed ; tured, and good for turned articles.
(2) fragrant white flowers inch across the This species has vigorous root growth and
5 narrow curved petals, few and opening could serve as a stock for citrus fruits. Else-
singly; and (3) showy shiny red fruits, elliptic where the roots and barks have been used in
or egg-shaped, .7/n-V2inch long. home remedies. Propagated from seeds and
Evergreen planted shrub in hedges 6-10 feet cuttings.
high or becoming a small tree to 25 feet high PUBLICFOREST.-Susda.
and 5 inches in trunk diameter, with spreading Mirto is grown in Puerto Rico and the Virgin
dense crown. The bark is gray, becoming fis- Islands mainly as a hedge and ornamental in
sured, rough, and shreddy. Inner bark is light gardens and is an uncommon escape from culti-
brown and almost tasteless. Twigs are slender, vation. It is most common in the southwest of
green and finely hairy when young, afterwards Puerto Rico and found also in St. Croix, St.
light gray and finely fissured. Thomas, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda. Planted
The alternate leaves are erect and stiff, pin- through the West Indies and from Mexico to
nate, having a slender green, finely hairy axis Brazil and becoming naturalized. Introduced
x-3 inches long and 3-9 alternate leaflets. The as an ornamental in Florida and southern Ari-
leaflets on slender stalks $4a-48inch long are zona and raised in greenhouses northward.
1/-!1/2 inches long and l/g--7/8 inch wide, el- RANGE.-Southeastern Asia from India to
hptlc to obovate and often broadest beyond China, Australia, Philippines, and Melanesian
middle, blunt or sometimes notched a t apex, islands.
long-pointed at base, and finely wavy mar- OTHER COMMON NAMES.-mirt0, cafe de la
gined, slightly thick and stiff, becoming hair- India (Puerto Rico) ;mirto (Spanish) ; azahar
less or nearly so. The upper surface is shiny de jardin (Dominican Republic) ; muraya,
dark green, and the lower surface dull light muralera, boj de Persia, jazmin franc&, jazmin
green. de Persia (Cuba) ; limonaria (Guatemala, El
Flowers are few in clusters (corymbs) a t or Salvador) ; limoncillo (Guatemala) ; jazmin de
near ends of twigs on slender stalks less than Arabia (El Salvador) ; azahar (Colombia) ;
I& inch long. The calyx is composed of 5 pointed orange-jessamine (United States) ; China-box,
green sepals inch long, minutely hairy; mockorange (Jamaica) ;bun (Haiti) ; dogwood
petals 5, 4/2-% inch long, oblong, curved out (St. Barts) ; boxwood (Dutch Antilles) ; St.
and downward; stamens mostly 10, separate Patrick bush (Virgin Islands).
and of unequal length ;and on a disk the slender BOTANICAL S Y N O N Y M S . ~ ~exotica ~ ~ ~ ~
pistil with Bcelled ovary, long style, and dot (L.) Millsp., C. padculata L., Murraya exotica
stigma. L. The generic name has been spelled also Mur-
The few red fruits (berries) clustered at raea.
ends of twigs stand out in the dark green fo-
399. Mirto, orange-jessamine Murraya panictclata (L.) Jack*
Twig with flowers and fruits (above), fruiting twig (lower left), natural size.
329
RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE)

Pilocarpus racernosus L.

This odd rare shrub or small tree of the moist 5 widely spreading pointed petals more than
limestone forest is recognized by : (1) large 4/8 inch long; 5 stamens; and on a disk the pistil
palmately compound leaves with usually 3 with broad 5-celled ovary and short style. The
(1-5) elliptic leaflets, with minute gland dots 1-3 podlike fruits (follicles) maturing from a
and aromatic; (2) many dark red 5-parted flower split open on 1side. The seed is rounded
starlike flowers 1/4, inch across on red stalks and flattened, about inch long, and black.
along a n erect axis 6-14 inches long; and (3) Flowering and fruiting intermittently.
the fruits from a flower are 1-3 dark brown The sapwood is light brown and hard.
rounded podlike parts nearly y2inch long, each The alkaloid pilocarpine, used in medicine,
1-seeded. has been obtained from the dried leaflets of sev-
Evergreen shrub or sometimes a small tree eral species of this genus. Leaflets of this spe-
to 15 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, cies were known a s Guadeloupe jaborandi.
with few branches and stout green twigs, hair- Rare in moist limestone forests a t 200-600
less throughout. The bark is gray and smooth, feet altitude in northwestern Puerto Rico, col-
the inner bark whitish and tasteless. lected near Aguada and Aguadilla and a t Gua-
The leaves are alternate and palmately com- jataca Forest. Also Culebra, Vieques, and St.
pound (sometimes pinnate) with usually 3 John.
(1-6) leaflets on stalks about 48' inch long a t PULIC FoREsT.--Gu~~~~~~~.
end of petiole of 1 3 inches. Leaflet blades are RANGE.--CU~~, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico,
2-6 inches long and lay2inches wide, notched Culebra, Vieques, St. John, Montserrat, Guade-
a t apex and rounded or short-pointed a t base, loupe, and Martinique. Also from southern
slightly thick and leathery, turned under a t Mexico to Costa Rica. Recorded from Aruba
edges, with many minute gland dots, the upper and Curacao.
surface shiny dark green and the lower surface OTHER COMMON NAMES.--CO~~~S(El Salva-
dull yellow green. dor) ; bois blanc, flambeau caraibe (Guade-
The flower clusters (racemes) have a slender loupe) ; flamboir noir, bois flambeau (Marti-
terminal erect brownish axis and many flowers nique) ; burachi, palu cayente (Aruba, Cura-
on slender horizontal red stalks 3/8-YU inch cao).
long. The flowers consist of 6-lobed calyx less BOTANICALS Y N O N Y M . - P ~ ~ O C U ~longipes
~~(~
than '/lo inch long; starlike dark red corolla of Rose.
400. Aceitillo Pifoeaqua racemosus L.
Leaf (above), flowers and fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size.
RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE)

401. Tortugo prieto Rauenia urbanii Engler

This small tree known only from eastern lower 2 fertile; and pistil of ovary with 4 or 5
mountains of Puerto Rico is recognized by: lobes and cells, slender style, and 4-5-lobed
(1) the opposite, stalkless, elliptic to ovate, stigma. The dry brown fruit about s/8 inch long
short-pointed, leathery, dark green leaves 2-6 and broad is composed of 5 podlike parts (folli-
inches long and l--Ql,L2inches wide, with many cles), each with 1or 2 seeds more than Ya inch
minute gland dots; and (2) the few showy long and splitting open. In flower and fruit
crimson tubular flowers 1inch long and broad throughout the year.
at the base of a leaf, the corolla unequally 5- The sapwood is whitish, hard, and heavy
lobed. (specific gravity 0.9). Chief local uses of the
An evergreen tree 26 feet high (rarely 40 wood are for posts and fuel.
feet) and 5 inches or more in trunk diameter, This handsome tree is being teated as a
with a narrow crown. The bark is smoothish, promising ornamental for its dark green foliage
dark gray, and thin, with whitish tasteless in- and few red flowers.
ner bark The young twigs are slightly flattened Rare in upper Luquillo and upper Cordillera
and Zangled, broadest just below leaves. The forest regions at 1,500-3,000 feet altitude in
opposite leaves are broad and rounded a t base, eastern Puerto Rico.
not toothed on edges, hairless, paler beneath. PUBLIC m ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - C a r iLuquillo.
te,
Flower clusters are lateral or terminal, bear- R ~ ~ c ~ . - K n o w nonly from mountains of
ing 1-7 flowers nearly stalkless or on a stalk eastern Puerto Rico.
about 1 inch long. Sepals 5, 2 long and 3 short, Dedicated to Ignatz Urban (1848-1931),
r/,-Y! inch long; the crimson tubular corolla German botanist and authority on West Indian
with 5 unequal lobes, with minute gland dots; plants.
stamens 4, attached to the corolla tube, only the
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size.

333
RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE)

402. Chinita, eweet-lime, limeberry Triphasia rrifolirr (Burm. f.) P. Wile.*

This introduced shrub or rarely a small tree ing usually 1 seed about $!! inch long in the
is closely related to the citrus fruits. It is recog- sticky pulp. Flowering and fruiting irregularly
nized by : (1)paired slender spines V4-r;/, inch through the year.
long a t nodes of the finely hairy greenish twigs ; The plants are grown as ornamental shrubs
(2) leaves 1-2 inches long, composed of 3 ovate and in hedges. The mucilaginous juicy fruits
shiny dark green leaflets with finely wavy edges are edible and have been used in making mar-
and many gland dots, aromatic when crushed; malade and jam. A honey plant. Popular as a
(3) fragrant cup-shaped flowers with 3 white landscape shrub in southern Florida. Propa-
petals y8 inch long, 3 or fewer a t leaf bases; gated by seeds and cuttings.
and (4) elliptic reddish fruits inch Planted and naturalized in Puerto Rico and
long with thick skin and mucilaginous spicy Virgin Islands. Recorded from Vieques, St.
pulp. Thomas, St. John, and Tortola.
Evergreen shrub 6 1 0 feet high or rarely a PUBLIC FOREST AND ~ A ~ ~ . - E s t a t Thomas;
e
small tree to 15 feet. Leaves alternate, hairless, Virgin Islands.
with slender petiole inch long and 3 leaflets R~N~E.-"ative of southeastern Asia or
on very short stalks, the middle leaflet about East Indies. Widely cultivated and naturalized
twice as large as the others. Leaflet blades in tropical and subtropical regions.
1v2 inches long and y8-1 inch wide, slightly Planted in southern continental United
notched or rounded a t apex, short-pointed a t States from Florida to Texas and recorded as
base, slightly thickened, with numerous gland naturalized but injured by severe frosts.
dots plainer on the light green lower surface. OTHER COMMON NAMES.--china de Bak6n,
Foliage compact, often drooping. lim6n de Jerusaldn, china forastera, limoncito
The short-stalked gland-dotted flowers are (Puerto Rico) ; limoncillo (Spanish) ; lime-
composed of 3-toothed hairy green calyx berry ; sweet-lime (English) ; bergamot-lime,
inch long; corolla of 3 (sometimes 4) spreading trifoliate limeberry, (United States) ; sweet-
narrow white petals Vflinch long; 6 stamens on lemon (St. Barts) ; myrtle lemon, lamoentsji
a disk; and pistil with elliptic 3-celled ovary, die Surinaam, lamoentsji sjimar6n (Dutch
long style, and rounded stigma. Berries aro- Antilles) ; naranjita de pegar (Dominican Re-
matic, gland-dotted, with calyx a t base, contain- public).
402. Chinita, sweet-lime, limeberry Triphasia trifolicr ( B u m . f .) P. Wils.*
Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (right), natural size.
RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE)

Zanthoxybm bijolioln~umLeonard

This rare shrub or small tree of the western lower surface light green and slightly shiny
mountains in Puerto Rico is distinguished by: with raised veins.
(1) scattered slender sharp spines to inch Flowers are male and female in different
long on the twigs; (2) compound leaves with clusters, short-stalked a t leaf bases, apparently
only 2 obovate or spoon-shaped leaflets, stiff .
on different trees (dioecious) Male flowers
and thick, and usually a spine at apex of petiole ; have 3-4 minute sepals, 3-4 petals more than
(3) many or few small flowers %o inch wide ] / l o inch long, 3-4 stamens y8 inch long, and
clustered a t leaf bases; and (4) round black minute nonfunctioning pistil. Female flowers
pod^
seedeI inch wide, 1 or 2 from a flower, 1-
Evergreen shrub 6-8 feet high or sometimes
have 3 sepals, 3 petals, and on a disk 2 united
pistils less than '/1,, inch long, each with
rounded ovary, short style, and dot stigma.
a small tree to 25 feet in height and 4 inches in Each pod (follicle) splits open on 1 side and
trunk diameter, hairless throughout. Bark contains 1shiny black seed inch in diameter.
gray, fissured, Twigs slender with straight With flowers and fruits in summer and autumn.
spines. Wood light brown, hard.
Leaves alternate, compound, 1-2 inches long, Rare in upper Cordillera forest a t 2,000-
with slender petiole l/s-v8 inch long and 2 2,600 feet altitude in western Puerto Rico.
blades, sometimes only 1, stalkless or nearly so. PUBLIC FOREST.-Marho.
Blades obovate or spoon-shaped, x-1% inches RANGE.-Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican
long and inches wide (to 4 by 2 inches Renu 011~)ana ruerto Rico.
in Hispaniola), slightly notched a t rounded This species was discovered in the Dominican
apex, short-pointed a t base, turned under a t Republic in 1922 and was named in 1924. In
edges, with minute gland dots, the upper sur- Puerto Rico i t was first collected by the Forest
face shiny green with sunken midvein and Service in 1938.
many prominent parallel side veins, and the
 bifoliolatzrnt Leonard
Za~tthoz~lzcm
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (lower right), natural size.

337
RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE)

404. Espino rubial Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam.

This spiny tree is characterized by: (1) ovary and stigma. The fruits (follicles) are 5-1
sharp very stout brown spines l/s-a/H inch long from a flower, each with short stalk and 1shiny
with broad conical base, on trunk and branches; ,
rounded blackish seed s/, inch long. With flow-
ers and fruits from spring to fall.
(2) pinnate leaves with 7-13 elliptic leaflets
bordered with wavy teeth, with minute gland The thick sapwood is lustrous yellow and the
dots, and with disagreeable odor when crushed ; heartwood dark brown. The wood has a bitter
(3) many small greenish white flowers inch taste and characteristic odor and is moderately
broad in branched clusters; and (4) the podlike lightweight. It is strong, easy to work, takes a
dark gray fruits about % inch long, 6-1 from a good polish, does not split under exposure, but
flower, each opening by 1line to release 1seed. is not resistant t o insects. Suitable uses are
Small to medium-sized tree 60 feet high and veneer, cabinetmaking, and general construc-
10 inches in trunk diameter in Puerto Rico, tion.
elsewhere a large tree to 70 feet high and lvZ Elsewhere i t is reported that the bark and
feet in trunk diameter, often branched from twigs of this and related species are chewed a s
base, with spreading or rounded crown, per- a remedy for toothache.
haps deciduous in dry areas. The spiny trunk Uncommon in moist limestone forest of
has gray bark, smooth to rough and thick In- Puerto Rico a t 100-600 feet altitude.
ner bark is light brown and bitter. The stout PUBLICFORESTS.-Cambalache, Guajataca,
hairless twigs are green when young, after- Rio Abajo.
wards gray. R A N G E . - ~ u ~ ~Rico,
~ o Guadeloupe, Domi-
The alternate leaves with light green axis are nica, Martinique, and Barbados. Also from Mex-
mostly 8-10 inches long. The leaflets have short ico to British Honduras, Guatemala, and Hon-
stalks about 1/8 inch long. Blades a r e 1x4
inches long and x-2 inches wide, slightly thick
duras and in northern South America from
Colombia to Ecuador, Venezuela, and Guyana.
and leathery, hairless, short-pointed or rounded OTHER COMMON NAMES.-~0ril10, sinanche
a t both ends, the borders with wavy teeth and (Mexico) ; duerme-lingua, cedrillo (Hon-
turned under, the upper surface green to dark duras) ;amamor, mapurito prieto, tachuelo (Co-
green and slightly shiny, and the lower surface lombia) ; mapurite, mapurite blanco, mapurite
dull and paler. negro, cenizo, bosli (Venezuela) ; white Her-
The flower clusters (panicles) are terminal cules, harkis (Barbados) ;prickly-yellow (Brit-
and lateral, 3-6 inches long, with corky ish Honduras) ; l'dpineux blanc, bois chandelle
thickened branches. The small flowers are com-
posed of 5 rounded sepals less than l/lo inch
blanc (Guadeloupe, Martinique) .
BOTANICAL s ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ . - F a g catibaea
ara
long, 5 white petals about inch long, 5 (Lam.) Krug & Urban.
stamens, and 5-1 pistils (carpels) with 1-celled
404. Espino rubial Zanthoxyllc?n caribaeum Lam.
Female flowers (upper left), twig with fruits (upper right), twig with male flowers (below), two-thirds natural size.
RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE)

405. Alfiler Zanthoxylum punctutum Vahl

'
An uncommon shrub, sometimes a small tree, broad, with 3 minute sepals and 3 white or
identified by: (1) straight slender brown yellowish petals less than 4/8 inch long. Male
spines or prickles of l/s inch usually present on flowers have 3 stamens. Female flowers have 2
petioles, leaf axes, and midvein of lower leaflet pistils partly united a t base, each with ovary,
surfaces; (2) leaves pinnate, with 2-7, com- style, and stigma. The 2 gray fruits (follicles)
monly 3 (rarely 9-19) leaflets, paired except a t partly united split open on 1 side. Seeds are
end, elliptic or obovate, aromatic, with minute rounded, shiny black, about y8 inch long. Flow-
gland dots and spicy taste; (3) small 3-parted ering and fruiting from spring to fall.
flowers 8/10 inch broad, few at leaf base; and This and related species have been used else-
(4) fruits 2 or 1 from a flower, rounded, .?/1, where in home remedies for toothache, hence
inch long, podlike, 1-seeded. the common name toothache-tree.
Deciduous shrub or rarely a small tree 20 Uncommon and local in lower and upper
feet or more in height. Bark gray, fissured, Cordillera forests from sea level to 2,000 feet
with stout spines. altitude in western and southwestern Puerto
The alternate leaves are about inches Rico. Also Mona and St. Croix.
long, odd pinnate, hairless, with slender peti- PUBLIC FORESTS.-Maricao, Sustia.
oles ?42-1?42 inches long and grooved. Leaflets RANGE.-Jamaica, Hispaniola, Mona, Puerto
are paired except a t end (sometimes without Rico, St. Croix, and Lesser Antilles from St.
end leaflet), vk-3inches long and v8-ll/g inches Martin to Barbados and Trinidad and Vene-
broad, almost stalkless, the apex notched, zuela.
rounded, or pointed, the base shorbpointed, OTHER COMMON NAMES.-toothache-tree
and the margin straight or minutely wavy, (Jamaica) ; 1'6pineux (French) ; 1'Bpineux
shiny green on upper surface, and dull light rouge, bois flambeau, bois d'Inde marron
green with gland dots on lower s u r f a c ~ .Leaves (Guadeloupe) ; bois flambeau noir I'Bpineux
on flowering twigs usually without spines. (Martinique) .
Flowers several a t leaf bases or terminal, on BOTANICALs ~ N o ~ ~ M s . - F a g a r a trifoliuta
stalks '/lo inch long, male and female appar- Sw., Zanthoxylum trifoliatum (Sw.) W.
ently on different plants (dioecious) , 3/10 inch Wright, not L.
405. Alfiler Zat~tlrozyltcmpunctatum Vahl
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (below), natural size.
RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE)

4.06. Niaragato Zanthoxylum spinif ex (Jacq. ) DC.

This rare very spiny shrub or small tree of the side veins inconspicuous, slightly shiny
dry areas is easily recognized by: (1) many above and dull beneath, with 2 minute light
very slender straight sharp spines l/ln-% inch brown glands a t base.
long, paired a t leaf bases and on nodes along Flowers several, sometimes only 1, a t leaf
very slender twigs; (2) the green to m a y twigs bases, almost stalkless, male and female appar-
very slender, zigzag, and widely forking; (3) ently on different plants (dioecious), y8 inch
many crowded very small light green pinnate broad, with 4 minute greenish sepals and 4
leaves y2-ly2 inches long, composed of 3-7 yellow petals inch long. Male flowers have
(rarely to 11) narrow leaflets, paired a t end, 4 stamens va inch long. Female flowers have 2
and broad or winged axis, aromatic, with mi- pistils, each with rounded ovary, slender style,
nute gland dots and spicy taste; (4) small 4- and united stigma. The fruits (follicles) have
parted yellow flowers va inch broad a t leaf style a t apex and split open on 1side. Each has
base; and (5) fruits 2 or 1 from a flower, 1shiny black rounded seed nearly l/s inch long.
rounded, blackish, more than 1/8 inch long, pod- Collected in flower in July and with fruits in
like, 1-seeded. August.
Deciduous shrub or rarely a small tree 15 feet Sapwood light brown, hard.
high with several stems to 3 inches in diameter, Rare and local in dry coastal thickets and
and widely spreading flat-topped crown of very forests from sea level to 100 feet altitude from
thin foliage, hairless throughout. Bark light Coamo to Guirnica in southwestern Puerto Rico.
brown, smoothish, slightly fissured, with spines Also, St. Croix and Buck Island and St. Thomas
sometimes persistent. Inner bark yellowish, and its Buck Island.
with thin greenish outer layer, bitter. Twigs PUBLICFOREST AND PARK.-Guhica; Buck
very slender, zigzag, widely forking, minutely Island Reef.
hairy when young, green becoming gray and RANGE.-Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, St.
finely fissured. Croix, Lesser Antilles from Anguilla, St.
The leaves are alternate and only $4,-y2inch Martin, and St. Barts to St. Lucia and Bar-
apart, odd pinnate, hairless or nearly so. At the bados, and Venezuela.
base of each leaf are paired brown spines (stip- OTHER COMMON NAbIES.-ufia de gato (Do-
ules) , very slender, sharp, l/ls-I/$ inch long and minican Republic); fingle-me-go, fingrigo
widely forking, remaining on the branches. (Barbados) ; l'bpineaux (St. Barta) ; bois
The petiole 1/ y8 inch long and the axis are chandelle, bois l'bpineaux blanc, bois B piano,
winged and a t i u t l/ls inch wide. The leaflets bois blanc h flambeau (Guadeloupe) ; bois
are paired except a t end, stalkless or nearly so, flambeaux (Martinique) .
va-% inch long and inch wide, rounded BOTANICAL s ~ N o N ~ ~ . - F a g a l ' a spinifex
or blunt a t both ends, not toothed on edges, thin, Jacq.
406. Niaragato Za?ttkox~lumspittifez (Jacq.) DC.
Fruiting twig (at left), twig with female flowers (upper right), twig with male flowers (lower right), natural size.
RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE)

4-41?. Zanthoxylum thornarrianum (Krug & Urban) Krug & Urban

A rare shrub or small tree with prickly twigs Male flowers have 3 stamens, and female flow-
characterized by: (1) pinnate leaves with 6-9 ers have 3 pistils slightly united. The fruits
stalkless leaflets ovate or rounded, %I-1 inch (pods or follicles) are egg-shaped, 3, some-
long and v2-% inch wide; (2) few flowers times 2 or 1,from a flower, each splitting open
stalkless a t leaf bases, 4/8 inch long, 3-parted; on 1 side and containing 1 black seed 3/1o inch
and (3) fruit of 3, sometimes 2 or 1, pods %'/ln long. Flowering and fruiting in spring and
inch long from a flower. early summer and maturing fruits in summer.
An evergreen shrub 6 feet high or a small Rare in lower Cordillera forest a t 500-1,500
tree to 20 feet and 4 inches in trunk diameter. feet altitude on south slopes of Coamo-Cayey
Twigs with minute hairs when young, prickly, area in Central Cordillera of Puerto Rico. Also
with 1-2 slender sharp brownish spines less mountain forests of St. Thomas and St. John.
than % inch long at leaf bases. PUBLIC PARK.-Virgin Islands.
Leaves alternate, 1%-21/2 inches long, with ~ o St. Thomas, and St.
R A N G E . - ~ u ~ ~Rico,
6-9 leaflets, the end leaflet largest, rounded or John.
abruptly pointed a t apex, blunt or rounded a t This species was known as a shrub on St.
base, and often slightly wavy on edges, slightly Thomas and St. John, and named for the
thickened, shiny green with many fine side former island. More recently it has been found
veins, beneath paler and sometimes with 1-3 as a small tree in mountains of east central
spines on midvein. Puerto Rico.
Flowers male and female on different plants BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Faguru thomasianu
(dioecious), with 3 sepals less than '/lo inch Krug & Urban.
long and 3 elliptic petals about y8 inch long.
 Zatrthoz~lrcntthontasiatium (Kmg & Urban) Krug & Urban
Natural size.

345
 AILANTHUS FAMILY (SIMAROUBACEAE)
Shrubs and trees, known by: (1)bark, wood, calyx, 3-8-lobed corolla or none, a s many sta-
and other parts often very bitter; (2) leaves mens a s petals or double and often with scales
alternate, pinnate, with leaflets generally entire, a t base, inserted on or around the disk, and on
without stipules; (3) flowers mostly small, disk 2-5 simple pistils with 1-celled ovary and
often in large branched clusters (panicles), style, or pistil composed of 2-8 cells and 2-8
mostly male and female and usually on different styles ;and (4) fruit generally a capsule, drupe,
plants (dioecious) , regular, with 3-8-lobed .
or winged (samara) Also vol. 1,p. 234.

Key to species
A. Leaves simple, gray peen hairy.
B. Twigs often e n d ~ n gin spines; leaves small, 96-1 inch long-408. Castela ereeta.
BB. Twigs not spiny; leaves very narrow, 1%-2% inches long, thick and slightly succulent-412. Stcriana
maritima.
AA. Leaves pinnate.
C. Leaflets 6-10, mostly paired, upper surface shiny dark green with indistinct veins; flowers dark red
showy; hairless throughout-411. Simurouba tulae.
CC. Leaflets most1 5-13, mostly paired except at end; flowers minute, greenish; young twigs hairy.
D. Flower c~ustersterminal; leaflets 5-9; fruits berrylike, round b elliptic, red, %-% inch long-104.
Guarema, bitterbush, Picramjtia pentatzdra Sw.
DD. Flower clusters lateral at leaf bases; leaflets 7-13; fruits round, black, 1or sometimes 2 3 from a
flower-Piwasma.
E. Fruits SQ-% inch in diameter409. Piwasma antitlana.
EE. Fruits W inch in diameter410. Picramnu excelsa.

Castela erectu Turp.

This much-branched spiny shrub of dry areas inch long, and 8 stamens in male flowers. Fe-
rarely becomes a small tree. Its distinguishing male flowers have 8 sterile stamens (stami-
characters are: (1) twigs very bitter, often nodes), and 4 nearly separate ovaries united at
ending in spines, shorter spines single a t leaf apex, each with 1 ovule, and 4 short style
bases; (2) leaves small, oblong to elliptic or branches. Fruits 14from a flower, fleshy with
obovate, y8-1 inch long and 3/1($-% inch wide, hard stone, opening in 2 parts, containing 1
thick and leathery, shiny green and hairless or seed. With flowers and fruits in spring.
nearly so above, densely whitish hairy beneath ; The red flowers and fruits, the whitish twigs
(3) small whitish to red flowers I/s inch long, and lower leaf surfaces, and the shiny green
few a t leaf bases, 4-parted; and (4) red upper surfaces make this a showy plant. Pos-
rounded fruits (drupes) 1-4 from a flower, sibly of value as a n ornamental in dry areas.
%-3/8 inch long. Locally common in dry coastal forest from
An evergreen spiny shrub 3-8 feet high or sea level to 300 feet altitude in southwestern
rarely a small tree to 15 feet high and 4 inches Puerto Rico. Also dry thickets on hillsides in
in trunk diameter, much branched with dense eastern and southern St. Croix. Desecheo, Cu-
foliage, very bitter throughout. Twigs stiff, lebra, Vieques, St. John, Tortola, and Virgin
often slightly zigzag, finely whitish hairy, often Gorda.
ending in spines and with shorter spines about R ~ ~ o ~ . - - P u e r Rico
t o and Virgin Islands,
'/s inch long single at leaf bases. Antigua, Curacao, Aruba, northern Venezuela,
Leaves alternate, stalkless or nearly so, including Margarita and Cubagua, and north-
rounded or abruptly short-pointed a t apex, ern Colombia.
short-pointed or rounded a t base, turned under OTHER COMMON NAM~S.-retama (Vene-
at edges. zuela) ;goat-bush (Antigua).
Flowers male and female on different plants BOTANICAL SYNONYMS.-CCGS~~&L nicholsmii
(dioecious), at leaf bases. There are 4 tiny Hook., CasteEa?ia nicholsonii (Hook.) Small,
pointed sepals, 4 elliptic petals less than y8 Castelaria erecta (Turp.) Small.
 Castela erecta Turp.
Flowering twigs (above), fruit (below), natural size.
AILANTHUS FAMILY (SIMAROUBACEAE)

Pierasma antiUona (Eggere) Urban

This small tree rare in the Virgin Islands is broader elliptic petals 48' inch long, and ovary
identified by: (1) pinnate leaves with 7-13 with 2-3 lobes and 2-3 cells each 1-ovuled, style,
oblong leaflets paired except a t end, not toothed and 2-3-lobed stigma. Many fruits (drupes) 1
on edges, rounded and unequal a t base; (2) or sometimes 2-3 from a flower, each on a short
short-stalked, flattened, widely forking clusters stalk 1/,,, inch long above persistent sepals and
of small flowers a t leaf bases; and (3) many petals a t base, slightly fleshy, 1-seeded.
round fruits v8-y2inch in diameter, 1or some- The wood is described a s yellowish, hard,
times 2-3 from a flower. heavy, and durable.
Small evergreen tree 30 feet high, with bark Elsewhere the bitter bark has served in home
and sap bitter. Twigs finely hairy, light brown remedies.
with whitish dots (lenticels). Rare in forests in St. Croix, St. Thomas, St.
Leaves alternate, pinnate, 10-16 inches long, John, and Tortola. Not recorded previously
with axis finely hairy. Leaflets on short stalks from Tortola.
1/8-1/4. inch long are 2y2--4%inches long and .
PUBLIC PARK~.-virgin Islands, Sage Moun-
1-1.7/!& inches wide, tapering to a long-pointed tain.
blunt apex, thin, the upper surface hairless, and R A ~ ~ ~ . - - v i r gIslands
in and Lesser Antilles
the lower surface with raised veins often hairy. from St. Martin, St. Barts and Saba to St. Vin-
Flower clusters (panicles) a t leaf bases are cent and Barbados.
short-stalked, flattened, and bear a t the end of OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-bitter-ash, quassia
widely forking finely hairy branches many (Montserrat) ; bitter-ash, bitter-bark, gall-tree
flowers mostly male and female on separate (Barbados) ; cheakyberry (Saba) ; peste Q
trees (polygamous). Male flowers about 1/4. poux, bois noyer, graines vertes (Guadeloupe) ;
inch long and wide are composed of 4-6 minute bois amer, frene amer (Martinique) ; bitter-
hairy sepals, 4-5 narrow petals less than 4/8 ash, simaruba (Dominica).
inch long, and 4-5 spreading slender stamens BOTANICAL SYNONYMS.-Aeschrion antilium
?/lo inch long a t base of a large disk. Female (Eggers) Small, Pimaena antiUana (Eggers)
flowers have 4-5 minute hairy sepals, 4-6 Fawc. & Rendle.
409. Bitter-ash Picrasma alcti1la)ta (Eggers) Urban
Twig with male flowers (left), female flo\vers and fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size.
AILANTHUS FAMILY (SIMAROUBACEAE)

410. Palo amargo, bittemood Picrasmn excelsa (Sw.) Planch.

A very rare tree collected near Coamo than %a inch long, and 4-5 hairy stamens 1/8
Springs, characterized by : (1) pinnate leaves inch long a t base of disk. Female flowers have
with 9-13 oblong to lance-shaped leaflets 4-5 minute hairy sepals, 4-5 larger petals l/s
paired except a t end, short-pointed and unequal inch long, and pistil with 23-lobed and 2-3-
a t base, the edges straight or slightly rolled celled ovary, slender style, and 2-3-forked
under; (2) many small yellow-green flowers in stigma. Many fruits (drupes) 1 or sometimes
long-stalked clusters a t leaf bases; and (3) 2-3 from a flower, each on a stalk nearly l/s
many round black fruits inch in diameter, 1 inch long, slightly fleshy, 1-seeded.
or sometimes 2-3 from a flower. Wood whitish yellow, soft.
Medium-sized evergreen tree recorded to 65 Elsewhere a bitter tonic from this tree has
feet high, with bitter bark and sap. Bark gray, been used in home remedies. The dried hiiart-
fissured. Twigs finely hairy. wood has served in medicine under the names
Leaves alternate, pinnate, 6-14 inches long, quassia, Jamaica quassia, and bitterwood.
with axis finely hairy or becoming hairless. In Puerto Rico collected only a t plains and
Leaflets 2-5 inches long and V4-l1/2 inches wide, arroyos in the vicinity of Coamo Springs, with
tapering to a long-pointed blunt apex, thin, the fruits in March. Not observed by the authors.
upper surface nearly hairless, the lower surface RANGE.--Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto
paler and finely hairy, especially on veins. Rico. Also northern Venezuela.
Flower clusters (panicles) long-stalked a t OTHER COMMON NAMES.-leiia amarga
leaf base bear many flowers mostly male and (Puerto Rico) ; bitterwood, Jamaican quassia
female on separate trees (polygamous). Male (Jamaica) ;gorie fr6ne (Haiti).
flowers about inch long and wide, consist- BOTANICALs~NoN~~s.-Aeschrionexcelsa
ing of 4-5 minute hairy sepals, 4-5 petals more (Sw.) Kuntze, Picraenu excelsa (Sw.) Lindl.
410. Palo amargo, bitterwood Picrasma cxcclsa (Sw.) Planch.
Twig with male flowers (left), female flowers (upper right), fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size.
AILANTHUS FAMILY (SIMAROUBACEAE)

411. Aceitillo cimarr6n Simarouba tulae Urban

This beautiful uncommon shrub or tree

native only in Puerto Rican mountains is recog-
inch broad, and 10 stamens xff inch long. Fe-
male flowers not seen but in this genus have a
nized by: (1) pinnately compound leaves with pistil with ovary usually deeply 5-lobed and 5-
5-10 mostly paired oblong to elliptic leaflets, celled, short style, and 5 spreading stijynas.
shiny dark green; (2) dark red showy flowers From a flower 1-6 spreading fruits (drupes)
% inch broad, many in long-stalked terminal are produced, obovoid, flattened, each contain-
clusters; and (3) from a flower 1-5 red obovoid ing 1 flattened seed. Flowering and fruiting
vertically flattened, slightly fleshy fruits 1-1% intermittently during the year.
inches long and %,-l inch wide. The wood is described as heavy (specific
Evergreen shrub flowering when 6-10 feet ,gravity 0.85), strong, and durable.
high, or a small tree to 25 feet high and 8 Uncommon in lower and upper Luquillo and
inches in trunk diameter, hairless throughout. Cordillera forests a t 500-2,500 feet altitude in
Recorded as formerly a medium-sized tree to mountains of Puerto Rico.
about 60 feet high and 12-20 inches in trunk PUBLIC FORESTS.-Carite, Guilarte, Luquillo,
diameter. Bark furrowed, very bitter. The Maricao, Rio Abajo, Susba.
purplish twigs become finely fissured, exposing RANGE.-Known only from Puerto Rico.
light brown inner bark. OTHER COMMON NAMES.-aceitillo, aceitill0
The alternate pinnate leaves 6-14 inches long falso (Puerto Rico).
have a slender round purplish-brown axis. The This species, which flowers as a shrub, is
leaflets on short stalks y8 inch long are 2-4 being tested as a n attractive ornamental for its
inches long and 3/-2 inches wide, long-pointed showy flowers and glossy leaves. The original
a t apex, short-pointed a t base, with edges description stated the height as 8-15 meters
slightly turned under, slightly thickened, upper (26-49 feet), but no trees of that size have been
surface shiny dark green with indistinct veins, seen in recent years. Because of the useful
lower surface slightly shiny yellow green. wood, the trees were cut long ago, and the spe-
Flower clusters (panicles) are 4-6 inches cies has become scarce.
long and broad, much branched at end of long Ignatz Urban dedicated this handsome plant
erect terminal stalk. Many small flowers are to Tula Krug, wife of the German consul in
borne on slender dark red stalks, male and fe- Puerto Rico, Carl Wilhelm Leopold Krug
male on different clusters or plants. The male (1833-1898). She contributed to the knowl-
flower is composed of dark red calyx '/ro inch edge of the Puerto Rican plants by making
long, with 5 short-pointed lobes, corolla of 5 many colored drawings and by recording the
spreading dark red petals s/8 inch long and 1/8 uses and vernacular names.
411. Aceitillo cimarrbn Simarouba tulae Urban
Flowering twig (above), fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size.

353
AILANTHUS FAMILY (SIRIAROUBACEAE)

412. Temporana, baycedar Suriana maritima L.

Temporana or baycedar, a rounded shrub of fruits (akenelike) from a flower are bordered
sandy beaches, sometimes becomes a small tree. by the 5 gray dead sepals, which remain after
I t is easily recognized by : dense rounded mass, fruits fall. Flowering and fruiting intermit-
much branched, of gray-green foliage; (2) very tently through the year.
narrow leaves, finely hairy, slightly thick, suc- The wood is described as having dark red or
culent, and salty, crowded a t ends of twigs and reddish-brown heartwood and lighter sapwood,
persistent after dying; (3) few yellow 5-parted hard, heavy, of fine uniform texture, strong,
flowers y8 inch long in short terminal ~lusters; and apparently durable. Where sufficiently
and (4) fruits 5 or fewer from a flower, large, i t could be used for small articles of
rounded, % 6 inch long, brownish black and turnery.
finely hairy. Locally common, scattered and widely dis-
This evergreen shrub commonly forms tributed on sandy beaches of dry coasts of
rounded clumps 5-10 feet in diameter but Puerto Rico and nearly all smaller islands
sometimes becomes a small tree 15 feet high nearby. Mona, Icacos, Vieques, Culebra, St.
and 5 inches in trunk diameter. The bark is Croix and Buck Island, St. Thomas, St. John,
dark gray, becoming thick, rough, and fur- Tortola, Virgin Gorda, and Anegada.
rowed, the inner bark light yellow and tasteless. PUBLICFORESTS AND PARKS.-Aguirre, BO-
Twigs are light green, finely hairy, bearing quer6n, Guitnica, San Juan; Buck Island Reef,
crowded leaves a t ends and dead leaves below. Virgin Islands.
The leaves are crowded but alternate, very R ~ N ~ ~ . - F l o r i d aincluding Florida Keys,
narrow (linear to narrowly spatulate), 11,& Bermuda, from Bahamas through West Indies,
2y2 inches long, inch wide, more than and continental tropical America from Mexico
l/lc inch thick, slightly succulent with a slightly to Brazil. Also in Pacific islands and Old World
salty taste,.broadest near the rounded apex and tropics from Australia and Asia to Africa.
gradually narrowed to the stalkless base, gray OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-guitaritn (Puerto
preen, finely and densely hairy. Rico) ; jovero, guazumilla (Dominican Repub-
The few or solitary flowers have pale yellow lic) ; cuabilla, cuabilla de costa (Cuba) ;pantsil
stalk, 5 large pointed hairy sepals about a/8 inch (Mexico) ; cucharo (Venezuela) ; baycedw
long, 5 yellow obovate petals shorter then (United States) ; baycedar, tassel-plant (Ba-
sepals, 10 stamens, and 5 separate pistils with hamas) ; crisse marine (Haiti) ; palo corra
hairy rounded ovary and threadlike style at- (Aruba, Curacao).
tached near base. The 5 hard dry 1-seeded

BURSERA FAMILY (BURSERACEAE)

Trees and shrubs, known by: (1) bark often with calyx of 3-5 sepals or lobes, 3-5 petals,
smooth, with aromatic resin ; (2) leaves gener- disk, 3-5 or 8-10 separate stamens, and pistil
ally alternate and odd pinnate, sometimes with composed of superior ovary of 2-6 cells each
winged axis, without stipules ; (3) flowers mi- with 3 ovules, short style, and %&lobed stigma;
nute, generally in clusters (panicles or ra- and (4) fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule with
cemes) , bisexual or male and female, regular, 1-5 seeds. Vol. 1,p. 236.
Key to species (Nos. 105-107)
A. Leaflets asymmetrical at base, less than 3 inches long; flowers 6-parted-105. Almlcigo, turpentine-tree,
gumbo-limbo, Bursera simamba (L.) Sarg.
AA. Leaflets symmetrical at base, 2%-7 inches long.
B. Leaflets short-pointed or rounded at both ends; flowers 3-parted-106. Tabonuco, Dacryodes ezcelsa
Vahl.
BB. Leaflets long-pointed at apex, short-pointed at base; flowers 4-parted-107. Masa, Tetragastris balsami-
fera (Sw.) Oken.
412. Temporana, baycedar Stiriana maritinaa L.
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (lower right), natural size.
 MAHOGANY FAMILY (MELIACEAE)
Trees, often large, and shrubs, known by: lar, with 4-6-lobed calyx, corolla of 4-5 petals
(1) bark bitter and astringent and wood often or lobes, 8-10 stamens united in a tube (6 sepa-
aromatic; (2) naked buds with minute young rate in Cedreh) and around a disk, and pistil
leaves often in form of hand; (3) leaves alter- with superior ovary of 2-5 cells, each with 2 to
nate generally pinnate, often even pinnate with many ovules, style or none, and stigma often
paired leaflets, usually entire and often oblique, dislike; and (5) fruit generally a capsule or
without stipules; (4) flowers small, generally berry with seeds often winged. Also vol. 1,
in branched clusters (panicles), bisexual, regu- p. 242.
Key to species
A. Leaves bipinnate, leaflets with toothed margins-110. Alelaila, chinaberry, Melia azedarach L."
AA. Leaves pinnate.
B. Leaflets with toothed margins.
C. Leaflets many, thin, long-pointed414. Melia azadirachta.*
CC. Leaflets 3-7, thick and stiff, with 3 sharp spiny teeth a t broad apex--416. Trichilia triacantha.
BB. Leaflets not toothed.
D. Leaflets of odd number (odd pinnate)-Trichilia.
E. Leaflets 3 or 5 (sometimes 7), asymmetrical, the end leaflet largest and lowest leaflets smallest;
veins much sunken, causing a wrinkled appearance--114. Gaeta, Thchilia pallida Sw.
EE. Leaflets 7-21, symmetrical, about equal in size, veins slightly sunken-113. Tinacio, broomstick,
Trichitia hi& L.
DD. Leaflets all paired (even pinnate), asymmetrical, s l i ~ h t l ycurved and unequal a t base.
F. Axis of leaf continuing to grow and form additional pairs of leaflets; veins sunken: flowers and
fruit 4-parted-4uarea.
G. Leaflets 2-8, mostly oblon 4 1 3 . Guarea ramiflora.
(L.) Sleumer trichilioidsr) .
GG. Leaflets 8-20, elli tic to o%long-109. Guaraguao, American muskwood, Guarea guidonia
(8.
FF. Axis of leaf not forming additional leaflets ; veins not sunken ; flowers and fruit 5-parted.
H. Leaflets 4-12.
I. Leaflets 236-6 inches long-111. Caoba hondureiia, Honduras mahogany, Swietenia
macroahulla Kim.*
11. Leaflets *I-%% inches long-112. Caoba dominicana, Dominican mahogany, West Indies
mahogany, Swietenia mahagoni Jacq.*
HH. Leaflets 10-20 or more.
J. Leaflets lance-shaped; seeds winged a t both ends; without distinctive o d o r 4 1 6 . Toona
ciliata.*
JJ. Leaflets lance-shaped, oblong or ovate; seeds with long win odor of garlic in flowers
and crushed leaves-108. bedro hembra, Spanish-cedar, Zdrelu odaota L.

413. Guaraguadillo Guarea ramiflora Vent.

Guaraguadillo is a small tree uncommon in with raised dots (lenticels) and large raised
understory of mountain forests of Puerto Rico leaf scars, hairless.
and rare in Hispaniola. I t is identified by: (1) The alternate leaves are 6-12 inches long,
even pinnate leaves with usually 1-4 pairs of including the stout brownish woody hairless
mostly oblong leaflets and a growing point petiole 1%-3 inches long and axis elongating to
forming additional pairs; (2) small pink 4- 6 inches beyond. The budlike hairy growing
parted flowers about 1 , inch across, few to point between last pair of leaflets continues to
many clustered a t leaf bases and on larger twigs
back of leaves; and (3) round hard brown form additional pairs, sometimes 7-9, as the
fruits v2-V8 inch in diameter.
Evergreen shrub or small tree 26 feet high
older ones are shed. The leaflets have stout
curved brown stalks about % inch long. Leaflet
and 6 inches in trunk diameter, often flowering blades are mostly oblong or lance-shaped, 3-8
as a shrub 10 feet high and rarely a medium- inches long and 1x3 inches wide, long-pointed
sized tree to 50 feet and 6 inches, reported to a t apex, short-pointed a t base, sometimes
reach 66 feet. The bark is gray or brown, slightly wavy edges, slightly thickened and
smoothish with dots (lenticels) , becoming fis- leathery, with network of fine veins. The upper
sured and scaly. Inner bark is pinkish or whit- surface is dull dark green with the curved side
ish, slightly bitter. The twigs are light brown veins sunken, hairless, and the lower surface
413. Guaraguadillo Guarea rainifiota Vent.
Flowers (above), leaf (below), fruits (center right), two-thirds natural size.

357
MAHOGANY FAMILY (MELIACEAE)
green with raised veins, hairless or slightly and fruits through the year.
hairy on veins. The sapwood is light brown or whitish and
Flower clusters (racemes or panicles) are hard. If available in larger sizes, the wood
lay2 inches long a t leaf bases and on larger should have similar uses as that of related
twigs back of leaves, the branches finely hairy. species.
Flower buds are % inch long, deep pink. The Uncommon and widely distributed in under-
fragrant flowers have a hairy stalk about % , I story of moist limestone and upper and lower
inch long; calyx of 4 finely hairy pointed sepals Cordillera and Luquillo forests of Puerto Rico
less than inch long ; corolla of 4 oblong pink a t 2004,000 feet but mostly a t middle altitudes.
petals $&-%,I inch long, spreading and curved PUBLICF O R E S T S . - C ~ ~ ~Guajataca,
~~, Gui-
back; stamen tube cylindric, pink, inch long, larte, Luquillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Toro
bearing 8 minute stalkless stamens a t apex in- Negro, Vega.
side; and on a raised disk the pistil 3/1U inch RANGE.-Pu~~~o Rico and collected once in
long with egg-shaped hairless 4-celled ovary Hispaniola (Dominican Republic).
with 1 ovule in each cell, slender style, and OTHER COMMON NAME.-gU8ragUaO macho,
rounded stigma.
The fruit on a stout stalk is a hard brown
guaraguaillo (Puerto Rico) .
This species known from Puerto Rican moun-
capsule, round or slightly flattened, which splits tains was named and illustrated in 1803. The
into 4 parts. There are 4 or fewer elliptic seeds specific name refers to the flowers along the
7/1,, inch long, with reddish coat. With flowers branches.

414. Neem, margosa Melia unadirachtu L*

Neem tree has been introduced for shade in green above, and paler beneath.
Tortola and experimentally in Puerto Rico. Flower clusters (panicles) are 2-6 inches
Distinguishing characters are : (1) pinnate long, narrow and branched. The flowers are
leaves 1 foot or more in length, with 9-16 composed of 6 light green rounded calyx lobes,
lance-shaped leaflets paired except a t end, very 6 white oblong rounded petals 9/lo inch long,
long-pointed at apex, very unequal or oblique 10 stamens united in a tube, and pistil with
a t blunt base, and toothed on edges; (2) many rounded ovary and slender style. The berrylike
small white fragrant flowers t~ inch across the fruits (drupes) have bitter pulp and large el-
5 petals; and (3) light yellow elliptic fruits %- liptic stone. Flowering in spring.
v8 inch long.
A medium-sized planted tree 30 feet or more
Where native the wood is useful, the bark
serves in home remedies, and an oil is obtained
in height and 1 foot in trunk diameter, with from the seeds.
crown of dense foliage. Bark gray, with scaly Uncommon a s a fasbgrowing attractive
plates, the inner bark pink and bitter. Twigs shade or ornamental tree in Tortola. Tested
brown, hairless. experimentally in Puerto Rico but still rare.
Leaves crowded near ends of branches, alter- RANcE.-Native of India but planted else-
nate pinnate, hairless, with slender light green where in the tropics.
axis. The leaflets are mostly 6-7 pairs with OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-^^^^ (Virgin Is-
short stalks of about '/loinch, 23 inches long lands, English) ;paraiso (Cuba).
and .5/ii-7/8 inch wide, often curved and with BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Azadirachta indica
curved midrib nearer lower edge, thin, dull A. Juss.
414. Neme, margosa Melia azadirachta L.*
Flowering twig (above), fruit (lower right), two-thirds natural size.
MAHOGANY FAMILY (MELIACEAE)

415. Tun, Burma toon Toona ciliata Roem.*

This large forest tree related to cedro hembra branched, bearing many short-stalked fragrant
or Spanish-cedar has been introduced in for- flowers. The calyx is 5-lobed, less than scinch
estry tests. It is identified by: (1) large even long; there are 5 oblong petals almost inch
pinnate leaves with 10-20 mostly paired lance- long; 5 stamens more than 4/8 inch long on a
shaped leaflets, slightly curved and unequal a t hairy disklike base; and pistil with rounded
base; (2) many small whitiah flowers %G inch slightly hairy 5-celled ovary, short style, and
long in large branching clusters; and (3) ob- broad rounded flat stigma. Seed capsules dark
long seed capsules 7/8-11/12 inches long, with brown, splitting into 5 parts from a large 5-
many seeds winged a t both ends. angled axis. Seeds brown, flat and thin, :?&
A planted tree 25 feet and 8 inches in trunk inch long including wings a t both ends. With
diameter or larger, apparently deciduous. flowers and fruits in summer.
Twigs stout, hairless, with light-colored dots The wood is suitable for cabinetwork and is
(lenticels) and large raised half-round leaf resistant to dry-wood termites.
scars.
Leaves alternate, about lY2 feet long, with Rare in forestry tests in Puerto Rico, the
round axis, hairless. Leaflets 3-6 inches long growth not found satisfactory.
and 14%inches wide, on slender stalks of s/,- PUBLIC FORESTS.-Cambalache, Luquillo.
'/z inch, long-pointed a t apex, short-pointed or RANGE.-Native of Himalaya region of trop-
rounded at base with sides unequal, margin ical Asia from India to China. Introduced else-
sometimes slightly wavy, the midvein slightly where for forest plantations.
curved and near edge toward twig, and the OTHERCOMMON NAME.--4edr0 de Himalaya
lower surface paler. (Cuba).
Flower clusters (panicles) large, much BOTANICALs ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ . - C e tdoro emhRoxb.
Leaf, flowers (upper right), fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size.

361
MAHOGANY FAMILY (MELIACEAE)

416. Bariaco Trichilia triacantha Urban

This rare spiny-leaf shrub or small tree Flower clusters (like racemes or panicles) a t
known only from dry areas of southwestern ends of twigs are short. Flowers few, almost
Puerto Rico is easily recognized by the pinnate stalkless, hairy, white, about 4/8 inch broad,
or almost palmate leaves with 3-7 small obovate composed of short cup-shaped calyx with mi-
or wedge-shaped leaflets each with 3 sharp nute teeth ; petals 5 or 4 less than y8 inch long,
spiny teeth a t apex. thick and finely hairy; stamens in a tube; and
An evergreen shrub 5 feet high but also a pistil with rounded ovary, shorter hairy style,
small tree 16-30 feet high and 3 inches in trunk and dotlike stigma. Fruita unknown. Collected
diameter. Twigs gray grown, slender, finely with flower buds in October and with flowers in
hairy when young. The bud consists of a mi- February.
nute hairy leaf. It has been suggested that this species would
The alternate leaves vk-l% inches long, be an attractive ornamental shrub in dry cli-
mates.
mostly clustered near ends of twigs, have a
short hairy petiole about 4/s-1/4, inch long and Rare near Guhnica and Peiiuelas in dry lime-
short hairy axis of about y8 inch, so short that stone forest a t 100-200 feet altitude in south-
they appear to be palmate or digitate. The 3-7 western Puerto Rico.
leaflets are paired except a t end, almost stalk- PUBLIC FO~~sT.-Guhica.
less, V8-l% inches long and so-vninch wide, RANGE.-K~OW~only from southwestern
broadest near the apex, which has 3 sharp spiny Puerto Rico.
teeth x6-V8 inch long and narrowed toward OTHERCOMMON NAME-guayabac6n (Puerto
the long-pointed base, thick and stiff, the edges Rico) .
slightly rolled under, the many side veins in a The descriptive specific name means &spined.
fine network. The upper surface is shiny with This distinct species has been placed in a sepa-
sunken midvein, the lower surface dull and rate section or even its own genus.
paler.

MALPIGHIA FAMILY (MALPIGHIACEAE)

Mostly woody vines, also shrubs and trees, regular, the calyx persistent with 5 sepals or
known by: (1) leaves generally opposite, lobes mostly with 2 glands on outaide, corolla of
simple, mostly entire, often with pressed 2- 5 long-stalked rounded and fringed petals, 10
pointed hairs attached a t middle (often needle- stamens (or partly staminodes) generally
like and stinging), frequently with glands a t united a t base, and pistil with superior ovary
apex of petiole, generally with stipules; (2) with usually 3 cells each with 1 ovule, and 3
flowers often showy and yellow or pink; usually styles; and (3) fruit winged (samara), cap-
along a n axis (raceme), mostly bisexual, mostly sule, berry, or drupe. Also vol. 1, p. 256.
Key to species
A. Flowers in terminal clusters.
B. Petals yellow.
C. Leaves partly reddish tinged, without glands at base; fruits (drupes) near1 round.
D. Leaves thin, turning rich red upon drying, u per surface shiny, mi&ib lighter in color than
blade-115. Marieao, Byrsonimu eoriacca (8w.) DC.
DD. Leaves leathery, with mminent veins, upper surface slightly shiny, lower surface with larger
veins often rusty-recfhairy-116. Maricao cimardn, Byrsonbno ~ s i f o l i a(L.) H.B.K.
CC. Leaves greenish, often with 2 yellow dot glands a t base of lower surface; fruita (drupes) mostly 2-
lobed-Bunehosicr.
E. Leaves oblong, light green, 1%-3 inches long and %-I% inches wide--418. Bunchosiu glmtdu-
losa.
EE. Leaves broadly ovate to elliptic, shiny green, 25% inches long and 136-4 inches wide--417.
Bttnchoma glandttlifera.
BB. Petals white, pink, or red.
F. Leaves s oon-shaped or obovate, hairless--419. Byrso~rimalucida.
FF. Leaves ehptic, the lower surface densely gray h n i r y 4 2 0 . B y r m t i m wadsworthii.
416. Bariaco Trichilia triacantha Urban
Leafy twig, natural size.

363
MALPIGHIA FAMILY (MALPIGHIACEAE)
AA. Flowers in lateral clusters a t leaf bases, petals white or pinkish-Malpighia.
G . Leaves with 2-pointed stinging hairs beneath.
H. Leaves very narrow, linear or linear-oblong424. Malpighia linean's.
HH. Leaves broader, mostly elliptic or oblong.
I. Leaves relatively large, 3-8 inches long.
J. Flowers few in stalked clusters; leaves mostly short-pointed or blunt a t both ends-421. MUG
pighia fucata.
JJ. Flowers many in nearly stalkless clusters. leaves rounded or short-pointed at both ends,
sometimes notched at apex-427. ~ a l p i ~ f t slraferi.
ia
11. Leaves less than 3 inches long.
K. Leaves notched a t base, the edges with stinging hairs--423. nfalpigltin infestissima.
KK. Leaves short-pointed or blunt at base, the edges without stinging hairs--425. Malpighia
pallens.
GG. Leaves becoming hairless.
L. Leaves blunt or rounded and often notched at a p e x 4 2 6 . Malpigliia p~itticifolia.
LL. Leaves short- to long-pointed a t a p e x 4 2 2 . Malpighia glabra.

417. Cof6 foleo, cnf6 foraetero Bt~nchosiaglnndulijeru (Jacq.) H.B.K.

A rare small tree to 20 feet high and 4 inches fruits (drupes), 2-lobed and about 1h inch in
in trunk diameter, characterized by: (1) op- diameter. Flowering and fruiting in spring.
posite shiny green, broadly ovate to elliptic Rare in lower Luquillo forest a t 800-1,000 feet
leaves ZSl/iL inches long and l % - 4 inches wide, altitude on southwestern slopes of Luquillo
short- to lonppointed a t apex and blunt or Mountains only. PUBLICFOREST.-LU~U~~~O
rounded a t base, sparsely hairy beneath, the R A N G E . - P u ~ ~Rico,
~ o Montserrat, Guadeloupe,
petioles to i% inch long, often with 2 glands Martinique, Trinidad, and from Venezuela to
near blade; (2) flowers with 5 yellow rounded Peru. OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-Cafe forastero
stalked petals B/l,, inch long and with ovary and (Puerto Rico) ; prune caf6, bois caf6 (Guade-
style hairy; and (3) egg-shaped red fleshy loupe) .
418. Cnf6 fornetero Bunchosh glandulosa (Cav.) L. C. Rich.

This shrub or small tree common in dry areas glands; petals 5, r/s inch long, deep yellow,
near coasts is characterized by: (1) opposite rounded and wavy margined, stalked a t base;
oblong hairless light green leaves l y 2 3inches 10 stamens united a t base; and hairless pistil
long and y2-lr/cl inches wide, short-pointed or with 2-celled ovary, slender style, and 2-lobed
blunt a t both ends, with 2 yellow dot glands a t stigma. The fruits (drupes) have calyx glands
base or lower surface; (2) several flowers a t base and style a t apex and contain thin
nearly V2 inch across the 5 spreading yellow orange-red pulp and 2 large light brown stones,
stalked petals; and (3) fruits (drupes) egg- each 1-seeded. Recorded with flowers from
shaped, red or orange, y8-xainch long, slightly May to October and with fruits from June to
2-lobed. August.
Evergreen (or deciduous) shrub or small tree The sapwood is light brown and hard.
to 30 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter. Uncommon but widely distributed in dry and
The bark is gray, finely fissured, becoming moist limestone forests near coasts and lower
rough. Inner bark is whitish, with a slight Cordillera (south slope) in southwestern and
distinctive odor and taste suggesting raw po- northwestern parts and northeastern corner of
tato. The twigs are slender, slightly hairy when Puerto Rico and also other islands eastward
young, light gray or light brown, with minute from sea level to 500 feet altitude. Recorded
dots (lenticels), also similar odor and taste. from Icacos, Palominos, Culebra, Vieques, St.
End bud '/lo inch long, covered with light Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Jost Van Dyke,
brown hairs. and Tortola.
The opposite leaves have slender petioles l/s- PUBLIC FORESTS AND PARKS.-Cambalache,
v8 inch long. Blades are not toothed on edges,
thin or slightly thickened, the upper surface
Guajataca, Gubnica, Rio Abajo, Suslia, Vega,
Estate Thomas; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Is-
light green and often slightly shiny, the lower lands.
surface dull light green. RANGE.-Bahamas, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico
Flower clusters (panicles) a t ends of twigs and Virgin Islands, and from St. Martin and
are 1-2 inches long and branched. Flowers sev- St. Barts to Martinique, also in Yucatirn, Mex-
eral on short slender hairy stalks, composed of ico, and recorded from Amazonas, Brazil.
calyx less than 1/8 inch long with 5 lobes and 10 OTHER COMMON N A M E s . - - c B ~ ~ ~yes0
~~o,
Fruiting twig (left) , flowers (upper right), natural size.

365
MALPIGHIA FAMILY (MALPIGHIACEAE)
(Puerto Rico) ; cabra, cabrita (Dominican Re-
public) ;bois poulette (Haiti).
fleshy fruits (drupes) 2-%lobed, v8 inch in
diameter, containing 2-3 stones. Recorded long
Excluded species : Bunchosia nitida (Jacq.) ago from near Guhnica and Mayaguez in west-
DC. A shrub or small tree distinguished by: ern Puerto Rico. However, these sterile speci-
(1) opposite shiny elliptic, oblong, or lanceolate mens have now been identified as No. 418, caf6
leaves 11h-6 inches long and yh-23/ inches forastero, B. glandulosa (Cav.) DC. Also re-
wide, mostly short- to long-pointed at apex and ported from St. Thomas more than a century
short-pointed or blunt a t base, becoming hair- ago. RANGE.-CU~~,Hispaniola, Lesser Antil-
less, short-stalked; (2) several flowers about les from Montserrat to Grenada and Barbados,
v8 inch across the 5 yellow rounded gland-
toothed stalked petals more than 1/4, inch long,
also Colombia. OTHER COMMON NAMES.-bois
senti, cabra (Hispaniola) ; chinkwood (The
with hairless pistil; and (3) egg-shaped yellow Grenadines).

419. Palo de doncella, Long Key byreonima Byrsonima lucida DC.

This shrub or small tree is recognized by: brown. Elsewhere, the hard, heavy, fine-tex-
(1) opposite small spoon-shaped (spatulate) tured wood has been used for furniture.
or obovate leaves 3A-2 inches long and ?4-y8 This attractive plant merits cultivation as an
inch wide, shiny blue green on upper surface; ornamental shrub.
(2) flowers y2 inch across the 5 spreading Scattered and locally common at low alti-
stalked rounded petals that turn from white to tudes, mainly in dry coastal forest and lower
red or yellow; and (3) round brown fleshy south slopes of Cordillera from sea level to
fruits 1h inch in diameter. 2,000 feet altitude in southeastern and south-
Evergreen shrub or small tree, becoming 25 western Puerto Rico. Also Mona, Culebra,
feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter, with Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, and
widely spreading rounded or irregular crown. Anegada.
The gray bark is smooth, slightly warty (lenti- PUBLIC FORESTS AND PARKS.-Maricao,
cels) , becoming furrowed into plates and rough. Suslia; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands.
Inner bark is pink and slightly bitter and RANGE.-Southern Florida including Florida
fibrous. Twigs are gray, slender and short, Keys, Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico,
hairless, with raised dots (lenticels) .
The opposite leaves are rounded a t apex and
Culebra, Vieques, Virgin Islands, and from
Anguilla and Barbuda to Barbados.
narrowed a t base into a stalk inch long, OTHER COMMON NAMES.--aceituna, sangre
slightly turned under a t edges, slightly thick- de doncella, maricao (Puerto Rico) ; gooseberry
ened, hairless, the upper surface shiny blue ( Anegada) ; doncella (Dominican Republic) ;
green, and the lower surface dull yellow green. carne de doncella, sabica de costa (Cuba) ;
Flower clusters (racemes) a t ends of twigs locust-berry, guana-berry, candle-berry (Ba-
are 1-2 inches long. Flowers few on slender hamas) ; Long Key byrsonima, locust-berry
hairy stalks, slightly fragrant, composed of (United States).
calyx y8 inch long with 5 pointed lobes and 2 ' BOTANICAL S Y N O N Y M . - B ~ ~cuneata
SO~~~~
oblong glands a t base outside; corolla of 5 (Turcz.) P. Wils.
petals $44 inch long, rounded, wavy margined, B~rsonimaophiticola Small, described from
and concave with stalk a t base; stamens 10, serpentine slopes, Guanajibo, -near Mayaguez,
separate; and pistil with 3-angled 3-celled and collected also a t San Germfin, has larger,
ovary with 3 ovules and 3 slender styles. The yellowish petals turning to red and apparently
fleshy edible fruits have calyx glands and the is a hybrid with No. 115, maricao, B. coriacea
styles persistent. Within the flesh is a thick- (Sw.) DC,, or a variation of this species B.
horneana Britton & Small, also from Guanajibo,
walled stone containing 3 or fewer seeds. has obovate leaves ll/s-3% inches long and
Flowering and fruiting intermittently through 5/8-lY4 inches wide and light yellow petals
the year. fading reddish and may be another hybrid or a
Sapwood is light brown, and heartwood dark variation of B. coriacea.
 tcida Sw.
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.

am
MALPIGHIA FAMILY (MALPIGHIACEAE)

420. Almendrillo Byrsonima wadstaorthii Little

This rare tree known only from high alti- oblong glands a t base; 5 spreading petals
tudes in Puerto Rican mountains is distin- nearly l/g inch long, rounded and finely toothed
guished by: (1) opposite small elliptic leaves, and with narrow stalk, white but turning pink;
thick and turned under a t edges, the lower sur- 10 stamens; and pistil with hairy 3-angled 3-
face densely gray hairy ; (2) flowers nearly celled ovary and 3 slender styles. The fruits
inch across the 5 spreading white to pink (drupes) with calyx a t base have thin flesh
stalked petals, several in terminal clusters; and and large whitish 3-celled stone 1/4, inch long
(3) egg-shaped fleshy stone fruits nearly containing 3 seeds inch long. Flowering
inch long, pink or red. from June to August and intermittently and
Small to medium-sized evergreen tree 15-45 maturing fruit in September and October.
feet high and to 8 inches in trunk diameter, The wood is light brown and hard.
much branched, with compact dense crown, Almendrillo is distributed in the upper
broad to narrow, of dark green foliage. The Cordillera, upper Luquillo, and dwarf forests
bark is brown or dark brown, with many small on ridges along the mountain summits mostly
fissures or slightly furrowed. Inner bark is red a t 2,6004,000 feet altitude, sometimes as low
streaked in outer part and pinkish beneath, as 1,800 feet and above 4,000 feet on the high-
bitter. Twigs gray, with dense pressed hairs, est peaks. It is rare and scattered, most com-
becoming hairless and fissured. mon in Luquillo Mountains but present also in
Leaves opposite, with thick gray hairy pe- central and western high mountains.
tioles 4/*-a/8 inch long and with hairy pointed PUBLIC FORESTS.-C~~~~~, Guilarte, Luquillo,
stipules less than 4/8 inch long, united a t base. Maricao, Toro Negro.
Leaf blades are elliptic, 1y2-3inches long and RANGE.-Known only from high mountains
1-1y2 inches wide, slightly notched or blunt -at of Puerto Rico.
apex, rounded or short-pointed a t base, the OTHER COMMON NAME.-mari~80 (Puerto
upper surface green or dark green, slightly Rico).
shiny, becoming nearly hairless, the midvein This species of high altitudes was not found
and 4-6 pairs of side veins slightly sunken. by the early collectors. The first botanical col-
The unbranched flower clusters (racemes) lection was by Claud L. Horn of the Forest
11/4-2% inches long a t ends of twigs bear sev- Service in 1934. The scientific name honoring
eral flowers on slender stalks less than 3/8 inch the director of the Institute of Tropical For-
long. Flowers are composed of 5 pointed brown estry was published in 1953 (48).
hairy sepals S/lc inch long bearing 2 minute
420. Almendrillo Byrsonima wadsworthii Little
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size.
369
MALPIGHIA FAMILY (MALPIGHIACEAE)

421. Palo bronco Malpighia jucata Ker

This shrub or small tree with stinging needle- face is green and hairless, and the lower sur-
like hairs flat on lower leaf surfaces is native face paler and with many needlelike hairs.
in eastern Puerto Rico. I t is recognized by : (1) Flower clusters (cymes) have many flowers
many yellowish needlelike hairs about 1/4, inch on stalks s-ybinch long a t the end of a short
long, attached a t middle and 2-pointed, flat on stalk a t leaf base. The flowers consist of 5
lower leaf surfaces; (2) opposite leaves of sepals more than 4/8 inch long each with 2 ob-
varying shape, mostly oblong, elliptic or lance- long glands; 6 slightly unequal stalked white or
shaped, larger than in related species; (3) pink petals about 3/H inch long, 10 stamens, and
many flowers in stalked clusters a t leaf bases, pistil with &celled ovary and 3 styles en-
about yk inch across the 6 spreading white or larged a t apex. The fruits (drupes) have thin
pink rounded petals fringed a t edges and flesh and large stone with many vertical ridges.
stalked a t base; and (4) rounded red fleshy With flowers and fruits intermittently during
fruits about v8 inch in diameter. the year.
This species is uncommon in lower Luquillo
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet high
and 3 inches in trunk diameter. Twigs slender, and moist coastal forests from sea level to 1,800
light brown, with flat pressed hairs when feet altitude in northeastern and southeastern
young. Puerto Rico. Also Vieques and St. Thomas. An
old report from St. Croix may refer to a related
The opposite leaves have short leafstalks 48- species afterwards named as distinct.
yu inch long. Blades are 3-8 inches long and PUBLIC FOREST.-LU~U~~~O.
1-4y2 inches wide, mostly short-pointed or RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico.
blunt a t both ends, slightly thickened and OTHER COMMON ~AM~.--olaga (Puerto
slightly turned under a t edges. The upper sur- Rico).
421. Pa10 bronco Malpighia fucata Ker
Two-thirds natural size.

371
 -

MALPIGHIA FAMILY (MALPIGHIACEAE)

This shrub or small tree of St. Croix and St. are 10 stamens ;and the pistil has %elled ovary
Thomas, apparently introduced though re- and 3 styles. The fruits with calyx at base have
corded a s native, is a close relative of No. 426, sour flesh and 1-3 stones.
acerola or WestcIndian-cherry, Malrpighia puni- Grown elsewhere as an ornamental, in
cifolia L.,*and has been confused with the 1st- hedges, and for the edible sour cherrylike
ter. Distinguishing characters are : (1)paired fruits.
lanceolate, elliptic, or ovate leaves 1?4,-2?4 Recorded from St. Croix and St. Thomas but
inches long and y2-1 inch wide, hairless or not from Puerto Rico.
nearly so; (2) few flowers at leaf bases, about R A N G E . - ~ u ~Jamaica,
~, Hispaniola, Virgin
va inch across the 5 pink rounded wavy-edged
stalked petals; and (3) round red fruits 3/8 inch
Islands (apparently introduced), Guadeloupe,
and Martinique. Also widespread in conti-
or more in diameter, slightly flattened, scarlet nental tropical America from southern Mexico
red, and edible. to Venezuela, Bonaire and Curacao, and Peru,
An evergreen much-branched shrub or small the range perhaps extended by cultivation.
tree to 15 feet or more in height with smooth- OTHEX COMMON ~ ~ M ~ s . - - ~ e r e zcerezo
a,
ish gray bark. (Spanish) ; cereza del pais (Cuba) ; escobillo,
The opposite leaves have short petiole less manzanita (Mexico) ; aoerola, nance, panecito,
than 4/8 inch long. Blades are long- to short- acerolata (Guatemala) ; camaroncito (El Sal-
pointed at apex, short-pointed to rounded a t vador) ; acerola, jlipiter (Costa Rica) ; cerezo
base, not toothed on edges, thin, hairless or de Castilla (Panama) ; cerecito, cereza de
nearly so, shiny green on upper surface and monte, huesito (Colombia) ; semeruco (Vene-
paler beneath. zuela) ; sanango (Peru) ; wild cherry (Ja-
Flower clusters (cymes) are composed of few maica) ; wild craboo (British Honduras) ;
flowers on slender stalks of 48-r;/8inch long. cherry (St. Barts) ; shimarucu machu (Bon-
The calyx has 5 lobes, each with 2 glands a t aire, Curacao).
base ;the 5 petals are about inch long; there
422. Huesito Malpighia gktbra L.*
Flowers (upper right) and leafy twig, natural size.

373
MALPIGHIA FAMILY (MALPIGHIACEAE)

Malpighia injatieeimu (A. Jues. ) A. Rich.

This shrub or small tree with stinging needle- flat against lower surface, while the upper sur-
like hairs is known only from the islands east face has shorter spreading hairs.
of Puerto Rico and Maguey Island near Par- Flower clusters (cymes) are composed of a
guera in southwestern part. It is identified by: few short-stalked flowers a t the end of a short
(1) yellowish needlelike hairs y8 inch or less in stalk. The flower has 5 sepals more than 1/8
length, mostly attached a t middle and 2- inch long, 6 white or pinkish petals R/u-sinch
pointed, on edges and surfaces of leaves and on long, 10 stamens, and pistil. The fruits
young twigs; (2) opposite elliptic or ovate (drupes) have a large angled stone. Flowering
leaves, dull light green, mostly notched a t base from spring to fall and maturing fruits from
and rounded or blunt or notched a t apex; (3) summer to winter.
flowers few a t leaf bases, about yk-1inch across This specie8 is locally common in the seasonal
the 5 spreading white or pinkish rounded petals deciduous foreat and open areas of coastal hills
fringed a t edges and stalked a t base; and (4) from sea level to 300 feet altitude in Vieques,
egg-shaped red fleshy f r u i t , about v8 inch in Culebra, Water Island, St. Thomas, St. John,
diameter. Virgin Gorda, and Anegada. Also Maguey Is-
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 15 feet land near Parguera in southwestern Puerto
high. The bark is gray, rough, and furrowed, Rico. It was discovered a t St. Thomas and was
the inner bark brownish. The slender twigs are named in 1845.
light green, turning to brown, with small PUBLIC FOREST AND ~A~~.-Boquer6n( ?) ;
bristly hairs. Virgin Islands.
The opposite leaves have short hairy leaf- RA~G~.-&laguey Island, Vieques, Culebra,
stalks less than y8 inch long. Blades are mostly and Virgin Islands.
l'/e-3 inches long and (1/-2 inches wide (re- This local species, like another a t St. Croix,
corded to 4% inches long and 3% inches wide), may have originated from No. 421, palo bronco,
thin, not toothed a t edges, paler beneath. The Malpighia fucata Ker, a larger leaved relative
needlelike hairs project along the edges and lie of moist forests in eastern Puerto Rico.
 Malpighia infestissima ( A . Juss.) A. Rich.
Fruiting twig, natural size.

375
RIALPIGHIA FAMILY (MALPIGHIACEAE)

Stingingbush, the English name in the Vir- glands; corolla of 6 rounded fringed stalked
gin Islands, properly describes this shrub or white or purplieh petals more than inch
small tree of the smaller islands but absent long; stamens 10, united in tube at middle ;and
from Puerto Rico. Distinguishing characters pistil with %celled ovary and 3 styles. The
are: (1) 2-pointed needlelike stinging hairs fleshy fruits (drupes) have calyx persistent a t
flat against lower surface of leaves; (2) leaves base. With flowers in spring and fall and with
opposite, very narrow, linear or linear-oblong; fruits from summer to winter.
(3) flowers about yuinch across the 5 rounded Uncommon in dry forest of coastal hills up to
fringed white or purplish petals, stalked and 300 feet altitude on Piiieros Island, Vieques,
spreading; and (4) red, rounded, fleshy fruits and Culebra east of Puerto Rico. Also St.
about 8/8 inch in diameter. Thomas, Water Island, St. John, and Anegada
Evergreen shrub or small tree t o 15 feet high in Virgin Islands.
and 3 inches in trunk diameter. Leaves oppo- PUBLICvirgin Islands.
site, 1%-4 inches long and only 1/8-y8 inch RANGE.-Piiieros, Vieques, Culebra, Virgin
wide, abruptly long-pointed a t apex, short- Islands, and from St. Martin and St. Barts to
pointed a t base, not toothed on edges, hairless Montserrat. Also in eastern Cuba.
on upper surface, with short petioles less than OTHER COMMON NAMES.--atinging-cherry
y8 inch long. (St. Barta) ;bois royal (French).
Flower clusters (cymes) long-stalked a t leaf BOTANICALs ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ . - M a l p i gangusti-
hia
bases. Calyx composed of 6 lobes, each with 2 f 01th L.
424. Stingingbush Malwoghialinearis Jacq.
Flowering twig (left), twig with immature fruits (right), natural size.
377
MALPIGHIA FARfILY (MALPIGHIACEAE)

Malpighia pallens Small

This shrub or small tree with stinging needle- needlelike hairs.
like hairs flat on lower leaf surfaces is confined Flower clusters (cymes) have a few short-
to St. Croix and adjacent Buck Island. Its dis- stalked flowers a t the end of a slender stalk %-
tinguishing characters are : (1) yellowish inches long. The flowers have calyx of 5
needlelike hairs '/e-B/ln inch long, attached a t sepals each with 2 oblong glands; 6 spreading
middle and 2-pointed, flat on lower leaf sur- rounded fringed petals stalked a t base; 10 sta-
faces; (2) opposite oblong or elliptic leaves mens, those opposite the petals longest; and
l Y - 3 inches long and l,LJ-lv4 inches wide, pistil with ovary and 3 hooked styles. Flower-
light green, dull or slightly shiny, rounded to ing in spring and summer and with fruits in
blunt or short-pointed at apex and short- summer.
pointed or blunt a t base; (3) flowers few a t This local species is known only from beach
leaf bases, about vbinch across the 5 spreading forests and coastal hills from sea level to 300
rounded petals fringed a t edges and stalked a t feet altitude at St. Croix including nearby Buck
base; and (4) rounded red fleshy fruits about Island, where i t is common locally.
v8 inch in diameter.
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet high
PUBLIC PARK.-BUC~Island Reef.
RANGE.-Known only from St. Croix and
and often with several trunks to 3 inches in Buck Island. Recorded also from Cuba, but
diameter. Bark gray, finely fissured or in ir- Cuban specimens seem distinct.
regular plates. Twigs slender, light green and A person touching the foliage of this species
with flat hairs when young, becoming light accidentally will suddenly feel pain and dis-
gray, with raised whitish dots (lenticels), be- cover yellow needles sticking in his hands and
coming slightly fissured. The buds are com- fingers. It may take awhile to discover the
posed of minute hairy leaves. source of the needles.
Leaves opposite, with short leafstalks %6-'/8 This very restricted species apparently
inch long and with minute hairy stipules. The evolved from its close relative with large leaves
blades are thin, not toothed at edges, the lower of moist forests in eastern Puerto Rico, No.
surface paler and with inconspicuous large 421, palo bronco, Malpighia fucata Ker.
 Malpighia p a l l e m Small
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.
MALPIGHIA FAMILY (MALPIGHIACEAE)

426. Acerola, Weat-Indian-cherry Maipighia punicijolia L.*

Acerola, a shrub or small tree, is planted The fruits, eaten raw and in preserves, are
occasionally for its slightly sour edible fruit. one of the richest sources of the essential vita-
It is identified by: (1) rounded red or scarlet min C. Vitamin pills have been made from the
fleshy fruits y8+! inch in diameter, like cher- pressed dried fruit pulp. The common name
ries but slightly flattened, on short stalks a t leaf cherry is suggested by the resemblance of the
bases; (2) opposite elliptic leaves :$4-2% fruit to the cultivated cherry of temperate cli-
inches long and J/2-1y2 inches wide, blunt, mates. The latter is not related botanically,
rounded, or slightly notched a t apex; and (3) belonging to species of Prunus in the rose fam-
flowers on short stalks a t leaf base, about :fi ily (Rosaceae) .
inch across the 5 spreading pink stalked and Acerola is planted occasionally both for fruit
fringed petals. and ornament and sometimes escapes from
Evergreen shrub about 8 feet high or some- cultivation in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Is-
times a small tree to 20 feet high and 4 inches lands and may be naturalized locally. Recorded
in trunk diameter. The bark is brown or gray from St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, and Tor-
and smooth, with light brown dots (lenticels). tola.
The twigs are gray, ringed a t nodes, with whit- PUBLIC ~ ~ R ~ . - V i r g iIslands.
n
ish dots (lenticels) ,hairless. RANGE.--Jamaica and from St. Martin and
The opposite leaves have short leafstalks '/lo- St. Barts to Barbados and Trinidad. Also
v8 inch long. Blades are mostly blunt a t base, southern Mexico, British Honduras, Guate-
mala, and Honduras and northern South Amer-
not toothed on edges, thin, hairless or nearly so,
the upper surface slightly shiny green, and the ica from Colombia to Venezuela, Dutch An-
lower surface dull light green. tilles, Ecuador, and Peru. Planted elsewhere in
The flowers are few or 1 a t base of a leaf on the tropics of both hemispheres.
short slender hairy stalks about % inch long. OTHERCOMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - - - c e r ecereza
z a , colo-
Parts of a flower are the calyx of 5 pointed rada (Puerto Rico) ; West-Indian-cherry, Bar-
greenish hairy sepals '/lo inch long, each with bados-cherry, cherry (Virgin Islands, Eng-
2 oblong green glands a t base; 5 spreading lish) ; cereza, cerezo (Spanish) ; guayactb
pink petals about inch long, rounded and (Mexico) ; grosella (Panama) ; semeruco
fringed, with narrow stalk a t base; 10 stamens (Venezuela) ; cerisier, cerise de St. Domingue
united into tube a t base; and pistil with short (Haiti) ; cherry (Jamaica, The Grenadines) ;
ovary and 3 styles. The fruits (drupes) are cherry, shimarucu (Dutch Antilles).
Malpighiu thompsonii Britton & Small was
rounded but slightly flattened, with calyx per- named as a new shrub species from St. Croix,
sistent a t base and styles a t apex, slightly sour related to M. punicifoliu but larger in leaves,
edible pulp, and large rounded stone 3-celled fruits, and other parts and with more flowers.
and %seeded. With flowers and fruits from This shrub, perhaps a tetraploid, has been re-
spring to fall. duced to a horticultural variety of the latter.

427. Malpighia shajeri Britton & Wils.

An evergreen shrub 6-8 feet high or some- more than v2
inch wide, composed of 5 sepals
times a small tree to 20 feet or more in height less than l/s inch long, 5 stalked pink petals v8
and 4 inches in trunk diameter. Identified by: inch long, 10 stamens, and pistil ; and (3) fruits
(1) opposite leaves with petioles of 3/8-y2inch, (drupes) red, fleshy. Grown as a rootstock for
oblong t o elliptic or lanceolate, 6-6y2 inches the related species No. 426, or West-Indian-
long and 13/-3% inches wide, short-pointed, cherry (Malpighia punicif 01th L.) . RANGE.-
rounded, or sometimes notched a t apex, Vieques, first collected near Isabel Segunda;
rounded or short-pointed a t base, turned under also coastal thickets a t Maunabo, Puerto Rico.
a t edges with network of veins above and with Not known elsewhere. Discovered in 1914 by
pressed needlelike "stinging" hairs beneath; John Adolph Shafer (1863-1918), botanist of
(2) many flowers in nearly stalkless cluster the United States who made large collections in
(cyme) on stalks of y8-1/4,inch a t leaf bllf4~. Puerto Rico and Cuba.
426. Acerola, West-Indian-cherry Malpigkia punicifolia L.*
Twig with immature fruits (upper left), flowering twig (below), fruits (lower right), natural size.

381
 MILKWORT FAMILY (POLYGALACEAE)

Herbs, shrubs, and small trees, known by: base, the lowest often concave with a fringed
(1) leaves mostly alternate, simple, mostly crest (keel), stamens mostly 8 and united into
without stipules; (2) flowers solitary or in un- a tube split on side and pistil with superior
branched clusters (like spikes or racemes) ; bi- ovary mostly 2-celled with axile placentation
sexual, irregular, composed of irregular per- and 1 ovule in each cell and slender curved
sistent calyx of 6 sepals, the 2 inner largest and style; and (4) fruit a capsule with 2 or 1 cells
often winged or colored like petals, corolla of 3 and seeds. Also vol. 1,p. 260.
(sometimes 6) unequal petals slightly united a t

Key to species
A. Leaves elli tic, 2-5 inches long, with many fine nearly parallel side veins; flowers showy, violet, % inch across
-117. Jtoleta, violettree, Polygalo rowellii (Britton) Blake.
AA. Leaves obovate, %-I%inches long, with few veins; flowers minute, whitish or greenish, '/g inch long428.
Polygala penaea.

428. Polygala penaea L

This shrub or small tree of dry forests is wing and keel ; 8 stamens united into tube split
identified by: (1) small obovate leaves +ll/ open on 1side ;and pistil with hairy &celled 2-
inches long and %-% inch wide, thick and sti$ ovuled ovary and curved style. Seed capsules
slightly rough on upper surface, and curved flattened and heart-shaped, minutely hairy, 2-
under a t edges; (2) minute whitish or yellow- celled or with only 1cell developing. Seed 1in
ish flowers y8 inch long and slightly irregular; each cell, s/lo inch long, black, in orange cover
and (3) seed capsules flat, heart-shaped, orange
or orange brown, about inch long, 2- or
.
(aril) Flowering irregularly during the year.
Uncommon and local on dry coastal hills and
1-celled. in moist forest to 2,000 feet altitude in south-
An evergreen shrub or small tree to 16 feet western Puerto Rico. Also Virgin Gorda.
high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, reported PUBLIC FORESTS AND P A R K . - - G u ~ ~ cMari-
~,
to reach 20 feet and 6 inches in diameter. Bark cao, Susda ;Gorda Peak.
dark gray, smoothish, slightly fissured. Twigs RANGE.-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Vir-
long and slender, with minute hairs, green, gin Gorda.
turning to light gray. OTHER COMMON NAMES.-~revajosa,guaya-
Leaves alternate, with short slender hairy cancillo, quiebrahacha (Dominican Republic) ;
petioles I/lo inch long, rounded a t apex and petit buis (Haiti).
gradually narrowed to base, curved under a t BOTANICAL S Y N O N Y M S . - P O ~ ~portoricen-
~~~~
edges, the side veins inconepicuous, the upper ai8 (Britton) Blake, Badiera portoricensis B r i t
surface green, rough hairy, and slightly shiny, ton, B. penaea (L.) DC.
and the lower surface dull green and slightly A related species described from Puerto Rico,
rough hairy. Polzlgala portdcensis, is treated here as a syn-
Flower clusters (racemes) are 3/8-1 inch o n p . The differences in flower cluster and
long at leaf bases. Flowers several, composed hairiness of seed capsule are minor and in-
of calyx of 5 minute greenish sepals ; corolla of constant.
3 unequal petals t o y8 inch long including 2
 Polu~alapenaea L.
Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (right), natural size.

383
 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

Shrubs and trees, few herbs, known by : (1) erally without petals or up to 5, the male flow-
often with whitish poisonous sap or latex; (2) ers with stamens the same number or twice as
leaves generally alternate, mostly simple, some- many as petals (when present) or reduced to
times pinnate or digitate, usually with stipules 1 or many, and with disk or glands, the female
often in form of glands; (3) flowers male and flowers with superior ovary usually composed
female mostly on the same plant (monoecious) , of 3 cells each with 1-2 ovules, generally 3 styles
generally small or minute and greenish, in and 3 or 6 stigmas; and (5) fruit usually a
various specialized clusters (commonly cymes), capsule opening in 3 parts each 1-seeded, some-
mostly regular, often much reduced; (4) flow- times a drupe, the seeds generally with a fleshy
ers composed mostly of 5 sepals or none, gen- protuberance (caruncle). Also vol. 1, p. 262.

Key to species
A. Stems fleshy or succulent, green; leaves minute and shedding early or fleshy; white latex abundant, poisonous
and irritating to skin; sntroduced ornamentals-Euphorbia.
B. Leaves minute and usually absent.
C. Stems 3-angled, with paired spines along raised edges or ridges441. Euphorbia lactea.*
CC. Stems cylindrical, pencillike--443. Euphorbia tirucalli.*
BB. Leaves thick, narrowly obovate or oblong, mostly 3-5 inches l o n g 4 4 2 . Euphorbia neriifolia.'
AA. Stems not succulent.
D. Leaves 2 or more a t enlar ed ringed nodes; white latex poisonous and irritating.
E. Leaves ovate or rounied, with long slender petioles.
F. Leaves 3-8 a t node, blades %-?4 inch long and broad-122. Rascaso, Euphorbia petiolaris
Sims.
FF. Leaves 3 or 2 a t node, blades 2-6 inches l o n g 4 4 0 . Euphorbia wtini olia.*
i
EE. Leaves very narrow, narrowly oblong, almost stalkless, 2 a t node--432. C amaesyce artioulata.
DD. Leaves alternate; nodes mostly not ringed or enlarged.
G. Leaves with 3 or more main veins from base.
H. Petiole attached above base of blade.
I. Leaves ovate, not lobed or with 3-5 angles or shallow lobes-445. Jatropha hemandiifolia.
11. Leaves starlike, with mostly 7 or 9 long-pointed lobes bordered by irregular gland-t~pped
teeth448. Ricinus cmmunis.*
HH. Petiole attached a t base of blade.
J. Leaves palmately lobed.
K. Leaves deeply divided into 6, 7, or more lobes, and these into smaller lobes, coarsely
toothed.
- - hairs on twigs
L. Lobes 7 or 5: stinging - and flower stalks-433. Cnidoecolus aconiti-
folius.*
LL. Lobes 11 or fewer; stinging hairs not present-446. Jatropha nultijida.
KK. Leaves divided into 3 or 5 lobes, not toothed, broadly ovate.
M. Leaves straight a t base, with 3 or 5 long-pomnted
- - lobe-31. Aleurites moluc-
cam,* -
MM. Leaves deeply notched a t base, with 3-6 blunt lobes--444. Jatropha curcas.*
JJ. Leaves toothed on edges but not lobed.
N. Leaves with coarsely saw-toothed edges and 2 straight lateral veins from rounded
base-418. Achiotillo, Alchornea latifolia Sw.
NN. Leaves with inconspicuous1 wavy-toothed edges and 2 curved veins from short-
pointed base-119.
GG. Leaves with 1main vein or midrib.
Palo& gallina, Alchorneopsia portoricerlgis Urban.
0. Spines present.
P. Spines on edges and a t apex of stiff oblong or elliptic leaves-438. Dwpetes ilicifolia.
PP. Spines on twigs.
Q. Leaves large, 5-8 inches long, heart-shaped, long-pointed; large tree with spines also
on trunk-125. Molinillo, sandbox, hura, Hum crepitans L.
QQ. Leaves -all, less than 1%inches long, obovate or ell~ptic,rounded a t apex; small tree
or shrub.
R. Leaves 94-1% inches long; twigs whitish gray with stout gray spines-429. Ade-
lia ricinella.
RR. Leaves %-% inch long; twigs brown or gray, much branched, zigzag, with many
slender spines--452. Secun-nega acidoton.
 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)
00. S ines none.
&.Leaves with tiny dotlike scales or dense hairs.
T. Leaves with dotlike broyn scales.
U. Leaves slightly thrckened, rounded or blunt-pointed a t both ends, petiole usually
reddish tinged-126. Cedro macho, Hyemrima cldoides (Tul.) Muell.-Arg.
UU. Leaves thick and leathery, short- ointed a t both ends, petiole silvery bmm-120.
Sabinb, C r o t a poecibnthus &ban.
TT. Leaves with dense hairs.
V. Leaves covered with whitish star-sha ed hairs, mostly without teeth on edges.
W. Leaves with midvein and a i r J dotlike glands a t base of blade, the petioles
-nth orange or rusty-corored hairs-434. Croton arlmites.
WW. Leaves with 5 or 7 veins and no glands a t base of blade, the petioles with
whitish hairs--435. Croton rigid?.
VV. Leaves with unbranched hairs, greenish, wrth wavy teeth on edges-430. Bernardia
dichotoma
SS. Leaves without scales, hairless or with minute inconspicuous hairs.
X. Leaves with petiole mostly more than 1 inch long, blades finely wavy toothed; sap
milky, abundant, irritatmg.
Y. Leaves elli tic, with raised dot gland a t baae of midrib-124. Manzanillo, man-
chineel, hippomane muncinella L.
YY. Leaves mostly oblong, with 2 raised dot glands a t upper end of p e t i o l d a p i u m .
Z. Leaves with curved side veins449. Sapium can'baeum.
ZZ. Leaves with many straight, parallel lateral veins almost a t right angle to
midrib.
a. Leaves abruptly short-pointed a t apex-129. Tabaiba, Sapium lauro-
cerasus Desf.
as. Leaves abruptly long-pointed a t a p e x 4 6 0 . Sapium jamaicense.
XX. Leaves with short petiole less than 96 inch long; sap mostly watery.
b. Leaves broadest beyond middle, often with a few teeth toward a ex.
c. Loaves narrowed to blunt b a s c l 2 L Yaitf, oysterwood, dvntnanthes lucido
Sw.
cc. Leaves narrowed to very long ointed base--436. Ditta myricoides.
bb. Leaves broadest below or near mi;&le, without teeth (except No. 437).
d. Leaves in more than 2 rows, almost stalkless, the petioles %a inch long and
slender twigs with minute hairs-451. Savia se8sili)'Zora.
dd. Leaves in 2 rows, with petioles more than Jg inch long, the petioles and twigs
mostly hairless.
e. Leaves many along slender deciduous twigs and appearing to be pinnate.
f. Leaves 2-6 inches long; seed capsules nearly 34 Inch in diameter447.
PhyUanUlus juglandifoliw.
ff. +ves 1-3 inches long; berries rounded and 8- or Gangled, $6-76 inch
m diameter, lrght yellow edible but sour-127. Grosella. Otaheite
gooseberry-tree, ~ h ~ l l a n t hacidus
.9 (L.) Skeels.*
ee. Leaves several, not a pearing to be pinnate.
g. Leaves thin and Ran .ng down, elliptic and equal a t base, dull g-n
above and pale w h i s h green beneath-128. Millo, Marguntuna
nobilk L. f. (PhyUanthua nobilis).
gg. Leaves slightly thickened, unequal or oblique a t base.-Drypetes.
h. Leaves with wavy toothed edges; fruit (drupe) elliptic, more than
# inch long, whitish487. Dylpetes dba.
hh. Leaves without tefth on edges.
i. Petio!e #-% rnch long; fruit (dm e) elliptic, % inch long,
whrtish-121. Varital, Dwpetea gguca Vahl.
ii. Petiole %-# inch Ion fruit ( d m e) egg-shaped, 34-56 inch
long, orange red or f i o m 4 3 9 . b y l p e ~ lateriflora.
s
SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

Adelia ricinella L.

Shrub or small tree mostly of dry areas, of whitish gray hairy 6-parted calyx and about
recognized by: (1) spiny whitish-gray twigs, 10-15 stamens. Female flowers 1-3 on slender
conspicuous when leafless, with very short stalks %-2 inches long, consisting of 6 sepals
rounded side twigs; (2) leaves crowded and and pistil with %celled ovary and 3 much di-
alternate, obovate to elliptic, inches vided styles. The brown seed capsules split into
long, 1/2-o/ inch wide, thin ; (3) small greenish 3 parts and contain 3 round brown seeds 1/8 inch
flowers male and female at leaf bases on dif- in diameter. Flowering mainly from fall to
ferent trees, male crowded and short-stalked, spring and fruiting from winter to summer.
female 14 on long slender stalks; and (4) The wood is light brown and hard.
seed capsules &lobed, rounded, 6/lc inch in Scattered and locally common in openings in
diameter. dry and moist limestone forests and in dry
Deciduous shrub or small tree to 30 feet high coastal hills from sea level to 300 feet altitude,
and 6 inches in trunk diameter. Bark light mostly in central and western Puerto Rico.
gray, smoothish to finely fissured, sometimes Also Desecheo and through islands eastward,
with spines persistent. The inner bark is including Palominos, Vieques, Culebra, St.
fibrous, light gray, almost tasteless. Twigs are Croix and Buck Island, St. Thomas, St. John,
whitish gray, finely hairy when young, slender, Jost Van Dyke, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda.
often ending in sharp stout gray spines y2 inch PUBLIC FORESTS AND PARKS.-Cambala~he,
or more in length. GuBnica, Estate Thomas; Buck Island Reef,
Leaves are crowded on short side twigs and Virgin Islands, Sage Mountain.
alternate, with short leafstalks '/re inch long. R ~ ~ c ~ . - G r e a t e Antilles,
r Grand Cayman,
Blades with rounded apex and gradually nar- Virgin Islands, St. Martin, Grenada, Tobago,
rowed base, not toothed on edges, with minute and Curacao. Also Venezuela and Colombia.
gland dots visible with a lens, the upper surface OTHER COMMON NAMES.--espinillo, escam-
yellow green and slightly shiny or dull and hair- brbn (Puerto Rico) ; jia, jla blanca, gavildn
less, the lower dull light green with minute
tufts of hairs in vein angles. (Cuba) ; trejo (Dominican Republic) ; pole-
Flowers male and female a t leaf baseb on dif- gallo (Venezuela).
ferent trees (dioecious) , without petals. Male BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-RicineUa ricineh
flowers crowded, about 4/8 inch wide, composed (L.) Britton.
429. Cotorro Adelia ricinella L.
Fruiting twig (left), leafy twig (upper right), twig with female flowers (lower right), natural size.

387
SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

430. Nuez, candlenut Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd, *

Candlenut, the State tree of Hawaii, is an nishes, also for candles, and has served in
uncommon introduced tree. From a distance it medicine. The English common name refers to
is recognized by the whitish foliage. Further the practice of stringing the seeds together for
identification is by: (1) large leaves mostly use a s candles. It is reported that the seeds or
palmately 3- or 5-lobed, with 5 or 7 main veins nuts have been eaten when roasted. However,
from base; (2) young leaves and twigs densely the raw seeds are poisonous and have medicinal
covered with tiny whitish or rusty-brown star- properties.
shaped and scaly hairs; (3) many white male Though uncommon, candlenut is planted oc-
and female flowers about % inch long in ter- casionally in Puerto Rico as a roadside orna-
minal clusters; and (4) rounded greenish to mental and shade tree and for the oil. It is
brown fruits lY2-2 inches in diameter, contain- found from sea level to 2,000 feet altitude,
ing 1-2 large elliptic oily nutlike seeds. mainly in the moist limestone region. Britton
Evergreen small to medium-sized tree, reach- and Wilson (10) recorded it also as sparingly
ing 40 feet or more in height and 10 inches in spontaneous after cultivation in Puerto Rico,
trunk diameter, with irregular crown of St. Croix, and St. Thomas.
spreading branches, and with milky juice. Bark RANGE.-Native probably of Malay region
gray, smoothish with many thin fissures. In- and named for the Molucca Islands, the original
ner bark with dark red outer layer and brown home uncertain. Widely spread by man over
inside, tasteless. The stout twigs are greenish, the Pacific Islands to Hawaii. where it is a
~ - - - - - -

covered with rusty-brown star-shaped hairs characteristic tree. ~ntroduced elsewhere

when young, becoming brown. through the tropics and becoming naturalized.
The stout petioles of the alternate leaves are OTHER COMMON NAMES.-nueg nogal, nuez
3-6 inches or more in length, often longer than de India, palo de nuez (Puerto Rico) ; candle-
blades, yellow green, hairy, with 2 dot glands nut, varnishtree (English, United States) ;ave-
a t top above. The blades are mostly 4-8 inches llano, nuez, jabilla extranjera (Dominican Re-
long and broad, broadly ovate, with 3 or 5 long- public) ;nogal de la India, nogal prieto (Cuba) ;
pointed lobes, sometimes not lobed, the base tirbol de Indias (El Salvador) ; nogal de la
nearly straight, thin, the upper surface green India (Venezuela) ; candlenut (Jamaica) ;
and becoming hairless, the lower surface light noyer des Indes (Haiti) ; wild date, acrot,
green, with star-shaped hairs along veins. kemeri (St. Eustatius, Saba) ; nogueira, no-
Flowers are male and female on the same tree gueira-de-Iguape, nox-da-India, nogueira-de-
(monoecious), white, in much forked hairy Bancul (Brazil).
terminal clusters (panicled cymes) 3Y2-6 Tungsil tree or tungue Aleulites fmdii
inches long and broad. Male flowers many, Hemsl.,* of central Asia, is a related species
about 3/8 inch long, consisting of rounded hairy commercially important for the similar oil ex-
calyx 1/8 inch long, splitting into 2-3 lobes; tracted from the seeds. I t differs in the ovate
corolla of 5 white petals 6/ro inch long; and 15- leaves heart-shaped a t base and sometimes 3-
20 stamens. Female flowers few, composed of lobed, the hairs not star-shaped, and larger
calyx, corolla, and pistil with hairy round 2- handsome reddish-white flowers more than 1
celled 2-ovuled ovary and 2 styles each 2-forked. inch wide. This species has been tested experi-
The large fleshy fruits are borne singly on stout mentally in Puerto Rico. It is grown in planta-
stalks and do not split open. Seeds 1-2, about tions along the Gulf Coast of southeastern
1 inch long, rough, hard like walnuts. Flower- United States from northern Florida to Texas
ing and fruiting intermittently. and elsewhere for commercial production of the
The wood is whitish and soft. drying oil in the paint industry. The attractive
Elsewhere the seed oil has been produced seeds are poisonous and have caused death
comercially as a drying oil in paints and var- when eaten.
430. Nuez, candlenut Aleurites inolticcana (L.) Willd."
Flowers (upper left), leaves, and fruit (below), two-thirds natural size.

389
SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

Bernardia dichtorna (Willd. ) Muell. Arg.

This shrub rarely is treelike with the height are covered with star-shaped hairs, the lower
of a tree but with slender branches. Distin- surface gray hairy with raised veins forming a
guishing characters are : (1) ovate, elliptic, network.
or lanceolate soft-hairy thickened leaves lV4- Male flowers are in scaly clusters (spikes)
3% inches long and s/u-lx inches wide, nar-
rowed to blunt apex, rounded with 2 glands a t
3-6 together with green 3-5-parted calyx, no
corolla, and 16-25 stamens. Female flowers on
base, and with wavy teeth along edges; (2) different plants (dioecious) are few or single,
minute greenish male flowers in scaly stalkl~ss with 5- or 6-parted calyx and pistil with densely
clusters inches long a t leaf bases, wlth hairy 3-celled ovary and 3 short much-divided
16-25 stamens; and (3) rounded 3-lobed hairy styles. The 3 seeds are egg-shaped, s/l, inch
light green seed capsules more than $& inch long, mottled brown or black. Collected with
long. flowers in spring and summer.
A deciduous shrub mostly 3-10 feet high The wood is light brown and hard.
rarely to 18 feet high and with trunk 2 inches Uncommon in dry limestone forest of south-
in diameter. Elsewhere recorded as a tree to ern and southwestern Puerto Rico.
26 feet. The bark is m a y and smoothish, the in- PUBLIC FOREST.-Gu8nica.
ner bark orange. Twigs are gray, slender, and RANGE.-Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Grand
densely hairy. Cayman, St. Vincent, and Grenadines.
The alternate leaves have paired bristlelike OTHERCOMMON NAME.-C~CILPU~ (Cuba).
hairy scales (stipules) less than 4/8 inch long BOTANICAL SYNONY M.-Adelia bernurdia L.
at base of the petioles of $&-% inch. The blades
 B e m r d i a dichotoma (Willd.) Muell. Arg.
Fruiting twig (upper left), twig with female flowers (lower right), natural size.
 -

SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

Chamaesyce articulata (Aubl.) Britton

This shrub of dry coastal forests becomes a
small tree on Desecheo Island and in southeast-
male flowers and 1female flower (monoecious)
Each male flower consists of a yellow stamen
.
ern Puerto Rico. It is recognized by: (1) about I/,, inch long. The female flower has a
abundant whitish latex; (2) the twigs with en- long-stalked green pistil more than inch long
larged ringed nodes, branches widely forking; with &angled 3-celled ovary and slender 3-
(3) paired, small leaves, mostly very narrow, forked style. The 3-angled rounded hairless
8/8-2 inches long and 48-s/16inch broad; and capsule inch long splits into 3 parts, each
(4) 3-angled rounded seed capsules 4 8 inch containing 1 pinkish gray seed inch long.
long. Flowering and fruiting through the year.
Deciduous shrub 5 feet high, rarely becoming The sapwood is light brown and slightly soft.
a small tree 16 feet high and 3 inches in trunk Uncommon locally in dry coastal forest from
diameter, with slender widely spreading sea level to 400 feet altitude in rocky and sandy
branches and sparse foliage. The bark is gray soils of Puerto Rico, in the southeastern part
and smoothish, with rings or joints from nodes with black mangrove sometimes reaching tree
1-1v2 inches apart. Inner bark is light green a t size. Also in Desecheo and Muertos and through
the surface and light brown within, slightly the islands eastward from Icacos to Culebra,
bitter, yielding abundant latex when cut. Twigs and Vieques. Through the Virgin Islands, in-
are slender with enlarged nodes, greenish, hair- cluding St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Tor-
less or minutely hairy, becoming brown. tola, Virgin Gorda, and Anegada.
Leaves are opposite, hairless or nearly so. PUBLIC FOREST AND ~ ~ I t ~ s . - G u i n i c;aBuck
Petioles 1/16 inch long, slender, joined by a Island Reef, Virgin Islands.
hairy-margined sheath (stipules) , which forms RANGE.-Bahamas (East Caicos) , Puerto
a ring. Blades linear or narrowly oblong, the Rico and Virgin Islands, and Lesser Antilles
base short-pointed and slightly unequal, apex from St. Martin, Saba, and Barbuda to St.
short-pointed, and border slightly curved Vincent and The Grenadines.
under, the upper surface dull green, and lower OTHER COMMON NAMES.--~O~S lait (Guade-
surface whitish green. Sometimes the leaves loupe) ;bushy spurge (Bahamas).
are very narrow, to 2% inches in length and BOTANICAL~ ~ N ~ N ~ ~ . - - E u p h oarticu- rbia
less than 4/8 inch wide. A form on Desecheo has Zata Aubl.
short wide oblong leaves to 1inch long and v2 This species is the only native member of its
inch broad. genus attaining tree size. The others, about 16
A greenish cup (involucre) 4/8 inch long, species, include annual and perennial herbs and
with 4 yellowish petallike glands on a short a few low shrubs. The specific name refers to
stalk a t or near the end of a twig bears many the jointed stems with enlarged nodes.
 Chamaeeyce articulata (Aubl.) Britton
Natural size.

393
 -

SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

433. Papayuelo Cnidoscolus aconitifoliue (Mill.) I. M. Johnat.*

This ornamental small tree sometimes re- of 5 white sepals more than ?$ , inch long which
garded as a tree spinach is recognized by: (1) fall early and on a disk the plstil % inch long,
very stout green twigs yielding aLundant white with finely hairy light green egg-shaped 3-
latex when cut; (2) stinging hairs sometimes celled ovary with 3 ovules and 3 white widely
scattered along twigs and flower stalks or ab- working styles. The fruit is a bristly elliptic S-
sent; (3) large leaves with long petioles and celled capsule o/H inch long. Seeds 1in each cell,
palmately 7- or 5-lobed, deeply divided blades more than % inch long. Flowering through the
6-14 inches long and broad; and (4) many year but not bearing fruits in Puerto Rico.
fragrant small white male and female flowers Wood light brown, soft.
in flat-topped long-stalked, erect terminal Planted as an ornamental and shade tree
clusters. along city streets, for example in Ponce, and
An evergreen planted tree 20 feet high, with near houses in moist parts of Puerto Rico,
short stout trunk to 6 inches in diameter, few locally common. A relatively recent introduc-
stout branches, and compact dense half-round tion and not mentioned by Britton and Wilson
crown as broad a s height of tree. Bark light (10). Attractive in gardens but less suited to
gray brown with darker streaks, becoming roadsides, because the branches break easily.
finely Assured. Inner bark whitish with light Propagated from seeds and cuttings and short-
green outer layer, almost tasteless, with abun- lived.
dant white latex. Twigs very stout, green with Elsewhere, the plants with stinging hairs are
large whitish dots (lenticels), becoming light grown as effective hedges and for living fence
gray brown, with large oblong raised leaf scars posts. However, some cultivated plants are
and often with scattered stinging hairs. hairless. Young shoots and leaves are cooked
Leaves alternate, with very long round green and eaten as a vegetable like spinach. The
petioles 6-14 inches long, spreading in all di- leaves have been applied also as poultices in
rections. Leaf blades 6-14 inches long and home remedies. The latex of related species has
broad, palmately 7- or 6-lobed with as many been investigated as a possible source of rubber.
light green veins from the heart-shaped base, RANGE.-Native in southern Mexico and per-
the lobes deeply divided and narrow, long haps northern Central America to Guatemala
pointed, and coarsely toothed with smaller and Honduras, the range extended by cultiva-
lobes, thin and hairless. The upper surface is tion southward to Venezuela and Peru.
dull dark green and turned up a t veins, the OTHER COMMON NAMES.-papaya macho
lower surface dull light green with raised veins. (Puerto Rico) ; chay, picar, mala mujer (Mex-
Flower clusters (cymes) are termin& a t the ico) ; chichicaste (Guatemala, Honduras) ;
end of a long stalk, flat-topped, and 3-5 inches chaya, copapayo (Guatemala) ; chaidra, chaira,
across, bearing many male flowers and few fe- chayo, copapayo, papayilla (El Salvador) ;,que-
male flowers (monoecious) without petals. lite (Nicaragua) ; chicasguil (Costa Rlca) ;
Male flowers many but only a few open a t one coquillo (Panama) ; papayuelo, panamh, ma-
time, about y2 inch long and broad, consisting nolo (Colombia).
of narrow greenish-tinged calyx tube I/s inch BOTANICAL SYNONYM.--Jatrophaaconitifolia
long, 5 spreading elliptic lobes % inch long, and Mill.
on orange disk the white stamen column with 2 The common name papayuelo indicates the
circles of 6 stamens to inch long and third similarity of the leaves to those of the unrelated
circle nonfunctional (staminodes) . Female fruit, No. 174, lechosa, papaya, Carica papaga
T Ilr
flowers few, terminal, opening first, composed
433. Papayuelo Cnidoscoltcs aconitifolitcs (Mill.) I . M . Johnst.*
Flowering twig, two-thirds natural size.

395
SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

Croton astroitee Dryand.

A shrub, rarely small tree, common in dry celled densely hairy ovary and 3 threadlike
areas, mostly in Virgin Islands, distinguished styles, each divided. The seed capsules have a t
by: (1) leaves and flowers densely covered the base the enlarged calyx to %B inch long and
with whitish star-shaped hairs ; (2) petioles split into 6 parts. Flowering and fruiting
and young twigs with orange or rusty-colored through the year.
hairs; (3) ovate leaves l%S inches long and Common and forming thickets in dry areas
v8-lj/g inches wide, with 5 or 7 veins from near sea level and a t low altitudes, particularly
base; (4) minute greenish flowers in narrow in heavily grazed areas. These unpalatable
erect clusters, the female a t base and male plants increase in numbers after other species
above (monoecious) ; and (5) elliptic, slightly are eliminated by severe grazing. Local in
3-lobed, densely hairy seed capsules more than Puerto Rico, collected a t Cabeza de San Juan
I/g inch long. and Aguadilla. Also Culebra, Vieques, St. Croix,
Evergreen shrub or rarely a tree to 16-20 St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, and Virgin
feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter. The Gorda.
bark is gray and smooth. The young twigs and sap formerly were used
The petioles of the alternate leaves are %-I elsewhere in home remedies.
inch long, with orange or rusty-colored hairs. PUBLIC PARKS.-BUC~Island Reef, Virgin Is-
-

Leaf blades are short- to long-pointed a t apex, lands.

rounded or slightly notched a t base, sometimes RANGE.-Pu~~~O Rico and Virgin Islands, and
with small teeth on edges, densely covered with Lesser Antilles from St. Martin, St. Barts, and
whitish star-shaped hairs, paler beneath. St. Eustatius to Guadeloupe.
Flower clusters (racemes) 1-2 inches long OTHER COMMON NAMES.-^^^^ (Puerto
bear many nearly stalkless male flowers 1/8 inch Rico) ; balsam (Barbuda, St. Barts) ; ti-baume
long with 6-lobed hairy calyx and about 16 sta- (Guadeloupe) ; wild marrow (St. Martin, St.
mens. Female flowers few a t base of same clus-
ters, about 4/8 inch long, with 6-lobed calyx, 3-
Eustatius) .
EiIarin Croton astroites Dryand.
Twig with flo\vers and fruits (above), twig with male and female flowers (below), natural size.

397
SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

Croton rigid- (Muell. Arg.) Britton

This shrub widespread in dry areas rarely stamens. The few female flowers a t base of
becomes treelike. Identified by : (1) orange some clusters are slightly larger, with 3-celled
bitter sap; (2) the pungent odor of crushed hairy ovary and 3 threadlike styles, each di-
leaves; (3) twigs, leaves, and flowers den!ely vided. Seeds 3, gray, less than y8 inch long.
covered with whitish or gray star-shaped hairs ; Flowering and fruiting nearly through the
(4) elliptic to lanceolate or ovate leaves mostly year.
1-2 inches .long and a/,,% inch wide, sometimes The wood is hard and whitish.
larger, with paired dotlike glands at base be- Abundant and forming thickets in dry areas,
neath; (5) minute greenish flowers in narrow near sea level and a t low altitudes, especially
erect clusters, the female a t base and male where heavily grazed by goats and other ani-
above (monoecious) ;and (6) rounded, slightly mals. These unpalatable plants spread and be-
3-lobed, densely hairy brown seed capsules come dominant after other species are elimi-
about inch in diameter. nated by severe grazing. Puerto Rico, Culebra,
An evergreen shrub or rarely treelike and Culebrita, Vieques, St. Croix and Buck Island,
15 feet high and 2 inches in trunk diameter or St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, and Virgin
larger. The bark is light gray, smooth or Gorda.
slightly fissured, with orange bitter sap. Inner PUBLIC FORESTS AND ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - G u t i n i cSU-
a,
bark is light brown and slightly bitter. sGa, Estate Thomas; Buck Island Reef, Virgin
The alternate leaves have petioles Y8-y2inch Islands.
long. The blades are blunt to long-pointed at RANGE.-Pu~~~o Rico and Virgin Islands
apex, rounded a t base, not toothed on edges, only.
densely covered with whitish or gray star- OTHER COMMON NAMES.-guayacanillo
shaped hairs on both surfaces, paler beneath. (Puerto Rico) ; yellow balsam, sage, soldier
The flower clusters (racemes) 1-2 inches whip (Virgin Islands).
long bear many nearly stalkless male flowers Several races differ in shape and size of
4/8 inch long with 5-lobed hairy calyx and 12-16 leaves, hairiness, and color of twigs.
435. Adormidera Croton rigidtts (hluell. Arg.) Britton
Fruiting twig (upper left), flowering twig (below), natural size.

399
SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

436. Ditta Ditta myricoidee Griseb.

Ditta, a resinous small tree or shrub of the sepals and several almost stalkless stamens.
eastern mountains, is recognized by: (1) re- Female flowers on different plants (dioecious)
verse lance-shaped (oblanceolate) leaves I:%- are borne 1 or 2 together, stalkless, less than
3% inches long and n/,-1 inch broad, widest be- 1/8 inch long, consisting of 2-3 broad sepals, a
yond middle, short-pointed at apex and long- round green 2-celled ovary with 2 ovules and 2
pointed and tapering toward the short leaf- deeply 2-forked brown stigmas. The seed cap-
stalk, slightly thickened, the edges minutely sules are nearly round, about 1/4, inch long, and
toothed and turned under; (2) flowers male contain 1 or 2 light brown elliptic seeds KG
and female, minute and inconspicuous, less than inch long, covered with minute tubercles.
% inch long, stalkless a t base of leaves; and Found in flower from May to September and in
(3) seed capsules nearly round, about l/k inch fruit from August to November.
long. The sapwood is light brown, hard, moder-
A small evergreen resinous tree or shrub to ately heavy, and fine-textured.
35 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter, Uncommon in upper Luquillo and upper Cor-
hairless throughout. The bark is slightly fis- dillera forests and dwarf forest a t 2,000-2,500
sured, very light brown, sometimes covered feet altitude in eastern and central mountains
with mosses. Inner bark is almost tasteless. of Puerto Rico. Local in Luquillo Mountains,
The twigs are light brown. Sierra de Cayey, and Toro Negro Forest, and
The alternate leaves have short leafstalks not found in Puerto Rico until 1914. This is the
1/8-l/k inch long, prominent raised veins on only species of its genus.
both sides, are shiny green to dark green on PUBLICFORESTS.-Carite, Luquillo, Toro
upper surface and slightly paler beneath. A Negro.
resinous exudate is produced a t leaf bases. RANGE.-Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico.
Male flowers are borne several in a cluster a t OTHER COMMON NAME.-jaboncillo (Puerto
the base of a leaf. They are about '/rs inch long
and broad, yellowish, each consisting of 3 broad
Rico).
136. Ditta Ditta nturicoides Griseb.
Natural size.
SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

Drypetes alba Poit.

This small tree is characterized by: (1) 4-6 somewhat longer stamens opposite them
ovate to lance-shaped leaves 2-5 inches long and and around a disk, Female flowers have simi-
y4+y2 inches wide, long-pointed a t apex, short- lar sepals and pistil with hairy egg-shaped 1-
pointed and unequal or oblique a t base, and in- celled, 2-ovuled ovary and 1 style. The fruits
conspicuously wavy-toothed on margin, the (drupes) are clustered on stalks s/lB inch long,
teeth sometimes sharp; (2) small yellow-green egg-shaped and slightly oblique and curved,
flowers clustered at leaf bases, male and female with sepals a t base and style remaining near
on different trees (dioecious) ; and (3) whitish end, the surface minutely hairy. Within the
elliptic fruits more than yRinch long, slightly stone is 1 seed. With flowers and fruits in
oblique and curved, 2-7 on short stalks a t leaf spring and summer.
bases. The wood is light brown and hard.
Evergreen small tree to 35 feet high and 6 Uncommon in moist limestone and lower
inches in trunk diameter. The bark is gray, Cordillera forests a t 200-2,500 feet altitude
.
smoothish with small warts (lenticels) Inner
bark is light brown, gritty and slightly bitter.
mostly in western Puerto Rico, also north-
eastern.
The twigs are gray to brown, slender, and hair- PUBLICFORESTS.-Cambalache, Guajataca,
less. Maricao, Rio Abajo, Sustia, Vega.
The leaves are alternate in 2 rows, hairless, RANCE.-CU~~,Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto
with slender petioles x-y8 inch long. Blades Rico, Antigua, and Guadeloupe.
a r e unequal or oblique a t base, slightly thick- OTHER COMMON NAMES.--cafeillo, palo de
ened and leathery, the side veins inconspicuous, vaca, palo de vaca blanco (Puerto Rico) ; lirio,
the upper surface green and shiny, the lower palo blanco, azota criollo (Dominican Repub-
surface pale green. lic) ; hueso, maco, cuero duro (Cuba) ; bois
Male flowers on stalks more than l/s inch cbtelette, laboue cochon (Haiti) ; caf6-marron
long are numerous, about I/o inch long, consist- (Guadeloupe) .
ing of 4-6 sepals less than %,, inch long and
437. Hueso Dylpetes alba Poit.
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.
SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

438. Encinillo Drypetes ilicifolia Krug & Urban

This distinctive shrub or small tree of lime- The flowers are male and female on different
stone hills and sand dunes of northern and trees (dioecious) , the female apparently not yet
western Puerto Rico is easily recognized by its described. Male flowers clustered at leaf bases
hollylike, spiny-margined leaves. Its characters on stalks more than 1/16 inch long have 4-5
for identification are: (1) oblong or elliptic sepals nearly Y8 inch long, greenish and finely
leaves, stiff, thick, and leathery, with few sharp
spiny yellowish teeth along wavy edges; (2)
hairy, and 4-6 opposite stamens less than
inch long. The fruits (drupes) with 5 minute
v8
small yellow-green flowers, male and female, hairy sepals at base a r e finely hairy, have 1
clustered a t leaf bases; and (3) elliptic fruits stigma, and are thick-walled, 1-celled, and 1-
nearly q$ inch long, slightly oblique. seeded. With flowers in spring and summer and
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 40 feet high with fruits in summer.
and 8 inches in trunk diameter. The light gray The wood is light brown and hard.
bark is rough and fissured, the inner bark light Uncommon in moist limestone forest and re-
brown and tasteless. Twigs are whitish gray, corded from sand dunes, 200-500 feet altitude,
finely warty (lenticels), hairless, often angled in northern and western Puerto Rico. Found
when young. near Loiza, Bayambn, Arecibo, and Quebradi-
The leaves are alternate in 2 rows, hairless, llas.
with petioles less than inch long. The blades PUBLICFORESTS.-Cambalache, Guajataca,
are 2-6 inches long and 1-2 inches wide, the Vega.
short-pointed apex ending in a spine nearly l/s ~ O and Peninsula of
R A N G E - ~ U ~ ~Rico
inch long, and the base rounded or notched and Samanii, Dominican Republic, southeastern
slightly unequal or oblique, slightly concave and Hispaniola. Also rare and local in Jamaica.
bent up from midrib. The upper surface is OTHER COMMON N A M E . - ~ O S ~ W O O ~ (Ja-
green and the lower surface yellow green, both maica).
with a prominent network of raised veins.
 I
438. Encinillo Drypetes ilicifolia Krug & Urban
Twig with male flowers (left), twig with female flowers and fruits (right), natural size.
SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

439. Cueriduro, Guianaqlum Drypetes laterifbra (Sw.) Krug & Urban

This small tree rare in moist limestone forest flowers have similar sepals and in a aaucer-
is identified by: (1) oblong or elliptic leaves shaped disk the pistil with hairy 2-celled
2-4y2 inches long and %,-la/, inches wide, long- ovary with 2 ovules in each cell and 2 styles.
pointed a t apex and short-pointed and slightly The fruits (drupes) borne singly at leaf bases
unequal a t base, with margin straight or are finely hairy and have remains of sepals a t
slightly wavy, in 2 rows on slender twigs ; (2) base and 2 styles a t apex. The orange-red bitter
many small greenish white flowers clustered a t pulp encloses the stone and 1elliptic brown seed
leaf bases, male and female on different trees about l/s inch long. Flowering in spring and
(dioecious) ;and (3) orange-red or brown egg- summer and with fruits in summer.
shaped fleshy fruits %-% inch long with large The wood is described as dark brown with
stone. thick light brown or yellowish sapwood, heavy,
Evergreen small tree 30 feet high and 5 hard, brittle, and fine-textured.
inches in trunk diameter. Bark light gray, Rare in moist limestone forest a t 200400
smoothish to finely fissured, the inner bark light feet altitude in northern and western Puerto
brown and slightly bitter. Twigs are gray, Rico. Not on nearby islands.
slender, and hairless. PUBLICFORESTS.-Cambalache, Guajataca,
The leaves are alternate in 2 rows, hairless, Rio Abajo, Susha, Vega.
with slender petioles I,-%, inch long. Blades R ~ N ~ ~ . - S o u t h e r nFlorida including Florida
are often unequal at base, slightly thickened Keys, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola,
and leathery, the margin straight or minutely and Puerto Rico. Also southern Mexico, British
wavy, not toothed (spiny toothed on shoots Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador.
from cut stumps), both surfaces green to dark OTHERCOMMON NAMES.---ciruela de Guayana
green and slightly shiny with veins raised. (Puerto Rico) ; pae manuel (Dominican Repub-
The flowers are clustered at leaf bases on lic) ; hueso, hueso de monte, hueso blanco, ra-
stalks about v8 inch long. Male flowers about
4/8 inch long have 4-5 pointed greenish-
mbn blanco, cueriduro (Cuba) ; mula (El Sal-
vador) ; white-wood, Guiana-plum (Jamaica) ;
white sepals nearly 1/8 inch long, hairy Guiana-plum (Bahamas) ; Guiana-plum, white-
on edges and 3-5 stamens longer than sepals wood drypetes (United States) ; bois catelette
and opposite them and around a disk. Female (Haiti).
439. Cueriduro, Guiana-plum Dtypetes lateriflwa (Sw.) Krug & Urban
Flowering twig (lower left), fruiting twig (right), natural size.

407
SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

440. Carrasco, poison spurge Euphorbia cotinifolia L,*

Carrasco or poison spurge is a very poison- when young and contain 3 seeds.
ous uncommon ornamental shrub or small tree. Introduced in Puerto Rico as an ornamental
It is characterized by : (1) abundant poisonous for the reddish foliage but not common.
white latex or milky sap, caustic and irritating Further planting of this dangerous shrub is not
to the skin; (2) broadly ovate to nearly round recommended. Elsewhere, notably in Central
leaves mostly 2-3 inches long and ly2-2% America, the plants are grown in hedges, bor-
inches wide, sometimes larger, green to coppery ders, and as living fence posts, propagated from
purple, mostly 3 at a node on very slender peti- cuttings.
oles often longer than blades; (3) inconspicu- The milky sap produces a rash in contact
ous minute male and female flowers borne in with the skin of many persons (like poison-ivy)
small greenish cups inch across the whitish and when taken internally causes violent vomit-
borders in terminal crowded clusters; and (4) ing and may be fatal. Indians of continental
small 3-angled capsules S/10 inch across the America used the sap as a poison on arrows and
whitish borders in terminal crowded clusters; for catching fish. The seeds reportedly have
and (4) small 3-angled capsules 8/16 inch in strong laxative properties.
diameter. RAN~~.-hTative from southern Mexico to
A deciduous planted shrub or rarely small Guianas, Brazil, and Peru, spread by cultiva-
tree to 15 feet high. Bark whitish and smooth- tion, and also introduced in West Indies.
ish. Poisonous white latex flows profusely from OTHER COMMON NAMES.-yerba lechera,
cuts on twigs and bark. The twigs are hairless hierba mala (Cuba) ; mala mujer, trompillo,
or nearly so and have 2 dot glands between each pifioncillo, mata gallina (Mexico) ; hierba mala
2 leaves. (Guatemala) ; sapo (Nicaragua) ; barrabis
Leaves mostly in 3's (whorled). Blades are (Costa Rica) ; manzanillo, lechero, lechero de
rounded at both ends or notched a t base, not lindero, nacedero, lorencillo (Colombia) ; le-
toothed on edges, thin, beneath paler and some- chera (Venezuela) ; yuquilla (Peru) ; poison
times slightly hairy. spurge (English) ; manzalifia bobo, manzanilla
Flower clusters (cymes in panicles) are ter- bob0 (Dutch Antilles).
minal, much branched, and showy. The cups BOTANICALS Y N O N Y M S . - E U ~ ~ ~ O ~coti-
~~
contain minute male and female flowers noides Miq., Alclerna cotinoides (Miq.) Millsp.,
.
(monoecious) The seed capsules are hairy A. cotinifolia (L.) Millsp.
440. Carrasco, poison spurge Elcphorbia cotinifolia L.*
One-half natural size.

409
SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

441. Candelero, mottled spurge Euphorbia Eactea Haw.*

This cactuslike shrub or small tree planted The flowers a r e small and inconspicuous,
for ornament and in hedges is easily identified borne intermittently.
a s a spurge by the abundant white poisonous Wood of trunks is whitish and very soft.
latex that flows from cuts. Other distinguishing The latex or milky juice is bitter, poisonous,
characters are: (1) fleshy or succulent green and caustic. It should not come in contact with
stems and branches 3-angled and 1 3 inches sores, eyes, mouth, or mucous membranes. Re-
across; and (2) leaves minute and shedding portedly it injures the eyes and can cause
early, represented by paired gray spines (stip- blindness.
ules) l/k-y8 inch long from raised edges or These plants with succulent stems and water
ridges of branches. storage tissue a r e adopted to dry regions. Like
A usually leafless but evergreen shrub or cacti, they have developed similar compact
small tree to 25 feet high and 6 inches in trunk form with reduced surface and less water loss,
diameter, with fleshy or succulent stems, much also green stems replacing leaves in food manu-
branched, hairless throughout. Stems with facture.
whorls of branches nearly to base but on large Plants are grown for ornament, in fences,
plants shedding the spiny tissue and developing and trimmed a s hedges in Puerto Rico and the
a rounded brown, fissured trunk. The 3-angled Virgin Islands, uncommon and sometimes per-
(sometimes 4-angled) branches are mostly sisting afterwards. Also southern Florida and
joints 4-12 inches long and 1-3 inches across, elsewhere in tropical regions. Escaping from
slightly shiny dark green, with yellowish or cultivation, spreading and forming thickets in
whitish streak in the groove of the axis between some places. Recommended for hedges in sand
the angles. White latex runs abundantly from dunes along ocean fronts. Propagated easily
the outer part of cut stems. The soft cut by cuttings.
branches have a light green outer layer less PUBLIC FOREST.-GU~~~~C~.
than 1/8 inch thick, which yields latex, and RANGE.-Native of East Indies.
within whitish watery tissue, slight!,y bitter. OTHER COMMON NAMES.--escambrbn, mo-
Raised leaf bases l/a-sinch high and about teado (Puerto Rico) ; candelero, cacto, raqueta
?b-1 inch apart along the edges of branches (Dominican Republic) ; cardbn, tuna de cruz
(Cuba) ; lecher0 de lindero (Colombia) ; cand6-
correspond to nodes and bear paired spreading labre (Haiti) ; cactus Surinam, corona di sum-
gray spines (stipules). The few scattered piiia (Dutch Antilles) ; mottled spurge, milk-
leaves are alternate, minute, stalkless, rounded, stripe euphorbia (United States) ; monkey-
1/8-% inch long, slightly shiny green, succulent, puzzle euphorbia, Malayan spurge-tree (Virgin
slightly thick and shedding early, or absent. Islands).
Candelero, mottled spurge Euphorbia lactea Haw.'
Leafy twig (above), natural size; plant a t lower left.

411
 - ---

SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

442. Hedge euphorhia Euphorbia neriijolia L *

This ornamental spurge with fleshy leaves with the paired spines a t the slightly raised
and stems yields white poisonous latex abun- base.
dantly from cuts. Other characters for identi- A few flower clusters (cymes) y2-1 inch
fication are: (1) stout dull green branches %- long with stout forking branches are borne
1 inch in diameter, bluntly 5-angled; (2) thick near ends of ridges or a t bases of upper leaves.
stiff leaves narrowly obovate or oblong, 3-5 Flowerlike heads (involucres) few on short
inches long, sometimes larger; and (3) paired stout stalks, greenish, fragrant, cuplike, about
gray spines (stipules) 1/16-4/8 inch long a t leaf y8 inch across, bordered by 5 short petallike
base and persistent on stem. greenish lobes each with gland a t base, contain-
Evergreen or deciduous shrub or small tree ing 1 female flower and many male flowers
25 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter or
larger, with relatively few stout fleshy or suc-
.
(monoecious) The female flower, which opens
first, about 4/8 inch long is a pistil with 3-angled
culent branches, hairless throughout. Trunks 3-celled ovary with 3 ovules and 3-forked style.
becoming round, light brown, smoothish, Many male flowers borne a few a t a time con-
slightly fissured, with scattered spines per- sist of 1dark red stamen about Y8 inch long, in
sistent. The stout dull green branches or twigs mass of greenish hairlike scales. Flowering
are soft and consist of a thin light green outer intermittently.
layer about inch thick and beneath whitish The latex or milky juice is bitter, poisonous,
watery tissue, slightly bitter. Twigs end in a and caustic.
rounded or blunt tip with young pointed leaves. Planted for ornament and in hedges in
The alternate leaves spread a t right angles to Puerto Rico and St. Thomas and perhaps others
the twig and are scattered in 5 vertical rows of the Virgin Islands and elsewhere through the
along the trunk. They are commonly 3-5 inches tropics. Cristate forms with enlarged or
long and 1-2 inches wide, sometimes larger, crested branches are in cultivation.
tapering to a short stout petiole and widest R ~ ~ c ~ , - N a t i vofe East Indies.
near the blunt apex, with short point, thick, OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ E s . - h e d g euphorbia
e
fleshy, and stiff, curved up from center to edges, (English) ; tuna francesa (El Salvador) ;
without visible veins, shiny green above the lechero de lindero, lechero de cercas, nacedero
dull green beneath. At the base are 2 gray (Colombia) ; adorna patio (Dominican Repub-
spines (stipules) . Upon shedding, a rounded lic) ; corddn santu (Dutch Antilles).
light brown leaf scar l/s inch across remains
442. Hedge euphorbia Euphorbia neriifolia L."
Leafy twig (above), fruit and male and female flowers (below), natural size.
SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

443. Eequeleto, pencilbush, milkbueh Euphorbia tirucalli L. *

This ornamental succulent shrub or small ing to stalkless base, slightly thick and succu-
tree has abundant white poisonous latex as in lent, the upper surface dull green, the lower
other spurges and differs also from cacti in surface paler with faint midvein.
absence of spines. It is recognized by: (1) Flower clusters are yellowish heads or balls
many cylindric pencillike fleshy twigs or joints, y2-9!! inch across, stalkless at ends of twigs,
forking upward; and (2) narrow green leaves composed of many crowded cuplike clusters
v2-1 inch long, shedding early and usually (involucres) y8-s/,, inch across. Within are
absent. many male flowers each of 1stamen on a stalk.
Shrub or small tree becoming 30 feet high and Flowering intermittently.
6 inches in trunk diameter, with evergreen Wood whitish, soft.
fleshy or succulent branches but usually leafless, Planted for ornament in Puerto Rico and
hairless throughout. Bark dark green, smooth Virgin Islands but uncommon. Elsewhere also
or rough. Branches many, whorled or some- a hedge plant. Propagated by cuttings. In
times single, curving outward and erect to form southern Florida recommended for dune plant-
an irregular brushlike crown. The pencillike ing. Northward in continental United States
dull green twigs or joints commonly 3-6 inches grown as a potted plant. The milky sap causes
long and l/s inch in diameter, or only y8 inch a t a rash on the skin of some persons and is poi-
the rounded end and becoming v2 inch. The sonous if taken internally.
smooth hairless surface often has many fine RA~c~.-Native of Africa. Planted through
whitish lines. White latex, caustic and poison- the tropics including Florida and Hawaii.
ous, flows from cut surfaces. Under the surface OTHER COMMON NAMES.--antena, palito, es-
the twigs are light green, with sour taste. quelito, alfabeto chino (Dominican Republic) ;
Leaves few, scattered, alternate, oblanceo- milkbush, pencil-tree, Indian tree spurge ( E n p
late, 54-1 inch long, y8 inch wide, broadest be- lish) ; potlood plant coral-cactus, wishbone-
yond middle, short-pointed at apex and taper- cactus (Dutch Antilles) ; aveloz (Brazil).
443. Esqueleto, pencilbush, milkbush Euplwrbia tirucalli L.*
Leafy twig, natural size.

415
 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)
444, Ttirtago, physic-nut J a t r o p h curcas L.*

Thrtago or physic-nut is a small ornamental when eaten by small children. It is reported

tree escaping from cultivation, identified by : that the seeds a r e edible when roasted and that
(1) the latex between water and milk in color cultivation for this purpose once was at-
that runs from cuts; (2) broadly ovate or tempted. However, the seeds should not be
heart-shaped leaves mostly slightly 3- or 5- eaten because they cause illness when only par-
lobed or angled, with 5 or 7 main veins from tially roasted. The clear oil pressed from the
base, 3 4 % inches long and nearly as wide, the seeds has been used in some countries for mak-
petioles mostly longer than blades, crowded a t ing soap, for illumination, as a lubricant, and
ends of stout twigs; (3) yellow-green bell- in paints.
shaped flowers % inch long and broad, several The seeds have served in medicine under the
on short stalks a t leaf bases; and (4) elliptic names Barbados-nuts, purging-nuts, physic-
dark brown capsules 1-ly2 inches long and 78 nuts, Semen Ricini Majoris, and pignons
inch across, splitting into 3 parts, with 3 d'Inde.
poisonous seeds. The plants are widely cultivated elsewhere
Deciduous small tree or shrub 10-15 feet from cuttings a s a hedge or living fence. The
high and to 6 inches in trunk diameter, with deciduous foliage is unpalatable to livestock.
rounded thin crown of few spreading branches. Indians in the West Indies and Mexico were
Bark light brown, smoothish and slightly warty, growing these plants around their houses when
the inner bark brown and slightly bitter. Twigs the first European explorers arrived. In Mexico
are stout, l/s-y2 inch in diameter, light green a lac or varnish was obtained from scale insects
but becoming gray, smooth with whitish dots propagated on the bark. An infusion of the
(lenticels) and raised half-round leaf scars, leaves was used in Guatemala to set dyes of cot-
hairless, with chambered pith. ton. A honey plant.
Leaves alternate but mostly crowded a t ends Uncommonly planted around houses as a n
of twigs. Petioles light green, round, 2342-51/2 ornamental and escaping to clearings, road-
inches long. Blades are broadly ovate, deeply sides, and waste grounds in Puerto Rico, Mona,
notched or heart-shaped a t base, short-pointed St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, and
at apex, and with 2-4 blunt lobes on sides, thin, Virgin Gorda. Apparently not native in Puerto
hairless or nearly so. The upper surface is dull Rico and the Virgin Islands but introduced long
green with veins yellowish and slightly sunken, ago and now widespread in cultivation and
the lower surface dull light green with raised naturalized locally. Grown from cuttings or
veins. seeds.
Flowers several to many in greenish PUBLICFORESTS.-Guhnica, Maricao, Rio
. branched clusters (cymes) 1-3 inches long a t Abajo.
leaf bases, fragrant, on stalks about % inch R A N G E . - N ~ ~of
~ vtropical
~ America, planted
long, male and female on the same plant by the Indians, and the original range uncer-
(monoecious). The calyx consists of 6 sepals tain. Now widely cultivated and naturalized in
nearly yk inch long; corolla yellow green, bell- Bermuda, through West Indies, and continental
shaped, % inch long, divided to middle into 5 America from southern Florida and Mexico to
spreading narrow lobes, hairy within, and there Argentina. Also introduced into Old World
are 5 minute glands a t base. Male flowers many, tropics and becoming naturalized.
with 10 stamens, 5 united a t base and 5 united OTHER COMMON ~AMES.-t6rtag0, piiidn,
in a column. Female flowers borne singly have piiidn purgante (Puerto Rico, Spanish) ;
pistil with elliptic 3-celled 3-ovuled ovary, short physic-nut (Virgin Islands, English) ; purge-
style, and 3 spreading 2-forked stigmas. The nut, curcas-bean, Barbados-nut ( English) ;
capsules with enlarged sepals a t base are piiidn botija, piii6n de cercas (Cuba) ; sangre-
slightly fleshy but become dry and split into 3 gado, piiioncillo (Mexico) ; tempate (Central
parts. There are 3, sometimes 2, oblong blackish America) ; cotoncillo (Honduras) ; coquillo
seeds about yn inch long, similar to those of (Costa Rica, Panama) ; piR6n de purga, tuatca,
castorbean. Flowering irregularly through the frailecillo, frailejdn (Colombia) ; m6dicinier,
year. mhdicinier bbni (Haiti) ; grave physic-nut,
The wood is white and very soft and spongy. schijnoot (Dutch Antilles) ; schijtnoot (Suri-
Seeds, leaves, and sap have been employed nam) ; pilo, pi50 branco, pinhlo bravo
widely in home remedies. The pleasantly (Brazil) ; medicinier blanc (Dominica).
flavored oily seeds are a drastic purgative but BOTANICALSYNONYM.--C~rcas curcas (L.)
poisonous and dangerous and have caused death Britton & Millsp.
444. Tbrtago, physic-nut Jatropha eurcas L
.'
Flowers (upper left), leaf and fruits (right), two-thirds nntuml size.
SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

Jatropha hernandiifolia Vent.

This vinelike shrub rarely reaching tree size Flower clusters (cymes) 1-5 inches long a t
is easily recognized by its distinctive leaves. leaf bases bear several flowers, mostly male
Characters for identification include : (1) (monoecious). Male flowers have calyx or 6
watery or slightly milky latex; (2) ovate leaves rounded lobes, bell-shaped tubular white corolla
with petiole attached mostly above base of blade with 6 spreading lobes, and 10 stamens in 2
(peltate), short- or long-pointed a t apex, some- series united in column. Female flowers have
times with 1or 2 additional points or lobes, dull pistil with &celled ovary and forked stigma.
green above and blue green beneath; (3) sev- The nearly round seed capsules, 1or 2 on stalks
eral whitish male and female flowers about S/ of 25 inches, are whitish tinged with green,
inch long and broad on very slender widely turning brown, and split into 3 parts. Seeds 3
forking stalks; and (4) nearly round seed cap- or fewer, oblong, y8 inch long, mottled brown.
sules yLinch in diameter, splitting into 3 parts. Flowering and fruiting irregularly through the
An evergreen shrub 6-10 feet high, also year.
taller and vinelike, or treelike to 20 feet tall The wood is light brown or whitish and soft.
with slender stems to 2 inches in diameter, and Uncommon in understory of moist limestone
few branches, without a definite crown, hairless forest a t low altitudes in Puerto Rico.
throughout. The bark is smooth and light gray, PUBLIC mRESTs.-Cambalache, Gubnica,
the inner bark whitish and tasteless with nearly Vega Baja.
transparent slightly bitter latex. The slender RANGE.-Puerto Rico and Hispaniola.
twigs are greenish when young, turning gray OTHER COMMON NAME.-papayo (Puerto
or brown, with rounded raised leaf scars. Rico) .
The alternate leaves have slender petioles BOTANICAL SYNONYM.4urcas iternandii-
1-4 inches long attached mostly above the foliwr (Vent.) Britton. Closely related to
rounded or heart-shaped base of blade. The thin Jatropha divaricata Sw., of Jamaica, which has
papery blades are mostly 2 4 4 inches long and thicker, soft leathery leaves with petiole at-
1%-3% inches wide. tached a t base of blade (not peltate.)
445. Tabaiba Jatroplra lternandiifolia Vent.
Fruiting twig (above), male flowers (lower right), natural size.

419
SPURGE FAnfILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)
446, T-o edtico, coralplant Jatropha multijida L.

This handsome ornamental shrub or small The seeds and milky sap are poisonous but
tree occasionally spreads from cultiv?tion and have been used in home remedies. I n southern
might be native in dry areas. It is easlly recog- Florida this species is considered t o be a fre-
nized by: (1) abundant poisonous milky juice quent cause of poisoning.
or white latex flowing from cut parts ; (2) long- Uncommonly planted for ornament and along
stalked leaves deeply palmately lobed with 11 roadsides in Puerto Rico, Vieques, and the Vir-
or fewer lance-shaped lobes also divided and gin Islands in St. Croix, St. Thomas, and Tor-
toothed ; (3) many small red or scarlet flowers tola and escaping and naturalized locally. Pos-
in flat-topped erect showy cluster on long stalk ; sibly native in dry areas of southwestern
and (4) yellow rounded slightly 3-lobed seed Puerto Rico. Collected in the interior of Mona
capsules about 1inch long. Idand f a r from any present habitation, yet
Shrub or small tree 15 feet high and 3 inches possibly introduced long ago. Propagated from
in trunk diameter or larger, apparently decidu- cuttings and seeds.
ous in dry areas, with few branches, each end- PUBLIC FOREST.-LU~U~~~O.*
ing in a cluster of crowded leaves. The bark is RANGE.-Native home uncertain, apparently
brown, smooth, with many lenticels. The stout West Indies, possibly including Puerto Rico.
hairless twigs have large round leaf scars. Collected in Barbados in 1687 and perhaps na-
The alternate hairless leaves have stipules tive there. Now widespread and naturalized
1/2-9!! inch long, divided into brown threadlike through West Indies, from southern Florida to
segments. Petioles are 4-8 inches long, round. Texas, in Hawaii, and from Mexico to Brazil
The thin blades have a rounded outline. 6-12 and becoming naturalized. Also introduced in
inches across but are much divided into narrow Old World tropics.
long-pointed lobes yL-2 inches long, green OTHER COMMON NAMES.--don tomiis, man&
above and whitish beneath. tlrtago (Puerto Rico) ; coralplant (Virgin Is-
Flower clusters (cymes) are erect on a stalk lands) ; piii6n de Espaiia, piiidn extranjero,
4-8 inches long, branched a t the top about 2Y2 yuca cimarrona (Dominican Republic);
inches across and flat, hairless throughout. Male ceibilla, piii6n vdmico, piiidn extranjero,
flowers are numerous on slender spreading castaiio purgante (Cuba) ; cabalongo (Mex-
reddish stalks, nearly inch across, composed ico) ; chicasquil (Costa Rica) ; tsrtago em6tic0,
of 6-lobed red calyx l/s inch long; 5 red spread- coral (Colombia) ; embtico vegetal (Vene-
ing narrow curved petals % inch long; disk of zuela) ; coralplant, physic-nut (English, United
6 glands united a t base; and 8 red stamens 94, States) ; Spanish physic-nut, French physic-nut
inch long. Female flowers 2-3 near center of (Jamaica) ; French physic-nut (Barbados) ;
flower cluster, less than I,& inch long, consist of mbdicinier espagnol, papaye sauvage, mbdici-
calyx, corolla, and pistil with 3-celled 3-ovuled nier dlInde (Haiti) ; coralplant, diez manda-
ovary and 3 styles each 2-forked. The capsules mentu (Dutch Antilles).
split into 3 parts, each with 1 elliptic mottled BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-Adenoropium multi-
seed about 3/ inch long. Flowering and fruiting fidum (L.) Pohl.
intermittently.

447. Jagiierillo Phyllanthus juglandifolius Willd.

A shrub or small tree to 16 feet high and 4 plant (monoecious) with 3-celled ovary and
inches in diameter of distinctive form. The stalkless flat stigma; and (3) the brown seed
smooth m a y trunk, sometimes stout, bears a t capsules are % inch in diameter rounded but
the apex many slender horizontal branches or slightly flattened and 3-lobed, spltting into 3
twigs 1-2 feet long with many alternate leaves parts, each with 2 dark brown elliptic seeds
in 2 rows. The slender twig enlarged a t base about % inch long. Flowering in spring and
and the leaves appear to be a pinnate compound summer and fruiting in summer and autumn.
leaf and all may shed together a s one. Other Scattered and uncommon in forests a t low and
characters are : (1) leaves oblong to lanceolate, middle altitudes in Puerto Rico and reported
26 inches long and 1-ll/lr inches wide, long- to long ago from St. Thomas. RANGE.-CU~~,
short-pointed a t apex and rounded or slightly Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, and South
notched a t base, not toothed on edges, thin, hair- America from Venezuela and Guyana to Brazil,
less, paler beneath, with petioles of about Peru, and Ecuador. OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-
inch; (2) small short-stalked whitish or green- grosella cimarrona (Cuba) ; quitasol (Ecua-
ish flowers less than 9/l inch long a t leaf bases, dor). BOTANICAL SYNONYMS.-Asterandra
with 5 or 6 sepals and no corolla, the male with grandifolia (L.) Britton, PIwlhdhus grandi-
6 stamens united below, and the female on same foliua auth., not L.
446. TBrtngo m6tic0, coralplant Jatropha wrtcltifida L.
Flowering twig (above), portion of fruit (lo\ver right), two-thirds natural size.
SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

Ricinus comrnunia L.*

Castorbean is an introduced large coarse The seed capsules are whitish green, becom-
herb or shrub sometimes becoming a small tree. ing brown, usually covered with weak spines
It is easily recognized by: (1) the large star- or smooth and split into 3 parts, each 1-seeded.
like palmate-veined leaves with mostly 7-9 long The seed or castorbean is shiny brown with
pointed lobes bordered by irregular gland- darker streaks or spots and a whitish enlarge-
tipped teeth and with very long round petiole ment a t one end, resembling a tick or beetle.
joined below middle of blade; (2) small green- Flowering and fruiting throughout the year.
ish flowers in terminal clusters, male below and The wood is whitish and soft.
female above; (3) the elliptic seed capsule Castorbean is cultivated elsewhere for the
about v4 inch long, 3-lobed and usually spiny, oily seeds, which yield the caster-oil of com-
splitting into 3 parts; and (4) the familiar merce, a laxative and lubricant. The oil has
castorbean y2-%!inch long, with whitish swell- been used also in soap making, for lighting
ing a t one end, oily but poisonous when eaten homes, and as a hair dressing. However, raw
raw. seeds resembling ticks or beetles are poisonous
Evergreen large coarse herb or shrub, some- and can cause death if eaten. If the flower
times a small tree 15 feet or more in height and stalks are removed before maturity of seeds,
4 inches in trunk diameter, with few branches, the risk of poisoning children is reduced.
hairless throughout. In temperate regions a An ornamental shrub or in temperate re-
coarse annual herb. Bark light brown, smooth- gions a n annual herb. Several varieties differ
ish, with rings a t nodes and raised dots (lenti- in fruit and seed characters. One ornamental
cels), the inner bark light gray and tasteless. variety planted locally has reddish or purplish
The stout greenish twigs are covered with a foliage.
whitish bloom and have enlarged ringed nodes. Locally common in waste places, cultivated,
The bud is covered by a long-pointed yellow- escaped, and naturalized throughout Puerto
green stipule more than 1 inch long, which Rico and Virgin Islands. Recorded from Icacos,
sheds early, leaving a ring scar. Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Tor-
The alternate leaves have very long stout tola, and Virgin Gorda.
petioles mostly 12-20 inches long, whitish PUBLIC FORESTS AND PARK.-Guajataca, Rio
green, rounded and hollow, joining the middle Abajo, Suslia; Virgin Islands.
of the blade (peltate) and bearing 2 cup-shaped
yellow-green glands a t apex under blade. Blades RA~c~.-Native of tropical Africa but widely
are mostly 12-16 inches in diameter, sometimes planted and naturalized in tropical and sub-
smaller, thin, slightly saucer-shaped, deeply tropical regions of the world. Naturalized
7-9-lobed half way to petiole, the lobes on 1 through West Indies and in subtropical parts of
side more than twice the length of the shortest. southern continental United States from Flor-
The upper surface is dull green with veins yel- ida to Texas, Arizona, and California. North-
low green and slightly sunken. The lower ward grown as an annual herb and escaping
surface dull light green with prominent veins. from cultivation. Also from Mexico south to
Flower clusters (racemes) are erect a t end Brazil and Argentina.
of twigs and bear many short-stalked flowers OTHER COMMON NAMES.-higuereta, ricino
without corolla, male below and female above (Puerto Rico, Spanish) ; higuerillo, higuero,
(monoecious). The male flower develops from palmacristi (Spanish) ; castorbean, castor-oil-
light green rounded bud 4/8 inch in diameter, plant (Virgin Islands, English) ; higuerillo
covered by the calyx, and consists of the light blanco, higuerillo rojo (Guatemala) ; higuero
green calyx with 36 long-pointed lobes bent blanco, higuero colorado (El Salvador) ; hi-
down and many stamens with much branched guerilla colorada (Costa Rica) ;castor, rejalgar
filaments and dotlike light yellow anthers R/H- (Colombia) ; a r t a g o (Venezuela, Argentina) ;
v2 inch long and broad. The greenish female higuerilla negra (Peru) ; oil-nut (Jamaica,
Barbados) ; palma Christi (Barbados) ; ricin,
flower less than $& inch long is composed of the
light green 3-5-lobed calyx and the pistil with palma-christi (French) ; castor-oil-plant, kar-
light green spiny 3-celled ovary, 3 ovules, and 3 pata, palma Christi (Dutch Antilles) ; carrapa-
spreading reddish-brown glandular styles each teira (Brazil) ; carpate (Dominica).
2-forked.
448. Hiyerito, castorbean Ricinlcs commroris L."
Fruits (above), leaf, and flowers (lower left), two-thirds natural size.
423
SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

Sapium caribaeltm Urban

A tree species of the Lesser Antilles known singly have 2-lobed calyx and pistil with
also from 2 localities in the Virgin Islands. Dis- rounded ovary and 2 styles. The purplish seed
tinguishing characteristics are : (1) abundant capsules are mostly 2-lobed and contain 2
milky sap, probably poisonous as in related spe- rounded seeds more than y8 inch long.
cies; (2) elliptic-lanceolate thin leaves 3-5s The whitish soft lightweight wood is not
inches long and ll4,-2?4 inches wide, with rela- used.
tively few side veins mostly curved toward bor- Elsewhere, Indians made bird-lime from the
der; and (3) rounded seed capsules nearly 1/4, sticky white sap.
inch in diameter. Collected a t Cinnamon Bay, St. John, about
A small evergreen tree 20 feet high and 4 a century ago but not found there afterwards.
inches or more in trunk diameter, hairless Sterile specimens were obtained in the moun-
throughout. Leaves alternate, the light green tain or rain forest a t the summit of Sage Moun-
round petioles :%-1 inch long with 2 glands a t tain, Tortola, altitude 1,700 feet, by one of the
apex. Blades long-pointed a t apex and rounded authors in 1954 and 1972.
a t base, with minute gland teeth on edges, thin PUBLICPARKS.-Virgin Islands ( ?) , Sage
or slightly thick and succulent, the upper sur- Mountain.
face green, and the lower surface dull light R ~ ~ ~ ~ . - T o r t o lSt.
a , John, and Lesser An-
green. tilles in St. Kitts, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Do-
Flower clusters (spikes) 4-10 inches long a t minica, Martinique, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent.
ends of twigs bear many minute nearly stalk- OTHER COMMON NAMES.-gumtree (Saba) ;
less flowers less than '/lo inch long, mostly male bois de soie (Guadeloupe) ; bois-la-glu, glutier
and in lower part female (monoecious). Male (Martinique) ; la glu (St. Lucia) ; la glu, lagli
flowers about 10 above a scale have 2-lobed (Dominica).
calyx and 2 stamens. Female flowers borne
 Sapitittt caribaelcin Urban
Flowering hvig (above), fruiting twig. (below), two-thirds natural size.

425
 - -

SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

450. Tabaiba Sapium jarnaicenae Sw,

This species of tabaiba is rare and local near are composed of a cup-shaped 3-toothed calyx
Lares and in Luquillo Mountains a t its eastern and pistil with 3-celled 3-ovuled ovary and 3
limit. It is characterized by: (1) abundant styles. Seed capsules are 3-celled and split into
irritating and poisonous milky sap ; (2) oblong 3 parts. The seeds are about 5/lc inch long.
or elliptic green leaves with many nearly Rare in northeastern Puerto Rico only a t
straight to slightly curved parallel lateral vein? Rosario Tract in Luquillo Mountains a t 600-
almost a t right angle to midvein, the edges mi- 800 feet altitude and near Lares in the moist
nutely wavy-toothed, and 2 raised dotlike glands limestone forest.
a t upper end of petioles ; (3) small yellow-green PUBLIC FOREST.-LU~U~~~O.
flowers stalkless along narrow axes a t leaf R ~ ~ c ~ . - G r e a t e Antilles,
r southern Mexico
bases, mostly male with a few female below (Chiapas) , Guatemala, and Honduras.
(monoecious) ; and (4) seed capsules round, OTHER COMMON NAMES.-lengua de vaca,
%, inch in diameter, &seeded. aburridero (Dominican Republic) ; lechuga,
Small to medium-sized evergreen tree to 50 piniche, lecher0 (Cuba) ; beyacca, gumtree,
feet high and 10 inches in trunk diameter, milkwood (Jamaica) ; bois lait, bois brQlant
hairless throughout. Leaves alternate, with (Haiti).
green petioles %-1% inches long. Blades are Apparently after reaching its eastern limit in
mostly 6 9 inches long and 2%-2% inches Puerto Rico, this species of the Greater An-
wide, sometimes only 3 inches long and 1 inch tilles, Mexico, and Central America produced
wide, abrbptly long-pointed a t apex and blunt the local or endemic relative, No. 129, tabaiba,
at base. Sapium laurocerasus Desf. That species is
Flower clusters (spikes) 2 4 ,are 3-6 inches common and more widespread over the island
long, unbranched, a t base of topmost leaves. and ascends to higher altitudes. It differs in
Male flowers, in groups of 3-7 above a scale, the darker more shiny leaves with side veins
about 1/,, inch long and broad, yellow green, more nearly a t right angle to midrib and more
consisting of cup-shaped 2-toothed calyx and prominent glands at upper end of petiole.
2 stamens. Female flowers 5/16 inch long, green,
 Tabaiba Sapitcnt, janlaicense Sw.
wig with male flowers (upper left), twig with female flowers (lower left), fruiting twig (right), natural size.

427
SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

451. Amansa guapo Savia sessiliflora (Sw.) Willd.

Distinguishing characters of this shrub or broad, yellow, composed of 5 hairy sepals, 5

small tree of dry areas are : (1) narrowly ovate tiny petals, 5 stamens, and nonfunctioning
leaves 1-3 inches long and yb-lg inches wide, pistil. Female flowers have 5 sepals, 5 tiny
alternate, almost stalkless, and light green ; (2) petals, and pistil with 3-celled ovary and 3 fork-
minute yellow flowers male and female a t leaf ing styles. Seed capsules hang down on curved
bases on different trees, male crowded and al- stalks about 1/4, inch long, split into 3 parts
most stalkless, female single on curved stalks; which fall off, the axis remaining attached. The
and (3) seed capsules rounded, brown or black, dark brown rounded seeds are about 1/8 inch in
B/1a inch in diameter, splitting into 3 parts, each diameter. Flowering and fruiting irregularly
2-seeded. during the year.
Deciduous shrub or small tree to 25 feet high Wood is light brown, hard.
and 4 inches in trunk diameter. The bark is Uncommon and scattered in dry coastal and
gray, smooth to slightly fissured, with warts lower Cordillera forests of southwestern Puerto
(lenticels). The inner bark is light pink be- Rico from sea level to 500 feet altitude. Also
neath a n outer green layer, bitter. The slender Desecheo, Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St.
twigs are greenish and finely hairy when young; John, and Jost Van Dyke.
becoming brownish with raised dots (lenticels) . PUBLIC FOREST AND PARKS.--GU~~~CEI ; Buck
The alternate leaves have hairy leafstalks Island Reef, Virgin Islands.
1/,,, inch long and minute pointed stipules ]/lo R A N G E . - ~ u ~Hispaniola,
~, Puerto Rico, and
inch long. Blades are long-pointed a t apex, Virgin Islands. Recorded from Jamaica only
rounded a t base, without teeth on edges, thin, from the type collection nearly two centuries
paler beneath, hairless except a t base and along ago.
midvein beneath. OTHER COMMON NAMES.4rbonero de
Flowers male and female a t leaf bases on costa, garrote (Puerto Rico) ; ajorca-jibaro
different trees (dioecious) , with both sepals (Cuba).
and petals. Male flowers less than yu inch
451. Amansa y a p o Saria sedeilifiora (Sw.) Willd.
Fruiting twig (above), twig with female flowers (lower left), two-thirds natural size.

429
SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE)

Securinega acidoton ( L ) Fawcett & Randle

This small much-branched shrub with many green and slightly shiny, the lower surface dull
small sharp spines sometimes becomes a small light green.
tree. Its distinguishing characters are: (1) Flowers are male and female on the same
very slender, very spiny, brown or gray zigzag plant (monoecious), minute, about inch
twigs, much branched and almost forming a wide, yellowish, without petals. Several to
network; (2) very small leaves, crowded and many male flowers are crowded and almost
alternate, obovate or elliptic, lk-E/B inch long ; stalkless a t leaf bases, composed of 5 round
(3) minute yellowish flowers at leaf bases, yellowish sepals, 6 stamens on a disk opposite
many crowded male and few stalked female; the sepals, and minute nonfunctioning pistil.
and (4) seed capsules rounded, inch in Female flowers are few at leaf bases on slender
diameter, splitting into 6 parts. stalks about y8 inch long, consisting of 5
Much branched spreading, spiny deciduous rounded yellowish sepals and on a disk the
shrub less than 10 feet high, sometimes tree- pistil with 3-celled ovary and 3 spreading 2-
like and on Muertos a small tree to 20 feet high forked styles. The rounded brown seed cap-
and 6 inches in trunk diameter. Bark light gray, sules contain 6 light yellow seeds '/la inch long.
smoothish, becoming rough, fissured, and With flowers and fruits in spring and summer.
slightly shreddy. The inner bark is pinkish and The wood is light brown, hard, and fine-
slightly bitter. The very spiny hairless twigs textured.
have minute light dots (lenticela) and end in Locally common in dry coastal hills from sea
spines or minute buds formed of scales (stip- level to 600 feet altitude in southwestern Puerto
ules) and young leaves. The spines are slender, Rico and recorded from Coamo Springs by
straight, sharp, 4/8-n/o inch long, often appear- Britton and Wilson (10). Also Desecheo,
ing widely 2-forked, those from side twigs to Muertos, St. Croix and Buck Island, St.
:M inch long. Thomas Little St. James Island, St. John, and
The leaves are alternate or on short lateral Virgin dorda.
shoots crowded, hairless, with 2 minute brown PUBLIC F'OREST AND p~It~s.-Guirnica; Buck
scales (stipules) a t base and with very slender Island Reef, Virgin Islands.
leafstalk less than xa inch long. Blades are
mostly obovate or elliptic, %-5/8 inch long, l/s-
RANGE.-Bahamas,
Virgin Islands.
Greater Antilles, and
y8 inch wide, rounded a t apex, tapering to base, OTHER COMMON NAME.-green ebony (Ja-
not toothed on edges, thin, the upper surface maica).
162. Secttrinega acidaton ( L . ) Fawcett
Twig with female flowers (left), twig with male flowers (center), fruiting twig (right). natural size.

431
 BOX FAMILY (BUXACEAE)
Shrubs, small trees, and herbs, known by: generally with 4 (-12) sepals or lobes or some-
(1) evergreen leaves, opposite or sometimes times none, without corolla, the male flowers
alternate, simple, commonly entire, leathery, with stamens 4 (or 6) opposite or many, the
without stipules; (2) minute flowers crowded female few and larger with pistil composed of
along a n axis (spike or raceme), male and fe- superior ovary generally of 3 cells each with
male on the same plant (monoecious) or dif- 1-2 ovules, and 3 spreading styles; and (3)
ferent plants (dioecious), regular, the calyx fruit a capsule or berrylike, the shiny black
seeds with a fleshy protuberance (caruncle).
Key to species
A. Leaves ovate or elliptic, 2-4 inches long, with 3 main veins from base to long-pointed a p e x 4 6 3 . Btczus laevi-
gab.
AA. Leaves oblong or obovate, %-1% inches long, with 2 faint side veins from base near edge to rounded apex-
454. Buxtu, valtlii.

Buzua laevigala (Sw.) Spreng.

A rare shrub or small tree of western Puerto cious) a t the end of a stalk less than 1 inch
Rico, recognized by: (1) opposite ovate or long. Male flowers l/a inch long and broad have
elliptic leaves with 3 main veins from base; (2) a stalk inch long, 4 whitish or light yel-
small fragrant whitish or light yellow male and low sepals 1/8 inch long and 4 stamens opposite
female flowers about a inch long, without the sepals. The slightly larger female flowers
petals, in stalked clusters a t leaf bases ;and (3) without stalk have 6 sepals less than '/loinch
rounded brown seed capsules about s/16 inch long and pistil with rounded 3-celled ovary
long and broad, 3-horned, splitting into 3 parts. and 3 long spreading styles. Seed capsule
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet high rounded and 6-angled, with 3 long curved horns
and 3 inches in trunk diameter, hairless (styles) of the same length a t apex, splitting
throughout. Bark gray, thick, with corky into 3 parts, each with 1 horn and 1-seeded.
ridges and deep fissures, light yellow within. With flowers and fruits in spring and summer.
The inner bark is light green and very bitter. The wood is light yellow, hard, heavy, of very
The light green twigs are slightly Cangled, fine uniform texture. It would be suitable for
slender, and brittle. articles of turnery and wood engravings, like
The opposite leaves without stipules have that of the related box or boxwood of commerce
leafstalks inch long. Blades are 2-4 (Buxus sempervirens L.)
inches long and 1-2 inches wide, slightly thick- Rare in moist limestone and western Cordi-
ened, long-pointed a t apex, short-pointed a t llera (serpentine) forests a t 300-2,000 feet
base, with 2 long side veins curved from base altitude in western Puerto Rico.
to apex near the turned down edges, bitter tast- PUBLIC FORESTS.-Guajataca, Maricao, Rio
ing but without odor. The upper surface is Abajo, Susiis.
shiny green and the lower surface shiny light RANGE.-Puerto Rico and Jamaica. Also
green. Martinique and Venezuela.
Several to many male flowers and usually 1 BOTAMCALSYNONYMS.-TriCera citrifolia
female are borne in .the same cluster (monoe- Willd., B w u s citrifolia (Willd.) Spreng.
Twig with male and female flowers (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.

433
BOX FAMILY (BUXACEAE)

B w u s vtzhlii Baill.
This rare shrub or small tree is identified by : surface dull light green.
(1) opposite oblong or obovate slightly thick- The flowers a r e male and female in the same
ened leaves ?L!-1y2inches long and y8-VUinch cluster (monoecious), with 4 sepals less than
wide, with 2 faint side veins curved from base '/s inch long and no petals. Flowering and fruit-
near edge to the rounded apex, which ends in ing from spring to fall.
minute narrow point; (2) small whitish or yel- The wood is yellowish and hard.
lowish male and female flowers without petals, This species might be suitable as a hedge
in clusters almost stalkless a t leaf bases; and plant, having attractive foliage like that of the
(3) seed capsules S/lo-x inch long, %horned, related box or boxwood of commerce, (Buxus
splitting into 3 parts. sempervirens L.) ,also a cultivated ornamental.
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 15 feet Rare in moist limestone forest a t 200-600
high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, hairless feet altitude on hills of Puerto Rico. Collected
throughout. Bark gray, finely fissured, the in- near Rincbn, Ponce, and Bayam6n. Also St.
ner bark light brown and bitter. Twigs light Croix.
green, becoming light gray, with 2 grooves be- RANGE.-Puerto Rico and St. Croix only. An
low each leaf, ending in bud composed of mi- early report from Jamaica has not been con-
nute paired leaves. firmed.
Leaves opposite, with leafstalks l/lo inch BOTANICAL s ~ ~ o N ~ ~ . - T n ' c e r a vahlii
long, without stipules, with bitter taste but no (Baill.) Britton.
odor. Blades are stiff and leathery, slightly con- The specific name commemorates Martin
vex, short-pointed a t base, and slightly turned Hendriksen Vahl (1749-1804), Danish bot-
under a t edges. The upper surface is green and anist, who first described this and several other
slightly shiny, with sunken midvein and 2 faint tree species from Puerto Rico and the Virgin
side veins curved near border, and the lower Islands.
 Buzus oahlii Baill.
Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (right), natural size.
 CASHEW FAMILY (ANACARDIACEAE)

Trees, shrubs, and few woody vines, known or female, mostly regular, with 3-6 sepals
by: (1) resinous aap often in bark and other united a t base, 3-5 petals or none, generally 10
parts, in a few species the resin or volatile oil stamens, sometimes fewer, inserted a t the bor-
caustic and poisonous to the skin; (2) leaves der of a ringlike or cuplike disk, and pistil with
alternate, odd pinnate, with 3 leaflets, or simple, superior ovary generally 1-celled (to 5-celled)
without stipules; (3) flowers minute or small, with 1ovule, style, and 3 stigmas; and (4) fruit
commonly white, many in large branched clus- mostly a resinous drupe, 1-seeded, the resin of
ters (panicles), bisexual or functionally male few species poisonous. Also vol. 1, p. 286.
Key to species
A. Leaves simple.
B. Leaves elliptic or obovate, rounded at both ends or slightly notched at apex-130. Pajuil, cashew, Anucar-
dium occidentale L.
BB. Leaves lance-shaped, long-pointed at both ends-131. Bfango, Mangifera indica L.*
AA. Leaves pinnately compound.
C. Leaflets 5 or 7.
D. Leaflets usual1 5 (3-7) stalked ovate, blunt or minutely notched at apex; sap poisonous to the
touch-132. kpayo, ~ b r i d apohontree, Meto ittrn toziferurn L.) Krug & Urban
6
DD. Leaflets 5 or 7, stalkless elliptic o r oblong, dightfy toothed towar short-pointed apexe;sap resinous-
457. Schintts terebintkifolta.*
CC. Leaflets 9 to many.
E. Leaflets spiny-toothed; sa poisonous to the touch-4omocladia.
F. Leaflets 11-21, broaJy ovate, K-% inch long and broad, each bearing 3 o r more sharp slender
spines--455. Comocladia dodonaea.
FF. Leaflets 11-31, oblong or lance-shaped, 254-7 inches long, with many spiny teeth456. Comocla-
dia plabra.
EE. Leaflets 9-25, not spiny; sap not poisonous-4pondias.
G. Leaflets mostly lance-shaped, long- or short-pointed at apex, with short stalks about % inch
long.
H. Leaflets inconspicuously toothed-133. Jobo de la India, ambarella, Spondiae dtclcis Par-
kinson.
HH. Leaflets not toothed-134. Jobo, ho plum, yellow niombin, Spondias mombin L.
GG. Leaflets elliptic, rounded or short-poind at apex, slightl~wavy-toothed, almost stalkless-1%.
Ciruela del pais, purple mombin, Spo~~dins purptcrea L.

455. Chicharr6n Comocladia dodonaea ( L . ) Urban

This spiny shrub or small tree with few slightly rough from the raised half round leaf
branches and no crown should be learned be- scars. The bud is composed of minute hairy
[Link] its sap of leaves, twigs, and bark is poi- leaves without scales.
sonous to the skin of many persons. It is easily The evergreen leaves are alternate but near
identified by : (1) pinnately compound leaves ends of twigs are very close together. The
3-6 inches or more in length crowded near ends yellow-green leaf axes are densely brown hairy.
of twigs and composed of 11-21 stalkless Leaflets are paired except a t end, broadly ovate,
broadly ovate leaflets, folded or wrinkled and mostly a/8-yI. inch long and broad, slightly
often reddish tinged, each bearing 3 or more thickened. The short-pointed apex ends in a
sharp slender spines; (2) many tiny stalkless sharp slender yellow spine about y8 inch long,
dark red flowers more than I/loinch across, in the 2 4 main veins end in similar spines, and
clusters along a lateral flower stalk; and (3) the base is heart shaped. The upper surface is
the orange-red elliptical fleshy fruits slightly shiny green and hairless, and the lower
inch long, several along a stalk. surface paler and sometimes hairy on veins.
Commonly a shrub 10 feet or less in height Flower clusters (panicles) have a lateral
but becoming a small tree 16 feet high and axis 24y2 inches in length. Groups of tiny red
4-6 inches in trunk diameter, with slender axis flowers are almost stalkless along the main axis
and few branches. The bark is light brown, or on short branches less than inch long.
slightly fissured, and thin. Inner bark is light Flowers are male or female and bisexual on
brown and tasteless. The sap turns blackish on the same plant (polygamous). The minute
exposure and makes a lasting stain. The stout calyx is 3-lobed; the corolla is composed of 3
brown twigs are densely hairy when young, dark red petals, widely spreading and more
 Comocladia dodonaea ( L . ) Urban
Natural size.
CASHEW FAMILY (ANACARDIACEAE)
than '/lo inch across; male flowers have 3 RANGE.-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Virgin
stamens; and female flowers have an ovary Islands, and Lesser Antilles from Anguilla and
with 3 minute stigmas. The elliptical or oblong St. Martin to St. Vincent and the Grenadines.
fruits (drupes) contain 1 seed % a inch long. OTHER COMMON N A M E s . - ~ ~ ~ Z pelado, maiz
Flowering in winter and spring and maturing tostado, carrasco, prapra (Puerto Rico) ;
fruits in spring and summer. Christmas-tree, Christmas-bush (St. Croix) ;
Sapwood is light brown and hard. thumbtack, poison-ash (Tortola) ; guao (Do-
Locally common in open areas and thickets minican Republic) ; brbillet (Haiti) ; houx
in the dry and moist limestone forests and dry (St. Barts) ; red-man, centepee plant (Dutch
foothills of Puerto Rico from sea level to 1,000 Antilles) ; brazil (The Grenadines).
feet altitude, especially in the southwestern Called Christmas-tree in St. Croix because
part and limestone hilltops in the northwestern the leaflets are often reddish tinged as well a s
part. Also throughout the other islands includ- green. The spiny leaflets and red berrylike
ing Mona, Desecheo, Muertos, Culebra, Vieques,
St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Jost Van Dyke, fruits resemble holly.
Tortola, and Virgin Gorda. This species is related to poison-ivy of con-
PUBLICFORESTS AND PARKS.-Cambalache, tinental United States and should be avoided
Guajataca, Gudnica, Maricao, Suslia, Vega, by all who are susceptible to that plant. The
Estate Thomas; Buck Island Reef, Virgin sap contains a caustic oil that produces similar
Islands, Gorda Peak. skin irritation and eruption upon contact.

Comocladia glabra ( Schultes ) Spreng.

This odd poisonous shrub or small tree (or beneath. Lateral veins are a t right angles to
vinelike) of the forest understory easily recog- midrib, very prominent on lower leaflet sur-
nized by: (1) slender unbranched erect trunk face, and end in needlelike spines l/la-l/Hinch
(sometimes with 2 or 3 branches) bearing a t long.
the top a cluster of large spreading pinnate Flowers are male and bisexual on the same
leaves with 11-31 oblong or lance-shaped plant (polygamous). They have a 3-lobed calyx,
spiny-toothed leaflets; (2) the tiny dark red 3 round dark red petals about 1/Q2 inch long, 3
flowers '/la inch across, crowded along stamens, and a pistil with rounded ovary and
branched lateral clusters 6-10 inches long; and 3 stigmas, or sometimes the parts in 4's. Male
(3) the elliptic fleshy fruits % inch long, red- flowers have calyx, corolla, 3 larger stamens,
dish, turning black. The whitish sap of foliage and no pistil. Flowering and fruiting inter-
and bark, which turns blackish upon exposure, mittently.
irritates the skin of some persons upon contact. The sapwood is hard and light brown and is
Evergreen and commonly a shrub a t high not used.
elevations but elsewhere becoming more than Common in most forest types except the dry
20 feet tall and 2 inches in trunk diameter. The southwestern coast and a t 1,000-4,000 feet alti-
light gray bark is fissured or rough. Inner bark tude in Puerto Rico. Absent from other islands.
is whitish and almost tasteless, with poisonous PUBLIC FORESTS.-Cambalache, Carite, Gua-
sap. The stout axis is light brown a t apex and jataca, Guilarte, Luquillo, Maricao, Rlo Abajo,
slightly hairy when young. Suslia, Toro Negro, Vega.
The leaves 1-2 feet long are alternate though RANGE.-Hispaniola and Puerto Rico.
crowded. Along the stout, light green, finely
hairy axis are 11-31 almost stalkless leaflets OTHER COMMON NAMES.-~UBO (Puerto
in pairs except a t end. Leaflet blades are 2y2-7 Rico) ; guao, chicharr6n (Dominican Repub-
inches long and v8-2 inches wide or smaller lic) ;brbsillet (Haiti).
near base of leaf, with a long spiny point and The caustic sap upon contact with the skin
the base rounded and slightly heart-shaped, produces irritation and eruption similar to that
stiff and thickened, hairless except on midrib, of the related poison-ivy of continental United
dark green on upper surface, and yellow green States.
456. Carrasco Coniocladia glabra (Schultes) Spreng.
Leaf (above), twig with flowers and fruits (below), one-half natural size.

439
CASHEW FAMILY (ANACARDIACEAE)

457. Pimienta de Brasil, Christmas-berry, Brazil peppertree Schinzts terebinthifolia Raddi*

This attractive ornamental shrub or small pointed, green sepals; corolla of 5 white petals
tree is rarely planted for its clusters of many less than l/s inch long; 10 stamens attached a t
bright red fruits 3/16 inch in diameter. Other the base of a large ring-shaped disk; and pistil
distinguishing characteristics are : (1) pinnate with rounded ovary, short style, and stigma.
leaves with mostly 5, 7, or 9 (3-13 or more in The bright red fleshy fruits (drupes) have
varieties) stalkless elliptic or oblong leaflets sepals a t base and dot stigma a t apex. The
paired except the largest a t end, slightly aromatic resinous brown pulp encloses 1elliptic
toothed toward short-pointed apex; and (2) light brown seed less than y8 inch long. Flow-
clusters of many small flowers about
broad across the 6 white petals.
v8 inch ering and fruiting intermittently.
Rarely planted for ornament in Puerto Rico,
Evergreen shrub or small tree becoming 20 escaping in moist limestone forest, Also St.
feet high and 8 inches in trunk diameter. The John. Propagated from seeds and cuttings.
bark is smooth and gray. Twigs are light Uncommon in cultivation in tropical gardens.
brown, finely hairy when young, and have Introduced into southern Florida including
many raised dots (lenticels). They have aro- Florida Keys and naturalized locally as a weed.
matic resinous sap which turns blackish upon Because of the evergreen foliage and red
exposure. The buds are formed by minute hairy berries resembling holly, the branches are
leaves without stipules. popular for Christmas decorations. Also in
The alternate pinnate leaves 3-6 inches long southern Arizona, southern California, and
have a narrowly winged axis 1-3 inches long, Hawaii. A honey plant. It is reported that this
green and finely hairy. Leaflets are 1-2 inches species causes a skin irritation in some persons.
long and 1h-y' inch wide (the terminal to 3 RANcE.-Native of Brazil, Paraguay, and
inches by 1 inch), short-pointed a t both ends, Argentina. Widely introduced northward to
with small blunt teeth toward apex, slightly Central America and southern border of United
thickened, hairless or nearly so, the upper sur- States and in the Old World tropics.
face shiny green with several straight lateral OTHER COMMON N A M E S . - - C O ~ ~ ~ (Cuba) ;
veins, and the lower surface dull light green. chichita (Argentina) ; Brazil peppertree,
Flower clusters (panicles) are mostly a t base Christmas-berry (United States) ; aroeira,
of upper leaves, 1-3 inches long, branched, aroeira negra, aroeira da praia (Brazil).
composed of many short-stalked flowers, partly Varieties differing mainly in foliage, includ-
male and female on different plants (dioe- ing number and shape of leaflets, have been
cious) . The flower consists of calyx of 5 minute, named.

CYRILLA FAMILY (CYRILLACEAE)

Shrubs and trees, mostly small, sometimes superior ovary with 2-4 cells each with 1-2
large, known by: (1) leaves alternate, simple, ovules, short style, and 2 stigmas; and (3)
mostly leathery, without stipules; (2) minute fruit a capsule or berrylike drupe, often angled
flowers clustered along an axis (raceme), bi- or winged. Vol. 1,p. 298.
sexual, regular, with 5 sepals united a t base One species: 136. Palo colorado, swamp cy-
and persistent, 5 petals united a t base or sepa- rilla, Curilla racemiflora L.
rate, 5 or 10 stamens, and pistil composed of
457. Pimienta de Brasil, Christmas-berry, Brazil peppertree Schiillcs terebintlrifolia Raddif
Flowerinfi twig (above), fruiting t ~ v i g(below), natural size.
 HOLLY FAMILY (AQUIFOLIACEAE)
Shrubs and trees, small to medium-sized, rounded whitish petals sometimes united a t
rarely large, known by: (1) alternate simple base, 4 (6) alternate stamens inserted a t base
leaves generally leathery and evergreen, with of corolla, without disk, and pistil with su-
minute stipules or none ; (2) small flowers, few perior ovary of 4 (3-5) cells of 1-2 ovules,
in lateral clusters, whitish or greenish, gener- usually without style and with 3-5 stalkless
ally male and female on different plants (dioe- stigmas; and (3) fruit a round drupe or berry,
cious) or bisexual, regular, composed of calyx red, black, or yellow, with stalkless stigmas,
with 4 (5) minute sepals or teeth, 4 (5) bitter pulp, and 3-5 nutlets.
Key to species
A. Leaves toothed on edges.
B. Leaves narrowly ovate, lon pointed, sharply saw-toothed, %-I% inches l o n g 4 6 1 . Ilez macfadyenii.
BB. h v e s mostly obovnte or ofiong blunt or short-pomted a t apex.
C. Leaves with edges usually slightly wavy toothed and turned under, 2-4 inches l o n g 4 6 2 . Ilez nitida.
CC. Leaves often sharply toothed toward apex, 1x43 inches l o n-g 4 5 8 . Ilez casslne.
AA. Leaves not toothed on ed 5. -
D. Leaves mostly less E n 1 inch long; flowers 1 or few at lenf bases, 4-5-parted465. Ilez eintenieii.
DD. Leaves mostly more than 1 inch long; flowers clustered a t lenf bases.
E. Leaves short- or long- ointed at apex, 1-1% inches l o n g 4 5 9 . Ilez cookii.
BE. Leaves mostly mundetat apex.
F. Flowers 5-'7-parted; leaves 1%-2% inches l o n g 4 6 4 . Ilez siderozyloidea.
FF. Flowers 4-parted.
C. Leaves elliptic, mostly blunt at base, 1W-2% inches l o n g 4 6 6 . Ilez urbatriana.
GC. Leaves short ointed a t base.
H. Leaves &long or obovate, 1%-4 inches l o n g 4 6 0 . Ilez guianensis.
HH. Leaves obovate to elliptic, 1-134 inches l o n g 4 6 3 . Ilez riedlaei.

458. Dahoon Ilex cmsine L.

Dahoon, a small tree of southeastern conti- lobes; and female flowers, usually only 3, have
nental United States, extends into the West 4 sterile stamens and short pistil with 4-celled
Indies and has been discovered in Puerto Rico ovary and broad flat stigma. The berry (berry-
a t its southeastern limit. This relative of the like drupe) has calyx a t base and dotlike
hollies is characterized by: (1) oblong or stigma a t apex and contains usually 4 nutlets
oblanceolate leathery leaves broadest and often 3/ro i?ch long, pointed and ridged. Flowering
sharply toothed toward the short-pointed or in spnng.
blunt apex; (2) few or several small whitish The wood is described as lightweight, hard,
flowers a t leaf bases, more than 1/R inch across fine-textured, with thick whitish sapwood and
the 4 rounded corolla lobes; and (3) round light brown heartwood.
bright red fruits nearly inch in diameter. In Florida this native relative of holly is
A small evergreen tree to 26 feet high and recommended ae a hardy evergreen for its
6 inches in trunk diameter, sometimes shrubby. bright red berries (only on female trees) in
The bark is dark gray and rough. Twigs are winter. It grows best though slowly in moist
slender, densely hairy, becoming dark brown, soils with some shade and is suited to lake
ending in minute pointed hairy buds. shores and wet areas, also streets and road-
The alternate leaves have petioles about sides. Propagated from cuttings.
inch long, often slightly hairy. Blades are Rare in coastal swamps of moist coastal for-
inches long and y2-1 inch wide, gradu- est a t sea level near Dorado in northern Puerto
ally narrowed to base, slightly thickened, hairy Rico. Not listed by Britton and Wilson (10)
when young, especially beneath, becoming hair- but found by one of the authors as a range
less except on midvein beneath, shiny dark extension of the southeastern limit.
green above, and light green beneath. R~~cE.-Coastal plain of southeastern
Flowers on short hairy stalks a t leaf bases
in branching clusters (like cymes) to 1 inch United States from Virginia to Florida includ-
long, male and female on different plants (di- ing Florida Keys and Texas. Also Bahamas,
oecious). The calyx is composed of 4 pointed Cuba, and Puerto Rico. Also a variety (var.
minute greenish sepals with hairy edges, and ?nexica?sa (Turcz.) Loes.) in Mexico.
corolla of 4 spreading rounded whitish lobes OTHER COMMON NAMES.-yanilla blanca
more than '/lo inch long. Male flowers have 4 (Cuba) ; dahoon, dahoon holly, Christmas-
stamens attached near base of corolla between berry (United States).
Twig with male flowers (upper left), twig with fruits (upper right), twig with female flowers (lower right), natural
size.
HOLLY FAMILY (AQUIFOLIACEAE)

llex cookii Britton & Wile.

This shrub or small tree local a t the summit '/lo inch long, and pistil with ovary and 4-5
of Cerro de Punta, Puerto Rico's highest dotlike stigmas. Fruits (drupes) green when
mountain peak, is characterized by: (1) elliptic immature, 5-celled, with 5 blackish nutlets, and
leaves y4-13/ inches long and yfl-V8inch wide, with stigmas and sepals persistent. Flowering
thick and stiff; (2) flowers few at leaf bases, irregularly over the year.
% inch across the 4 white petals; and (3) Rare and local in dwarf forest of upper
round fruits less than %,, inch in diameter. Cordillera forest a t and near summit of Cerro
An evergreen shrub 6-8 feet high, some- de Punta, in the central mountains a t 4,000-
times becoming a small tree to 20 feet high and 4,390 feet altitude.
5 inches in trunk diameter, hairless. Bark light PUBLIC FOREST.-Tor0 Negro.
brown with light dots (lenticels). Twigs slen- RANGE.-K~ow~only from Cerro de Punta,
der, light green, becoming gray. Puerto Rico.
Leaves alternate, with light green petioles This rare species named in 1926 was dis-
%-'/e inch long. Blades short- or long-pointed covered by Henry Allan Gleason and Melville
a t apex and short-pointed or rounded a t base, Thurston Cook (1869-1952) on March 18,
slightly turned under a t edges, the upper sur- 1926, during perhaps the first ascent by bot-
face shiny dark green with sunken midvein and anists of Puerto Rico's highest peak. These
inconspicuous side veins, and the lower surface specialists from the United States were making
dull light green. a survey of the vegetation of Puerto Rico (12,
Flowers few on slender stalks about l/s inch 25). Cook was botanist and plant pathologist
long a t leaf bases. Female flowers have 4-5 a t the Agricultural Experiment Station a t Rio
minute sepals, 4-6 spreading white petals about Piedras from 1923 to 1940.
 Zlex cookii Rritton & Wils.
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (below), natural size.
H O U Y FAMILY (AQUIFOLIACEAE)

llex pianensha (Aubl. ) Kuntze

This rare small tree of mountain forests is ent plants (dioecious), several a t leaf base,
characterized by: (1) oblong or obovate thick have calyx, corolla, minute stamens, and pistil
leathery leaves 1y2-4 inches long and Y4-1J/2 with rounded ovary and flattened stigma.
inches wide, rounded or blunt a t apex, short- Fruits (drupes) few a t leaf bases on slender
pointed a t base; (2) many small white flowers stalks about v8 inch long, with calyx a t base
48 inch across the 4 petals, clustered a t leaf and stigma at apex, containing few nutlets.
bases ; and (3) round fruits (drupes) less than The whitish wood is hard.
1h inch in diameter, red to black. Rare in moist limestone and lower Cordillera
Small evergreen tree to 30 feet high and forests a t 200-1,000 feet altitude in western
6 inches in trunk diameter or a shrub. Bark Puerto Rico.
gray, smoothish. Twigs gray, hairless or finely PUBLICFORESTS.-Cambalache, Guajataca,
hairy. Maricao, Rfo Abajo, Susiia, Vega.
The alternate hairless leaves have petioles RANGE.-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Dominica,
V8-y8 inch long. The blades are slightly turned and Trinidad. Also from Mexico and British
under a t edges, have midvein slightly sunken Honduras through Central America to Colom-
and side veins inconspicuous, and lower surface bia Venezuela, French Guiana, and Brazil.
paler. ~ T H E RCOMMON NAMES.-waterwood, white-
Male flowers many, in branched clusters I/iL wood (British Honduras) ; sapo-balli (Gu-
inch across a t leaf base, consisting of minute yana) ;palo blanco (Nicaragua).
4-lobed calyx, corolla of 4 white petals XO inch BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-Ilex panamensis
long, and 4 stamens. Female flowers on differ- Standl.
460. Macoucoun (Aubl.) Kuntze
Ilez g~ciatte~uris
Twjg with female flowers (upper left), twig with male flowers (upper right), twig with fruits (lower right), natural
sue.
HOLLY FAMILY (AQUIFOLIACEAE)

461. Acebo de sierra ILex macfadyenii (Walp. ) Rehd.

This small tree rare in upper mountain for- leaf bases on slender stalks, often branched, to
ests is easily distinguished from the other .1/R inch long. The minute calyx is light green,
native species of its genus by its long-pointed 5-7-toothed, and the corolla of 6-7 spreading el-
toothed leaves. Characters for recognition are : liptic whitish petals. Male flowers have 6-7
(1) small narrowly ovate leaves v!-13/ inches alternate stamens and nonfunctioning pistil.
long and y2-1 inch wide, long-pointed, and Female flowers have small nonfunctioning sta-
sharply saw-toothed; (2) 1 to few flowers a t mens and pistil with rounded ovary and 6-7 flat
leaf bases, 5-7 parted, more than l/s inch across stigmas. The fruits (drupes) with calyx a t
the spreading white petals; and (3) round red base and flat stigmas a t apex are green when
fruits l/g, inch in diameter, with flat stigmas a t immature, turning red. With flowers from
apex. spring to fall and fruits in fall and winter.
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 40 feet high The wood is whitish, hard, and moderately
and 10 inches in trunk diameter. Bark gray, heavy.
smooth to fissured, with raised dots, covered by Rare in upper Cordillera and upper Luquillo
mosses and liverworts. Inner bark light gray, forests, also dwarf forest, a t high altitudes of
bitter. Twigs slender, when young light green, 1,500-4,000 feet in Puerto Rico.
finely hairy, and slightly angled, becoming light PUBLIC lW~~s~S.-Carite,Guilarte, Luquillo,
gray and slightly fissured. Buds about l/l a inch Maricao, Toro Negro.
long, pointed, green, composed of minute leaves. RANGE.-Greater Antilles and Lesser An-
Leaves alternate, with minute paired stip- tilles from St. Kitts to Nevis, Guadeloupe, Do-
ules and slender light green leafstalks 1/8-5/1@ minica, and Martinique.
inch long, finely hairy. Blades narrowly ovate OTHER COMMON NAMEs.-~~Io blanco (DO-
or sometimes lanceolate, hairless, border of minican Republic) ; graines vertes pruneau,
short narrow teeth pointed toward long narrow petit citronnier (Guadeloupe) ; ti citron (Do-
apex, base rounded, very slightly thickened and minica) ;houx (Haiti).
leathery with side veins not visible. The upper BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-Zlex mmtana (Sw.)
surface is dark green and slightly shiny, the 2 Griseb., not Torr. & Gray.
sides bent up from midrib, the lower surface The scientific name honors James Macfadyen
dull light green. (179&1850), Scotch and Jamaican botanist
Flowers mostly male and female, 1to few a t and author of a flora of Jamaica.
461. Acebo de sierra l l e z ntacfadvenii ( Walp.) Rehd.
Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (right), natural size.
 llex nitida (Vahl) Maxim.

A small to medium-sized tree of mountain 6 whitish wide spreading petals more than l/s
forests characterized by: (1) obovate or el- inch long, united a t base; stamens as many as
liptic shiny green leathery leaves 2 4 inches petals, attached to base of corolla; and in fe-
long and 1-2 inches broad, blunt-pointed or male flowers, pistil with 4-celled ovary with 4
rounded a t apex, the edges usually slightly wavy lobed stalkless flat stigma. Fruita (drupes) are
toothed and turned under; (2) small whitish 1 to 4 together a t a node and contain 4 brown
flowers less than % inch across, several short- nutlets inch long. Flowering and fruiting
stalked in clusters a t leaf bases; and (3) intermittently.
rounded bright red (or blackish) fleshy fruits The sapwood is whitish and hard. The wood
%a inch in diameter. is described a s lightweight, tough, and easily
An evergreen tree commonly 20-40 feet high worked. Elsewhere reported a s used in car-
but reaching 60 feet in height and 14 inches in pentry.
trunk diameter with buttresses to 2 feet, hair- Uncommon in moist limestone and lower and
less throughout. The light gray bark is smooth- upper Cordillera forests a t 2004,000 feet alti-
ish to scaly and thin. Inner bark is whitish and tude in northern foothills and upper western
slightly bitter. The twigs are green, with raised mountains of Puerto Rico.
dots (lenticels). PUBLICM)RES~.-Cambalache, Guajataca,
The leaves are alternate on leafstalks %-9h Guhnica, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Toro Negro.
inch lonn. Leaf blades are usually broadest be- RANGE.--Cuba, Jamaica, PuertO Rico, and
yond miadle, short-pointed a t base, sometimes Lesser Antilles in Montserrat, Guadeloupe, and
almost without teeth on edges, and paler be- Martinique. Also local in Mexico.
neath. OTHER COMMON NAMES.-briqueta, briqueta
The flowers are mostly male and female on naranjo, cuero de sapo, hueso prieto, palo de
different trees but some flowers are bisexual murta (Puerto Rico) ;citronnier blanc, graines
(polygamo-dioecious) , in lateral clusters on vertes, pruneau noir, pruneau (Guadeloupe) ;
stalks Y8-v4 inch long. The calyx is less than bois de houe (Martinique) .
'/la inch long, slightly 46-lobed ;there are 4 or
462. Ilez nitida (Vahl) Maxim.
Fruiting twig (above), twig with female flowers (below), natural size.

461
HOLLY FAMILY (AQUIFOLIACEAE)

ller riedlnei b e e .
This shrub or small tree of mountains in Many flowers, mostly male and female on
western Puerto Rico is characterized by: (1) different plants, are crowded a t leaf bases and
small obovate to elliptic leaves mostly 1-1$4 a t nodes back of leaves on slender stalks %0-4/8
inches long and '/z-1 inch wide, rounded ana inch long. Male flowers have calyx with 4
notched a t apex, short-pointed a t base, thick rounded lobes, 4 elliptic white petals united a t
and stiff with edges turned under; (2) many base, 4 alternate stamens, and nonfunctioning
small white Cparted flowers l/a inch wide pistil. The many fruits (drupes) have dotlike
crowded a t leaf bases and back of leaves; and slightly Clobed stigma a t apex and are juicy
(3) round red to black fruits s/10 inch in diam- and bitter. The color changes from green to
eter, with calyx a t base and dotlike stigma a t dark red to reddish black. Flowering and fruit-
apex. ing irregularly during the year.
Shrub or small tree to 20 feet high and 6 Wood whitish, hard.
inches in trunk diameter, hairless. Bark gray, Uncommon and local in upper Cordillera for-
smoothish, slightly warty. Inner bark with est, also dwarf forest, a t 2,0004,390 feet alti-
green outer layer, orange streaked, gritty, bit- tude in western Puerto Rico. In dwarf forest a t
ter. Twigs are slender and slightly angled summit of Cerro de Punta, highest peak on the
when young, green becoming gray. island.
PUBLICF O R E S T S . - & ~ ~ ~ ~Toro
~ ~ O ,Negro.
The alternate leaves have slender leafstalks Rmc~.-Puerto Rico and Hispaniola.
Y8 inch long. Blades have side veins inconspic- This species was named for Anselme Riedl6
ous, dark green and slightly shiny on upper (~1776-1801), who discovered i t while collect-
surface and light green beneath. Leaves on ing plants in Trinidad, St. Thomas, and Puerto
rapidly growing young plants are up to 2Y2 Rico in 1796-1798. It is closely related to Zlex
inches long and 1y2 inches wide and have few urbaniuna Loes. and perhaps only a variety of
short teeth near apex. that species.
 Ilex riedlaei h e s .
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size.

453
HOLLY FAMILY (AQUIFOLIACEAE)

llex sideroxyloides Griseb.

A rare tree of Puerto Rican mountains, dis- inch long, slightly 5-7-toothed; the whitish
tinguished by: (1) shiny dark green leathery, corolla of 5-7 elliptic petals more than 4/8 inch
obovate or elliptic leaves 1$4-2v2 inches long long and united near base; stamens as many as
and inch broad, rounded or blunt-pointed petals; and ovary 4-celled with stalkless flat
a t apex and long-pointed a t base, the edges stigmas. The fleshy fruits (drupes) single or
turned under and the veins indistinct; (2) few paired a t leaf bases have 4 brown nutlets l/e
small whitish flowers less than ?Lj, inch across inch long. Flowering from spring to fall, the
in lateral clusters 5-7-parted; and (3) round fruit maturing from summer to winter.
red fruits 6/16 inch in diameter. Sapwood is whitish and hard. The wood is
Small to medium-sized tree to 40 feet in whitish or sometimes brownish, hard, and mod-
height and 7 inches in trunk diameter, with erately heavy (specific gravity 0.77). Else-
straight trunk and narrow crown, hairless where, the wood has been used in carpentry.
throughout. The bark is gray and smooth or Rare in upper Cordillera and upper Luquillo
slightly rough, the light brown inner bark forests a t 1,500-2,500 feet altitude in Puerto
gritty and slightly bitter. The slender twigs are Rico.
green when young, turning brown. PUBLIC~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - C a rLuquillo,
ite, Maricao,
The evergreen leaves are alternate on leaf- Toro Negro.
stalks 4/8-1/4, inch long. Leaf blades often have RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and
a minute sharp point a t apex and are broadest Lesser Antilles from St. Kitts and Nevis to St.
beyond middle and pale on the lower surface. Vincent and*Grenada.
The few flowers are located at leaf bases on OTHER COMMON N A M E S . - ~ O ~ ~ O ~g0ng01f
~~,
stalks ?Lj,-'/z inch long, partly male and female (Puerto Rico) ; white birch (Montserrat) ; ti-
on different trees and partly bisexual (poly- citron (Dominica) ; bois citron, citronnier,
gamo-dioecious). The calyx is less than 1/1,, citronnier blanc (Guadeloupe) .
 Griseb.
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (lower left), natural size.

455
HOLLY FAMaY (AQUIFOLIACEAE)

I&x sinteniuii (Urban ) Britton

This rare shrub or small tree of the upper One or few flowers are borne a t leaf bases on
Luquillo forest and dwarf forest of Luquillo slender stalks %-y8inch long, mostly male and
Mountains is identified by : (1) small, obovate female. Female flowers are composed of minute
or elliptic leaves a/8-lY8 inches long, %-% inch green calyx with 4-6 lobes; corolla of 4 . 4 el-
wide, rounded and notched a t apex, thick and liptic whih petals slightly united a t base; 4-5
stiff with edges turned under; (2) flowers 1or alternate small nonfunctional stamens; and
few a t leaf bases, 4-6-parted, a/16 inch across pistil with 4-celled ovary and broad, flattened,
the spreading white petals; and (8) round conical stigmas. Male flowers have similar calyx
fruits 8X6 inch in diameter, with conical stig- and corolla with larger stamens and small non-
mas a t apex. functional pistil. The fruits (drupes), green
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 16 feet high when immature, have calyx a t base and stigmas
and 3 inches in trunk diameter. Bark gray, a t apex. Flowering and fruiting throughout the
smooth, covered with mosses and liverworts. year.
Twigs slender, light green, becoming gray, Rare in upper Luquillo forest and dwarf
hairless. Buds composed of minute light green forest of Luquillo Mountains including Sierra
leaves. de Naguabo a t altitudes of 3,000-3,500 feet.
The alternate hairless leaves have tiny paired PUBLIC FOREST.-L~quil10.
stipules and light green curved leafstalks 48-% R A N G E . K ~ OonlyW ~from high mountains
inch long. Blades are short-pointed a t base, the of eastern Puerto Rico, where i t was discovered
upper surface dark green, sl~ghtlyshiny or dull, by P. Sintenis.
with midrib slightly sunken and side veins Closely related to Zlex obcordata Sw. of Cuba,
scarcely visible, the lower surface dull light Jamaica, and Hispaniola.
green with side veins not visible.
465. Zlez mntenieii (Urban) Britton
Twig with male flowers (left), fruiting twig (center), twig with female flowers (right), natural size.

457
HOLLY FAMILY (AQUIFOLIACEAE)

466. Cuero de sapo llex urbaniana Loee.

This rare shrub or small tree known only 4-toothed, xc inch long; corolla of 4 narrow
from mountain forests of Puerto Rico and Tor- spreading white petals less than l/s inch long,
tola is identified by: (1) small elliptic leathery slightly united a t base; stamens 4; and pistil
leaves 1%-2% inches long, rounded or notched with round ovary and flattened stigma. Fruits
a t apex and mostly blunt a t base; (2) 4-parted have thin pulp and few bony nutlets.
white flowers l/g inch wide, clustered a t leaf Rare in upper Cordillera forest a t about 3,000
bases; and (3) rounded fruits (drupes) about feet altitude in western Puerto Rico. Also Sage
inch in diameter. Mountain, altitude about 1,700 feet, Tortola.
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 30 feet high PUBLIC FOREST AND PARK.-Tor0 Negro ;Sage
and 4 inches in trunk diameter. Twigs slender, Mountain.
finely hairy to nearly hairless. RANGE.-Known only from Puerto Rico and
Leaves alternate, hairless, with petioles x- Tortola.
inch long. Blades blunt or shortrpointed a t This species honors Ignatz Urban (1848-
base, not toothed on edges. 1931), botany professor a t Berlin, Germany.
Flowers clustered a t leaf bases, 1-3 on a He was a specialist on West Indian plants and
short stalk about inch long, mostly male and author of "Flora Portoricensis" (77).
female on different plants (dioecious) Calyx .

BITTERSWEET FAMILY (CELASTRACEAE)

Shrubs, woody vines, and trees mostly small, sistent, 4-5 petals, 46 alternate stamens in-
known by : (1) leaves alternate or opposite, serted on or below the large disk, and pistil with
sometimes whorled, simple, with minute stip- superior ovary (sometimes surrounded by disk
ules or none; (2) minute flowers mostly in clus- and appearing inferior) of 2-5 cells each with
ters (cymes) with stalks mostly jointed, green- 2 ovules, short style, and stigma often 2-5-
ish, bisexual or functionally male and female, lobed; and (3) fruit a capsule, berry, or drupe,
regular, with 4-5 sepals united a t base and per- the seed generally with colored covering (aril).
Key to species
A. Leaves opposite or mostly so. fruit fleshy (drupe; except No. 476).
B. Leaves thick and stiff, d i t h side veins inconspicuous; twigs mostly round.
C. Leaves elliptic, 14 inches long, rounded to short-pointed a t both ends, edges slightly turned under and
sometimes with few t e e t h 4 6 7 . Cassine zulocarpa.
CC. Leaves obovate, 1-236 inches lon rounded a t apex and gradually narrowed to long-pointed base, with
edges turned under; fruit a (%bed capsulc-475, T o r r d b d o cuneifolia.
BB. Leaves slightly thickened, with side veins distinct, often wavy on edges; twigs very slender, slightly 4-
an led, often branching in pairs.
D. Beraves elliptic to obovate, 1%-2 inches long, blunt, rounded or notched at apex; flowers U inch wide,
whitish; fruits elliptic, blue b l a c k 4 6 9 . Gyminda latifolia.
DD. Leaves mostly ovate to rounded, W-1% inches long, blunt o r short-pointed a t apex;' flowers U inch
wide, reddish; fruit orange red to deep r e d 4 6 8 . Crousopetalum rhaconta
AA. Leaves alternate; fruit a capsule (except No. 474).
E. Leaves and twigs pale yellow green, leaves mostly elliptic and short-pointed, 1-2 inches long, sli htly
thickened, with network of many fine veins; fruits (drupes) orange red or red, nearly % inch in 8;larn-
e t e r 4 7 4 . Schaefffria fmcteacena.
EE. Leaves and young twi greenish, twigs mostly turning gray, leaves mostly thick and leathery-Malltenus.
F. Leaves oblong, 1E-W inches long, about 3 times a s long a s wide-472. Dloytntt.9 elongata.
FF. Leaves mostly elliptic, about twice a s long as wide.
G. Leaves 1-2 inches long, rounded a t apex, gray g r e e n 4 7 0 . Maytenus cymosa.
GG. Leaves 134-4 inches long, mostly blunt a t apex.
H. Leaves shiny yellow green on upper surface; seed capsule round, ?4 inch wide, whitish-
473. Maytenus poneeana.
HH. Leaves slightly shiny green on upper surface; seed capsule elliptic, %-% inch l o n g 4 7 1 .
Malltentts elliptica.
466. Cuero do sapo Ilez ttrbartiana Loes.
Flowwring twig, natural size.
BITTERSWEET FAMILY (CELASTRACEAE)

467. Coecorr6n, marbletree Caseine xylocnrpa Vent.

This common shrub or small tree widespread Male flowers have larger stamens and minute
on coasts and lowland thickets is recognized by : pistil.
(1) leaves mostly opposite and elliptic, com- The fruit (drupe) is greenish but becomes
monly small but varying g ~ e a t l yin size and yellow at maturity. It varies in shape from nar-
shape, very thick and stiff, sometimes with few rowly elliptic t o nearly round and has thin flesh,
teeth, light green; (2) small greenish-white or a large hard thick-walled stone, and 3 or fewer
yellowish flowers clustered a t leaf bases, 8/lc cells and elliptic seeds a/s inch long. With
inch across, 6-parted; and (3) elliptic or flowers and fruits intermittently through the
rounded fruit y4-lx inches long, yellow or year.
greenish yellow, slightly fleshy and hard. The wood is light brown, hard, heavy, fine-
Evergreen shrub or sometimes a small tree to textured, strong and reported to be fairly dur-
36 feet high and 8 inches in trunk diameter, able.
hairless throughout. Bark gray, smooth to Common and widely distributed in coastal
finely fissured, the inner bark purplish or pink- dry and moist forests from sea level to 600 feet
altitude. Along coasts, such a s sandy beaches
ish and slightly bitter. Twigs slender, light and in thickets and openings in forests in
green, becoming gray brown. Puerto Rico and most adjacent islands. Muer-
Leaves mostly opposite, sometimes alternate, tos, Icacos, Vieques, Culebra, Culebrita, St.
with minute paired pointed stipules s6 inch Croix and Buck Island, St. Thomas, St. John,
long shedding early and light green petioles Jost Van Dyke, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, and
about l/s inch long. Blades mostly elliptic, some- Anegada.
times obovate, commonly small, mostly 1-4 PUBLIC FORESTS AND PARKS.-Aguirre, Cam-
inches long and %-24/2 inches wide but smaller balache, Guajataca, Gufinica, San Juan, Su-
in dry areas'and larger in wet areas, rounded slia; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands.
to short-pointed a t both ends, very thick and RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto
stiff, edges slightly curved under and sometimes Rico and Virgin Islands, Martinique, St. Vin-
with few teeth, side veins few and inconspic- cent, and The Grenadines. Also Mexico,
uous, upper surface light green and slightly Panama (San Jos6 Island), and Venezuela.
shiny, lower surface dull whitish green. OTHERCOMMON N~~ES.-guayarote, guaya-
Flower clusters (panicles) o/,-l inch long a t bote (Puerto Rico) ; poisontree, wild nutmeg
(British Virgin Islands) ; mate prieto, pini-
leaf bases bear several to many small slightly pinche de sabana, pinipini (Cuba) ; marble-
fragrant flowers, male and female on different tree, spoon-tree, nut muscat (English) ; bois
.
plants (dioecious) Female flowers have calyx tan, prune bord de mar (Martinique) .
with 6 spreading teeth, corolla of 5 spreading BOTANICAL ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ s . - E h e o d e nxulo-
dron
pointed petals, 6 minute alternate nonfunc- carpum (Vent.) DC., E. attenuatum A. Rich.
tional stamens inserted under a flat disk, and Several varieties based upon shape and size of
pistil composed of %celled ovary with 2 tiny fruits and leaves have been named. This gen-
ovules in each cell, style, and 3-lobed stigma. eric name has been spelled also Elaeodendrum.
467. CoscorrBn, marble-tree Caseine wlocarpa Vent.
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.
BI'TTERSWEET FAMILY (CELASTRACEAE)

468. Coral, Florida croseopetalum Croseopetalurn rhacoma Gantz

This shrub sometimes becoming a small tree tween lobes of disk and alternate with petals;
is common and widespread in dry areas. It is and pistil with 4-celled Uvuled ovary, short
identified by: (1) paired small light green style, and 4 minute stigmas. Fruits (drupes)
leaves mostly ovate to rounded, usually finely few, dightly 1-sided, with calyx at base and
wavy on edges ; (2) tiny Pparted reddish flow- style a t side of apex, slightly fleshy, containing
ers lees than v8 inch across, clustered a t leaf
bases; and (3) orange-red to deep red egg-
a large stone and 1 or 2 seeds. Flowering and
fruiting irregularly through the year.
shaped fruits about j/4, inch long, 1-seeded. The sapwood i s light brown and hard.
Shrub or sometimes small tree to 20 feet high Common and widely distributed in coastal,
and 3 inches in trunk diameter, or larger, much dry, and moist forests of Puerto Rico from sea
branched, evergreen or sometimes deciduous. level to 600 feet altitude and throughout the
The bark is gray, finely fissured and slightly other islands. Mona, Muertos, Icacos, Culebra,
shedding in thin plates. Inner bark is light St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, Vir-
brown or pinkish, fibrous and almost tasteless. gin Gorda, and Anegada.
The very slender twigs, often paired, are light PUBLIC FORESTS AND ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - A g u i rCam-
e,
green and slightly 4angled when young, be- balache, Guajataca, Gucinica, Rio Abajo, San
coming gray, hairless. Juan, Vega; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands.
The leaves are opposite or sometimes in 3'8, RANGE.-Southern Florida including Florida
hairless, and have short petioles less than '/lo Keys and from Bahamas through West Indies
inch long. Blades are of varying shapes, mostly south to St. Lucia. Collected a t Bermuda in
ovate to rounded, sometimes narrowly oblong, 1876 but not afterwards. Also southern Mexico,
1/2-1% inches long and inches wide, Colombia, Venezuela, and Dutch Antilles.
blunt or short-pointed a t apex and rounded or OTHER COMMON NAMES.-manto, maravedi,
short-pointed a t base, finely wavy on edges, palo de paloma, pic0 de paloma (Puerto Rico) ;
slightly thickened and leathery, dull yellow limonejo (Cuba) ; membrillo (Venezuela) ;
green on both surfaces or paler beneath.
The flower clusters (cymes) Y2-y8 inch long Florida crossopetalum (United States) ;poison-
bear several short-stalked flowers a t the end of cherry (Jamaica) ; t i bonbon rouge (Guade-
a slender reddish stalk. The minute calyx is loupe) ; bonbon rouge (Martinique) ; placa
greenish red, finely hairy, and has 4 rounded chiquitu, palu di pushi (Dutch Antilles).
lobes; petals 4, less than inch long, reddish, BOTANICAL s ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ . - R h a c o rcrosso-
na
rounded and curved; stamens 4, inserted be- petalum L.
468. Coral, Florida crossopetalum Crossopetahtn~rhacoma Crantz
Natural size.

463
BITTERSWEET FAMILY (CELASTRACEAE)

469. Coscorroncito, West Indies falsebox Cymirula latifolia (Sw. ) Urban

A common small tree of coastal lowlands, nute 4-lobed light green calyx, 4 spreading
characterized by : (1) very slender twigs, white petals, 4 alternate stamens, and minute
slightly 4-angled, branching in pairs; (2) nonfunctional pistil. Female flowers on other
leaves paired, small, elliptic to obovate, 1%-2 trees (dioecious) have calyx, 4 petals, and pistil
inches long, 1h-1 inch wide, blunt, rounded or with &celled ovary, each cell with 1ovule, and
notched a t apex, slightly thickened; (3) small no style. Fruits (drupes) have calyx a t base,
flowers y8 inch wide, whitish, Cparted, few in thin flesh, thick-walled stone, and 1seed. With
clusters at leaf bases, male and female on dif- flowers and fruits irregularly during the year.
ferent trees ;and (4) elliptic fruit about l/q, inch Wood light brown, hard.
long, blue black, fleshy, l-seeded. Common in coastal and moist limestone for-
Small evergreen tree to 20 feet high and 4 ests from sea level to 800 feet altitude, northern
inches in trunk diameter, hairless. Bark gray, and western Puerto Rico. Also Mona, Muertos,
finely fissured and scaly. Inner bark light pink, Piiieros, Vieques, St. Thomas and Anegada.
slightly bitter. Twigs very slender, slightly 4- PUBLIC~oR~sTs.-Cambalache,Guajataca,
angled, branching in pairs, light green, becom- Guirnica, Maricao, Suslia, Vega.
ing light gray. RAN~~.-Florida including Florida Keys and
Leaves opposite, with minute paired stipules from Bahamas through West Indies south in
forming the bud. Leafstalks slender, very short,
Ye incfi long. Blades gradually narrowed to Lesser Antilles from St. Martin to St. Vincent.
base, slightly turned under and often slightly Also Mexico.
wavy a t edges, with inconspicuous veins, dull OTHERCOMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - - a r amalai i a mujer
,
light green on both surfaces. (Puerto Rico) ; amansa guapo (Cuba) ; West
Flowers few a t end of very slender stalk a t Indies falsebox, false-boxwood (United
leaf bases. Male flowers are composed of mi- States) ; petit mdrisier (Martinique) .
469. Coscorroncito, West Indies falsebox Gyminda latifofia (Sw.) Urban
Twig with male flowers (above), twig with female flowers and fruits (below), natural size.
 - - - - -- - -

BITTERSWEET FAMILY (CELASTRACEAE)

Maytenus cyrnosa Krug & Urban

Rare small tree confined to eastern Puerto 5-toothed calyx; corolla of 5 pale yellow
Rico and a few islands eastward, identified by: rounded petals; 5 minute alternate stamens in-
(1) alternate elliptic to obovate leaves 1-2 serted under a disk; and pistil with 2-celled
inches long and 941-1$'2 inches wide, stiff and ovary, short style, and stigma slightly 2-lobed.
leathery, gray green ; (2) small flowers 1/8 inch Fruit a blackish seed capsule, splitting in 2
broad, 5-parted, crowded a t leaf bases ;and (3) parts. Seeds 1 or more in fleshy red covering.
seed capsules elliptic, :gl inch long. Flowering in spring and with fruits in spring
Small evergreen tree to 25 feet high and 6 and summer.
inches in trunk diameter, hairless. Bark black- Wood whitish, slightly hard.
ish or dark gray, finely fissured. Inner bark Rare in coastal moist forests of lowlands be-
pink to deep red, bitter. Twigs slender, slightly low 100 feet altitude in eastern Puerto Rico
angled. (for example, near Fajardo), and islands east-
Leaves alternate, with leafstalks 4/8:% inch ward. Also Piiieros, Vieques, St. Croix, St.
long. Blades rounded a t apex, short-pointed a t Thomas, and Virgin Gorda.
base, slightly turned down a t edges, with few PUBLICP A R K . - G o ~ ~Peak.
~
inconspicuous veins, paler beneath. RANGE.-Known only from eastern Puerto
Flower clusters (cymes) have several Rico to the Virgin Islands listed above.
crowded almost stalkless flowers composed of
470. Mayteillcs wmoea Krug & Urban
Fruiting twigs (above and lo\ver right), flowering twig (lower left), natural size.

467
 - - - -

BITTERSWEET FMIILY (CELASTRACEAE)

471. Cuero de sapo Maytenus elliptica (Lam.) Krug & Urban

This shrub or tree of the moist limestone composed of 5-toothed green calyx; corolla of
forest is characterized by: (1) alternate el- 6 yellow-green spreading pointed petals; 6 mi-
liptic leaves 11h-4 inches long and 9!&-2 inches nute alternate stamens inserted under a dark
wide, slightly thick and leathery, turned up red disk; and pistil with 2-celled ovary partly
slightly from midvein, and slightly shiny green within disk, 2 ovules in each cell, short style.
on upper surface; (2) small yellowish green and stigma Blightly 2-lobed. Seed capsules 1or
'flowers 1/8 inch across, 5-parted; and (3) seed 2 a t base of a leaf, splitting into 2 parts. Seeds
capsules elliptic, a/8-Y2 inch long, orange, few, elliptic, nearly inch long, with fleshy
2-celled. covering. Probably flowering intermittently.
Evergreen shrub or usually small tree to 45 Collected with fruits in February and April.
feet high and 10 inches in trunk diameter, hair- Wood light brown, slightly hard.
less throughout. Bark gray, smooth to slightly Common in moist limestone forest a t 100-
fissured, the inner bark pink or turning deep 800 feet altitude in northern and northwestern
red and slightly bitter. Twigs slender, light Puerto Rico. Also Piiieros, Culebra, Vieques,
green and angled when young, turning gray St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Jost Van Dyke,
with many raised dots (lenticels). and Virgin Gorda.
PUBLIC FORESTS AND PARKS.-Cambalache,
Leaves alternate, with minute paired stipules
and light green leafstalks l/e inch long. The Guajataca, Rio Abajo, Vega; Virgin Islands.
elliptic blades are blunt or rounded a t apex, RANGE.-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Virgin
short-pointed a t base, not toothed on edges, Islands, and through Lesser Antilles from St.
with few inconspicuous veins, the lower surface Martin and St. Barts to Grenada.
dull light green. OTHER COMMON NAMES.-white cinnamon
Flowers are few or single o? slender stalks (Grenadines) ; albulito (Dominican Republic) ;
1/8 inch long a t leaf bases, sllghtly fragrant, bois citron (Martinique) .
471. Cuero de sapo
BITTERSWEET FAMILY (CELASTRACEAE)

472. fifaytenus elongata (Urban) Britton

This rare tree known only from western minute sepals a t base. Seed capsules in this
Puerto Rico and Luquillo Mountains is char- genus 14-celled with 3 or fewer seeds in a
acterized by: (1) alternate oblong leathery fleshy cover (aril). Collected with fruits in
leaves 1 Y 2 4 g inches long and about Y2-1Y2 February and July.
inches wide; and (2) elliptic green seed cap- Rare in moist limestone and lower Cordillera
sules 1/$-3/8 inch long. forests a t 500-2,500 feet altitude, also Luquillo
Evergreen tree to 20 feet high (recorded to Mountains (El Verde) .
40 feet) and 5 inches in trunk diameter, or a PUBLIC FORESTS.-Guajataca, Luquillo, Mari-
shrub of 10 feet. Inner bark deep red. Twigs cao, Susiia.
slender, hairless. RANGE.-Known only from Puerto Rico.
Leaves alternate, hairless, with petioles '?/lo This species is related to No. 471, cuero de
inch long. Blades more than twice as long as sapo, Maptenus elliptica (Lam.) Krug &
wide, short-pointed a t both ends, not toothed Urban, which has wide distribution a t low alti-
on edges, with side veins inconspicuous, paler tudes in Puerto Rico and adjacent islands and
beneath. which has larger and relatively broader leaves.
The flowers have not been described. Fruits The local species apparently evolved here from
single or clustered a t leaf bases on stalks l/s- its widespread relative.
1h inch long, with minute style a t apex and 5
 Maytenue elongata (Urban) Britton
Flowering twig, natural size.

471
BITTERSWEET FAMILY (CELASTRACEAE)

Maytenus ponceana Britton

A rare tree known only from Puerto Rico, long and remains of calyx at base and dotlike
characterized by: (1) elliptic to ovate leaves, style a t apex, light green but becoming whitish,
P
2-3 inches long and 1-11 inches wide, thick
and leathery, turned up s ightly at midrib, the
upper surface shiny yellow green; and (2)
splitting into 3 parts. There is 1rounded light
brown seed less than soinch in diameter. Col-
lected with fruits in February and April.
seed capsules 1-3 a t leaf bases or on twigs back Rare in moist limestone and lower Cordillera
of leaves, round, whitish, ye inch in diameter. forests a t 600-2,000 feet altitude in foothills
An evergreen tree to 40 feet high and 6 through Puerto Rico, for example, near Arecibo
inches in trunk diameter. The twigs are slender, and Lares.
hairless, and slightly crooked, light green when PUBLIC~ ) ~ ~ s ~ s . - G u a j a t a cMaricao,
a, Rio
young, becoming gray. Abajo.
The alternate leaves have short petioles l/s- R ~ ~ c ~ . - K n o wonly
n from Puerto Rico.
l/e inch long. Blades are gradually narrowed to This species was first collected by N. L.
blunt apex, rounded a t base, not toothed on Britton on Rio PortuguBs north of the city of
edges, hairless, with few indistinct veins, the Ponce in 1923 and was described by him the
lower surface dull light green. next year. The names honor the early Spanish
Flowers have not been described. The fruits explorer of Florida and first governor of Puerto
(capsules) have slender stalks about 4/8 inch Rico, Juan Ponce de Le6n (~1460-1521).
 ponceana Britton
Fruiting twig, natural size.

473
BITTERSWEET FAMILY (CELASTRACEAE)

Schaefleria jrutescena Jacq.

This shrub or small tree common and wide- ovary, short style, and &lobed stigma. The
spread a t low altitudes, especially in dry for- fruita (drupes) have calyx a t base, style a t
ests, is easily recognized by: (1) the pale yel- apex, slightly bitter pulp, and 2 light brown
low-green color of both leaf surfaces and the seeds. Flowering and fruiting probably irregu-
slender twigs; (2) the small leaves mostly el- larly through the year.
liptic and short-pointed but varying to lanceo- The wood is light brown to yellow, hard, mod-
late and obovate; (3) small 4-parted yellow- erately heavy, and fine-textured. Elsewhere it
green flowers inch wide, scattered a t leaf has served a s a substitute for boxwood in wood
bases ;and (4) orange-red or red rounded fleshy engraving.
fruits nearly 1/4, inch in diameter. Common and widespread on moist and dry
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 30 feet high limestone forests and coastal hills and southern
and 5 inches in trunk diameter, elsewhere re- foothills of Cordillera a t 100-1,000 feet altitude
ported to become a medium-sized tree to 45 feet through Puerto Rico. Also through the smaller
high and 1 foot in trunk diameter. Bark light islands, including Mona, Piiieros, Icacos, Vie-
gray, smoothish to finely fissured, sometimes ques, Culebra, St. Croix and Buck Island,
rough and furrowed. Inner bark is light yellow St. Thomas, St. John, Jost Van Dyke, Tortola,
and almost tasteless. The twigs are slender and Virgin Gorda.
and slightly angled, hairless, pale yellow green PUBLICFORESTS AND PARKS.-Cambalache,
but afterwards becoming light gray. Guajataca, Gudnica, Rio Abajo, Susda, Vega;
The alternate leaves are mostly 1-2 inches Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands.
long and 1/(2-1 inch wide, sometimes to 21,4 RANGE.-Florida including Florida Keys and
inches long and 1% inches wide, gradually nar- from Bahamas through West Indies south to
rowed to nearly stalkless base or leafstalk l/o Grenada. Also southern Mexico, Colombia, and
inch long, hairless, not toothed on edges, Venezuela.
slightly thickened and leathery, with network OTHER COMMON N A M E S . - - C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (Puert0
~O
of many fine veins. Rico) ; cabra cimarrona, cabra, palo de araiia
Flowers are male and female on different (Dominican Republic); cafecillo, amansa
plants (dioecious), single or clustered a t leaf guapo, jasmin, mije (Cuba) ; limoncillo (Co-
bases on short stalks y8 inch long. Male flowers lombia, Venezuela) ; fruta de paloma (Venezu-
have minute 4-lobed calyx, 4 greenish-white ela) ; Florida-boxwood, yellowwood, boxwood
petals nearly y8 inch long, and 4 alternate sta- (United States) ; petit bois blanc, bois capable,
mens inserted below a disk. Female flowers bois petit garcon (Haiti); merisier (St.
have calyx and corolla and pistil with 2-celled Barts) ;boxwood (Dutch Antilles).
474. Jiba, Florida-boxwood Scltaefleria fncteecene Jacq.
Fruiting twig (above), twig with male flowers (center right), twig with female flowers (below), natural size.
BITTERSWEET FAMILY (CELASTMCEAE)

475. Boje TorralbasM cuneijolia (C. Wright) Krug & Urban

This shrub or small tree of dwarf forests of lobed green calyx, 4 white rounded petals, 4
mountain summits is identified by: (1) small alternate stamens, and the pistil with kcelled
obovate leaves, thick and leathery, without ovary partly within a disk and 4 tiny styles.
visible side veins and with edges turned under; The seed capsules with calyx a t base are divided
(2) small white flowers inch across the 4 into 4 or fewer nearly separate lobes. The el-
rounded petals, several in clusters a t leaf bases ; liptic brown seeds 5/la inch long are partly
and (3) distinctive green seed capsules of 4 or .
within a thin yellow covering (aril) Flowering
fewer spreading oblong lobes j/s inch long, each irregularly through the year.
splitting open on the upper side and 1-seeded. The wood is yellowish, hard, moderately
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 35 feet high heavy, and fine-textured.
and 8 inches in trunk diameter, hairless. Roots Uncommon and local in upper Cordillera and
yellow. Bark gray, smooth, the inner bark light upper Luquillo forests, including dwarf forest,
pink and slightly bitter or almost tasteless. a t 2,6004,390 feet altitude. Ridges and peaks
Twigs are blackish, becoming gray, often mostly through central Puerto Rico up to the
angled. summit of Cerro de Punta, the highest peak.
The leaves are opposite and alternate, with PUBLICm~EST~.-Guilarte, Luquillo, Toro
short meen leafstalks v8-% inch long, without
stipules. Blades are 1-244 inches long, I,$-1
Negro, Maricao (not found a t Carite).
RANGE.-Cuba, Hispaniola (Dominican Re-
inch wide, rounded a t apex, broadest beyond public), and Puerto Rico.
middle, and gradually narrowed to long-pointed OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-guairaje (Cuba) ;
base, the upper surface dull green or slightly palo amarillo (Dominican Republic).
shiny, the lower surface dull light green. BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Tomlbasia domin-
Flower clusters (cymes) 1-2 inches long a t gensis Urban.
leaf bases bear many small flowers on slender The generic name honors Jose Ildefonso To-
spreading stalks. The flowers have a short 4- rralbas (1842-1903), Cuban botanist.

BLADDERNUT FAMILY (STAPHYLEACEAE)

Shrubs and trees, known by: (1) leaves gen- serted around the large cuplike disk, and pistil
erally opposite, odd pinnate, or with 3 leaflets, with superior 3-2-celled ovary, many ovules,
finely toothed, with paired stipules and rings and 3-2 persistent styles; and (3) fruit a berry
a t nodes; (2) small flowers in terminal clusters or inflated capsule with few seeds. Vol. 1,
(panicles or racemes), white or greenish, gen- p. 300.
erally bisexual, regular, with 6 sepals often One species: 137. Sauco cimarrbn, Turpinia
persistent, 5 petals, 5 alternate stamens in- paniculataVent.
475. Boje Torralbasia cuneifolia ( C . Wright) Krug & Urban
Natural size.
 ICACINA FAMILY (ICACINACEAE)

Mostly small trees and shrubs, often woody 4-5 lobes, corolla of 4-5 petals sometimes
vines (rarely herbs), known by: (1) leaves united, P 5 alternate stamens, and pistil with
generally alternate, simple, usually entire, with- superior 1-celled ovary of 3-5 carpels and gen-
out stipules; (2) minute or small flowers, erally 2 ovules from apex, style, and mostly 3
mostly in branched clusters (panicles), gen- stigmas; and (3) fruit usually a 1-seeded
erally bisexual, regular, with minute calyx of drupe.
Key to species
A. Leaves oblanceolate to oblong, 2%-6 inches long and 1%-2 inches wide, rounded to short-pointed at apex, short-
pointed at base--476. Mappia racemosa.
AA. Leaves elliptic to ovate, 2%-6 inches long and 1%-3 inches wide, blunt or rounded at apex, rounded at base-
477. Ottosc1~ulztarhodoz~lon.

Mappia racernosa Jacy.

This rare shrub or small tree has been found male and bisexual (polygamous), composed of
in Puerto Rico mainly only in the northwestern minute 6-toothed calyx; 5 oblong spreading
part. I t is characterized by: (1) oblanceolate to yellow petals more than y8 inch long, hairy
oblong leaves 2y2--6 inches long and 11h-2 within ; 5 stamens separate and alternate with
inches wide ; (2) many greenish-yellow 5-parted petals; and on a disk the pistil with 1-celled
flowers % inch broad in branched clusters a t ovary and short style (minute in male flowers).
leaf bases; and (3) elliptic fruits (drupes) The fruits (drupes) contain 1 large stone and
%-;yk inch long. 1 seed. Flowering in spring and summer.
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 25 feet Rare in moist limestone forest near Quebra-
in height and 8 inches in trunk diameter. Bark dillas in northwestern Puerto Rico, reported
dark gray, finely fissured into short plates. long ago. Plants apparently of this species but
Twigs hairy when young. without flowers or fruits have been found there
in Guajataca Gorge a t 200 feet altitude by one
Leaves alternate, with pressed hairs when of the authors. Collected in flower in 1932 by
young, with slender petioles :%-1inch long. N. L. and E. G. Britton a t Asomate southwest
Blades are rounded to short-pointed a t apex, of Manati. Found near Fajardo in 1963 by
short-pointed a t base, not toothed on edges, Alain Liogier.
thin, dark green on upper surface and light RANGE.--Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola, and
green beneath. Puerto Rico. Also Guatemala and Panama.
Flower clusters (panicles) are less than 2 OTHER COMMON N A M E . - ~ ~ ~ O de caiia
inches long. Flowers many on very short stalks, (Cuba).
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.

479
 P - - - - - -

ICACINA FAMILY (ICACINACEAE)

Otto8chubia rhodoxylon ( Urban ) Urban

This very rare tree has been found only in 1-celled ovary, 2 ovules, and short style. The
western Puerto Rico and Hispaniola and is fruit in this genus is a small egg-shaped drupe,
poorly known, because flowers and fruits ap- with 1seed.
parently have not been described. An ever- The wood is reported to be hard and heavy,
green small tree with slender hairless twigs the heartwood reddish (as indicated by the
with raised dots (lenticels) and minute, specific name and common name), and suitable
pointed, finely-hairy buds. for articles of turnery.
The alternate hairless leaves without stip- Incomplete material of this species was col-
ules have petioles l/g-:%Binch long. Blades are lected by Leopold Krug near Mayaguez in 1876
elliptic to ovate, inches long and 1%- and was named in 1908. Additional specimens
2% inches wide, rounded or blunt a t apex and are desired.
base, not toothed on edges, thick and leathery, R ~ ~ c ~ . - K n o w nonly from western Puerto
with 5-7 slender veins on each side of midrib, Rico and Hispaniola.
shiny on upper surface and paler beneath. OTHER COMMON NAMES.--CUerO de puerco,
Flowers not described, apparently not col- palomino (Dominican Republic).
lected. In this genus flowers are small, single This West Indian genus of 3 species was
or clustered a t leaf bases, composed of 5 sepals dedicated to Otto Eugen Schulz (1874-1936),
united a t base, corolla, with short cup-shaped German botanist, who studied plants of the
tube and 5 lobes ; 6 stamens near top of corolla West Indies.
tube and alternate with lobes, and pistil with
 Ottoscl&ulziarhodosylon (Urban) Urban
Natural size.
 SOAPBERRY FAMILY (SAPINDACEAE)

Trees, shrubs, and woody vines with tendrils, gland a t base within, generally 10 or 8 stamens
rarely herbs, known by: (1) leaves alternate, inserted within a disk, and pistil with superior
generally pinnate, sometimes with 3 leaflets, ovary mostly 3-celled with 1-2 ovules in each
without stipules (except in vines), the leaflets cell, and style; and (3) fruit various, often
commonly alternate ; (2) many minute flowers large, &celled capsule, berry, drupe, or winged,
in branched clusters (panicles or cymes), .
the seed often with covering (aril) Fruits and
mostly male and female or bisexual (polyga- seeds of a few species are edible, those of some
mous or dioecious), regular or irregular, with are poisonous. Also vol. 1, p. 302.
5 sepals, usually 5 petals often with scale or
Key to species
A. Leaves simple.
B. Leaves oblanceolate, yellow green, sticky (viscid), slightly thickened, turned under at e d g e d 8 2 . Do-
donaea viscosa.
BB. Leaves elliptic, shiny green, thick and-leathery, finely toothed a t edges.
C. Leaves long-pointed a t apex, wlth prominent network of veins, nearly hairless478. Allophulus
crassine6is.
CC. Leaves rounded a t apex, beneath densely soft hairy with prominent veins-142. Serrasuela, Thotci-
nia portoricemis Radlk.
AA. Leaves compound.
D. Leaves with 3 leaflets, elli tic to oblanceolate or obovate, stalkless or nearly so.
E. Leaflets %-2 inches k n g , with many parallel tine side veins, blunt a t apex, turned under a t edges,
hairless--484. Hypelate trifoliata.
EE. Leaflets more than 2% inches long, with fewer curved side veins, with toothed edges, hairy beneath.
F. Leaflets short-pointed a t apex, beneath soft hairy with prominent veins--143. Ceboruquillo,
Thotiinia striata Radlk.
FF. Leaflets long-pointed a t apex, beneath from very to slightly h a i r y 4 7 9 . Alloph~ttcsracenlostls.
DD. Leaves pinnate with 4 or more leaflets (sometimes only 2).
G. Leaflets 4-8, not paired, with wavy-toothed edges, elliptic, those toward end largest, rounded or
notched a t apex-Cupania.
H. Leaflets yellow brown hairy beneath, edges with few teeth toward apex; seed capsules sharply
3-angled, with short yellow brown h a i r s 4 8 1 . Cupania triqiietra.
HH. Leaflets gray hairy beneath, edges with teeth from base to apex; seed capsules bluntly 3-
angled, with long velvety brown hairs--138. Guara, Czipania americana L.
GG. Leaflets mostly paired, not toothed.
I. Leaflets long- or short-ponted a t both ends, on axis often winged; fruit round, fleshy.
J. Leaflets 4, the pair a t end larger; fruit %-I%inches in diameter, edible (kinep)-140. Que-
nepa, kinep, Spanish-lime, Melicocctu, bijugatus Jacq.*
JJ. Leaflets usually 6-12! sometimes only 1a t end; fruit 46-1 inch in diameter, yellow, inedible-
141. Jaboncillo, wmgleaf soapberry, Sapindus saponaria L.
11. Leaflets 2-10, mostly blunt or short-pointed a t both ends, on axis not winged; fruit a capsule
(except No. 483).
K. Leaflets less than 4 inches long, hairless or nearly so.
L. Leaflets 2, sometimes 4 or 6 (rarely 1or 3), oblong to elliptic, 2-4 inches long, thin, hair-
less or nearly so; fruit round, fleshy483. Ezothea paniculata.
LL. Leaflets 2-8, elliptic or lance-shaped, stiff and leathery, above shiny green with many
raised side veins, beneath pale or brownish, on slender reddish or dark brown axis;
fruit a flattened capsule-139. Negra lora, Matayba domingenek (DC.) Radlk.
KK. Leaflets 6-10, mostly 3-8 inches long, elliptic, the lowest shortest, beneath with raised hairy
side veins, on stout hairy axis; fruit a red fleshy 3-angled capsule ( a k e e ) 4 8 0 . Blighin
samkia.*

478. Palo blanco AUophylrra crassinervis Radlk.

This shrub or small tree of mountain forests Leaves alternate, simple (rarely with 3 leaf-
in western Puerto Rico is identified by: (1) lets as in related species), with slender hairy
lance-shaped leaves, thick, stiff, and leathery, petioles %-I,$ inch or more in length. Blades
with ~rominentnetwork of veins, the parallel are 2 - 3 ~inches long and %-ll/k inches wide,
side veins mostly ending in minute teeth at long-pointed a t apex, short-pointed or blunt a t
edges;and (2) fruits % inch
long. base, becoming hairless or nearly so, the upper
Everpreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet high surface shiny dark green, and the lower surface
and 4 inches in trunk diameter. Twigs slender, light green, with raised yellowish side veins
finely hairy when young. nearly a t right angle and many minute gland
 Radlk.
Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (upper right), natural size.

483
SOAPBERRY FAMILY (SAPINDACEAE)
dots. The edges usually have short sharp teeth open. With flowers and fruits from spring to
that point forward. fall.
Flower clusters (racemes) have slender un- Locally common in moist limestone and Cor-
branched axis 1 - 2 s inches long from leaf base, dillera forests at 300-2,500 feet altitude in foot-
bearing many whitish flowers less than 4/8 inch hills of western Puerto Rico.
across on stalks of inch. Flowers in this PUBLICFORESTS.-Guajataca, Maricao, Rio
genus are mostly male and bisexual (polyga- Abajo, Susfia.
mous), composed of 4 sepals, 4 white petals RANGE.-Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, and Cuba.
each with a 2-lobed scale, 8 stamens, and pistil OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - a m a npotranca
sa
with 2-lobed ovary, 2-celled 2-ovuled, and 2- (Dominican Republic).
lobed style. The dry fruit is short-stalked and The descriptive specific name means thick
hairless and contains 1seed and does not split veins.

479. Quiebrahacha Allophylus racernosus Sw.

This species of quiebrahacha is distin- .

trees (dioecious) There a r e 2 small sepals and
guished by: (1) the alternate leaves composed 2 larger, 4 small petals, 8 stamens on a disk,
of 3 almost stalkless elliptic or oblanceolate and in female flowers the pistil with 2-celled
leaflets with toothed edges; (2) the small ovary. The fruits are slightly hairy and almost
greenish or whitish flowers about y8 inch long dry, do not open, and contain 1 rounded seed
and broad along narrow unbranched lateral % inch long. Collected with flowers in May-
axes; and (3) the dry rounded brown, orange, July and with fruits in June-August.
or red fruits inch in diameter. The light brown hard wood has served for
Small deciduous tree to 30 feet high and 6 fence posts.
inches or more in trunk diameter, with few Rare to scattered in lowland forest, mostly
branches, or a shrub. The bark'is gray and in moist limestone forest a t 500-1,000 feet
smooth or becoming slightly fissured into thin altitude in western Puerto Rico. Also in St.
plates and peeling off. The inner bark is light Croix, St. Thomas and St. John.
brown and slightly bitter. The hairy twigs are PUBLICFORESTS AND PARK.-Cambalache,
gray green when young, turning light brown. Guajataca, Guhnica, Luquillo, Rio Abajo; Vir-
The leaves measure 6-10 inches long includ- gin Islands.
ing the green, mostly long petioles of
inches. The 3 blades (trifoliolate) are 3-8
1x4 RANGE.-Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and
Virgin Islands, and from Saba to St. Vincent
inches long and 1-2% inches wide, thin, the and Barbados. Also in continental tropical
apex long-pointed and base short-pointed, the America from Guatemala to Colombia, Vene-
straight side veins ending in marginal teeth, zuela, and Guyana.
the upper surface shiny green and the lower OTHER COMMON NAMES.-pa10 blanco
surface dull pale green and slightly to very (Puerto Rico) ; tres-palabras, palo de caja
hairy. The 2 side leaflets are slightly oblique (Dominican Republic) ; palo de caja (Cuba) ;
a t base. esuqitillo (Costa Rica) ; fruta paloma, marfil
The unbranched flower clusters (racemes) (Venezuela) ; caf6 jaune, petit caf6, trois
11/24 inches long bear many minutely hairy paroles (Haiti).
flowers on short stalks. The slightly irregular BOTANICALs ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ . - A E l o p h g E us
occiden-
flowers are mostly male and female on different talb (Sw.) Radlk.
479. Quiebrahach~ ,' Allophylus racsmoewr Sw.
Fruiting twig (left), flowering twig (upper right), two-thirds natural size.
SOAPBERRY FAMILY (SAPINDACEAE)

480. Seso vegetal, akee Blighia sapida Koenig*

Akee or vegetable brains is sometimes cover around each seed must be used fresh, that
planted for the whitish seed covering, which is is, when firm and pulled away from the capsule
edible when picked fresh and cooked properly without bringing also the red, pink, or orange
but otherwise a deadly poison. This dangerous membrane which is bright in color when fresh.
tree is not common but should be learned and This membrane is poisonous and must be care-
should not be planted wherever children fully removed before cooking. Preparation is
play. Distinguishing characters are : (1) alter- by parboiling in water with salt, and after-
nate even pinnate leaves with 3-5 pairs of large wards stewing or frying with butter, or by boil-
elliptic yellow-green leaflets ; (2) many whitish ing in soups. The appearance and the taste
flowers about s/s inch wide in long narrow when fried suggest that of brains, hence the
clusters at leaf bases; and (3) fruit a showy Spanish name seso vegetal (vegetable brains).
drooping red fleshy capsule 2-3 inches long, Unfortunately, if not fresh or if picked from
3-angled and 3-celled. a broken branch, the "akee" is toxic and causes
Small evergreen tree 30 feet high and 1 foot death. Damaged, unripe, or fallen fruits should
in trunk diameter. Bark gray, smoothish to never be eaten. Children have been killed by
slightly rough. Inner bark pinkish, gritty and eating the raw fruits. Others have died from
slightly bitter. Twigs are light gray, stout, eating improperly picked or prepared fruits.
finely hairy, with many long narrow ridges, Thus akee is one of the most toxic and most
ending in a bud of minute hairy leaves pressed dangerous trees.
together. The hard wood has been used elsewhere for
Leaves alternate, mostly 9-15 inches long, lumber.
with stout light green hairy axis 5-8 inches Akee is rarely planted in Puerto Rico, having
long. Leaflets 3-5 pairs, with short stalks about been introduced about 1904, and also the Vir-
inch long. The blades are elliptic, mostly 3-8 gin Islands but found only in cultivation. The
inches long and l Y 2 4 inches wide, the lowest showy fruits and yellow-green foliage make it
shorter, short-pointed a t both ends, slightly a handsome ornamental also. However, plant-
stiff and thickened, slightly bent up a t midrib ing of akee is not recommended because of the
and turned under a t edges. The upper surface risk of killing children and others unfamiliar
is shiny yellow green and hairless, with many with it. Trees around houses probably should
sunken, parallel side veins, the lower surface be destroyed. In Jamaica akee is more widely
dull light green with raised hairy side veins. grown and has become naturalized. Cultivated
Flower clusters (racemes) are unbranched, through the tropics north to southern Florida
3-7 inches long, with flowers on stalks x-yj. but not common.
inch long. Flowers of 2 kinds, partly bisexual RANGE.-Native of western tropical Africa
and partly male, finely hairy, fragrant. The (Guinea).
calyx consists of 5 pointed brownish-tinged OTHER COMMON NAMES.-akee, akee-tree,
sepals 4/8 inch long; petals 6, white, K Ginch vegetable brains (English) ; seso vegetal
long, narrow with lobe a t base; 8 stamens (Spanish) ; akee de Africa (Cuba) ; huevo
inch long on a disk; and pistil with 3-angled 3- vegetal (Panama, Colombia) ; bien me sabe,
celled 3-ovuled brownish ovary, slender style pan y quesito (Colombia) ; aki, arbre fricassh
and dot stigma. (French) ; akee (Dutch Antilles) ; castanheiro
The fleshy heavy capsules have calyx a t base do Africa (Brazil).
and style at apex and are densely hairy on inner The generic name honors Captain William
walls. There are 3 shiny dark brown round Bligh (1764-1817), British mariner, who
seeds 8/ inch in diameter, each with a large introduced this tree to Jamaica from Africa.
white fleshy cover (aril) around the base and He brought breadfruit plants from Tahiti
attached to the fruit by a red or pink mem- of the South Sea Islands to Jamaica and
brane, which is poisonous. Flowering and fruit- St. Vincent in the British ship "Providence"
ing irregularly. in 1793. The mutiny of the "Bounty" against
The "akee," from the native African name, is him caused failure of an earlier attempt in
the edible part. This soft white or cream-colored 1789.
480. Seso vegetal, akee Blighin sapida Koenig*
Leafy twig (above), flowers (left), fruits (below), two-thirds natural size.

487
SOAPBERRY FAMDLY (SAPINDACEAE)

481. Guara blanca CupanM triquetra A. Rich.

This species of guara is identified by: (1) times larger, slightly thickened, rounded or
minute yellow-brown hairs on twigs, petioles, notched a t apex, short-pointed a t base, the
lower leaf surfaces, branches of flower clusters, upper surface becoming hairless, and the lower
flowers, and fruits; (2) pinnate leaves with 4-8 surface soft hairy with raised veins.
alternate elliptic or obovate leaflets, those to- Flower clusters (panicles) are 4-8 inches
ward apex largest, the edges with a few wavy long, with many yellow hairy branches. The
teeth toward apex; (3) many small whitish 5- flowers (not seen) in this genus are male, fe-
parted flowers ys inch across in terminal male, and bisexual (polygamous), composed of
branched clusters; and (4) the many 3-angled 5 hairy sepals, 5 hairy petals each with 2 scales
seed capsules inch long and broad, splitting on outer edges, 8 stamens on a disk, and pistil
into 3 parts and exposing 3 rounded shiny with hairy 3-celled ovary, short style, and 3
blackish or brownish seeds %a inch long, each stigmas. The seed capsules develop a short
in an orange cup. From the more common re- stalk l/lainch long above the persistent sepals.
lated species No. 138, guara, Cupania ameri- Recorded with flowers from October to March
cam L., this species differs in the shorter and with fruits from March to June.
yellow-brown hairs, in the leaf edges with Rare to scattered in moist limestone forest
fewer teeth, and in the capsules sharply 3- a t 300-1,000 feet altitude in Puerto Rico. Also
angled and longer stalked. Vieques, St. Thomas, and St. John.
A medium-sized evergreen tree to 65 feet PUBLICFORESTS.-LU~U~~~O, Rio Abajo.
high with buttressed trunk to 1 foot in diam- RANGE.-Hispaniola (very rare), Puerto
eter. The bark is gray and smooth. Twigs are Rico, St. Thomas, St. John, Guadeloupe, and
stout and covered with minute yellow-brown Martinique.
hairs.
OTHER COMMON NAME.-gU8ra (Puert0
The alternate pinnate leaves are 6-12
inches long, with stout hairy axes. Leaflets have Rico).
The specific name, meaning &angled, de-
short hairy stalks 48-+4,inch long. The blades
are 2-5 inches long and 1-3 inches wide, some- scribes the seed capsules.
481. Guara blanca Cupania triquetra A. Rich.
Flowers (left), leaf (above), fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size.
 - -

SOAPBERRY FAMILY (SAPINDACEAE)

482. Gitarrin, hopbueh Dodonaea viscosa ( L . ) Jacq.

This shrub of coastal thickets becomes a Sometimes grown in fence rows and hedges.
small tree a t Anegada. It is identified by : (1) Elsewhere used in home remedies and the fruits
the sticky (viscid) foliage and flowers; (2) as fish poison.
yellow-green oblanceolate leaves 1 4 inches Locally common on coastal sandy areas, in
long and a/,-1% inches wide; (3) small green- strand vegetation of dry areas, forming
ish yellow flowers l/s inch across, in branched thickets at sea level. Northern coast of Puerto
clusters ; and (4) the many crowded distinctive Rico, also Mona and Anegada, and recorded
light brown seed capsules l/rL-1 inch in diam- from St. Croix and St. Thomas. Forming a
eter, rounded, with 3 or 2 papery wings. forest in Anegada.
Evergreen shrub to 12 feet high, on Anegada RANGE.-T~~s species including varieties is
Island becoming a small tree 15 feet high and widely distributed through the tropics includ-
4 inches in trunk diameter. The bark ia gray, ing Bermuda, West Indies, continental tropical
fissured and fibrous. The twigs are slender, America from southern Florida, southern
gray, and hairless. Arizona, and Mexico southward, and Old
The alternate sticky nearly hairless leaves World.
are narrowed into a short petiole less than 1/ OTHERCOMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - - c h a m guitaran,
iso,
inch long. The blades are blunt, roundat castafio (Puerto Rico) ; chamiso (Spanish) ;
notched, or with minute point a t apex, slightly palo de reina, palo de rey, granadillo (Domini-
thickened and turned under at edges. can Republic) ;chulita (El Salvador) ;hayuelo,
Flower clusters (panicles) are about 1 inch chanamo (Colombia) ; hopbush (United
long a t ends and sides of twigs. The short- States) ; pichon (Trinidad) ; hopshrub (Bar-
stalked sticky flowers are partly male, female, bados) switch-sorrel (Jamaica) ;dogwood (Ba-
and bisexual on the same plant (polygamous) hamas) ; pativier (Haiti) ;bois guillaume (DB
or different plants. There are usually 4 hairy sirade).
sepals less than l/s inch long, no corolla, 5-8 Two variations are present. The typical
stamens, and pistil with 3-angled ovary, slender variety has large thin leaves and large fruits.
style, and 3 stigmas. The seed capsules are That on Mona and Anegada has smaller and
notched a t both ends, with 3 or 2 cells and thicker leaves less than 2 inches long and
rounded papery wings. Seeds 3-1, round, black, smaller fruits about 1/2 inch in diameter (var.
y8 inch in diameter. Flowering irregularly arborescens (Hook. f.) Sherff; D. ehrenbergii
through the year, fruits nearly always present. Schlecht.) .
The hard wood has light brown sapwood and
dark brown heartwood.
482. GitarAn, hopbush Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.
Fruiting twig, natural size.
491
SOAPBERRY FAMILY (SAPINDACEAE)

4.83. Gaita, butterbough Exothea paniculatu (Juee, ) Radlk.

Gaita is recognized by: (1) even pinnate or cream-colored petals about as long as sepals ;
leaves with 2, sometimes 4 or 6 (rarely 1or 3) 8 stamens inserted on the disk; and pistil with
paired oblong to elliptic yellow-green leaflets; 2-celled ovary, short curved style, and dot
(2) small 5-parted whitish flowers more than stigma.
l/g inch across, in branched clusters; and (3) The berrylike fruits (drupes) have calyx a t
dark red, purplish, or black round fleshy fruits base, pointed style a t apex, thin orange juicy
3/8-y2 inch in diameter, 1-seeded, several in pulp, and 1large round brown seed 5/10 inch in
grapelike clusters. diameter. Collected with flowers from Novem-
Evergreen small to medium-sized tree 50 feet ber to March and with fruits in March and
high and 10 inches in trunk diameter, reported June.
to reach 65 feet and 20 inches. The bark is The sapwood is whitish or light brown and
brown or reddish brown, smoothish with large the heartwood reddish brown. The hard heavy
thin flakes or scales. Inner bark is reddish fine-textured wood takes a fine polish. I t has
brown and bitter. The slender twigs are covered been used in cabinetwork, for tool handles, and
with minute yellowish hairs when young, be- elsewhere for posts, railroad crossties, marine
coming gray with raised dots (lenticels) . piling, and boatbuilding.
The alternate leaves have short slender peti- Rare in dry and moist limestone forests a t
oles 3/-y2 inch or more in length. Leaflet 100-1,500 feet altitude in north coast and
blades are 2-4 inches long and 5/8-1y2inches foothills of Cordillera of western Puerto Rico.
wide, blunt, short-pointed, er sometimes Also in Mona and Vieques.
notched a t apex, short-pointed and nearly stalk- PUBLICFORESTS.-Cambalache, Guajataca,
less a t base, the edges straight or slightly wavy, GuBnica, Rio Abajo, Vega.
thin, hairless or nearly so. The upper surface R~Nc~.-Southern Florida, Bahamas,
is yellow green and slightly shiny, the lower Greater Antilles, and St. Eustatius, DBsirade,
surface paler. and St. Vincent. Also Mexico and Guatemala.
Flower clusters (panicles) a t ends and sides OTHER COMMON NAMES.-g~a~ariin (Puerto
of twigs are 3-6 inches long, with slender yel- Rico) ; cuerno de buey, nisperillo (Dominican
lowish hairy branches. The many fragrant Republic) ; yaicuaje, guamach (Cuba) ; butter-
flowers are partly male, female, and bisexual on bough, inkwood, ironwood (United States) ;
the same or different trees (polygamo-dioe- wild ginep (Jamaica) ; butterbough (Ba-
cious), composed of 5 hairy sepals 1/8 inch long, hamas) ;bois mQlet, gu6nbpier marron (Haiti).
persistent and becoming turned back ;5 whitish
 - - - - - -

SOAPBERRY FAMILY (SAPINDACEAE)

484. Melocha, inkwood Hypelate trijoliata Sw.

A rare small tree of dry areas, recognized by : ers from winter and summer and with fruits in
(1) the distinctive small leaves with 3 stalkless summer.
obovate to oblanceolate leaflets slightly shiny The wood is described a s dark brown, heavy,
and stiff, with many fine parallel side veins; hard and durable. It is used for fence posts and
(2) small whitish 5-parted flowers 1/4, inch tool handles and elsewhere for railroad cross-
across, in spreading branched clusters near ties and shipbuilding.
ends of twigs; and (3) black egg-shaped fleshy Rare in dry limestone forest from sea level to
a
fruits (drupes) inch long.
Evergreen small tree or shrub to 20 feet in
700 feet altitude in southwestern Puerto Rico.
Also Mona and Icacos.
height and 4 inches in trunk diameter. The PUBLIC~ o ~ ~ s ~ . - G u B n i c a .
bark is gray
- - and smooth. Twigs- are slender and RANGE.--Southern Florida, Bahamas, Cay-
gray. man, Greater Antilles, Mona, Icacos, St.
The alternate hairless leaves ly2-3 inches Martin, and Anguilla.
long have slender greenish petioles OTHER COMMON NAMES.-granadillo (Do-
inches long. Leaflet blades are y2-2 inches long minican Republic) ;hueso de costa, cuaba de in-
and 9/1a-1/2 inch wide, blunt or sometimes genio, Vera, raspadura (Cuba); inkwood,
notched a t apex, broadest beyond middle, nar- white-ironwood (United States) ; white-iron-
rowed toward the long-pointed base, stiff, wood (Bahamas) ; chandelle marron, gallipeau
turned under a t edges, green above and yellow (Haiti).
green beneath. Excluded species : Matayba apetala (Macf.)
Flower clusters (panicles) a t leaf bases are Radlk. ( M . oppositif olia (A. Rich.) Britton) .
1-3 inches long. The flowers are male and fe- The single old collection from Utuado so labeled
male on the same plant (monoecious), some- lacks flowers and fruits and agrees with
times bisexual, whitish, turning pinkish. There another of No. 139, negra lora, M. dmningensis
are 5 spreading elliptic sepals 4/8 inch long; 5 (DC.) Radlk., from the same locality by the
shorter rounded petals; 8 stamens Y8inch long same collector. The excluded species, known
inserted on the disk, short and sterile in female as macurije in Cuba and coby-wood in Jamaica,
flower; and pistil with &celled ovary with 2 is distinguished by 4-10 elliptic-lanceolate to
ovules in each cell, short curved style, and dot oblong leaflets long-pointed a t both ends.
stigma. The fruits have thin flesh reportedly RANGE.-Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica, and Cen-
sweetish and 1large seed. Collected with flow- tral America.
Fruiting twig (left), flowering twig (upper right), natural size.

4Bb
 SABIA FAMILY (SABIACEAE)

Trees, shrubs, and woody vines, known by: petals (2 very reduced), small disk, 3-45 op-
(1) leaves alternate, generally simple, some- posite stamens inserted at base of petals or
times odd pinnate, with enlargement at base of separate, and pistil with superior ovary of 2 3
petiole, without stipules; (2) minute flowers, cells with 2 ovules and 1 or 2 styles; and (3)
usually many in branched clusters (panicles), fruit a rounded drupe or berry or dry, 1-seeded.
commonly bisexual, slightly irregular, calyx of Also vol. 1,p. 314.
3-6 sepals or lobes and persistent, 4-5 unequal
Key to species
A. Leaves obovate, rounded at apex, mostly 2%-5 inches long; fruits about % inch in diameter--486. Meliosma
obtusifolia.
AA. Leaves elliptic, short- ointed or blunt at a ex, mostly 3-8 inches or more in length; fruits %-$G inch long-
144. Ayacatillo, &lioma herbertii ~ o i e .

485. Arroyo Meliosma obtusifolia (Bello)' Krug & Urban

This rare species found only in mountain Flower clusters (panicles) are large and
forests of Puerto Rico is characterized by : branched, 2%-5 inches or more in length, a t
(1) obovate thick leaves rounded a t apex, ends .of twigs and leaf bases, often longer
mostly 2%-5 inches long and 1?4,-2v2 inches than leaves. The many stalkless flowers from
wide, sometimes larger, with edges turned greenish buds are composed of 5 rounded over-
under, 1,2,or sometimes 3 a t a node ; (2) many lapping sepals less than '/lo inch long with
small whitish flowers about v8
inch across, hairy border, remaining a t base of fruit; 5
crowded and stalkless in branched clusters; whitish petals, the outer 3 nearly v8
inch long
and (3) round fruits (drupes) more than y8 and 2 small narrow scales; 2 stamens opposite
inch in diameter, whitish, turning dark brown the small petals and 3 sterile (staminodes) ;
or black, clustered like grapes. and pistil with ovary, style, and 2 minute
Medium-sized evergreen tree to 65 feet high stigmas. The many fruits pale green when im-
and more than 1 foot in trunk diameter. The mature are hard and dry, containing 1 seed
bark is light brown, becoming fissured, the within the large stone. With flowers and fruits
inner bark pink, turning red brown on ex- through the year.
posure, slightly bitter. Twigs are slender, The wood is whitish and hard.
brown, with fine rusty-brown hairs when Rare in upper Cordillera forest a t 1,800-
young. 3,000 feet altitude in mountains of western
The leaves are crowded near ends of twigs, Puerto Rico. Collected long ago in Luquillo
alternate, opposite, and whorled, hairless, with Mountains.
petioles 3/8-% inch long, recorded to 8 inches PUBLICFORESTS.-Guilarte, Luquillo, Mar-
long and 3 inches wide with petioles to 1% icao.
inches. Blades are thick and leathery, gradu- RANGE.-Known only from Puerto Rico.
ally narrowed to base, with midvein slightly OTHER COMMON NAMES.--WCB~~~O, Ca-0
sunken, the upper surface shiny green with bobo, ciralillo, cerrillo, guayarote (Puerto
raised veins, and the lower surface dull light
green.
Rico) .
Flowering twig (above), fruiting t w i g (lower left), natural size.

497
 BUCKTHORN FAMILY (RHAMNACEAE)
Shrubs, woody vines, and small to large trees, small petals (or none) concave and very
rarely herbs, often spiny, known by : (1)leaves narrow with narrow base, 6 4 opposite stamens
mostly alternate, also opposite, simple, often enclosed by petals, and pistil with superior
with 3 or more veins from base (palmate- ovary within the disk (sometimes surrounded
veined), usually with minute stipules; (2) by disk and appearing inferior) with 2-4 cells
small greenish or yellowish flowers, mostly in of 1ovule, style, and 1-6 stigmas; and (3) fruit
lateral clusters (cymes), usually bisexual, reg- a berry, drupe, or capsule, often opening in
ular, with concave cuplike base (hypanthium) , 3 parts. Also vol. 1,p. 316.
with 5-4 sepals touching by edges in bud, 5-4
Key to species
A. Leaves with 3 main veins from base; twigs with paired or single spines-Zizi kus.
B. Leaves hairless, often rolled under a t edges; twigs hairless-491. Ziziplus rigmnii.
BB. Leaves soft hairy on lower leaf surfaces, finely toothed on edges; twigs hairy.
C. Leaves with prominent network of raised veins on lower surface; twigs rusty hairy; fruits %-%
inch long-148. Cascarroya, Ziziphua retieulata (Vahl) DC. (Sarcomphulua reticulatus) .
CC. Leaves densely whitish hairy beneath; twigs whitish or rusty hairy, fruits 94-1 inch l o n g 4 9 0 . Zizi-
pkus mauritiana.*
AA. Leaves with 1 main vein, edges not toothed; twigs not spiny (except No. 492).
D. Leaves opposite.
E. Leaves only slightly thickened, elli tic notched a t rounded apex-147. Bariaco, "ironwood," lead-
wood, Krugiodendron ferreum (&hlj Urban.
EE. Leaves thick and leathery-Reynosia.
F. Leaves less than 1 inch long, ending in minute sharp hooked spine beneath apex--488. Reynosia
uncinata.
FF. Leaves more than 1% inch long, the broad apex ending in minute point.
G. Leaves broad1 elliptic, slightly notched a t a p e x 4 8 6 . Reynosia giiama.
GG. Leaves ovate, b u n t a t apex--487. Reynosia krugii.
DD. Leaves alternate.
H. Leaves %-1 inch long, obovate to rounded, notched a t apex; twigs sometimes with small spines-
492. Ziziphus taylorii.
HH. Leaves more than 1 inch long, elliptic, ointed a t apex.
I. leaves long-pointed a t apex, with stort straight side veins and wavy teeth a t edges-489. Rham-
nus aphaeroaperma.
11. Leaves mostly short-pointed a t a ex, the side veins curved and prolonged near edges-Colubrina.
J. Leaves slight1 thickened, tRe lower surface, petioles and twig. with rusty brown hairs.
specially wKen young-145. Abeyuelo, coffee colubrina, Cohrbrina a~borescens (Mill.)
Sarg.
JJ. Leaves thin, the lower surface pale green and minutely hairy-146. Mabi, soldierwaod, Coltc-
b r i m eUiptica (Sw.) Briz. & Stem (C. reclinata) .

486. Guamsi Reynoria guama Urban

This small tree is recognized by: (1) the The opposite leaves have 2 minute pointed
paired broadly elliptic leaves llA-3 inches long stipules ]/la inch long and short petioles less
and 1%-2 inches wide, slightly notched with a than l/p inch long. The blades are shiny dark
minute point a t apex, rounded or slightly green above and dull light green beneath, with
notched a t base, thick and leathery with midrib sunken midvein, few curved lateral veins, and
much sunken; (2) several small yellow-green border slightly curved under.
flowers 4/8 inch long, clustered on short slender Flowers several clustered (sometimes only
stalks a t bases of leaves; and (3) elliptic fruits 1) a t leaf bases on stalks of yu-$& inch, con-
9/s inch long with cup of calyx a t base and 1 sisting of cuplike base (hypanthium) ,6 pointed
large seed. sepals inch long, 5 narrow petals 1/1,, inch
Shrub or small tree often wandlike to 20 feet long, 6 opposite stamens, and pistil. The fruits
high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, hairless (drupes) are borne on short stalks a t leaf
throughout. The bark is light gray and smooth. bases, greenish when immature, with greenish
The twigs are light brown, slender, and hairless cup of calyx a t base and pointed style a t apex.
or nearly so, becoming scaly, and end in minute Inside the thin pulp is the large elliptic seed.
brown bud formed by pointed stipules. Flowering from spring to fall.
 Reyiosia guama Urban
Flowering twig (above) fruiting twig (lower right), natural size.

499
BUCKTHORN FAMILY (RHAMNACEAE)
In St. John a n alcoholic drink called warmer- PUBLIC FORESTS AND ~ ~ ~ ~ . - G u i n ;i Virgin
ca
berry wine or guamaberry wine is prepared Islands.
from the mature fruits and rum, aged and RANGE.-Known only from Puerto Rico and
seasoned. the Virgin Islands.
Rare in thickets on dry coastal hills and dry This rare species was known only from the
limestone forest a t 100-300 feet altitude in Virgin Islands until found also in southwestern
southwestern Puerto Rico. Also in St. Thomas, Puerto Rico by foresters in 1940.
St. John, Jost Van Dyke, and Virgin Gorda.

Reynosia krugii Urban

Characteristics of this small tree are: (1) with sunken midvein and side veins inconspicu-
opposite ovate leaves 2-3y2 inches long and ous, the lower surface paler.
1-2 inches wide, slightly thick and leathery, Flowers are short-stalked, minute, with c u p
the apex blunt with a minute point; (2) minute like base, 4 pointed sepals, 4 small petals, 4
whitish flowers less than l/R inch broad, few opposite stamens, and within disk the pistil
leaf bases; and (3) blackish elliptic fruit v8-yk with rounded ovary and short style. The fruit
inch long, with large stone. (drupe) has thin dark red juicy flesh and large
Evergreen small tree 20 feet high and 3 stone. Flowering and fruiting irregularly.
inches in trunk diameter, recorded to 30 feet. Wood light brown, hard.
Bark gray, slightly furrowed, the inner bark Rare in moist limestone, lower and upper
reddish brown, bitter. Twigs are brown, finely Cordillera forests and coastal hills a t 2003,000
fissured, minutely hairy when young. feet altitude in Puerto Rico. Widely distributed
The opposite hairless leaves have slender from Fajardo and Cayey to northwestern
curved leafstalks 1/4, inch long The paired mountains.
stipules 4 to a node are narrow pointed scales PUBLICFORESTS.-Cambalache, Guajataca,
xo inch long, forming the bud. Blades are
rounded at base, slightly turned under a t edges,
Maricao, Rio Abajo, Suatia.
R ~ ~ c ~ . - K n o w only
n from Puerto Rico.
the upper surface dull or slightly shiny green
 Urban
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.

501
 7
- . - -

BUCKTHORN FAMJLY (RHAMNACEAE)

4.88. Cascarrolla Reynosiu uncinata Urban

Cascarrolla is easily recognized by the odd inconspicuous. The sunken midvein continues
small stiff elliptic to oblong paired leaves that beyond the notched apex into a minute sharp
end in a minute sharp hooked spine hidden hooked spine less than I/lcinch long and hidden
beneath the apex. This shrub, sometimes a beneath,
small tree, of dry areas is further identified The flowers on a short stalk of %-l/s inch
by: (1) minute yellow-green flowers % inch are composed of a short cuplike base (hypanth-
long and broad, few clustered a t leaf bases; ium), 5 pointed sepals, 5 smaller narrow petals,
and (2) round blackish fleshy fruits Y2-Yi 5 opposite stamens, and within disk the pistil
inch long. with rounded ovary and short style. The fruit
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 30 feet (drupe) has thin dark red juicy flesh, reported
high and 6 inches in trunk diameter. Bark to be edible, and large stone. Flowering ir-
dark gray, smoothish, with shallow fissures or regularly through the year.
large scales. The inner bark is reddish brown The wood is light brown and hard.
with narrow lighter streaks, slightly bitter. Locally common in dry coastal and limestone
The twigs, mostly paired, short and branched, forests from sea level to 400 feet in south-
a r e gray, minutely hairy when young, becom- western Puerto Rico. Also Mona, St. Croix,
ing fissured. Tortola, and Anegada.
The leaves are opposite and mostly crowded PUBLIC FORESTS.-Gu6nica.
on short twigs. Paired stipules 4 to a node are RANGE.-Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and
narrow pointed scales l/lo inch long which form Virgin Islands, and Anguilla.
the bud. The slender light green petioles are OTHERCOMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . - - - c h i c h (Puerto
arr6n
'/lo inch long. The blades are 3/8-1 inch long Rico) ; cascahueso (Dominican Republic) ; sloe
and l/g-Zi/8 inch wide, stiff and slightly thick, .
(Anguilla) ; brillol, galle-galle (Haiti)
hairless, rounded a t base, slightly curved down The specific name, meaning hooked, refers
at edges, the upper surface shiny green, the to the hidden spine beneath leaf apex.
lower surface dull light green, the side veins
488. Cascarroila Reynosia uncinata Urban
Fruiting twig (upper left), flowering twig (right), natural size.

503
-- - - - -- - -

BUCKTHORN FAMILY (RHAMNACEAE)

489. Weet Indian buckthorn Rhamnue sphaerosperma Sw.

This shrub of mountain forests, sometimes Flowers few on slender stalks about % inch
becoming a small tree, is distinguished by : (1) long a t leaf bases. The short cuplike yellow-
elliptic leaves with wavy teeth a t edges and green hairy base (hypanthium) bears 5 spread-
ending in a long point; (2) small yellow-green ing pointed yellow-green sepals 1/16 inch long,
cup-shaped flowers inch long and broad, the 5 smaller narrow notched whitish petals folded
calyx with 6 long-pointed sepals; and (3) fruit around the 6 tiny opposite stamens. The pistil
rounded, about inch in diameter, with cup- has a 3-celled ovary, short style, and &lobed
like base, 3-seeded. stigma. Fruits (drupes), with cuplike base
Evergreen shrub, sometimes a small tree 20 and dotlike style a t apex, a r e green when im-
feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter. The mature, slightly fleshy. Flowering intermit-
slender twigs are green and with scattered tently, noted with flowers from January to
reddish-brown hairs when young, becoming July and with fruits from May to July.
gray, with raised dot lenticels. Rare in upper Luquillo and upper Cordillera
forests and dwarf forest at 2,500-4,000 feet
The alternate leaves have slender hairy leaf- altitude in mountains of Puerto Rico. Near
stalks %-:% inch long. Blades are mostly 11,12-3 summit of Cerro de Punta a t about 4,000 feet.
inches long and 3/-1y2inches wide (recorded PUBLIC FORESTS.-LU~U~~~O, Maricao, Tor0
to 61/C2 inches by 2v8 inches), short-pointed a t Negro.
base, thin, upper surface shiny green to dark RANGE.-Greater Antilles.
green and hairless, the lower surface slightly OTHER COMMON NAME.-West Indian buck-
shiny light green and hairy on veins. thorn (English).
489. West Indian buckthorn Rhamnus sphaerosperma Sw.
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.
606
BUCKTHORN FAMILY (RHAMNACEAE)

490. Aprin, India jujube Ziziphue mauritiana Lam. *

This tree introduced for its edible fruits is disk the pistil with 2-celled ovary and 2-forked
recognized by: (1) the dense whitish or rusty- style. The edible fruits (drupes) have a large
brown hairs on twigs, petioles, lower leaf sur- 2-celled stone and 2 elliptic flattened brown
faces, and flower clusters; (2) broadly elliptic seeds % inch long. Flowering and fruiting
leaves rounded a t both ends, finely-toothed on from spring to fall and with mature fruits
edges, densely whitish hairy beneath, with 3 in winter.
main veins from base, and with paired spines Planted sparingly as a fruit tree, mostly in
(stipules) often present a t base; (3) many dry areas, in a few residental areas of Puerto
small yellow 6-parted hairy flowers 3/10 inch Rico and escaping in coastal thickets and clear-
across, clustered a t leaf bases; and (4) the ings, recorded from Guirnica. Becoming com-
edible, fleshy and nearly elliptic or rounded mon and naturalized on Vieques and Culebra.
orange-red fruits x-1 inch long. Also Virgin Gorda.
A small evergreen fruit tree to 40 feet high R A N G E . - N ~ ~ ~ofv ~
India and southeast Asia.
and 1 foot in trunk diameter. The slender Cultivated through the tropics, including trop-
twigs are finely hairy, often with paired straight ical America from southern Florida and Cali-
or curved sharp brown spines l/s-g inch long fornia southward to South America and through
at nodes. the West Indies, becoming naturalized.
The leaves alternate in 2 rows have hairy OTHER COMMON NAMES.-y~y~bi (Puerto
petioles inch long. Blades are ll/z-21/rL Rico) ; yuyuba (Spanish) ; perita haltiana
inches long and 1-1%inches wide, shiny green (Dominican Republic) ; puinda (Colombia) ;
and hairless above and densely whitish soft ponsigud (Venezuela) ; India jujube, jujube
hairy beneath. (English) ; dunk (Barbados) ; dunks (Trini-
Flower clusters (cymes) a t leaf bases are dad) ; jujubier, pomme malcadi (Haiti) ;
less than % inch across. Flowers many, short- pomme surette (St. Barts) ; pomme .cerotte
stalked, composed of bell-shaped base (hy- (Dutch Antilles).
panthium), 5 spreading pointed hairy sepals BOTANICAL S Y N O N Y M . - Z ~ ~ ~jujuba
' ~ ~ U SLam.
1/; inch long, 5 narrow stalked whitish petals, (not Mill.).
5 stamens opposite the petals, and within the
490. Aprin, India jujube Ziriphuo mauritiana Lam.*
Fruiting twig (upper left), flowering twig (below), natural size.
BUCKTHORN FAMILY (RHAMNACEAE)

Zisiphua rignonii Delponte

This small tree often with spines, rare in inch across are borne in branched clusters
dry areas, is identified by: (1) elliptic to (panicles) at leaf bases. Flowering and fruit-
rounded thick and leathery leaves llh-4 inches ing from spring to fall.
long and inches wide, hairless, with 3 Wood light brown, hard.
main veins from base and fine network of veins Uncommon in dry limestone forest from sea
on both surfaces; and (3) edible rounded or level to 300 feet altitude in northeastern Pu2rto
elliptic dark brown fruit 3/8-1h inch in Rico, including Cape San Juan. Also Icacos,
diameter. Vieques, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda,
Small evergreen tree 16-30 feet high, with and Anegada.
rounded crown. Bark dark brown or gray, RANGE.-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Virgin
smooth. The gray angled twigs often have Islands, and Anguilla.
paired slender spines inch long.
The leaves are alternate in 2 rows, with OTHER COMMON NAMES.-SaOna, SaOna de
petioles about inch long. Blades are rounded gente, saona dulce, sopaipo, palpaguano, yagua
a t apex, rounded and often heart-shaped a t (Dominican Republic) ; thorn (Anguilla) ;
base, often rolled under a t edges, dark shiny cogne-molle, citroin marron, macarbie, zoraille,
green on upper surface, paler, with raised veins coquemolle (Haiti).
beneath. BOTANICAL s ~ ~ o N ~ ~ . - S a r c m domin-
phah
The small yellowish green flowers about y8 gensis (Spreng.) Krug & Urban.
 Ziziphus rignonii Delponte
Flowering twig (upper right), fruiting twig (lower left), natural size.
BUCKTHORN FAMILY (RHAMNACEAE)

Ziaiphue taylorii (Britton) M. C. Johnst.

This much branched shrub of Mona Island twigs. The bell-shaped base (hypanthium)
sometimes becomes a small tree. It is identified bears 5 sepals less than 1/,6 inch long, 5 narrow
by : (1) many short crowded slender branches ; stalked petals, and 5 stamens opposite the
(2) many small obovate to rounded leaves petals; and the pistil has 2-celled ovary and 2-
1/2-1 inch long and 3/8-9/ inch wide, notched lobed style. The fruit (drupes) have shallow
at apex, slightly thickened and stiff; (3) few cup a t base. The large stone is 2-celled and
small green 5-parted flowers less than v8 inch 2-seeded. With flowers in spring and fruits in
across, at end of twig; and (4) elliptic black spring and summer.
stone fruits 5/16 inch long. Rare and local on coastal plain and in dry
Deciduous shrub or small tree to 15 feet forest on plateau from sea level to 400 feet
high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, densely on Mona Island, native. Not found elsewhere
branched, hairless throughout. Bark gray, in Puerto Rico. Mona Island is more than 300
smooth, becoming rough with small plates. The miles southeast of the nearest locality at Grand
twigs are short, slender, and angled, mostly Turk in eastern Bahama Islands.
spineless but sometimes with a few small spines RANGE.-Through Bahama Islands (more
to l/q, inch long. than 450 miles) from Eleuthera and Cat Island
The alternate leaves have short petioles about to Great Inagua and Grand Turk and on Mona
'/lainch long. Blades are short-pointed a t base, Island. Not recorded from Greater Antilles.
not toothed on edges, green on upper surface BOTANICALSYNONYM.-SUTCO~P~U~!W tap-
and paler beneath, with 3 main veins from near lorii Britton.
base and with inconspicuous side veins. The scientific name honors Norman Taylor
Flowers about l/s inch across are on short (1883-1970), botanist of the United States,
stalks in small clusters (panicles) a t ends of who collected plants in the Bahamas.
 Ziriphus taylorii (Britton) M. C. Johnst.
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.
 ELAEOCARPUS FAMILY (ELAEOCARPACEAE)
Trees and shrubs, known by: (1) alternate (none in Sloanea), many stamens inserted in
or opposite simple leaves with stipules, the disk, and pistil with superior ovary of 2 to
petioles often with enlargements a t both ends many cells with axile placentation and 2 to
(Sloanea) ; (2) flowers often large in clusters many ovules and style; and (3) fruit a capsule
(racemes or panicles) or solitary, bisexual, or berry. (This family is often included in the
regular, with 4-6 sepals, 4-5 separate petals basswood family, Tiliaceae.) Also vol. 1, p. 324.
Key to species
A. Laves lance-shaped or oblong, 2-4 inches long, irregularly toothed, with 3 main veins from very oblique base,
hairy beneath493. Muntingia calabura*
AA. Leaves elliptic, not toothed on edges, with 1main vein, hairless or nearly so-Sloattea.
B. Leaves 2H-6 inches long, blunt or notched at both ends, petioles %-I inch long--494. Sloanea amygdalim.
BB. Leaves 6-18 inches long, shortrpointed at both ends, petioles $4-3% inches long-149. Motillo, Sloanea
berteriatta Choiey.

493, Capulin Muntingia calabura L.*

This small fast-growing tree has been intro- The flowers have served in home remedies. The
duced in Puerto Rico in recent years for orna- red berries are juicy and slightly sweet, though
ment and shade. I t is easily distinguished by: without distinctive flavor.
(1) the lance-shaped or oblong, irregularly Commonly planted in recent years as an
toothed leaves with 3 main veins from the ornamental and small shade tree around houses
very oblique base, hairy beneath; (2) the lat- in new suburbs in moist parts of Puerto Rico.
eral flowers yb-1inch across the 5 spreading Also in Culebra and Vieques. Its main ad-
white petals; and (3) the edible round berry, vantage is rapid growth in full sunlight. Before
reddish or yellowish, y8-y8inch in diameter. many years the trees may spread from cultiva-
An evergreen small tree to 25 feet high, with tion into open areas like weeds, as in the native
trunk to 6 inches in diameter and short broad home.
crown. Outer bark is smooth and brown, the RANGE.-Native from southern Mexico to
inner bark whitish, fibrous, and tasteless. Twigs Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Brazil, Bo-
are gray with minute star-shaped hairs when livia, and Peru. Also Cuba, Jamaica, and His-
young, afterwards turning brown. paniola. Sparingly introduced elsewhere in
The leaves are alternate in 2 rows on spread-
ing nearly horizontal twigs. The short hairy West Indies and south Florida and escaping
petioles are ya-$&inch long. Leaf blades are from cultivation. Planted also in Hawaii and
2 4 inches long and yL-18/Rinches wide, with other Pacific Islands. Recorded as naturalized
long point a t apex, thin, the upper surface green in Asia.
with soft hairs, and the gray-green lower sur- OTHER COMMON NAMES.-memiso (Domini-
face covered with star-shaped hairs. can Republic) ; capuli (Cuba, El Salvador) ;
Flowers are 1-3 on stalks v4-l% inches long
a t leaf bases. There are 6 narrow green sepals
capulina, memiso, gubcima cereza, gubcima
boba (Cuba) ; capulin (Mexico, Central Amer-
about % inch long, turned back; 5 rounded ica) ; capulin blanco (Guatemala, Costa Rica) ;
white petals l/d-0/11 inch long; many yellow capulin de comer (El Salvador) ; pasito, maja-
stamens inch long; and on a disk the giiillo, (Panama) ; chitat6, majagiiito, chirri-
greenish pistil inch long with 5-celled ovary ador, acuruco, tapabotija, nigua (Colombia) ;
and 5 stalkless stigmas. The fruit (berry) is majagiiillo, majagua, gubcimo hembra, cedrillo,
reddish or yellowish, with stigmas at apex, nigiiito, majagua (Venezuela) ; nigliito (Ecua-
juicy and slightly sweet, containing many dor) ; bolina, yumanaza (Peru) ; Jamaica-
minute light brown seeds. Flowering and fruit- cherry, strawberry-tree (United States) ; bois
ing continuously through the year.
The sapwood is lighter colored than the pale dporme, bois de soie marron (Haiti) ; calabura,
brown heartwood. The wood is described as pau de seda (Brazil).
lightweight, medium-textured, of irregular A closely related species (Muntingia rosea
grain, very easily worked, but poorly resistant Karst.) or variety local in northern Venezuela
to decay. has slightly larger pinkish purple petals and
Tough silklike fibers of the bark have been larger leaves. It would be more attractive as
used elsewhere for making rope and baskets. an ornamental than the white-flowered tree.
493. Capulin Muntingia calabura L.*
Natural size.

513
ELAEOCARPUS FAMILY (ELAEOCARPACEAE)

Sloanea amygdalina Grieeb.

This rare tree in mountain forests of western Flowers hanging on stalks y8-1% inches
Puerto Rico is characterized by: (1) elliptic long. There are 4 pointed sepals about a/8 inch
leaves blunt or notched a t both ends, with long velvety within, no corolla, many hairy
sunken veins, and with a swelling and bend a t spreading stamens, and pistil with bristly hairy
upper end of petiole; (2) flowers 1-3 long- ovary and style. The seed capsules, yellow green
stalked a t leaf base, about 1 inch across the and finely bristly hairy when immature, have
many stamens ; (3) elliptic seed capsules 5/u-1 calyx bent back a t base and pointed style a t
inch long, hanging down on stalks 2 inches or apex. The bristles covering the fruits are
more in length, covered with short prickly prickly when touched. Flowering in spring and
bristles l/loinch long, splitting open in 4 parts. fruiting in summer.
Evergreen large tree 60-90 feet high with
trunk 1v2-6 feet in diameter, with tall narrow The sapwood is whitish and hard.
buttresses to 12 feet high and 3 feet wide, Rare in upper Cordillera and moist limestone
straight axis, and narrow crown. The bark is forests a t 50042,000 feet altitude in western
brown, smooth, becoming slightly fissured. Puerto Rico.
Inner bark is light brown, gritty and tasteless. PUBLICFORESTS.-Guajataca, Maricao, Rio
The brown twigs, finely hairy when young, have Abajo.
raised rounded leaf scars longer than broad. RANGE.-Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico.
The alternate leaves have finely hairy petioles
442-1 inch long. Leaf blades are 2y2-6 inches OTHER COMMON NAMES.-4hicharrbn (Do-
long and la/-3% inches wide, slightly wavy on minican Republic) ; jicotea, berij iia, juba
edges, slightly thickened and leathery, hairless. blanca, cresta de gallo (Cuba).
The upper surface is green and slightly shiny This species was not listed from Puerto Rico
with sunken veins, the lower surface shiny by Britton and Wilson ( l o ) , though Britton
yellow green with raised veins. collected a sterile specimen in 1915.
 Sloanea amygdalina Griseb.
Natural size.
 MALLOW FAMILY (MALVACEAE)
Herbs, shrubs, and few trees, known by: (1) a t base into column, stamens very numerous
fibrous bark with sap often mucilaginous; (2) in a column around style with separate fila-
alternate simple leaves, toothed or often lobed, ments and 1-celled anthers, and pistil with
palmate-veined, with star-shaped hairs and superior ovary of many cells in a ring, each
large paired stipules; (3) flowers commonly with 1 to many ovules, and long style with
large and showy, solitary or in clusters many divisions and stigmas; and (4) fruit
(cymes), bisexual, regular, often with greenish usually a capsule or separating into 1-seeded
scales (bracts) below the calyx of 5 sepals or parts. Also vol. 1,p. 326.
lobes, with 5 colored petals, separate but united
Key to species
A. Leaves lobed or toothed on edges.
B. Leaves mostly with 3 (sometimes 5) longpointed lobes, not toothed495. Goasypiunt barbadense.*
BB. Leaves toothed on edges.
C. Leaves coarsely toothed, with 5 main veins from rounded or short-pointed base--497. Hibiscus T0.94-
ginem&.* -
CC. Leaves finely wavy-toothed, with 7-9 main veins from slightly notched or heart-shaped base-498.
Sida eggersii.
AA. Leaves not lobed or toothed on edges.
D. Leaves with mostly 9 or 11 main veins from base; lower leaf surfaces densely covered with - gray- star-
sha ed hairs. -
E. L a v e s with lower leaf surfaces whiti~hgray; flowers 3 4 % inches long; seed capsules with calyx
remaining at base- amall spreading tree w ~ t hshort crooked trunk.-150. Emajagua, sea hibiscus,
~ i b ~ c tiliaceus
us L.*
EE. Leaves with lower surfaces gray green; flowers 3-5 inches long; seed capsules without calyx a t base;
large tree with tall straight t r u n k 4 9 6 . Hibisncs eiatus.*
DD. Leaves with mostly 7 main veins from base, blades with scattered minute scales.
F. Leaves abruptly long- or shorbpointed at apex; flowers with red petals-151. Maga, Rfontezuma w e -
ciosissima Sesed & Moc.
PL..)
FF. Leaves long-pointed a t apex; flowers with ale ellow etals, turning to purple-162. Emajagiiilla,
otaheita, portiatree, Thespesia poptilttea goland!

495. AlgodBn, wild cotton Gossypbm bnrbndense L.*

Wild cotton, a shrub or small tree of waste inches long. Blades are mostly ovate, about 2
places, is distinguished by: (1) the leaves with inches long and 1%inches wide, mostly &lobed
mostly 3-lobed blades about 2 inches long, the with 3 main veins from base sometimes 6-lobed
middle lobe longest, slightly heart-shaped a t or not lobed, with middle lobe longest, thin, the
base, becoming nearly hairless; (2) large bell- upper surface dull green and hairless, the lower
shaped flowers about 2 inches long and broad, surface dull light green and becoming nearly
the 5 light yellow petals with brown dot a t hairless.
base inside, turning to pink, enclosed a t base by The flowers are borne singly a t leaf bases
3 large light green bracts with long narrow on stout stalks about y2 inch long. At the base
teeth ;and (3) elliptic seed capsule about 1inch of each flower are 3 ovate light green bracts
long, containing many seeds covered by masses about 1% inches long, each ending in a few
of white threadlike hairs, cotton. longpointed teeth. The flower is composed of
This species of cotton is a spreading shrub,
climber, or small tree 12-15 feet in height and
a light green tubular calyx v8
inch long and
broad, 6-toothed; the bell-shaped corolla about
3 inches in trunk diameter. The bark is gray 2 inches long, of 6 light yellow petals with
and smooth, the inner bark thick, pink and brown dot a t base inside, broadest a t the
white streaked, almost tasteless. The twigs are rounded apex and united a t base, turning to
stout, much forked, slightly enlarged a t nodes, pink upon withering; stamens many in a
light green tinged with purple and with many whitish column 1 inch long, united to corolla
black dots, nearly hairless. The buds are com- a t base, the corolla and stamens falling to-
posed of long narrow stipules covering the gether; and pistil more than 11h inches long
minute young leaves. inside stamen tube, consisting of conic 4-celled
The alternate leaves have paired narrow ovary with many ovules, long style, and stigma.
stipules about a/s inch long, which shed early, The seed capsule with calyx a t base becomes
and slender round, light green petioles 1-ly2 brown and splits into 4 parts, releasing the
496. Algodbn, wild cotton
Two-thirds nnturnl size.
MALLOW FAMILY (MALVACEAE)
seeds covered with masses of threadlike white OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ E S . - - a I g o d 6ailvestre,
n
fibers of cotton which remain attached. Flower- algod6n del pafs, algodbn de Barbados (Puerto
ing and fruiting from spring to fall. Rico) ; algod6n, palo de algodbn, algodonero
The long whitish hairs covering the seeds (Spanish) ; tree cotton, cotton, long-staple
of this and related species are the valuable cotton, Sea Island cotton (English) ; coton
fiber cotton. A honey plant. (French) ; Creole cotton (Dutch Antilles).
Purified cotton or absorbent cotton is widely Other species and hybrids of cotton, herbs
used in medicines as a dressing for wounds. and shrubs mostly not reaching tree size are
Cotton root bark has served as a drug. persistent after cultivation. However, cotton is
Uncommon in waste places and appearing not a commercial crop on these islands a t
after cultivation in dry limestone and coastal present. Because of hybridization, identifica-
forest zones from sea level to 200 feet altitude tion is uncertain. The Arawak Indians had
in southwestern Puerto Rico. Also Mona, St. cotton. Additional varieties were introduced
Croix, Jost Van Dyke, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, from Spain, Africa, continental tropical
and perhaps other islands. America, and afterwards from the United
PUBLICFORESTS.-Guirnica. States. Apparently the common cultivated
RANGE.-Florida, Greater Antilles, Lesser variety was Sea Island cotton (Gossypium
Antilles. Widely planted. in the New World barbadense L.* or G. arboreum L. var. nudam
and Old World tropics and spreading from (Watt.) Prokh.*).
cultivation.

496. Majd, mahoe

Mahoe, an introduced forest tree is distin- The corolla consists of 6 spreading narrowly
guished by : (1) long-stalked heart-shaped and elliptic petals 3 s - 6 inches long, united a t base,
nearly round abruptly pointed leaves with when opening in the morning yellow with large
mostly 9 main veins from base, the lower sur- dark red spot inside a t base, in late afternoon
face gray green with minute star-shaped hairs turning to orange and red or red bronze. Many
and with 1-3 narrow glands near base of main stamens are on a whitish or pinkish column or
veins; (2) large funnel-shaped flowers 3-6 tube with corolla at base. The pistil inside the
inches long and broad, the 6 petals changing stamen tube has a hairy 6-celled ovary, long
color during the day from yellow with dark style, and 5 rounded stigmas. The seed capsules
red base to orange and red; and (3) elliptic contain many hairy seeds. Flowering irregu-
seed capsules 1-1v2 inches long, densely yellow larly through the year.
brown hairy, which split into 5 parts. The sapwood is light brown, the heartwood
Evergreen medium-sized planted tree becom- bluish, greenish, or streaked when freshly cut.
ing 80 feet high with tall straight trunk 16 The wood varies from soft, fine-textured, with
inches in diameter, or larger. The bark is gray, silky luster to hard, of medium to coarse tex-
smooth to finely fissured. Inner bark is fibrous. ture, and rather dull. Where this species is
whitish to whitish green, and slightly bitter. native, wood with attractive colors has been
Twigs are green with star-shaped hairs when prized for cabinetwork, furniture, interior trim,
young and have rings a t nodes. and gunstocks. Other uses include construc-
The alternate leaves have slender round leaf- tion, railway ties, and shingles.
stalks 21h--4 inches long and 2 oblong short- Bark of young trees makes good ropes, but
pointed slightly hairy light green stipules 1% this use destroys the growing tree and is to
inches long, which shed, leaving a ring scar be discouraged. Formerly the lacelike inner
around twig. Blades are about 6-7 inches long bark was used for tying bundles of Havana
and broad, abruptly short- or long-pointed a t cigars and was called Cuba bark. An infusion
apex and heart-shaped or notched a t base, very of the mucilaginous leaves and young twigs has
slightly thickened, with straight or finely wavy been used in home remedies.
edges, the upper surface is green and hairless. Maj6 or mahoe is closely related to No. 160,
One to 3 flowers each lasting a day are emajagua or sea hibiscus (Hibiscw tilimeus
borne at leaf bases at the ends of twigs on L.*), a small tree of seashores throughout the
stout %Teen stalks 1/12 inch long. Around the tropics, probably of Old World origin and
flower is a light green tube (involucre) l/z inch naturalized in America including roadsides and
long, ending in 9 pointed lobes. The calyx is swampy areas in lower mountain regions of
1%-2 inches long, light green and finely hairy, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Native
composed of tube and 5 long spreading lobes. only in upland parts of Cuba and Jamaica, and
496. Maj6, mahoe Hibiscus elatus Sw.*
Flowering twig and fruits (right), two-thirds natural size.

519
MALLOW FAMILY (MALVACEAE)
also regarded as a variety of the latter. How- PUBLIC FORESTS.-Cambalache Carite, Gua-
ever, the latter differs in being a small spread- jataca, Guilarte, Luquillo, Rfo Abajo, Toro
ing tree, leaves densely hairy beneath, smaller Negro, Vega.
yellow flowers, and smaller seed capsules with RANGE.-CU~~and Jamaica. Planted also
calyx remaining a t base. in Puerto Rico and Hispaniola.
This species is being tested locally in Puerto OTHERCOMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - - e m a j a excelsagua
Rico in experimental forest plantations and is (Puerto Rico); majagua, majagua azul
sparingly used for ornament. It grows rapidly, (Cuba) ; Cuban bast (Florida) ; blue mahoe,
reaching a height of 60 feet in 10 years. There mountain mahoe, Cuba-bark (Jamaica).
is a red-flowered form in Mayaguez. BOTANICAL ~ ~ N o N ~ ~ . - P a r i t i u r nelatum
Planted a s a fast growing handsome shade (Sw.) G. Don.
tree in southern Florida, being resistant to salt
spray.

497. Pavona, hibiscus, Chinese hihiscus Hibiscus roaa-ainensia L. *

Pavona or amapola, the well-known intro- Pavona is a popular ornamental, widely

duced ornamental shrub, sometimes becomes a grown for blossoms and as a hedge. It roots
small tree and is included here. It is recognized readily from cuttings and can be trimmed into
by: (1) ovate shiny dark green leaves with hedges of various heights including wind-
5 main veins a t base and coarsely toothed breaks. There are many varieties and hybrids
toward long-pointed apex; and (2) solitary differing in flower color and other characters.
large red, purple, or white trumpet-shaped A double-flower variety has additional petals.
flowers 3-5 inches long and broad, with 5 The petals turn black when crushed and have
spreading rounded petals and a long column been used elsewhere as shoe polish, as sug-
bearing many stamens and 5 style branches. gested by the common name shoe-black. Also,
Evergreen cultivated shrub commonly 10 feet it is reported that the petals rubbed on paper
or less in height, sometimes a small tree to 15 produce a bluish purple tint that serves like
feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, com- litmus paper in chemical acidity tests. The
monly with several stems from the base. Bark plants are very susceptible to attack by an
gray, smooth, the inner bark pale green and
tasteless. The twigs are green to dark purple
introduced scale insect (Cerococcus deklei)
Commonly planted in Puerto Rico and Virgin
.
with light dots (lenticels), almost hairless. Islands. Also in southern Florida, southern
The alternate leaves have long dark purple Texas, southern Arizona, and Hawaii. In
leafstalks y2-2 inches long and paired hairlike Florida many varieties are grown as landscape
stipules % inch or more in length, finely hairy. plants and in gardens.
Blades are 35 inches long and 1Y2-2y2 inches PUBLIC FORESTS.-Cambalache, Carite, Gua-
wide, sometimes somewhat larger, rounded or jataca, Guilarte, Luquillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo,
short-pointed a t base, thin, hairless, the lower Toro Negro.
surface dull light green. RANGE.-Native of tropical Asia, apparently
The flowers are borne one a t a time a t base from China to India, but widely grown for
of an upper leaf on a slender stalk 3 inches or ornament in tropical and subtropical regions.
more in length. A flower has a t base 6-7 spread- OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . - - - a r n a ppavbn,
ola,
ing narrow green scales ; bell-shaped light green candelii, candelada, carta abierta, marimoiia,
calyx y8 inch long, with 5 spreading pointed hibisco (Puerto Rico) ; Chinese-rose (Virgin
lobes; corolla of 5 spreading red, purple, or Islands) ; amapola, mar pacffico (Spanish) ;
white petals rounded and sometimes wavy- sangre de Cristo, cayena (Dominican Repub-
toothed, united a t base; many stamens in a lic) ; tulipin (Mexico) ; clavel, clavelbn (Cen-
long column or tube 3-4 inches long, of the tral America) ; clavel japon6s (El Salvador) ;
same color, united with corolla a t base; and campana (Honduras) ; pap0 (Panama) ; resu-
pistil with 5-celled ovary, long style 5-branched cito (Colombia) ; hibiscus, Chinese hibiscus,
a t apex, and 5 rounded stigmas. Seed capsules, Chinese-rose (English) ; red hibiscus (Ha-
not produced in the cultivated plants, are about waii) ; shoe-black (Jamaica, Haiti) ; hibiscus
1 inch long and many-seeded. Flowering (French) ;hibisc, cayena, cayena dobbel (Dutch
throughout the year. Antilles) ; resplandor, papoula (Brazil).
497. Pavona, Chinese hibiscus Hibiscus rosa-sinensisL.*
Natural size.
521
-- --- - - -

MALLOW FAMILY (MALVACEAE)

Sida eggereii E, G. Baker

This species, now known from a single tree afterwards found on Culebra in dry coastal
a t Jost Van Dyke, is one of the very rarest hills a t 100-300 feet altitude.
native trees. It is recognized by: (1) broadly RANGE.-Known only from 1 tree of Jost
ovate wavy-toothed leaves with 7-9 main veins Van Dyke. Apparently extinct a t Tortola and
from base and with both surfaces gray green Culebra.
from the cover of minute star-shaped hairs; BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Abutilon virgin&-
(2) the light gray twigs covered with pale num Krapovickas.
yellow scale hairs when young; and (3) yellow Britton and Wilson (10; 5:555) called this
flowers about % inch long a t leaf bases. "one of the most interesting species of our
Deciduous tree 20 feet high and 4 inches in Flora." It was named in 1892 for Heinrich
trunk diameter, recorded to 26 feet tall and Franz Alexander Baron von Eggers (1844-
6 inches in trunk diameter. The bark is gray 1903), German botanist who studied the plants
and smooth, the inner bark yellow brown, of the Virgin Islands during many years be-
fibrous, and tasteless. Branches and twigs are ginning 1870 and who published a flora (21).
light gray and smooth. The stout twigs bear He discovered i t on Tortola, where it has not
many raised half-round leaf scars. been collected since. Obviously, i t was rare
The alternate leaves are borne several to- as he found i t nowhere else. Afterwards, this
gether near the ends of the twigs. There are species was collected twice on Culebra, by
2 minute stipules a t the base of a leaf. Petioles N. L. Britton and W. M. Wheeler in 1906 and
are y2-1y2inches long. The blades are mostly by J. A. Shafer in 1913. An old report from
ly2-21/2 inches long and 1%-1%inches wide, St. Thomas might have referred to this species,
recorded to 6 inches long, long-pointed a t apex, though apparently no specimen has been pre-
slightly notched or heart-shaped a t base, finely served.
wavy-toothed a t edges, slightly thickened. The tree discovered on Jost Van Dyke on
Flower clusters (panicles) at base of leaves April 12, 1967, was mentioned in the tree list
bear a few crowded nearly stalkless flowers. of that island (50). On that date it had neither
The flower is composed of bell-shaped velvety flowers nor fruits but was producing new leaves
hairy calyx l/z inch long with 5 pointed lobes, after having been leafless. Perhaps seeds or
5 yellow petals, many stamens in a long column, propagating material should be obtained and
and pistil with hairy 5-6-celled ovary. The the species introduced to cultivation in bo-
fruit separates into 6-6 hairy parts v8
long, each containing 1 hairy seed. Collected
inch tanical gardens before it becomes extinct.
Trees are rare in the genus Sidu, and this
with flowers in March. species has been transferred recently to the
The wood is light brown and slightly hard. genus Abutilon. Somehow this endemic tree
Very rare in seasonal deciduous forest or species evolved from much smaller ancestors
dry scrub woodland a t about 800 feet altitude and spread to what are now 3 or 4 separate
on Jost Van Dyke. Discovered on Tortola and islands.
Sida eggersii E. G. Baker

523
 BOMBAX FAMILY (BOMBACACEAE)
Trees often giants, rarely shrubs, known by : bisexual, usually regular, sometimes irregular,
(1) trunks often stout or very broad, some- with calyx cuplike or 5-lobed, 5 petals some-
times greenish and spiny, with mucilaginous times hairy on outside, 5 to many stamens
sap; (2) leaves generally deciduous, alternate, separate or united in tube, and pistil with
mostly digitate, also simple and sometimes superior ovary of 2-5 cells each with 2 to many
lobed, and palmate-veined, with star-shaped ovules, style, and 1 6 stigmas; and (4) fruit
hairs or minute scales, with stipules; (3) a capsule or berry with many seeds sometimes
flowers generally large and showy, often when enclosed in hairs. Also vol. 1, p. 332.
leaves are absent, solitary or in lateral clusters,
Key to species
A. Leaves palmately compound (digitate) with 5-9 leaflets.
B. Leaflets saw-toothed on edges.
C. Petioles short, less than 2% inches long-500. Ceiba aesculifolia.*
CC. Petioles longer, 236-6 inches long--601. Ckorisia speeiosa.*
BB. Leaflets not toothed on edges.
D. Leaflets narrow, mostly lance-shaped-163, Ceiba, silk-cotton-tree, Ceiba pentanha (L.) Gaertn.
DD, Leaflets mostly broad, oblong or obovate to elliptic.
E. Leaflets oblong, hai beneath499. Adaneonia digitah.*
EE. Leaflets obovate to ziptic, hairless or nearly so beneathdO2. Pachira [Link]..*
AA. Leaves simple.
F. Leaves with 5-9 main veins from base-154. Guano, balsa,.Ochrm pyramid& (Cav.) Urban.
FF. Leaves with 1 main vein or midrib--155. Garrocho, Quwanbea turbinata (Sw.) Poir.

499. Baobab Adanaonia digitata L.*

Baobab, an African tree noted for its enor- base. Leaves on young plants have only 3
mous trunk, is a rare shade and ornamental leaflets.
tree in the Virgin Islands. Distinguishing The large flowers are borne singly on very
characters are: (1) the very thick stout but long drooping stalks at leaf bases. The calyx
short tapering trunk; (2) palmately compound is 2-3 inches long, deeply 5-lobed, leathery, and
leaves (digitate) of 3-7 elliptic leaflets not silky hairy within; 5 narrow petals becoming
toothed on edges, hairy beneath; (3) large curved back; very many white threadlike
drooping whitish flowers 5-6 inches across, stamens with purple dotlike anthers spreading
borne on long stalks when trees are leafless; 2 inches across from a tube 1% inches high in
and (4) large oblong yellowish-brown gourdlike lower half; and the pistil has a bristly hairy
fruits 6-12 inches long and 2 3 q 2 inches in 7-10-celled ovary, slender style, and 7-10-lobed
diameter, bristly hairy on the outside and mealy stigma. The hard woody fruits hang from long
within, hard-walled and not splitting open. stalks and contain many kidney-shaped seeds
A medium-sized to large deciduous planted in dry mealy pulp.
tree about 50 feet high and 6 feet or more in Baobab is a tree of great size and age. In
trunk diameter, somewhat larger in age where trunk diameter, as much as 30 feet, it ranks
native. The crown is relatively broad, exceed- among the world's largest trees, though its
ing the height, but is leafless in the relatively maximum height is only about 60 feet. Giant
dry winter season. The bark is smoothish and trees apparently are very old, but the hollow
the inner bark is fibrous. Twigs stout, finely trunks of soft spongy lightweight wood cannot
hairy when young. be dated precisely.
The alternate leaves have finely hairy petioles The spongy mealy fruits of baobab are sour
4-5 inches long. Leaflets are 3-6 inches long but reported to be edible. These hard-walled
and 1-2y2 inches wide, abruptly Iong-pointed fruits do not contain hairs or fibers as do the
a t apex and gradually narrowed to long-pointed seed capsules of ceiba or silk-cotton-tree, balsa,
499. Baobab Adansonia digitata L.*
Leafy twig and fruit (lower right), two-thirds natural size.
525
BOMBAX FAMILY (BOMBACACEAE)
and other relatives. Where the trees are native, tropical regions of the world, north to southern
the leaves have been cooked and eaten as a Florida and in Hawaii.
vegetable. Also, the seeds have been prepared RANGE.-Native of dry desertlike regions of
into meal. Rope has been made from the fibrous tropical Central Africa.
bark. OTHERCOMMON N~~Es.-Baobab (English
Baobab is rare in St. Croix and St. Thomas. Spanish, French); Guinea tamarind (St.
It was recorded more than a century ago as Eustatius) ;mapou zombi (Haiti).
naturalized in St. Croix but would not be so The generic name commemorates Michel
classed now. Young trees were grown experi- Adanson (1727-1806), French botanist and
mentally in Puerto Rico but apparently were explorer.
not preserved. Planted in garks and gardens in

500. Pochote Ceiba aeeculifolia (H.B.K.) Britten & Baker*

This ornamental and shade tree is related to a bell-shaped calyx y4-l'/s inches long; corolla
the native species No. 153, ceiba or silk-cotton- of 6 narrow yellowish hairy petals 4-6 inches
tree, Ceiba pentundra (L.) Gaertn. Recognized long, spreading and curved; 5 slender stamens
by: ( I ) spines on trunk and twigs; (2) pal- longer than petals; and pistil with 5-celled
mately compound leaves (digitate) with 6-8 ovary and long slender style. The smooth seed
elliptic leaflets saw-toothed on edges; (3) large capsules split open along 5 lines. Many small
flowers with 5 narrow yellowish hairy petals elliptic brown seeds inch long are borne in
4+ inches long; and (4) large narrowly elliptic a mass of brownish or white cottony hairs.
or oblong brown seed capsules 5-7 inches long, Uncommon a s an ornamental and shade tree
containing many seeds in cottony hairs. in Puerto Rico. In Guatemala the trees have
A medium-sized to large deciduous planted been planted also for cottony fibers, which have
tree with stout conic spines on the large been exported. These fibers like kapok from
smoothish trunk and with spreading crown. related species serve for stuffing pillows and
Twigs are stout and often spiny. mattresses, for insulation, and other uses.
The alternate leaves have slender finely hairy
petioles 11/2-2y2 inches long. The leaflets are RANGE.-Native of southern Mexico, Guate-
2-6 inches long and v'-2 inches wide, whitish mala, Honduras, and El Salvador, but intro-
green beneath, short- to long-pointed a t apex, duced beyond in tropical America.
lonppointed a t base with hairy stalk less than OTHER COMMON NAMES.-pochote, ceiba
l/g inch long. (Spanish) ; ceibillo, algod6n de monte, palo
The large flowers on short stout stalks have lagarto (Guatemala) ; ceibillo (El Salvador).
500. Pochoh Ceiba aesculifolia (H.B.K.)Britten & Baker*
Two-thirds natural size.

627
-- -- --- 7
-

BOMBAX FAMILY (BOMBACACEAE)

501. Chorisia, floee-silk-tree Chorisia specio~aSt. Hil.*

This relative of ceiba is one of the world's of anthers a t apex; and within the stamen tube
most beautiful flowering trees. It has been the pistil with 5-celled ovary containing many
sparingly introduced for its showy flowers ovules, long slender style longer than stamen
mostly in winter when leafless or nearly so. tube, and 6-lobed stigma. The fruit is a woody
Characters for recognition are: (1) spines on pear-shaped capsule 6-8 inches long. Many
trunk and branches ; (2) palmately compound small seeds like peas are produced in a mass of
(digitate) leaves with 6-7 narrowly elliptic silky or cottony hairs. Flowering in winter.
leaflets saw-toothed on edges; (3) large showy The wood is soft, lightweight, and not used.
mostly pink flowers 3-4 inches long and 4 inches The soft silky and cottony hair or fiber of
broad, covering the trees when leafless; and the seed capsules, like that of ceiba and related
(4) fruit a large pear-shaped capsule about species, has served for pillows and cushions.
8 inches long bearing many seeds in whitish Rarely planted as an ornamental and street
silky hairs. tree in Puerto Rico. Cultivated elsewhere in
Medium-sized deciduous planted tree 35 feet the tropics including West Indies and from
high with spiny columnar greenish trunk 1foot southern Florida (where recommended), south-
in diameter, probably becoming larger and ern Arizona, and southern California south to
swollen in age, and with widely spreading crown Brazil and Argentina. One of the most popular
of coarse branches. street trees in Buenos Aires and nearby areas.
The alternate hairless leaves have slender The plants are propagated by seeds and cut-
petioles about 2+5 inches long. The leaflets tings and grow rapidly in good well drained soil
are attached a t end of petiole by short stalks to a maximum of 50-75 feet in height, flowering
%-1/2 inch long. Blades are 2-5 inches long in about 8-10 years. Because of their large size,
and y2-11/2inches broad, long-pointed a t apex these trees are better for streets, parks, and
and short- to long-pointed a t base, paler gardens, than for small yards. The trees will
beneath. tolerate occasional light frost. Flowers differ
The large flowers a t leaf bases or in clusters in size and in color, ranging in different varie-
(racemes) have a stout stalk l/z inch long. The ties from deep or pale pink to white and purple.
bell-shaped tubular calyx is about 1 inch long, RANGE.-N~~~v~ of Brazil and northeastern
irregularly 3-5-lobed a t apex. There are 5 Argentina.
oblong or spoon-shaped spreading petals 3-4 OTHER COMMON NAM~S.-estrella federal
inches long, mostly deep pink with whitish or (Dominican Republic) ; corisia (Colombia) ;
yellowish base, spotted with purplish streaks, palo borracho rosado, samohli (Argentina) ;
wavy margined, finely hairy on outside; th'e floss-silk-tree (English) ; showy chorisia, silk-
stamens are united into a double tube, the outer floss-tree (United States) ; paina, paina de
short with hairy sterile stamens, the inner seda, paineira, barriguda (Brazil).
21/24 inches long and very narrow, with ring
501. Chorisia, floss-silk-tree Chorisia speciosa St. Hil.*
Two-thirds natural size.
529
BOMBAX FAMILY (BOMBACACEAE)

Pachira insignia (Sw.) Sav.*

An ornamental and shade tree, characterized below; and the pistil inaide tube consists of a
by : (1) palmately compound leaves with mostly rounded 5-angled 5-celled ovary, very long style,
7 ( 6 9 ) large obovate to elliptic leaflets almost and lobed stigma. The seed capsules are mostly
stalkless; (2) very large handsome flowers longer than broad, blunt pointed, finely hairy,
7-10 inches long with 5 narrow brownish-red heavy, thick-walled, and opening into 5 parts.
petals and numerous spreading threadlike There are many rounded and 4angled brownish
whitish stamens like a shaving brush; and seeds about 1inch across. Flowering probably
(3) large brown seed capsules 6-10 inches through the year.
long, rounded or elliptic. The wood is described as whitish, soft and
A medium-sized evergreen planted tree with lightweight, and not used.
stout trunk becoming buttressed, stout branches I t is reported that elsewhere the seeds are
in whorls, and spreading crown. The bark is eaten after toasting or raw, having a flavor like
greenish or gray, smooth or becoming slightly that of chestnuts, also similar common names.
fissured, the inner bark light brown and slightly However, the trees are not related to the true
bitter. The twigs are dark green and very chestnuts. A honey plant.
stout. Rare a s a planted ornamental and shade tree
Leaves are alternate but grouped toward in Puerto Rico and perhaps Virgin Islands.
end of twig, measuring 10-15 inches long in- Elsewhere in the tropics occasionally grown in !
cluding round petiole 4-7 inches long and en- parks.
larged at both ends. Leaflets mostly 7, some- l%~~GE.-Nativeof northern South America 4
times 6-9, stalkless or nearly so, 4-9 inches from Colombia to Venezuela, Trinidad and
long and 11/234/2inches wide, broadest toward Tobago, Guyana, Brazil, and Peru. Lesser
the rounded or notched apex and gradually Antilles in Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Vincent,
narrowed toward base, not toothed on edges, and Grenada, apparently introduced. Planted
thickened, hairless or nearly so, the upper sur- in other tropical lands and becoming na-
face slightly shiny green, and the lower surface turalized.
dull light green with raised veins. OTHER COMMON NAMES.--carolina (Domin-
Flowers are borne 1or 2 on very stout stalks ican Republic, Cuba) ; flor de huimba (Colom-
1 4 inches long from narrow brown finely hairy bia) ; castaiio, ceibillo (Venezuela) ; shaving- ,
buds 7-9 inches long. The calyx is cup-shaped, brush-tree (United States, English) ;provision-
about 1inch long and broad, dark brown, finely tree (English) ; chataigne, wild chataigne, t
hairy, and not lobed ;the 5 petals are 7-9 inches chataigne maron, wild breadnut, wild chestnut
long, finely hairy; the several hundred thread- (Trinidad and Tobago) ; mamorana grande,
like stamens are much branched ending in munguba preta (Brazil).
yellow anthers and united into a reddish tube
502. Shaving-brush-tree Pachira insignis (Sw.) Sav.*
Leafy twig, olie-half natural size; fruit (lower right), about one-fourth natural size.
 CHOCOLATE FAMILY (STERCULIACEAE)

Shrubs, herbs, vines, and trees, known by: of 3-5 lobes, 6 petals or sometimes none, 6
(1) alternate simple leaves often palmate- stamens united in a tube or separate, sometimes
veined and palmately lobed, sometimes digitate, with 5 staminodes, and pistil composed of su-
with star-shaped hairs, the petiole often with perior ovary generally with 5 (1-4) cells with
enlargement at apex, with stipules; (2) flowers 2 to many ovules and 1-5 styles often lobed,
usually in lateral or terminal branched clusters sometimes the stamens and pistils on a long
(cymes) or sometimes along trunks, generally stalk; and (3) fruit a capsule or berry or 5
bisexual and regular with parts in S's, calyx follicles. Also vol. 1,p. 338.
,
Key to species
A. Leaves palmately compound (digitate) with 5-11 large elliptic leaflets--506. Sterculia foetida,*
AA. Leaves simple.
B. Leaves deeply 5-lobed, with 5 main veins from notched or heart-shaped base; petiole nearly as long as
blade-157. AnacagSiita, panama-tree, Stermilia apetala (Jacq.) Karst.*
BB. Leaves not lobed.
C. Leaves toothed on edges, mostly hairy, more or less unequal or oblique at base.
D. Leaves coarsely toothed, with 7 main veins from base, soft hairy-504. Helicteres jamaiceneie.
DD. Leaves finely saw-toothed with 3 or sometimes 5 main veins from base, hairy o r nearly hairless-
156. Gudcima, jacocalaiu, Gwlzuma ulmifolia Lam.
CC. Leaves not toothed on edges, mostly hairless, the base not notched and with equal sides.
E. Leaves with 5 or 7 main veins from base, broadly ovate-605. Kleinhovia hospita.*
EE. Leaves with 1main vein from base, elliptic or oblong.
F. Leaves 4-8 inches long, short- ointed at base-403. Cola acuminata.*
FF. Leaves 8-14 inches long, roungd at base-158. Cacao, chocolate-tree, Theobrono cacao L.*

503. Nuez de cola, cola-nut Cola acuminata (Beauv.) Schott & Endl.*

Cola-nut from tropical hfrica has been no corolla, about 10 stamens united into a col-
planted experimentally in Puerto Rico. Its umn, and pistil with 5 or fewer cells and styles.
characteristics for identification are : (1) ob- The 5 or fewer fruits (follicles) each contain
long to ovate leathery leaves 4-8 inches long 6-12 large white to reddish seeds 1-1% inches
and 1J/2-342 inches wide; (2) yellowish or long that become brown on drying. Collected
whitish star-shaped flowers clustered at leaf with flowers from October to December.
bases, %-1%inches across the starlike spread- The bitter seeds or cola-nuts (about 300-600
ing 5 calyx lobes; and (3) large fruit of 5 or to a pound) contain caffein and serve as a
fewer warty gray-green pods 4-6 inches long, stimulant when chewed by persons living in
each splitting open on 1line. Africa where the trees are native. The seeds
A small evergreen planted tree becoming 16 have been exported in limited quantities for
feet or more in height and 6 inches in trunk preparations such as wine and medicine. The
diameter. The twigs sometimes have scattered trees, propagated from seeds, are grown in
hooked spines y8 inch long. plantations for the nuts.
The alternate leaves have slender petioles R~Nc~.-Native of west tropical Africa and
q2-3 inches long. Leaf blades are abruptly long- introduced elsewhere in the tropics.
pointed a t apex, short-pointed a t base, not OTHER COMMON NAMES.---cola, colero, nuez
toothed on edges, hairless. de cola (Spanish) ; cola-nut, goora-nut, kola,
Flower clusters (racemes) to 3 inches long kolanut (English) ; palo de col (Dominican
bear a t leaf bases several to many flowers Republic) ;bissy (Jamaica).
partly of one sex, composed of a spreading 5- BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-Cob V e r a K. Schum.
lobed star-shaped calyx yellowish or whitish The genus repeats the native name.
with reddish or purplish markings toward base,
503. Nuez de cola, cola-nut Cola acuminata (Beauv.) Schott & Endl.*
Fruit (above), flowers and leaf (below), two-thirds natural size.
CHOCOLATE FAMILY (STERCULIACEAE)

504. Cuernecillo, cowbuah Helicteres jamaicemie Jacq.

This sparsely branched shrub or sometimes a narrow, with 2 lobes on sides, soon falling. A
small tree is easily recognized by: (1) dense whitish hairy threadlike curved column from
soft covering or minute gray star-shaped hairs the base of the flower bears 10 stamens a/s inch
on foliage, flowers, and fruits; (2) coarsely long and 6 smaller nonfunctional stamens
toothed ovate leaves with unequal sides and 7 (staminodes) and the pistil, composed of hairy
main veins from the notched base, spreading in 6-lobed, 6-celled ovary with many ovules and
2 rows on long twigs; (3) few whitish irregu- short bent threadlike style.
lar flowers with 5 slightly unequal petals 1% The peculiar seed pod, a t the end of a slender
inches long and threadlike column 2y2/25 inches stalk above the persistent calyx is pointed a t
long bearing stamens and pistil; and (4) dis- both ends and fuzzy gray-green hairy, per-
tinctive conelike cylindric, much twisted gray sistent and weathering to gray and blackish.
woolly hairy fruit 1%-2% inches long and % It is composed of 5 hard parts (follicles) much
inch in diameter on a slender stalk 3 inches long twisted in a spiral, each opening along a line
above the calyx. within. There are many oblong blackish seeds
Evergreen shrub about 10 feet high, with few 4/8 inch long. Flowering- irregularly through
-

long spreading branches, sometimes a small the year. -

tree 20 feet high and 3 inches in diameter, not The wood is sellowish. hard and heaw. The
forming a crown. Bark gray, slightly thick- fibrous bark is strong and suitable for making
ened, with conspicuous warts. Inner bark yel- rope.
lowish, turning orange on exposure, slightly Local a t low altitudes in openings, clearings,
bitter. Twigs stout, densely hairy, gray green, and thickets in dry and moist coastal and lime-
becoming gray, ending in hairy buds composed stone forests from sea level to 400 feet altitude
of stipules and young leaves. in Puerto Rico. Also Mona, Vieques, Culebra,
Leaves are alternate and spreading in 2 rows and adjacent smaller islands, Through Virgin
and have paired narrow hairy stipules x-y8 Islands from St. Croix including Buck Island to
inch long and hairy leafstalks 8/8-% inch long. St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, and Virgin
Blades are 3-7 inches long and 11/(2-4inches Gorda.
wide, long-pointed, coarsely saw-toothed, often PUBLICFORESTS AND PARKS.-Cambala~he,
with few larger teeth or 2 shallow lobes, soft Guinica, San Juan, Susba; Buck Island Reef,
hairy and slightly thickened, the upper surface Virgin Islands.
green, and lower surface gray green, densely RANGE.-Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Virgin
hairy, and with raised veins. Islands, and St. Martin.
Flowers are few, 1 3 a t leaf base or a t end OTHER COMMON NAMES.-gat0 soga, gat0
of twig, on hairy stalks %-% inch long, only (Puerto Rico) ; majagiiilla de costa, tapaculo
1 or 2 opening a t a time. The densely hairy (Cuba) ; blind-eye-bush, cowbush, salzbush,
gray-green calyx is bell-shaped, about 1 inch wild salve (Bahamas).; screwtree (Jamaica) ;
long and broad, slightly 2-lipped, with 6 narrow jeucon, cotton rat (Haiti).
unequal pointed teeth. The 6 white petals are
504. Cuernecillo, cowbush ~ e l i c t e r ejsa d c e n a i a Jacq.
Two-thirds natural size.
CHOCOLATE FAMILY (STERCULIACEAE)

Kkinhovia hospita L *

The showy masses of many small bright pink stalked slightly irregular flowers about % inch
flowers make this tree an attractive ornamen- long and broad are composed of 5 narrow
tal. Other characters for identification are: spreading pink finely hairy sepals 8/8 inch long ;
(1) broadly ovate or heart-shaped leaves with shorter pink corolla with 4 equal lobes and 1
5 or 7 main veins from slightly notched base; shorter spurlike yellow-tipped lobe; and a t end
and (2) bladderlike fruits, greenish-brown of a curved stalk 5 stamens and pistil with
papery or bladdery pods nearly 1inch long and hairy 6-celled ovary and short style. The blad-
broad, 5-angled and broadest near apex. dery pods or capsules split into 5 parts, each
A small evergreen planted tree to 25 feet with 1 or 2 rounded seeds about 4/8 inch long.
high, the short often crooked trunk 6 inches in Flowering and fruiting irregularly through the
diameter or larger, with dense rounded crown. year.
The bark is gray, fissured and rough. Twigs The wood is whitish.
greenish and finely hairy when young, becom- Uncommon a s a planted ornamental in
ing light brown. Puerto Rico, flowering as a shrub. Elsewhere
The alternate leaves have slender petioles the trees are grown along roadsides.
ZQV2 inches long, slightly enlarged a t both RANGE.-Native of tropical southeastern
ends. The blades are 3-6 inches long and broad, Asia from India to China and Philippines and
abruptly long-pointed a t apex, not toothed on Pacific Islands, but introduced in other tropical
edges, thin, dull green on upper surface, and regions.
paler with minute hairs beneath. The generic name honors C. Kleinhof, Ger-
Flower clusters (panicles) are terminal and man physician and botanist, who lived in the
upright, 6-12 inches or more in length, with West Indies 3 years and 21 in Java.
many finely hairy pinkish branches. The short-
 KIeinhovia hospita L.*
Fruits (left), leaf, flowers (right), two-thirds natural size.

537
CHOCOLATE FAMILY (STERCULIACEAE)

506. Anacagiiita, hazel eterculia

This handsome ornamental and shade tree is Y2 inch long, the upper side densely hairy with
recognized by : (1) palmately compound leaves star-shaped hairs, and no corolla. Male flowers
with 6-11 large elliptic long-pointed leaflets a t bear 10-15 minute stamens a t the end of a
end of long petiole; (2) large reddish or pur- slender curved hairy stalk l/s inch long. Female
plish star-shaped flowers nearly l inch across flowers have a t the end of a stalk a pistil con-
the 5 narrow finely hairy calyx lobes, with un- sisting of rounded 5-celled ovary, short style,
pleasant odor, several in narrow clusters with and 5 short stigmas.
new leaves; and (3) fruit of 5 or fewer reddish The fruit consists of 5 or fewer pods (folli-
egg-shaped hard woody pods 2-3 inches in di- cles) from a flower, each with pointed stigma
ameter, with seeds attached to margins. at apex, finely hairy, hard, thick-walled, turned
Large deciduous planted tree becoming 50 back and splitting open widely along 1line, the
feet or more in height. Trunk stout, un- brownish inner wall without hairs. Seeds
branched, often with buttresses at base, with
smooth gray bark. Twigs hairless, with stout
mostly 10-15, oblong, v8 inch long, blackish.
The wood is reported to be soft and easily
portions bearing many raised half-round leaf worked but subject to attack by insects and not
scars and long slender portions without leaf durable.
scars. Elsewhere the large seeds are eaten, espe-
Leaves alternate, crowded a t ends of twigs, cially after roasting. Also, they have served as
hairless except when young, with long slender a substitute for cacao or chocolate, though lack-
round petioles to 1foot long. Leaflets 4-9 inches ing the distinctive flavor.
long, 11/2-2% inches wide, slightly thickened, Occasionally grown for ornament and shade
ending in long narrow point a t apex, tapering to in Puerto Rico but unpopular because of the bad
narrow stalkless base, not toothed on edges, odor during the short flowering season. A hand-
with many parallel, slightly curved side veins. some fast-growing ornamental for parks and
Flower clusters (racemes and panicles) large gardens. Introduced also through the
mostly unbranched, 4-6 inches long, several West Indies, in southern Florida, and south to
near ends of twigs with new leaves, each bear- Brazil.
ing several flowers on slender stalks Y8-Y2 inch RANGE.-Native of tropical Asia to Australia
long. Flowers partly male and female on the and Philippines. Widely planted in tropical
same tree (monoecious) , with unpleasant odor, countries.
have reddish or purplish calyx divided almost OTHER COMMON NAMES.--chich& chichii fe-
to base into 5 narrow 'spreading lobes nearly dorento, xixir, mandobi-de-pau (Brazil).

DILLENIA FAMILY (DILLENIACEAE)

Woody vines, shrubs, and trees, also few white or yellow petals, many stamens separate
herbs, known by: (1) leaves generally alter- or united a t base, mostly persistent, and few
nate, simple, leathery, often rough, usually with to many pistils with superior 1-celled ovary
stipules ; (2) small to large flowers in branched with 1 to many ovules and as many separate
clusters (panicles), bisexual or male and fe- styles as pistils; and (3) fruit a follicle or
male on different plants (dioecious) or the
same plant (monoecious) , regular, with 3-5
.
berry, with a covering (aril) Vol. 1, p. P44.
One species : 159. Dilenia, India dlllenia,
overlapping persistent sepals, 5 overlapping Dillenia indica L.*
Lertf (above), opened fruit with seeds (lower left), and flowers and young leaves (lower right), all one-half natural
5m.
 OCHNA FAMILY (OCHNACEAE)
Small to large trees, shrubs, and rarely herbs, ing early, stamens 5, 10, or many with anthers
known by: (1) alternate simple leaves with often opening by pores, sometimes with stami-
border generally toothed, pinnate-veined with nodes, and pistil composed of superior ovary
many lateral veins, often leathery, hairless, with often deeply lobed on large base (receptacle),
stipules sometimes large and divided ; (2) small generally with 2-6 (rarely 10-15) cells with 1
to large flowers often showy in clusters (pani- to many ovules, 1style, and 1-6 stigmas; and
cles, racemes, or cymes), bisexual, usually regu- (3) fruit of 1-6 drupes or berries on the very
lar, with calyx of 4-6 sepals separate or united large base (receptacle) or a capsule.
a t base, 4-6 (10) petals often yellow and fall-
Key to species
A. Leaves thick and leathery, with several large spiny teeth on wavy e d g e A O 8 . Ouratea ilicifolia.
AA. Leaves only slightly thickened with fine incons icuous teeth or none.
B. Leaves broadest toward bunt or roundst apex, with Rne incon~picuousteeth-50,. Oclrna mossambi-
censia.*
BB. Leaves broadest toward base or near middle.
C. Leaves with fine inconspicuous teeth and many curved side veins becoming nearly parallel with edge;
flowerammany,36 inch across--609. Ouraka littoralis.
CC. Leaves w~thoutteeth, mth few curved side veins that appear to cross many fine parallel veins; flowers
few, % inch across-410. Ouratea striata.

507. Mozambique ochnn Ochna mosrsambicensis Klotzech*

An ornamental planted for the showy bright than 1/ inch long. The blades are slightly thick-
yellow flowers. Distinguished by: (1) ob- ened, h e shiny upper surface with many fine
lanceolate or obovate finely saw-toothed leaves, curved side veins all slightly sunken, and the
broadest toward the blunt or rounded apex; lower surface slightly shiny.
(2) lateral clusters of large flowers 1% inches The flowers a t leaf bases consist of a slender
across the 5 spreading stalked yellow petals, on jointed stalk of l/z-1 inch; 5 narrow spreading
slender jointed stalks; and (3) fruit of 5 or sepals; 5 bright yellow stalked petals, falling
fewer black elliptic fruits on enlarged base and early; many stamens; and pistil with deeply 5-
bordered by 5 red sepals. lobed ovary and slender style. From a flower
A planted evergreen shrub or small tree to 5 or fewer elliptic black 1-seeded fruits
16 feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, (drupes) 3/8 inch long develop on a n enlarged
reported to become a medium-sized tree where fleshy base with persistent style and red sepals.
native. Flowering when a shrub of 4 feet. Uncommon a s an ornamental in Puerto Rico.
Leaves alternate, hairless, 2-5 inches long R ~ ~ c ~ . - N a t i v of
e Mozambique but planted
and Yb-2 inches wide, gradually narrowed to- uncommonly in other tropical regions.
ward long-pointed base and short petiole less
507. Mozambique ochna Ochna moesambiceneie Klotzsch*
Flowering twig (above), fruita (below), two-thirds natural size.
OCHNA FAMILY (OCHNACEAE)

Ouratea iZMfoZia (DC.) Baill.

This small tree is easily recognized by: (1) large anthers opening by pores ;and on the en-
elliptic leaves with several large spiny teeth on larged base the pistil with ovary deeply 5-lobed,
wavy margins ; (2) several showy flowers about 5-celled, and 6-ovuled, and erect style. From
5/8 inch across the 5 rounded bright yellow one flower the base enlarges and becomes l/g
petals, which shed early; and (3) fruits of 5 or inch across and red. There are 5 or fewer
fewer blackish or bluish elliptic drupes 3/s inch elliptic blackish or bluish 1-seeded fruits from
long from the enlarged rounded red base. a flower. Flowering and fruiting irregularly.
Evergreen small tree to 15 feet high and 3 Local and uncommon in dry and moist coastal
inches in trunk diameter. Twigs hairless. and lower Cordillera forests near sea level along
Leaves alternate, with petioles 48 inch long. northern, northeastern, and southeastern coasts
Blades lY2-2% inches long and x-2 inches of Puerto Rico. Also Vieques, St. Thomas, and
wide, sharp-pointed a t apex, straight or blunt Virgin Gorda. Not listed by Britton and Wil-
a t base, and with several large spiny teeth son (10).
H-f inch long along margin, thick and RANGE.-Cuba, ~ i s ~ a n i o land
a , Puerto Rico
leat ery, shiny green, hairless. and Virgin Islands.
Flower clusters (panicles) 2-5 inches long a t OTHERCOMMON NAMES.--chicharrbn, chicha-
leaf bases. The flower is composed of 6 nar- rr6n amarillo (Dominican Republic) ; rascaba-
rowly elliptic sepals; 5 rounded yellow petals rriga (Cuba) ; arneau (Haiti). The specific
inch long, narrowed a t base, spreading, name means holly-leaved.
shedding early; 10 short-stalked stamens, with
 Ouratea ilicifolia (DC.) Baill.
Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (right), natural eize.
OCHNA FAMILY (OCHNACEAE)

509. Abey amarillo Ourarea littoralis Urban

This shrub or small tree known only from and broad at ends and sides of twigs bear many
Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands is easily recog- fragrant flowers on spreading branches. Each
nized by: (1) narrowly elliptic to ovate leaves flower is composed of calyx of 5 pointed yellow-
finely and inconspicuously toothed, long-pointed, green sepals that form the bud j/s inch long,
slightly thickened, with many fine, long, much 5 spreading yellow petals, fan-shaped and
curved side veins becoming nearly parallel with notched, which shed early, 10 short stamens,
edge; (2) many fragrant yellow flowers .7/5, inch and on a disk the pistil with 6-lobed ovary and
across the 5 spreading petals, fan-shaped and slender style. In fruit the rounded base or disk
notched, which shed early; and (3) distinctive becomes much enlarged and red and bears 5
fruits, 1-6 elliptic 1-seeded blue-black drupes or fewer elliptic blue-black drupes with thin
inch long on an enlarged fleshy red base flesh, large stone, and elliptic seed. Flowering
1% inch across. irregularly during the year.
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet high The wood is whitish and hard.
and 4 inches in trunk diameter, hairless. Bark Uncommon along eastern and northeastern
gray, smooth, becoming slightly fissured. Inner coasts and other lowland open areas in moist
bark pink or light yellow, with a green outer coastal hills near sea level to about 100 feet alti-
layer, slightly bitter. Twigs yellow green and tude in Puerto Rico. White sands near Laguna
slightly angled when young, becoming brown. Tortuguero 5 miles west of Vega Baja and to
The alternate leaves have paired narrow 1,000 feet altitude in SuslIa Forest in south-
long-pointed stipules 9/1,, inch long and short western Puerto Rico. Also St. Thomas and
leafstalks 1/8 inch long. Blades are g-4 inches Virgin Gorda.
long and :%-1y' inches wide, short-pointed or PUBLIC FOREST AND PARK.-SUS~~~;Gorda
rounded a t base, finely and inconspicuously Peak.
toothed, especially toward apex, slightly thick R ~ ~ c ~ . - K n o w nonly from Puerto Rico, St.
and stiff, the sides slightly turned up a t midrib, Thomas, and Virgin Gorda.
upper surface green and slightly shiny, lower OTHERCOMMON NAMES.--abeyuelo amarillo,
surface dull yellow green. abeyuelo perfumado, doncella (Puerto Rico) .
Flower clusters (panicles) 2-5 inches long
Flou*ers (upper left), fruits (center left), twig with flower buds (right), natural size.

646
OCHNA FAMILY (OCHNACEAE)

Ouratea rtriata (v. Tiegh.) Urban

This shrub or small tree rare and local in inch long, composed of 5 pointed sepals
high mountains of Puerto Rico is identified by: that form bud inch long; 5 yellow petals
(1) the lance-shaped shiny leaves with a few $?I inch long, shedding early; 10 stamens ; and
long curved fine side veins over many fine paral- pistil with 5-lobed 5-celled ovary, and curved
lel veins, slightly thickened and turned under style. The fruits from a flower are 1-6 blue
slightly a t edges; (2) few yellow flowers l/z drupes, each with 1large seed, attached to the
inch across the 5 bright yellow petals; and (8) red enlarged rounded or fig-shaped base. Flow-
distinctive fruits, 1-6 elliptic and deep blue, ering intermittently.
nearly l/e inch long, on the enlarged fleshy red The sapwood is whitish and hard.
base of a flower. Rare and local in upper Luquillo and upper
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 15 feet high Cordillera forests and dwarf forest at 2,500-
and 6 inches in trunk diameter, hairless 4,000 feet altitude in high mountains of Puerto
throughout. The bark is brown and smoothish, Rico. Collected by the Forest Service in Carite
the inner bark light brown and almost tasteless. Forest in 1940 and in the dwarf forest on Cerro
Twigs are green and slender when young, turn- de Punta in 1950. This species was not listed
ing brown. from Puerto Rico by Britton and Wilson (10).
The alternate leaves have petioles 4/8-3/8 inch PUBLICM]R~STS.-carite, Luquillo, Maricao,
long. Blades are 11/24inches long and 6/8-1 Toro Negro.
inches wide, long- or short-pointed a t apex an3
rounded or short-pointed a t base, the upper sur-
R A N G E . - ~ u ~(Oriente)
~ and Puerto Rico.
OTHER C O M M O N NAME.-guanabanilla
face green to dark green and shiny, and the (Cuba),
lower surface yellow green to green and slightly The Puerto Rican plants are referred to the
shiny. Cuban species, which is not known from inter-
Flower clusters (panicles) 1-2 inches long a t mediate localities.
and near ends of twigs. Flowers few on stalks
 Otcratea striata (v. Tiegh.) Urban
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (lower left), natural size.
 TEA FAMILY (THEACEAE)

Trees and shrubs, known by: (1) alternate united a t base, overlapping, many stamens
simple leaves usually leathery, evergreen, some- often united to corolla in 5 opposite groups, and
times with lines parallel to midvein, without pistil composed of =-celled ovary generally
stipules ; (2) flowers often large and showy and superior with 2 to many ovules in each cell and
aromatic, generally solitary or few and lateral, 2-5 persistent styles, often united a t base; and
bisexual, regular, often with 2 scales (bracts) (3) fruit usually a hard capsule with central
a t base, with calyx of 6-7 sepals usually sepa- persistent column, berry, or drupe. Also vol. 1,
rate, overlapping, and persistent, corolla of 5 p. 346.
petals commonly white or pink, separate or
Key to species
A. Leaves only slightly thickened, with finely wavy-toothed edges; flowers nearly stalkless, almost 2 inches across;
fruit a capsule splitting into 6-10 parts-160. Maricao verde, L a p h e a portoricenais (Krug & Urban)
Dyer.
AA. Leaves thick and leathery, with edges turned under; flowers stalked (except No. 616), less than 1 inch across;
fruit a berry or opening irre
B. Leaves with vein. inconsp~kl:often with minute teeth near apex; flowers with petals silky hairy on
outside-611. Cleyera albopupctata
BB. Leaves with veins most1 not vlslble, without teeth- flowers with petals hairless-Temtroemia.
C. Flowen almost sta&less; leaves obovatet black-dotted beneath-416. Tanrtroemia nrbsesilia.
CC. Flowers with stalks; leaves mostly elliptic, not black-dotted beneath (except No. 513).
D. Flower stalks less than 96 inch long.
E. Leaves 1-2 inches long; flowers 96 inch across-612. Ternatroemia Iqtasepala.
EE. Leaves 1 s - 4 inches long; flowers nearly ?4 inch across-615. Tenrstromia etahlii.
DD. Flower stalks more than ?4 inch long.
F. Leaves elliptic or obovate, about twice a s long a s wide, flowers about ?4 inch across-514.
Tentstroemia pedunculuk.
FF. Leaves elliptic or oblong, about 3 times a s long a s wide; flowers nearly 1 inch across--513.
Tentstroemia hrquillensis.

511. Cleyern albopunctata (Griseb.) Krug & Urban

This rare, usually small tree of high moun- on so,parate light green stalks yfi-:%.inch long,
tains is characterized by: (1) elliptic leaves usually curved downward. The flower is com-
2-4 inches long and 1-1% inches wide, leath- posed of calyx of 5 overlapping dark green,
ery, the upper surface dull dark green with thick, rounded or notched sepals l/g-V8 inch
edges turned under, and the lower surface light long; corolla of 5 whitish or cream-colored
green; (2) narrowly bell-shaped flowers Yn elliptic petals Y2-5/8inch long, slightly united a t
inch long, with 5 whitish petals, 1-3 borne a t base, finely silky hairy on outside, and minutely
base of a leaf; and (3) the elliptic dark red toothed; about 30 stamens %-3/8 inch long, at-
berry 1/2 inch long, ending in a long point, with tached to base of corolla; and pistil s/8 inch
greenish sepals a t base. long, with conic 3-celled ovary of many ovules,
An evergreen tree to 40 feet high and 1foot long style, and 3 short stigmas.
in trunk diameter with compact dense crown, The berry ends in a long point formed by the
or smaller in dwarf forest of mountain sum- style and is covered a t base by the persistent
mits. The bark is brown, smooth, covered with overlapping sepals. It is thick-walled, slightly
mosses and liverworts, the inner bark pinkish juicy, has few brown elliptic seeds 4/8 inch long,
and slightly bitter. Twigs light green, hairless, and does not split open. Flowers and fruits are
becoming brown, ending in a narrow hairy borne through the year.
pointed bud formed by a rolled young leaf with- Rare in upper Luquillo and upper Cordillera
out stipules. forests and dwarf forest to ridges and peaks a t
Leaves alternate in 2 rows, becoming hair- 2,500-3,500 feet altitude. Ascends to summit of
less, with stout light green petioles x-Y8 inch El Yunque, West Peak, El Toro, and perhaps
long, grooved above. Blades are blunt-pointed others.
a t apex, short-pointed a t base, with edges PUBLIC FORESTS.-LU~U~~~O, Maricao.
turned under and often minutely toothed to- RANGE.-Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico.
ward apex, with midrib sunken and veins in- OTHER COMMON NAME.---COpey Vera (Cuba).
conspicuous. BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Eroteum albopunc-
The fragrant flowers are borne a t leaf bases tatum (Griseb.) Britton.
511. Cteyera albopunctata (Criseb.) Krug & Urban
Fruits (left), flowers (right), two-thirds natural size.
TEA FAMILY (THEACEAE)

Ternstroemia heptasepala Krug & Urban

This shrub or small tree of dwarf forests of inch long, greenish and tinged with
summits, known only from Luquillo Mountains, brown; corolla of 5 obovate whitish petals 3/1s
is distinguished from related species by: (1) inch long, united a t base, minutely toothed on
the small thick elliptic leaves 1-2 inches long edges; about 25 stamens 1/8 inch long attached
and ti/H-1 inch wide, and (2) the small flowers to base of corolla; and pistil y8 inch long, in-
about 8/8 inch across the 5 whitish petals. cluding rounded ovary, 2-celled with several
Usually a shrub to 10 feet high but becoming ovules, and long stiff style. The egg-shaped
a small tree 25 feet high and 5 inches in trunk fruit %o-1/2 inch long, green when immature,
diameter, evergreen. The smooth gray bark is has the narrow pointed style a t apex and sepals
covered with mosses and liverworts, the inner a t base. It is dry, 2-celled, few-seeded. Flower-
bark pinkish and bitter. The twigs are brown ing intermittently.
or gray and hairless, relatively stout, ending in The wood with light brown sapwood and
a minute pointed bud formed by a rolled young brown heartwood is hard and heavy.
leaf, without stipules. Rare in dwarf forest a t 2,5003,600 feet alti-
The leaves are alternate or sometimes oppo- tude on summits and ridges in Luquillo Moun-
site, hairless, petioles about 4/8 inch long. Blades tains including El Toro and near East Peak.
are elliptic, stiff and leathery, the apex rounded PUBLIC FOREST.-L~quil10.
or blunt-pointed, the base short-pointed, the RANGE.-K~OW~ only from Luquillo Moun-
edges turned under, the upper surface dull dark tains in northeastern Puerto Rico.
green with midrib sunken and veins not visible, BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-Taonabo heptasepala
the lower surface light green. (Krug & Urban) Britton.
Flowers are single or paired a t leaf bases or The specific name means 7 sepals. However,
back of leaves on curved light green stalks the number is 5, as in related species, and 2 of
Yu-Y8 inch long. The fragrant flower is com- the 4 outer b r a d s or scales less than 4g inch
posed of calyx of 5 unequal rounded sepals long were included in the count.
 Ternstroemiu heptasepalcr Krug & Urban
Natural-eize.

561
TEA FAMILY (THEACEAE)

513. Palo colorado Ternstroernia Euquillensis Krug & Urban

This medium-sized tree known only from Lu- end of a twig, 1or 2 a t base of a leaf. There a r e
quillo Mountains reaches the largest size of the 5 overlapping greenish white, rounded leathery
5 native species of its genus, 4 of which are sepals up to va inch in diameter, the inner larg-
endemic to Puerto Rico. Distinguishing char- est, without glands on borders; corolla of 5
acteristics are: (1) elliptic or oblong leaves whitish or cream-colored petals y2 inch long
21&4J/e inches long and 1-l8h, inches wide, and broad, united a t ba8e and slightly notched
thick and leathery; and (2) showy flowers at apex; many stamens with pale yellow an-
nearly 1 inch across the 5 spreading white or thers, attached to base of corolla; and pistil
cream-colored rounded concave petals, borne on with elliptic 2-celled ovary and long stiff style.
long curved whitish stalks 1%-3y2 inches long. The fruit is a n egg-shaped capsule with re-
An evergreen small or medium-sized tree 20- mains of style forming long point at apex and
65 feet tall and 3-12 inches in trunk diameter, with overlapping rounded sepals at base. It
with narrow crown of dense foliage. B a ~ k breaks open irregularly, exposing several small
is dark gray and nearly smooth. The gray hair- bright red seeds more than Ya inch long. Col-
less twig8 end in a minute pointed bud formed lected with flowers in June and July.
by a rolled young leaf without stipules. Rare in upper Luquillo forest a t about 3,000
The alternate hairless leaves have stout peti- feet altitude.
oles l/g--Y2inch long. Blades are blunt or short- PUBLICFOREST.-LU~U~~~O.
pointed at apex, hort-pointed a t base, without R~~cE.-Known only from Luquilio Moun-
teeth on edges, t!I e upper surface dark green tains of northeastern Puerto Rico, from which
with midrib sunken and veins not visible, the the scientific name was taken.
lower surface light green with black dots. BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-Taimabo luquillensis
Fragrant flowers are produced in large num- (Krug & Urban) Britton.
bers, several on separate lateral stalks toward
513. Palo colorado Tenretroemia luquillensis Krug & Urban
Natural size.
TEA FAMILY (THEACEAE)

This uncommon small tree of coastal thickets blunt lobes; many stamens inserted a t base of
is characterized by : (1) thick, leathery elliptic corolla; and pistil with rounded 2celled ovary
or obovate leaves l%-2v4 inches long and 9/- and narrow pointed style. Fruit dry, hard, not
lv4 inches wide, rounded a t apex; (2) flowers
single on long curved stalks, about v4 inch
opening, containing few seeds l/g inch long.
Flowering continuously.
across the 6-lobed white corolla; and (3) Wood light brown, hard, used elsewhere in
rounded dry fruit about l/z inch in diameter, rural carpentry. .
with narrow point a t apex and rounded sepals Local in coastal thickets near Fajardo and
a t base. Humacao in eastern Puerto Rico from sea level
Small evergreen tree or shrub to 30 feet high to 400 feet altitude. Also St. Croix and St. John.
and 6 inches in trunk diameter. Bark gray, PUBLIC P A R K . - V ~ Islands.
~~~
slightly fissured. Twigs gray, hairless. RANGE.-Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico
Leaves alternate, clustered near end of twig, and Virgin Islands. Also through Lesser An-
with etioles inch long, hairless. Blades nar- tilles from St. Martin, St. Eustatius, and Nevis
rowecf to short-pointed base, turned under a t to Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, and St.
edges, without visible side veins, the upper sur- Lucia.
face shiny green, the lower surface dull light OTHER COMMON NAMES.-bot~ncillo (DO-
green. minican Republic) ; copey Vera (Cuba) ; cacao
Flowers fragrant, single a t leaf bases on long de montagne, cacao de Grande Terre, bois vert
curved stalks 3/a-2v4 inches long, turned down, (Guadeloupe) ; boia dJ1nde marron (Haiti).
composed of calyx of 6 overlapping rounded or BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-Taonubo pedunch-
blunt-pointed sepals less than 8/s inch long; ris (DC.) Britton.
white corolla more than 3/8 inch long with 6
 DC.
Flowering twig (upper left), fruiting twig (below), natural size.

565
 - - - -

TEA FAMILY (THEACEAE)

515. Mamey del cura Termtroemia stahlii Krug & Urban

This tree known only from Puerto Rico is base ;many stamens attached to base of corolla ;
separated from related species by: (1) leaves and pistil with elliptic 2-celled ovary and long
and twigs both alternate and in whorls; (2) stiff style. The fruit is a rounded brown capsule
leaves obovate to elliptic, 1y2-4 inches long and % inch in diameter with point a t apex and
y'-2 inches wide, thick, the apex rounded, sepals a t base. It splits open irregularly to re-
sometimes slightly notched, the base gradually lease several bright red oblong seeds nearly
narrowed to short petiole; and (3) the flowers % inch long. With flowers and fruits through
nearly v' inch across the 5 spreading white the year.
petals, the outermost of the 5 pointed sepals The sapwood is whitish and hard.
about % inch long bordered with minute dot- Local and scattered in moist coastal, moist
like glands. limestone, lower Luquillo, and lower Cordillera
A small to medium-sized evergreen tree to forests from sea level to 2,800 feet altitude,
50 feet high and 10 inches in trunk diameter, including sandy coastal areas and mountains
sometimes much branched and shrubby. The of Puerto Rico. Most abundant near Lake To-
bark is dark gray and smoothish, the inner bark ruguero.
pinkish and bitter. Twigs are gray and hairless. PUBLIC M)BESTS.-Guajataca, Luquillo, Mari-
The leaves, hairless and without stipules, cao, Rlo Abajo, Susba.
have stout short petioles 1/8-y8 inch long. The R ~ ~ c ~ . - K n o wonly
n from Puerto Rico.
blades are thick and leathery and often stiff, OTHER COMMON NAMES.-PIIO de buey, cu-
with edges turned under slightly, the upper sur-
face dull dark green or green with veins not
peyillo (Puerto Rico) .
Bi0TANICA.L S Y N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . - T e r ? z s t r o pa-
em
visible, and the lower surface light green. ckyphylla Krug & Urban, Taonubo pachyphylla
Flowers, often numerous, are borne singly a t (Krug & Urban) Britton, Taonabo atahlii
leaf bases on curved stalks %-Y2 inch long. (Krug & Urban) Britton.
The flower is composed of calyx of 5 pointed The scientific name honors Agustin Stahl
sepals about l/s inch long, the outer 2 bordered (1842-1917), physician and botanist of Baya-
with minute dotlike glands ; corolla of 5 spread- m6n, Puerto Rico, author of an unfinished flora
ing white petals inch long, united a t of Puerto Rico (74).
515. Blarney del cura T m t r o e m i a stahlii Krug & Urban
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.

667
TEA FAMILY (THEACEAE)
Termtroemia eubsessilie (Britton) Kobueki

A very rare shrub or small tree known only Flowers solitary and almost stalkless a t leaf
from Luquillo Mountains and Maricao Forest. bases. The calyx consists of 6 rounded overlap-
Its distinguishing characters are : (1) obovate ping sepals about 4/8 inch long, the outer
leathery leaves 1g-3 inches long and s/B-l1k2 smaller, lacking the glands found in related
inches wide, turned under a t edges and black- species. The 5 rounded concave white petals
dotted beneath ; (2) small flowers about $$ inch are about 9/8 inch long, and the style is 2-parted,
across the 6 white spreading rounded petals, al- The conical stalkless fruit tapers to a point.
most stalkless a t leaf bases; and (3) conic Very rare in upper Luquillo and upper
pointed dry fruits about s/R inch long, with 6 Cordillera forests a t 2,600-3,000 feet altitude
rounded sepals persistent a t base. near summits of Luquillo Mountains and Monte
Evergreen shrub 3-8 feet high or sometimes del Estado.
a small tree to 20 feet tall and 3 inches in trunk PUBLIC M)REsTs.-Lu~u~~o,Maricao.
diameter, hairless. RANGE.-K~ow~only from Puerto Rico.
Leaves alternate, hairless, with stout petioles BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Taonabo 8Ub8e88ili8
4/8-1/4 inch long. Blades blunt or rounded a t Britton.
apex and short-pointed a t base, the midvein This species was discovered in 1914 and
sunken and side veins inconspicuous, dull green named in 1924.
above, paler beneath.

MANGOSTEEN FAMILY (GUTTIFERAE)

Trees and shrubs, sometimes epiphytes, sepals often paired, 4-6 (12) petals usually
strangling vines, and herbs, known by: (1) white or greenish, sometimes succulent, many
resinous sap or latex, white, yellow, or orange ; stamens separate or united a t base or in groups,
(2) leaves generally opposite, simple, often and pistil with superior ovary of 8-6 ( 1 to
succulent with fine parallel veins, mostly entire many) cells with 1to many ovules and the same
and hairless, sometimes with minute dots (Vb- number of styles and stigmas (or no styles) ;
mia), without stipules; (3) flowers often large and (3) fruit a fleshy capsule, berry, or drupe,
and showy, in branched clusters (cymes), gen- with many seeds often with covering (aril).
erally male and female and often on different Also vol. 1,p. 348.
plants (dioecious) , regular, calyx of 2-6 (10)
Key to species
A. Leaves stiff, ending in lon pointed h a r p spine-166. Palo de cruz, Rheedia ortoden& Urban.
AA. Leaves thickened but mos& not stiff a ex short-pointed, rounded, or notehex
B. Leaves very thick and flsahy, &%tan1 velns inconspicuous or scarcely visiblcCluuia.
C. Leaves stiff and tuned under a t edges, with stout flattened etiole.
D. Leaves with rounded or notched apex, petiole %-1 inch fong; seed capsules 2-2s inches in diam-
eter-163. Cupey, w~ld-mammee,copey cluaia, Clmia rosea Jacq.
DD. Leaves with rounded apex, petiole about Jg inch long; seed capsules %-% inch in diameter-
162. Cupefllo, Clwia gmebachiana (Pl. & Tr.) Alain (C. h g i a n a ) .
CC. Leaves less thick, not stiff and not .turned under a t edges, petioles %-94 inch long; seed capsules
oblong $6-1 inch lonq-518. Cluma minor.
BB. Leaves slightiy thickened, w ~ t hmany straight arallel lateral veinsenearl a t right angles to midrib.
F. Lateral veins only about +& inch apart, i n e and scarcely vis~ble;f m i t round, about 1-1s inches
in diameter, inedible--C&phyllum.
G. Leaves 2 s - S inches long; fruits nearly 1 inch in diamete-161. - -
Maria, santa-maria. Cafwhul-
lum &a L. (C. b r d i e n a e ) .
GG. Leaves 4-7 inches lon ;f ~ i t . 1%-1% 8 inches in diameter-417. CabphyUum inophyUum.*
FF. Lateral veins more than & inch apart; fruit nearly round, more than 2 inchee in diameter, edible.
H. Leaves elliptic, rounded a t a exo fruit nearly round, 3-6 inches or more in diameter with 2-4
large rough seeds (mameyp-i64. Pamey, manunee-apple, Marmea americatta L.
HH. Leaves oblong, pointed a t apex; fruit 2-3 inches in diarnetelLCwcink*
I. Leaves short-pointed, dull green; fruit elliptic, light yellow, with 1-6 seeds in sour pulp--
619. Gardnia dul&.*
11. Leaves long- ointed, shiny y; fruit slightly broader than long, purple or brown, thick-
walled, wi& 6-7 white e d ~le segment., each enclosing a wed or none (mangosteen)-520.
Gareinia mangostuna.*
 Temmtroemia subeessilis (Britton) Kobuski
Fruiting twig (above), twig with buds (below), natural size.
659
MANGOSTEEN FAMILY (GUTl'IFERAE)

517. Kamani Calophyllum inophyllum L *

This handsome introduced ornamental tree Flower clusters (racemes) 4 inches or less
with cream-colored resinous sap or latex is in length are borne a t base of a leaf, usually
identified by: (1) paired elliptic shiny dark only 1 on a twig. Several flowers on long stout
green leaves, stiff and thick, with numerous stalks to 1y2 inches long are composed of 4
very fine, nearly straight parallel side veins rounded concave white sepals '/e inch or more
scarcely visible without a lens or until dried; in length, in 2 pairs; 2-8 elliptic to oblong con-
(2) fragrant white flowers about 1 inch across, cave spreading petals 1/2 inch long; many sta-
several in branched clusters a t leaf base; and mens about inch long, with orange anthers
(3) fruits a few round balls ll/q;-ly2 inches in and white filaments slightly united a t base ;and
diameter, light green, becoming yellow or pistil with round red 1-celled ovary containing
brown, containing 1 large round seed. Dis- 1 ovule, slightly curved style, and disk stigma.
tinguished from its native relative, No. 161, The fruit (drupe) has thin flesh and 1 large
maria, santa-maria, CalophyUum calaba L., by brown seed about 1% inches in diameter.
the larger leaves and larger fruits. The wood, like that of the Puerto Rican rela-
An evergreen planted tree 45 feet high and 1 tive, is utilized in the native home for general
foot in trunk diameter, probably becoming construction, cabinetmaking, boat-building, and
somewhat larger a t maturity, with spreading similar purposes.
crown of irregular branches broader than high. The latex or resin has served in home reme-
The bark is light gray, smooth on branches, be- dies, while the oil extracted from the seeds has
coming slightly cracked into shallow broad fur- been used in medicine and for light. Report-
rows and long flat ridges. Inner bark is pink, edly the seeds are poisonous. Regarded as
fibrous, and bitter. Twigs stout, green, turn- sacred, this tree was grown around temples in
'ing to brown, hairless, with cream-colored or the South Sea Islands.
light yellow resinous latex. Bud about j/s inch A common street tree in Puerto Rico. Occa-
long, narrow and pointed, dark brown, com- sionally planted here and elsewhere in the
posed of minute leaves, without scales or tropics as a n ornamental or shade tree for the
stipules. dense shiny dark green foliage and fragrant
The hairless leaves are paired or opposite, in flowers. Introduced in southern Florida. Slow
4 vertical rows on a twig. The light green peti- growing.
oles are v8-8/ inch long, stout and flattened R ~ ~ c ~ . - N a t i v of
e East Indian region of
above. Leaf blades are 4-7 inchee long, 2%- southeast Asia and Pacific Islands but widely
334 inches wide, slightly notched at the rounded planted through the tropics. Along shores in
apex, rounded or blunt at base, slightly turned Hawaii.
up from the yellow-green midvein and concave, OTHER COMMON NA ME^.-kamani, Alexan-
with a narrow whitish line along the straight drian laurel (Hawaii, United States) ; beauty-
border, the lower surface yellow green and leaf (United States).
slightly shiny.
517. Kamani Calophyllttm inophylltcm L.*
Flowering twig (above), fruits (below), two-thirds natural size.

561
RlANGoSTEEN FAMILY (CUTI'IFERAE)

518. Cupey de monte Cluria minor L.

A vinelike shrub or sometimes a small tree mountains throughout Puerto Rico. Common
with long spreading branches and with whitish locally on river banks, rocky areas, and peaks,
latex, further distinguished by : (1) paired becoming the dominant species in the upper
thick and fleshy obovate leaves rounded a t apex part of Carite Forest.
and long-pointed a t base; (2) flowers with 5 PUBLICFORESTS.-Carite, Guajataca, LU-
spreading pale pink petals about 1 inch across, quillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Toro Negro.
few in short terminal clusters, male and female R A N G E . - ~ u ~Hispaniola,
~, Puerto Rico, Do-
on different trees (dioecious) ; and (3) oblong minica, St. Vincent, and Beguia in Lesser An-
fleshy green capsules x-1 inch long. tilles, and Trinidad and Tobago. Also in conti-
Evergreen vinelike shrub with long paired nental tropical America in Panama, Colombia,
horizontal or slightly drooping branches climb- and Venezuela.
ing on trees or a small tree to 20 feet or more OTHERCOMMON NAMES.--c~pefllo,cupey tre-
in height and 5 inches in trunk diameter. Hair- pador (Puerto Rico) ; cupey, cupeyeto, cupey
less throughout. The gray bark is smoothish or chiquito, copeito (Dominican Republic) ; copei-
slightly fissured, the. inner bark pinkish and cillo (Cuba) ; copey, copey chico (Panama) ;
slightly bitter, with whitish or cream-colored quiripito, copei, tampaco (Venezuela) ; figuier,
slightly bitter latex. The brown twigs are stout. figuier maudit (Haiti).
Leafstalks of the opposite leaves are 8/8-% Cupefllo de altura, Clusia gundlachii Stahl,
inch long. The thick blades are 2 4 inches long is a vineline shrub or woody vine sometimes re-
and 1-2 inches broad, with veins only faintly corded as a tree but not so observed by the
visible, green to dark green on upper surface authors. It is identified by: (1) opposite,
and yellow green beneath. leathery or slightly fleshy, obovate to oblong
The terminal flower cluster a little more than leaves 21/2-4Y2 inches long and 1-2 inches wide,
1 inch long is much shorter than the leaves. mostly short-pointed a t both ends, hairless, with
There are 4 whitish sepals 94 inch long inconspicuous veins, dark green above and
and 5 widespreading large fleshy pale pink paler beneath, with slender petioles of J/ s/u
petals inch long. Female flowers have a inch ; (2) terminal clusters of many small &w-
greenish 5-celled ovary with 6 dark brown ers H/H inch wide, the female with 4 sepals, few
stigmas and a brownish sticky mass a t base and pale pink petals, and pistil with 6-celled ovary
are slightly fragrant. and 5 flat stigmas; and (3) oblong or egg-
Seed capsules are green and fleshy, oblong or shaped, light green fleshy seed capsule 5/8-94
broadest above middle, s/j-1 inch long and %- inch long, splitting into 6 parts. Common as a
% a inch in diameter, with calyx a t base and 6 vine climbing on trees in moist forests includ-
stigmas a t apex, splitting open into 5 parts to ing lower and upper Luquillo and Cordillera
release the seeds inch long. Sometimes the forests to high altitudes. RANGE.-K~ow~only
ovary and capsule are 6-celled. In flower and from Puert0 Rico. OTHER COMMON NAMES.-
fruit through the year.
The whitish sapwood is soft.
bejuco de cupey, cupey de altura (Puerto Rico) .
This s ecies honors Johannes Gundlach (1810-
Local in lower and upper Luquillo and Cor-
dillera forests a t 600-4,000 feet altitude in
8
96), erman zoology professor, who collected
plants in Puerto Rico in 1875-76.
518. Cupey de monte C l d a minor L.
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (below), natural size.
MANOSTEEN FAMILY (GUTTIFERAE)

519. Mangoetsin, mangosteen Garcinia dulcis (Roxb. ) K u n *

This rare introduced fruit tree related to the slightly turned up from the prominent midvein,
true mangosteen is identified by: (1) light yel- with many fine inconspicuous side veins.
low or whitish latex; (2) the slightly angled Flowers few on stalks about 1h inch long,
and flattened hairless green twigs with rings composed of 5 unequal rounded light green
at nodes ; (3) paired oblong leaves, stiff, thick sepals about l/lainch long and 5 unequal elliptic
and leathery, 4-12 inches long and 11/2-51L2 greenish white petals about 3/8 inch long, not
inches wide, dull green above and dull yellow spreading open. Male flowers have 5 stamens
green beneath; (4) few greenish white bell- l/q, inch long. Female flowers have sterile sta-
shaped flowers about 3/8 inch long and wide on mens and on a disk the pistil with rounded
short stalks a t leaf bases and back of leaves; green ovary 1/8 inch wide and broad flattened
and ( 6 ) elliptic fruit 2-3 inches wide, pointed, whitish 5-lobed stigma. The thin-skinned fruits
light yellow, with 1-5 seeds in pale orange or have sour juicy pulp. Seeds 1-5, large, brown.
yellow sour pulp. With flowers and fruits in summer.
Evergreen fruit tree 20 feet high and 3 The sapwood is light brown and hard.
inches in trunk diameter, hairless throughout. This fruit and ornamental tree has been in-
Bark brown, smoothish to slightly fissured. troduced experimentally into Puerto Rico and is
Inner bark pinkish, brittle and bitter. Twigs rare. The fruits are too sour to be eaten raw
but may be candied and made into jam. Gam-
ending in a growing point covered by petioles boge paint, of reddish yellow hue, has been
of last pair of leaves. made from unripe fruit.
Leaves opposite, with stout greenish petioles R~~cE.-Native from India to Malaya in-
x-1 inch long, flattened above. Blades are cluding Philippines.
short-pointed at both ends, not toothed at edges, OTHERCOMMON N A M E . - ~ o u ~ ~(Hawaii).
619. [Link], mangosteen Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) K u n P
Female flowers (upper left), leafy twig, and fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size.
MANWSTEEN FAMILY (GUITIFERAE)

520. Mangostsin, mangosteen Garciniu mangostana L. *

Mangosteen is a popular Old World fruit wide, broadest toward the rounded apex; sta-
grown only rarely in Puerto Rico. It is char- mens many, small and nonfunctional in female
acterized by : (1) light yellow latex ; (2) large flowers; rounded ovary of 5-7 cells and ovules
paired, elliptic oblong leaves, thick and leath- and broad 6-7-lobed stigma. Also male flowers
ery, 6-10 inches long and 2y2--4% inches wide ; 3-9 together a t end of twigs on same tree.
(3) flowers large, 1y2-1Y! inches across the 4 The berry slightly broader than long has a
rose-pink fleshy petals; and (4) rounded red- hard smoothish rind and pink bitter inedible
dish purple or brown berry 2-3 inches long with wall about % inch thick, which exudes small
6-7 white segments somewhat like tangerine, drops of yellow latex when cut. Four enlarged
the juicy sweetish edible pulp coverings around concave light green or brown sepals remain at
the seeds. base. The edible part consists of 6-7 white seg-
Small evergreen planted tree to 30 feet high ments (arils) about 1%inches long and s/a inch
and 6 inches in trunk diameter, with compact wide, each enclosing a seed or none. The
crown of nearly horizontal branches and shiny rounded flattened seeds are about y8 inch long.
green coarse foliage, hairless throughout. Bark With flowers and fruits in summer.
brown, thick, rough and irregularly fissured Mangosteen is classed among the most de-
into small long plates. The light brown bitter licious tropical fruits, having a flavor somewhat
inner bark yields light yellow bitter latex. between that of a grape and a peach. Fruits
Twigs stout, slightly angled, yellow green, with are opened by cutting off the top half and ex-
rings a t nodes. posing the segments. This fruit tree is culti-
Leaves opposite, with stout yellow-green peti- vated sparingly in the tropics, mainly Old
oles Y2-3/e inch long, flattened above, those of World. Growth is slow, and fruits are seldom
end pair covering the bud. Blades are long- borne before 8-15 years.
pointed a t apex, short-pointed or rounded at Mangosteen trees are planted experimentally
base, not toothed on edges, with many fine par- in Puerto Rico but are rare, having been intro-
allel side veins, the upper surface shiny green duced in 1903.
to dark green, and the lower surface dull yel- RANGE.-Native of the Malay region but
low green. widely spread by cultivation.
Flowers of 2 kinds (polygamous) a t ends of OTHERCOMMON N A M E S . - I I ~ ~ ~(Puert0
~OS~~~
twigs, the bisexual flowers single or paired, Rico, Spanish) ;mangosteen (English) ;mango-
composed of 4 rounded pink to red sepals in stan (Spanish) ; job0 de la India (Dominican
pairs ;4 fleshy rose-pink petals y4inch long and Republic).
520. Mangostsn, mangosteen Garcinia mangostana L.*
Flowering twig, female flower (lower left), seed and fruit (lower right), two-thirds natural size.
 TAMARIX FAMILY (TAMARICACEAE*)

Trees mostly small and shrubs of dry and composed of 4-5 sepals, 4-5 petals, stamens as
salty areas, native of the Old World, known by: many or twice as many as petals, and pistil with
(1) very slender often drooping twigs; (2) superior 1-celled ovary of 3-4 carpels and few
leaves minute, scalelike, alternate, pressed to many ovules, 3-4 styles or none, and 3-4
against twig, without stipules; (3) minute flow- stigmas; and (4) fruit a capsule with many
ers mostly crowded and short-stalked in un- hairy seeds.
branched clusters (racemes), bisexual, regular,
521. Athel tamariek Ttrmarix aphylla ( L.) Karst. *
Tamarisk, a rare introduced tree of dry many nearly stalkless flowers. There are 5 over-
areas, is easily recognized by: (1) drooping lapping rounded sepals, 5 petals less than y8
wiry gray-green twigs, jointed; (2) minute inch long and shedding early, 6 stamens at-
scale leaves inch long, circling twig and tached between lobes of disk, and pistil with 1-
ending in minute point; (3) many small whit- cell ovary and 3 stigmas. Many narrow pointed
ish pink flowers less than y8 inch long in slender seed capsules split into 3 parts. Each seed has
mostly branched clusters; and (4) seed capsules a tuft of whitish hairs.
3Jla inch long, splitting in 3 parts, with many The wood is light brown and hard. Tests
tiny hairy seeds. elsewhere indicate that i t would be suitable for
Evergreen small to medium-sized planted tree furniture and turned articles.
to 50 feet high and 2 feet in trunk diameter, Rarely planted around houses in dry areas of
with many spreading branches and rounded to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. The trees
irregular gray-green crown. Bark light gray grow rapidly, are drought resistant, and toler-
brown or reddish brown, becoming thick and ant of alkaline and saline soils. Elsewhere used
deeply furrowed into long narrow hard ridges. for windbreaks and hedges as well as shade.
Inner bark light brown, slightly bitter. The RAN~~.-"ative from northern and eastern
branches are pur lish brown and smooth. The Africa to southwestern Asia. Widely planted
!
wiry twigs less t an l/lsinch in diameter are
gray green and mostly deciduous, the older
in dry tropical and subtropical areas north to
southern Texas, southern Arizona, and Cali-
twigs greenish brown. fornia.
The minute scale leaves are alternate, hair- OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - a t h evergreen
el,
less, each forming a joint along twig, shedding athel, desert athel, evergreen tamarisk (Eng-
together. lish).
Flower clusters (racemes and panicles) BOTANICALs~~o~~M.-Tama?-ixarticulata
mostly a t ends of twigs, slender and Il/g-21h Vahl.
inches long or branched and to 6 inches, bearing

ANATTO FAMILY (BIXACEAE*)

Shrubs and small trees, known by: (1) 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal placentas and
orange sap in bark; (2) rings in nodes of many ovules, slender style, and 2 stigmas; and
twigs; (3) alternate simple leaves palmate- (5) fruit a spiny capsule that opens in 2 parts,
veined, entire, with stipules; (4) large showy containing many seeds with fleshy orange-red
flowers in terminal clusters (panicles), bisex- seed coat. Vol. 1,p. 368.
ual, regular, with 5 overlapping sepals, 5 large One species: 166. Achiote, anatto, Bixa orel-
pink or whitish petals, many stamens with an- lana L.*
thers opening by pores, and pistil with superior

COCHLOSPERMUM FAMILY (COCHLOSPERMACEAE*)

Trees mostly small or sometimes large, centas and many ovules, slender style, and 3-6
shrubs, and herbs, known by: (1) alternate minute toothed stigmas; and (3) fruit a large
.
leaves simple and palmate-veined or digitate, capsule with thick outer wall and membranous
with stipules; (2) large flowers in clusters inner wall, opening in 3-5 parts and containing
(panicles or racemes), yellow or orange, bisex- many kidney-shaped seeds commonly hairy.
ual, regular or slightly irregular, with 4-6 Vol. 1,p. 360.
sepals and 4-6 petals, many stamens with an- One species : 167. Rosa imperial, Brazilian-
thers opening by pores, and pistil composed of rose, cochlospermum, Cochlospemzum viti-
superior ovary of 1 cell (or 3) and 3-5 pla- f olium (Willd.) Spreng.'
 CANELLA FAMILY (CANELLACEAE)
Small and medium-sized trees, sometimes 4-6 separate petals or none, 20 or fewer short
shrubs, known by: (1) leaves aromatic (also stamens united by filaments in a tube around
other parts), alternate, simple, entire, leathery, ovary, and pistil with superior 1-celled ovary
hairless, with gland dots, without stipules; (2) with 2-6 placentas with 2 to many ovules, short
flowers small often in branched clusters stout style, and 2-6-lobed stigma; and (3)
(cymes) or solitary, bisexual, regular, with 4-6 fruit a berry. Also vol. 1,p. 362.
thick overlapping sepals, corolla generally of
Key to species
A. Leaves obovate or spoon-shaped, rounded at apex, 1 3 6 3 % inches long, leathery with indistinct veins; flowers
several to many in branched terminal clusters with 5 dark red petals ?4 inch across-168. Barbasco, canella,
Canella yinterana (L:) Gaertn.
AA. Leaves elliptic, shorbpolnted, 3%-5 inches long, thin with many fine parallel side veins; flowers single at leaf
bases with 12 white petals 46 inch across-522. Pleodendron macmnthum.

522. Chupacalloe Pleodendron macranthum (Baill.) v, Tiegh.

This distinctive aromatic tree is one of the The fruits have calyx a t base and short style
very rarest in Puerto Rico. Its characters for a t apex. They are purple to black, green when
recognition are: (1) elliptic leaves 31,&6 immature, aromatic, with odor described as
inches long and 1%-2% inches wide, short-
pointed a t both ends, with many fine parallel
like oranges. Seeds many, rounded, about
inch long, shiny brownish black. Collected
v8
side veins; (2) large yellowish white flowers with flowers in February and April-June and
single a t leaf bases, s/ inch across, with 3 se- with fruits in June-August.
pals, 12 petals, and many united stamens; and The wood is described as nearly white, hard,
(3) rounded purple to black edible fruits
inch in diameter, many-seeded.
x-1 and heavy.
Very rare in forests in lower Luquillo Moun-
An evergreen small or medium-sized tree to tains and moist limestone regions. Reported
40 feet high and 10 inches in trunk diameter, from Guajataca and near Arecibo.
apparently aromatic. The brownish twigs are PUBLIC FoREsTs.-Lu~u~~~o, Rfo Abajo.
slender and hairless. RANGE.-K~OW~ only from mountains of
The alternate hairless leaves have petioles Puerto Rico.
about % inch long. Blades are not toothed on OTHER COMMON ~AME.--acetillo (Puert0
edges, the upper surface shiny green with mid- Rico) .
rib slightly sunken, and the lower surface dull This interesting tree honors its discoverer in
green with midrib raised. its generic name meaning tree of PlQe. The
Flower stalks are about y2 inch long or to 1 specific name describes the large flowers. First
inch on fruit. The flower has a yellowish white described in 1882, this tree was placed in its
saucer-shaped fleshy calyx about % inch across own distinct genus in 1899. Specimens were
and 4/8 inch high, becoming slightly $-lobed and collected by foresters in 1938 and 1940 but not
turned back, persistent on fruit. The corolla is in recent years. A second species (Pleodendron
composed of 12 ovate to oblong yellowish white ekmanii Urban), named in 1928, is a very rare
slightly thickened petals l/z inch long and s/l o- small tree of mountains in Haiti.
x, inch wide, rounded a t apex, in 4 rows of 3
each. Stamens many, united into a tube a/8 inch
August Pl6e (1787-1826), from France, col-
lected plants in the Lesser Antilles and St.
long. The narrow pistil s/8 inch long inside tube Thomas. He found this species while making a
has a 1-celled ovary with many tiny ovules, large collection in Puerto Rico in 18224823.
slender style, and 6 stigmas.

FLACOURTIA FAMILY (FLACOURTIACEAE)

Trees usually small or sometimes large and or none, many stamens, often with disk, and
shrubs, known by: (1) leaves alternate in 2 pistil composed of 1-celled ovary generally su-
rows, simple, usually toothed, sometimes with perior with 3-6 (2-10) parietal placentas with
gland dots and lines (visible with lens against many ovules and 1-6 styles; and (3) fruit a
light) ; (2) flowers generally small or minute, capsule or berry (sometimes edible) with 1 to
green or white, many in branched clusters many seeds often with covering (aril). Also
(cymes), usually bisexual, sometimes male and vol. 1,p. 364.
female, regular, with 2-15 sepals, 2-16 petals
522. Chupacallos Pleodmdron macranthum (Baill.) v. Tiegh.
Natural size.

571
FLACOURTIA FAMILY (FLACOURTIACEAE)
Key to species
A. Leaves with 3 or more main veins from base.
B. Leaves with edges straight or minutely wavy-toothed; flowers whitish, inch across, many nearly
stalkless on narrow drooping axis--529. Lunania buchii.
BB. Leaves with edges toothed.
C. Leaves wlth 5 or 7 main veins from base; flowers yellowish, Iinch across, few with long stalks-
531. Prockia crycis.
CC. Leaves with 3 main veins from base.
D. Leaves hairless, with finely saw-toothed edges; flowers greenish, 9$ inch broad, several on slender
stalks-523. Banara portoricensis.
DD. Leaves soft hairy beneath with wavy-toothed ed es; flowers yellow, more than % inch across,
single a t ends of side tw'igs-524. Banara van%erbiltii.
AA. Leaves with 1mainvein.
E. Flowers in long-stalked lateral clusters; seed capsules resembling dried flowers with 6 or 7 large brown
sepals attached-173. Caracolillo, Hmalium racernosum Jacq.
EE. Flowers a t leaf bases, mostly short-stalked; fruit a seed capsule or berry, rounded or elliptic.
F. Flowers yellowish, mostly male and female on different plants; berries more than % inch in diam-
eter; u;icommon introduced species.
G. Leaves oblong; flowers about 1inch across; fruits 1-2 inches in diameter, densely spiny, not edi-
ble-530. Oncoba echinata.*
GG. Leaves mostly ovate; flowers small, about 'k inch across; fruits less than 1 inch in diameter,
edihle.
H. Leaves finely hairy on both surfaces, not taothed on edges-526. Douyalis hebecarpa.'
HH. Leaves hairless, wavy-toothed on edges-527. Flacourtia inemis.*
FF. Flowers greenish or whitish, bisexual; fruits smaller; native species.
I. Leaves soft hairy on both surfaces, gray green beneath; fruit dry elliptic, splitting open a t t o p
532. Samyda dodecandra.
11. Leaves hairless or near1 so; fruit a fleshy capsule o r berry.
J. Leaves thin, with Brand dots and dashes visible with lens against light; fruit a fleshy cap-
s u l d a s e a r i a (eycept NO. 628).
K. Leaves few, elliptic; seed capsules more than ?4 inch in diameter.
L. Spines scattered on twigs; seed capsule
Casearia act~leata.
%-x0 inch in diameter, bright red-525.
LL. Spines absent; seed capsules about Sg inch in diameter.
M. Leaves less than 3 inches long, hairless; seed capsules round-170. Tostado,
wild honey-tree, Casearia decandra Jacq.
MM. Leaves 2%-5% inches long, hairy on veins; seed capsules elliptic-171. Palo
blanco, wild-coffee, Casearia uianensis (Aubl.) Urban.
KK. Leaves many, evenly spaced on long s l e n L twigs, appearing pinnate.
N. Leaves short-pointed a t base, mostly lance-shaped.
[Link] with lower surface gray green, hairy; edges finely saw-toothed-169.
Rabo ratiin, Caaearia arborea (L. C . Rich.) Urban.
00. Leaves green on both surfaces, hairless; edges wavy and appearing a s with-
out teeth-172. Cafeillo, Casearia sylvestris Sw.
NN. Leaves rounded a t base, oblong, hairless, with finely wavy border: seed capsules
light green, %-% inch in diameter--528. Laetia rocera.
JJ. Leaves thickened, without gland dots; fruit a berry mostly re$-~ylosma.
P. Spines often much branched on branches and trunk; leaves elliptic.
Q. Spines also single and unbranched a t nodes on twigs; leave8 mostly ending in spine
-433. Xylosma buxifolium.
QQ. Spines absent from twigs; leaves blunt a t apex-534. Xylosma pachyphylkim.
PP. S mes absent.
%. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, rounded o r blunt a t apex, slightly thickened-535.
Xylosma schaeferioides.
RR. Leaves ovate, long-pointed, thick and leathery, with prominent network of small
veins-536. Xylosma schwaneckeanum.

523. Palo de ram6n Banara portoricensis Krug & Urban

Shrub or small tree rare in central moun- Inner bark light brown, bitter. Twigs a r e
tains, identified by: (1) lance-shaped to ovate, brown, very slender, hairless, with many dots
long-pointed leaves with 3 or 6 main veins from (lenticels) .
base and with edges finely saw-toothed; (2) Leaves alternate in 2 rows, hairless. Petioles
several greenish flowers on slender stalks, qt slender, %-V2 inch long. Blades are 2 5 inches
inch broad, with 3-lobed calyx, 3 petals, and long, 1-29!. inches wide, rounded or short-
many stamens; and (3) fruit a rounded yellow pointed at base, thin or slightly thickened,
or brown berry 9/8-1/2 inch in diameter. slightly shiny, the upper surface green to dark
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 35 feet high green with veins slightly raised, and the lower
and 8 inches in trunk diameter, with irregular surface lighter green with raised veins.
spreading crown. Bark brown, slightly fissured.
523. Palo de ram611 Banara portoricetlsis Krug & Urban
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (lower right), natural size.

573
FLACOURTIA FAMILY (FLACOURTIACEAE)
Flower clusters (like racemes) at ends of tas). Flowering and fruiting mainly in winter
twigs bear 6-10 flowers on long slender green and spring, also in summer.
stalks becoming y2-1 inch long, enlarged to- The wood is light brown and hard.
ward upper end. The flower has 3 rounded Rare in upper Cordillera forest and dwarf
calyx lobes %a inch long, 3 rounded green forest a t 2,600-3,500 feet altitude in central
petals 'J/rn inch long, very many stamens, and Puerto Rico.
pistil with 1-celled ovary and many ovules at- PUBLIC FORESTS.-Guilarte, Toro Negro.
tached on 6 lines and long-pointed style. The R~Nc~.-Known only from Puerto Rico.
berry has enlarged calyx and corolla a t base OTHERCOMMON N~~~~.--Caracolillo, tostado
and pointed style a t apex. Many shiny seeds (Puerto Rico) .
l/la inch long are borne along 6 lines (placen-

Banara uanderbiltii Urban

This very rare shrub or small tree known long, composed of 3 triangular hairy spreading
only from Puerto Rico is characterized by : ( I ) lobes, persistent; petals 3, inch long,
wavy-toothed elliptic or lanceolate leaves 1y26 pointed, hairy, yellow; numerous spreading
inches long and 54-2 inches wide, with 3 main hairless stamens to %a inch long; and pistil
veins from base; and (2) yellow hairy flowers composed of rounded hairless 1-celled ovary
solitary a t ends of short side twigs more than with many ovules attached on 4 lines, slender
Y2 inch across the 3 pointed calyx lobes and 3 curved style, and 4 minute stigmas. Collected
petals. with flowers in May. The fruits have not been
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 30 feet high described, but those of this genus are many-
and 5 inches in trunk diameter. Twigs slender, seeded berries.
when young with dense spreading yellowish Very rare in most limestone forests a t about
hairs. 300 feet altitude in Puerto Rico. First found
Leaves alternate with small paired threadlike near Catafio and Martin Peiia and now known
stipules and short hairy petioles about J/e inch from only 2 trees on a farm near Bayam6n.
long. Leaf blades blunt or rounded and often RANGE.-Puerto Rico only.
slightly unequal a t base, long-pointed a t apex, This species honors Cornelius Vanderbilt
wavy toothed, thin, with few curved side veins (1843-1899), capitalist who financed the field
on each side and prominent beneath, the lowest work of the collector in Puerto Rico. Amos
pair parallel with margin, soft hairy on both Arthur Heller (1867-1944), botanist from the
surfaces, becoming rough and nearly hairless United States, discovered this species near Ca-
above. tafio in 1899. Seeds of this endangered species
Flowers solitary at ends of short side twigs should be collected for propagation in botanical
on stalks 5/8-y4 inch long. Calyx about % inch gardens.
 Banara vanderbiltii Urban
Natural size.

575
FLACOURTIA FAMILY (FLACOURTIACEAE)

Casearia aculeata Jacq.

This shrub or small tree of coasts of Puerto

Rico is characterized by: (1) simple or
sisting of calyx with 5 hairy lobes about
inch long; 8 stamens alternate with 8 smaller
x,;
branched spines %-la inches long usually
scattered on branches; (2) elliptic leaves 2-4
sterile stamens (staminodes) ; and pistil with
hairy 1-celled ovary, slender style, and rounded
inches long and y8-1vi, inches wide, short- stigma. The seed capsules are slightly 3-angled
pointed or blunt a t both ends, inconspicuously and split into 3 parts. Seeds few. Flowering
wavy-toothed on edges, with minute dots and and fruiting intermittently through the year.
lines visible against the light with a lens, al- The sapwood is light brown and hard.
ternate in 2 rows and shedding in winter; (3) An uncommon understory shrub in moist and
many small greenish-white flowers about %a dry coastal and limestone forests from sea level
inch across, clustered a t leaf bases; and (4) to 300 feet altitude along coasts of Puerto Rico.
round bright red seed capsules inch in PUBLIC FOREST.-Cambalache.
diameter. R ~ ~ c ~ . - G r e a t e rAntilles and continental
A deciduous shrub 'less than 12 feet, some- tropical America from southern Mexico to Gui-
times a small tree t o 30 feet high and 4 inches anas, Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru.
in trunk diameter. The bark is light gray, OTHER COMMON NAMES.-rabo rat6n
smooth with warts (lenticels) and scattered (Puerto Rico) ; limoncillo (Spanish) ; palo de
spines. Inner bark is light brown and almost avispas, carambomba, margabomba (Domini-
tbteless. The slender twigs are gray and finely can Republic) ; jia, jia brava, jia peluda
hairy. Short twigs develop into spines. (Cuba) ; punteral, cedr6n (Mexico) ; escam-
The leaves have short finely hairy petioles brbn, agua de itrrea (Honduras) ; guacuco
so-%inch long. Blades are thin, the upper (Guatemala) ; matacartago (Costa Rica) ; es-
surface green and hairless or nearly so, the puela de gallo (Venezuela) ; clavillo (Ecua-
lower surface pale green and hairy or nearly dor) ; espina del demonio, supiecacha (Peru) ;
hairless. wild lemon, lemonario (British Honduras) ;pi-
Flowers several, fragrant. clustered a t leaf quant arada (Haiti).
bases on stalks less than inch long, con-
 Casearia aculeata Jacq.
Flowering twig (lower left) and fruiting twig, natural size.

577
 - -- - -

FLACOURTIA FAMILY (FLACOURTIACEAE)

526. Quetembila, kitembills Douyaiis hebecarpa (Gardn. ) Warb.*

A shrub or small tree sometimes cultivated and the lower surface yellow green with pink-
for its edible fruits. Identified by: (1) twigs ish veins and soft hair.
often with long slender sharp gray spines to Male flowers many on short stalks, composed
1 inches long a t leaf bases ; (2) leaves elliptic of mostly 4-7 hairy sepals, no petals, and many
to ovate, 2-4 inches long and 1-1% inches wide, stamens on a fleshy disk. Female flowers 1 or
often finely wavy-toothed on edges; (3) few few, consisting of 6-9 hairy sepals persistent
greenish flowers about r;/n inch across a t leaf on fruit and pistil with ovary of several cells
bases, male and female on different plants and several styles. The fruit has styles a t apex,
(dioecious) ; and (4) round purplish velvety purplish sour edible pulp, and several elliptic
hairy berries 1-1%inches in diameter. hairy seeds inch long.
Evergreen planted shrub or small tree to 16 The wood is light brown and hard.
feet high. The bark is gray, slightly scaly, the Uncommonly planted in Puerto Rico for the
inner bark whitish and bitter. Twigs are long fruits, which have an acid flavor like goose-
and slender, greenish gray, finely hairy. berry and which are made into jelly. Tested also
Leaves are alternate in 2 rows, with pinkish in southern Florida and Hawaii.
hairy petioles about l/e inch long. Blades are RANGE.-Native of India and Ceylon but in-
long-pointed a t apex and rounded a t base, thin, troduced through the tropics.
curved up slightly from midvein, pinnate- OTHERCOMMON ~~M~~.-Cey10n-g00~eberry,
veined with 2 long curved lateral veins. The ketambilla (English). The scientific name has
upper surface is shiny green with minute hairs, been spelled Doryalis also.
526. Quetembila, kitembilla Dovyaliu ltebecarpa (Gardn.) Warb.*
Fruiting t w i g (left), flowering twig (right), two-thirds natural aize.

579
FLACOURTIA FAMILY (FLACOURTIACEAE)

Flacourtia inermis Roxb."

This shrub or small tree sometimes grown inches long, composed of 4-45 rounded hairy se-
for its edible sour cherrylike fruits is identified pals more than '/,, inch long, no petals, and
by: (1) ovate to elliptic wavy-toothed leaves; many stamens. Female flowers few or single
(2) small yellowish flowers about j/4, inch long along twigs have pistil with 6-celled ovary and
and broad, in short clusters a t leaf bases, male 5 short spreading styles. The fruits (drupes)
and female on different plants (dioecious) ;and are clustered along twigs mostly back of leaves,
(3) round shiny cherrylike fruits, red, purple, have remains of styles a t apex, and contain
or black, 1/2-1 inch in diameter. 8-10 small seeds in juicy pulp.
A shrub or small tree to 30 feet or more in Occasionally planted in Puerto Rico and the
height, with light brown smoothish bark. The Virgin Islands for the fruits. Though very
twigs sometimes have spines a t leaf bases. sour, the edible fruits make good jelly and pre-
Leaves alternate, with petioles l/g--Y8 inch serves. The spiny variety has been used else-
long. Blades are 2-8 inches long and lay2 where in hedges.
inches wide, long-pointed a t apex and short- R ~ ~ c ~ . - N a t i vof
e tropical Africa, southern
pointed a t base, thin or slightly thickened, Asia, and Pacific Islands to Philippines. Planted
becoming hairless or nearly so, the long curved also in the New World tropics.
side veins slightly sunken. OTHER COMMON NAMES.-~OV~-~OV~, batoko-
Several male flowers are borne on stalks of plum (English).
% inch in short clusters (racemes) 1-1v2
527. Louvi Flacourtia inermis Roxb.'
Flowering twig (above), fruits (below), two-thirds natural size.

581
FLACOURTIA FAMILY (FLACOURTIACEAE)

Laetia procera (Poepp. & Endl.) Eichl.

This rare tree in mountain forests is recog- a t base. There are many rounded black seeds
nized by : (1) the leaves alternate in 2 rows on less than 4/8 inch long. Collected with fruit in
very long twigs, oblong, long-pointed, with February, March, and December.
finely wavy border and minute translucent dots The wood is light yellow to orange, not dif-
and lines; (2) small greenish flowers, few on ferentiated into sapwood and heartwood, soft,
separate stalks a t base of leaves; and (3) fruit and moderately heavy (specific gravity 0.75).
a round fleshy capsule 3/8-y8 inch in diameter, Tested elsewhere, the wood was found to have
which opens in 3 parts and contains many seeds. commercial possibilities, being suitable for con-
A medium-sized evergreen tree to 75 feet struction, veneer, and furniture.
high and 1foot or more in trunk diameter. Bark Local in lower Luquillo forest at 1,600-2,000
gray or greenish gray, smooth, with warts feet altitude and in Central Cordillera near
.
(lenticels) The interior bark is orange,
streaked with yellow, with pink dots a t surface,
Utuado.
PUBLIC FOREST.-LUQU~I~O.
and with gritty taste. Twigs are brown, angu- RANc~.-Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, and north-
lar, and finely hairy. The buds less than 4/8 inch ern South America from Colombia, Venezuela,
long are covered with stipules. Trinidad, and Guianas south to northern Brazil,
The leaves are alternate in 2 rows on long Peru, and Ecuador. Also in Central America
twigs, with slender petioles y8 inch long, north to Nicaragua.
grooved, light green. Leaf blades are 2v2-6 OTHER COMMON NAMES.-c~t~rrerill~, al-
inches long and 1%-1%inches wide, thin, hair- mendrillo, cuero de sap0 (Puerto Rico) ; casca-
less, rounded a t base, slightly turned up on both rudo, palo de yagua, palo verbena (Dominican
sides of midvein, the upper surface dark green Republic) ; job0 macho, caimite cimarron,
and slightly shiny, the lower surface dull light cuajillo (Venezuela) ; marcel0 (Ecuador) ;bois
green. marie (French Guiana) ; warakajaro (Guay-
The flowers lateral at leaf bases have slender ana, Surinam) ; basra kopie, pientokopie
stalks y8 inch long. The flower is composed of (Surinam) ; pau jacare, apijo (Brazil).
calyx of 6 elliptic greenish sepals s/lo inch long BOTANICAL s~~o~YM.-Caseariabicolor Ur-
that become bent back; no corolla; many sta- ban.
mens more than '/loinch long; and pistil with The Puerto Rican plants were given a sep-
rounded 1-celled ovary, many ovules on 3 lines, arate name and afterwards united with this
and short style. The seed capsules are fleshy South American species.
and berrylike, light green, 1-celled, with calyx
528. Talantr6n Laetia proccra (Poepp. & Endl.) Eichl.
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), two-thirds natural size.
 -

FLACOURTIA FAMILY (FLACOURTIACEAE)

Lunaniu buchii Urban

This small tree rare in upper mountain for- The flowers about :)(,; inch long and broad
ests is recognized by: (1) leaves ovate with 3 have stalk less than 1/R inch long; calyx of 2-3
main veins from base, the 2 side veins curved rounded concave white sepals v8 inch long, no
almost to apex ; (2) many minute white flowers corolla; 7-8 stamens on a disk; and pistil with
on narrow drooping axis 4-8 inches long; and 1-celled ovary, many ovules, and short style.
(3) dark brown rounded seed capsules inch The seed capsules bear many seeds of less than
in diameter, splitting widely in 3 or 4 parts. inch along 3 or 4 lines (placentas) in a
Evergreen small tree to 20 feet high and 5 fleshy mass. With flowers and fruits in spring
inches in trunk diameter. Bark gray, smooth and summer.
or finely fissured, the inner bark light orange, Wood whitish, slightly hard.
slightly bitter. Twigs are slender, light green, Rare in u w e r ~ u i u i l i oand Cordillera forests
becoming gray. a t 1,500-2,800 feet-altitude a t El Verde and
The leaves are alternate in 2 rows on slightly Maricao Forest.
zigzag twigs, hairless. Petioles are slender, PUBLIC FORESTS.-LU~U~~~O, Maricao.
inch long. The blades are 2 s - 4 inches RANGE.-Puerto Rico and Hispaniola.
long and l%-lf!L1. inches wide, long-pointed a t OTHERCOMMON NAME.-mendrina (Domini-
apex, rounded a t base, with straight or mi- can Republic).
nutely wavy toothed edges, slightly thickened This species (also genus) was not recorded
and stiff. The 2 prominent side veins extend from Puerto Rico by Britton and Wilson (10)
from base almost to apex, and 2 smaller side but was found by the Forest Service in 1944. It
veins extend from midvein along border of was discovered in Haiti by Wilhelm Buch in
base. The upper surface is green and slightly 1930.
shiny, the lower surface dull light green.
529. Lulrania buchii Urban
Fruits (left), opened fruits (below), leafy twig (above), and flowers (right), natural size.

585
- - - -

FLACOURTIA FAMILY (FLACOURTIACEAE)

Oncoba echinata Oliver2*

This shrubby tree is sometimes planted as an of one sex and bisexual (polygamous), about 1
ornamental. It is characterized by : (1) oblong inch across. There are 3-5 sepals and 5-10
leaves 4y2-7 inches long and 1y2-21,4 inches widely spreading narrow petals, very many
wide; (2) few short-stalked flowers a t leaf short stamens, and pistil with spiny 1-celled
bases, about 1 inch across the spreading petals ; ovary and slender style. The thick-walled berry
and (3) fruit a rounded densely spiny greenish- is covered with many long spines inch
yellow berry 1-2 inches in diameter, not edible. long and contains 1 or few seeds in the pulp.
An evergreen shrub or small tree, becoming Collected with flowers and fruits in January.
hairless or nearly so. Leaves alternate in 2 Introduced experimentally in Puerto Rico a s
rows, hanging down on petioles of less than 34 an ornamental and medicinal plant. The seeds
inch from long slender twigs. The blades are of this and related species contain chaulmoogric
abruptly long-pointed a t apex and rounded a t acid, used in the treatment of leprosy.
base, not toothed on edges, thin, with few R A N G E . - N ~ ~ ~ of
v ~ tropical Africa but
curved lateral veins, paler beneath. spread by cultivation.
Flowers are clustered on short stalks along OTHER COMMON N A M E S . - ~ O ~ ~ ~ , katoupo
twigs a t leaf bases and back of leaves, partly (commerce).
530. Gorli oncoba Oncoba eclrinata OliverB
Fruit (above), flowering twig (below), two-thirds natural size.
- - - -- - -

FLACOURTIA FAMILY (FLACOURTIACEAE)

Prockia crucis L

This shrub rarely treelike in size is identified short hairy yellowish petals that fall early, very
by : (1) broadly ovate long-pointed saw-toothed many short threadlike stamens on a disk, and
leaves with 5 or 7 main veins from the notched pistil with 3-5-celled ovary, many ovules, and
base, with large long-pointed toothed stipules slender style. The berries with calyx a t base
to inch long; (2) few long-stalked fragrant and style at apex are juicy and slightly sweet
small yellowish flowers about inch across the and contain many minute seeds. Collected with
3 or 4 sepals and 3 or 4 petals; and (3) round fruits in summer.
black berries inch in diameter. The wood is described as whitish, of medium
A much-branched shrub observed treelike to hardness, and brittle.
15 feet high and 2% inches in trunk diameter, Uncommon a t low altitudes near Aguirre and
recorded (perhaps elsewhere) as sometimes a Cayey in Puerto Rico. Also Vieques, St. Croix,
tree to 33 feet, evergreen or perhaps deciduous St. Thomas, and St. John.
in dry areas. The slender twigs are hairless or PUBLIC ~~FCx.-Virgin Islands.
finely hairy. R A N G E . - ~ U ~Hispaniola,
~, Puerto Rico and
The alternate leaves have very slender peti- Virgin Islands, and through Lesser Antilles
oles I,&-% inch long. The thin blades are 1%- from St. Martin, Saba and Antigua to St. Vin-
41h inches long and :H,-21,4 inches wide, some- cent, Grenada, and Tobago. Also widespread
times larger, hairless or finely hairy, paler be- from southern Mexico, British Honduras, and
neath. Guatemala to Brazil and Argentina.
Flower clusters (racemes or corymbs) are OTHER COMMON NAMES.-guasimilla (Cuba) ;
terminal, 4 inches or less in length. The flowers cacho de novillo (El Salvador) ; sacha capuli
on long stalks of 8/,-lV4 inches consist of 3 or 4 (Ecuador).
pointed hairy sepals nearly l/e inch long, 3 or 4
 Prockia crucis L.
Fruiting twig, natural size.
- - - -
- -

FXACOURTIA FAMILY (FLACOURTIACEAE)

532. Guayabilla Samyda dodecandra Jacq.

This large shrub rarely treelike is identified bell-shaped hairy calyx with 4-6 unequal lobes
by: (1) long slender finely rusty to yellowish white above and green below, no corolla, 8-12
hairy twigs; (2) oblong t o elliptic leaves al- stamens on calyx and united into a tube, and
ternate in 2 rows, short-stalked, finely saw- pistil with hairy 1-celled ovary, many ovules,
toothed on edges, soft hairy on both surfaces, slender style, and dotlike stigma. The fruits
and with minute gland dots visible with lens with calyx a t base and pointed style a t apex
against the light; (3) white bell-shaped flowers split open at top along 3-5 lines and contain
about y2 inch long, nearly stalkless a t leaf many seeds. Flowering from winter t o summer.
bases; and (4) elliptic seed capsules v'-l% Common and widely distributed at low alti-
inches long, bright red within. tudes in Puerto Rico, especially in dry limestone
A deciduous large shrub mostly 6-12 feet forest. Also Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St.
high, observed treelike to 15 feet high and 2 John, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda.
inches in trunk diameter, reported to reach 20 PUBLIC FORESTS, AND ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - E s t a t e
feet. Thomas; Gutinica; Buck Island Reef, Virgin
The leaves have short hairy petioles about 1/8 Islands.
inch long. The thin or slightly thickened blades RANGE.-Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and
are llh-4 inches long and y4-2 inches wide, Virgin Islands, and from St. Martin, St. Barts,
mostly short-pointed a t apex and rounded a t and St. Eustat~usto Guadeloupe and Marti-
base, beneath gray green with network of nique. Also Trinidad, Bonaire, and Curacao.
raised veins. OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-banso, wild guave
The fragrant slightly irregular flowers have (St. Martin, St. Eustatius) .
Flowerifig twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.

591
- - - -

FLACOURTIA FAMILY (FLACOURTIACEAE)

Xylosma bwijoliurn A. Gray

Roseta is recognized by: (1) single, un- sists of 4 or 5 sepals less than '/ro inch long;
branched, slender, gray spines I/e-y2 inch long petals absent; 8-30 stamens less than 1/8 inch
a t nodes above leaf scars on twigs (sometimes long are borne on a fleshy disk; and the pistil
absent) and the branched gray to red spines with 1-celled ovary and style 2-forked near
1-3inches long on trunk; (2) small, stiff, thick, apex. The elliptic or rounded berries have 2-5
elliptic leaves, usually spiny-pointed; and (3) seeds. Flowers in spring and collected with
lateral clusters of small yellowish flowers % immature fruits in July.
inch long (male and female on different trees) ; The sapwood is light brown and hard.
and (4) small red to black berries 3/la inch in Local and uncommon in moist limestone and
diameter. uppercCordillera forests a t 100-2,800 feet al-
An evergreen tree to 45 feet high and 1foot titude in western mountains of Puerto Rico.
in trunk diameter, usually smaller. The gray Also recorded by Britton and Wilson (10)
bark is smoothish or slightly rough. Inner from St. Croix and St. John. Found recently
bark is light brown and bitter. The twigs are on Virgin Gorda.
gray. PUBLICFORESTS AND PARK.-Cambalache,
The alternate leaves have very short leaf- Guajataca, GuBnica, Maricao, Rio Abajo,
stalks l/la inch long. Blades are 1-2v4 inches Susiia, Vega ;Gorda Peak.
long and inches broad, short-pointed a t RANGE.-CU~~,Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and
base, the edges turned under and sometimes Virgin Islands, and St. Eustatius, Guadeloupe,
with 1or more small teeth near the short spiny and Marie Galante in Lesser Antilles.
point, hairless, the side veins inconspicuous, OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-mala mujer, mucha
shiny green on upper surface and paler beneath. gente, roseta (Dominican Republic) ; hueso de
Male and female flowers are borne on differ- costa, pega-pega (Cuba) ; attrape-sot (Guade-
ent trees (dioecious), on slender stalks %-%@ loupe) ;cockspur (St. Eustatius).
inch long, 4-8 a t base of a leaf in a cluster (um- BOTANICALs~NoNYM.-M2/roxybn buxifo-
bel) less than v2 inch across. The calyx con- lium (A. Gray) Krug & Urban.
533. Roseta
. Xytosma buzijolium A. Gray
Twig with female flowers (above), branched spine from trunk (lower right), natural size.

593
- - -

FLACOURTIA FAMILY (FLACOURTIACEAE)

534. Xyloerna pachyphyllum (Krug & Urban) Urban

This uncommon shrub or small tree known light green. There are few fine, long curved
only from western high mountains of Puerto veins parallel with lower edges.
Rico is identified by : (1)much-branched spines Flowers several, crowded a t base of leaf from
Y2-1 inch long, dark brown but red when greenish buds less than I/lc inch long, not yet
young, in scattered clusters on trunk and described. In this genus the small flowers are
branches ; (2) elliptic leaves l Y 2 S inches long male and female on different trees (dioecious),
and 1-2 inches broad, thick and leathery, without petals, with many stamens. The 4-5
toothed in upper half toward the blunt apex, broad hairy sepals l/lo inch long and short style
and short-pointed a t base; and (3) rounded with 3 short divided stigmas remain on fruit,
bright red berries s/la inch in diameter, single The berries a r e borne singly a t leaf bases on
on short stalks a t leaf bases. slender green stalks K6-l/s inch long. Seeds
An evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet few, 1/1, inch long. Flowering intermittently,
high and 5 inches in trunk diameter. The bark collected with fruits in July and December.
.
is smoothish with warta (lenticels) Inner bark The sapwood is hard and whitish.
Uncommon and local in serpentine forest a t
is pink and slightly bitter. Twigs are light
brown and slender, hairless. 2,0004,000 feet altitude in western high moun-
The alternate hairless leaves have short pet- tains of Puerto Rico.
PUBLIC FO~~s~.-Maricao.
ioles less than Ys inch long. Blades have edges RANGE.-K~ow~only from Puerto Rico.
turned under slightly, with inconspicuous wavy BOTANICALSYN O N Y M . - ~ ~ T O X ~ ~ O ? &
pachy-
teeth in upper half, the upper surface dark phyllum Krug & Urban. The descriptive sci-
green and slightly shiny, and the lower surface entific name means thick leaf.
534. Xylosma pachyphyllum (Krug & Urban) Urban
Twigs with fruits (left and upper right), twig with flower buds (center right), and twig with old female flowers
(lower right), natural size.
- - .- - -

FLACOURTIA FAMILY (FLACOURTIACEAE)

Xylosma schaeflerioides A. Gray

The shrub or small tree found in Maricao less than y8 inch long. Female flowers have
Forest is identified by: (1) small obovate or pistil with 1-celled ovary, very short style, and
oblanceolate leaves %,-1y8 inches long and broad stigma. The berries have sepals at base
X-y2 inch wide, slightly thickened, rounded or and stigmas a t apex.
blunt a t apex, often finely wavy toothed on Rare and local in serpentine forest a t 2,000-
edges ; (2) small yellow flowers v8 inch across,
clustered a t leaf bases; and (3) round scarlet
2,500 feet altitude in western high mountains
of Puerto Rico.
berries 3/1,, inch in diameter. PUBLIC FOREST.-Marimo.
An evergreen shrub or small tree 10-13 feet RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and
high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, elsewhere Puerto Rico.
recorded to 25 feet. Leaves alternate, with OTHER COMMON NAMES.-hueso de tortuga
petioles less than v8 inch long. Blades have (Cuba) ;white logwood (Jamaica).
short-pointed base and long fine side veins BOTANICAL S Y N O N Y M . - ~ T O X ~ ~ schaefer-
O~
nearly parallel to edges. ioides (A. Gray) Krug & Urban.
Flowers male and female on different plants This species of the other Greater Antilles was
(dioecious), several at leaf bases spreading on not listed by Britton and Wilson (10) and was
equal stalks about j/s inch long. The 4-5 yellow not collected by the authors. I t was found in
sepals are less than inch long, and there Puerto Rico by Alain Liogier in 1963.
is no corolla. Male flowers have 10-20 stamens
635. Xylosma echaeflerioidee A. Gray
Twig with male flowers (upper left), twig with immature fruits (upper right), and twig with female flowers
(below), natural size.
FLACOURTIA FAMILY (FLACOURTIACEAE)
536. Palo de candela Xylosmcr ech~oaneckecrnum(Krug & Urban) Urban

This rare vinelike shrub or small tree is finely toothed sepals Yu inch long; no corolla;
known only from mountain forests of eastern 40-70 stamens less than yu inch long in male
Puerto Rico. It is characterized by: (1) ovate flowers, fewer in bisexual flowers; and pistil
leaves 24% inches long and 1%-2 inches wide, r/, inch long with 1-celled ovary and short,
thick and leathery, long-pointed a t apex and thick, much divided, spreading styles. The
with small teeth along edges, and with promi- berries clustered a t leaf bases have sepals and
nent network of small veins, the very young styles persistent. Flowering and fruiting in-
leaves reddish ; (2) flowers small, white, about termittently.
3/1 a inch across, few clustered a t leaf bases ;and Rare in lower and upper Luquillo and Cordil-
(3) red egg-shaped berries lA-D/,, inch long lera forests a t 1,5005,000 feet altitude in east-
a t leaf bases. ern mountains of Puerto Rico.
An evergreen vinelike shrub or small tree PUBLICF O R E S T S . - ~ ~ ~ Luquillo.
~~~,
16-25 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, RANGE.-Known only from eastern Puerto
with slender wandlike branches. The slender Rico.
brown twigs are finely hairy when young, with OTHERCOMMON NAME.-pa10 colorado (Pu-
raised dots (lenticels).
The alternate leaves have petioles 4/8 inch
erto Rico) .
BOTANICALS Y N O N Y M . - M ~ ~ O X schwa-
~~O~
long. Blades are hairless or nearly so, rounded 2teckeanum Krug & Urban.
or slightly notched a t base, the upper surface This species honors its discoverer, Carl
shiny dark green with sides curved up from Schwanecke (1821-1916), German horticul-
sunken midvein, the lower surface green and turist, who was in Puerto Rico, Vieques, and
slightly shiny. St. Thomas from 1847 to 1850. His collections,
Flowers are male, female, and bisexual on some from Luquillo Mountains, contained fungi,
the same plant (polygamous), on short stalks mosses, and liverworts as well as seed plants.
'/s-x inch long. There are 4-5 white rounded

PAPAYA FAMILY (CARICACEAE*)

Trees or shrubs generally small and un- times large, few to many in clusters, composed
branched, sometimes large and branched, of 5 small sepals, corolla with narrow tube and
known by: (1) mostly aromatic trees with 5 lobes, 10 or 5 stamen8 inserted in tube, and
trunk often unbranched and stout, with milky pistil composed of superior 1-celled ovary with
sap in all parts and very soft lightweight wood; 5 parietal placentas with many ovules and 5
(2) leaves alternate with long petiole, simple, styles or stigmas; and (4) fruit a large elliptic
large and palmately lobed or digitate, without berry like a melon with many rounded seeds
stipules; (3) flowers male and female on the with juicy covering. Vol. 1,p. 374.
same plant (monoecious) or different plants One species: 174. Lechosa, papaya, Cam'ca
(dioecious) or bisexual, regular, white, some- papa21aL.*

CACTUS FAMILY (CACTACEAE)

Succulent spiny planta of dry areas (xero- large, bisexual, generally regular, slightly
phytes), including herbs, shrubs, few small fleshy, with tube (hypanthium) above inferior
trees, epiphytes, and vines, known by: (1) ovary, many colored sepals and petals and
succulent spiny plants, herbaceous or woody, intermediates, and very many stamens inserted
with enlarged cylindric or flattened stems often in tube, the petals generally yellow, white, or
jointed, with many clustered spines and hairs pink, and pistil with inferior 1-celled ovary
spreading from a center; (2) leaves reduced to with 3 to many parietal placentas and many
scales or none or rarely alternate, simple, ovules, style, and 2 to many stigmas; and (4)
flattened, and succulent (Pereskiu, Pereskiop- fruit a spiny berry often juicy and edible, with
sis) ; (3) flowers generally solitary, stalkless, many black seeds. Also vol. 1, p. 376.
Twig with mnle flowers (left), fruits (upper right), and twig with female flowers (lower right), natural size.
CACTUS FAMILY (CACTACEAE)
Key to species
A. Stems of many oblong flattened fleshy spiny pads or joints-Op~cntia,
B. Flowers ?4 inch across the spreading- petals-176. Tuna de petate, pricklypear, Opuntiu rtcbescens Salm-
-

Dyck.
BB. Flowers about 1 inch across the spreading petals-639. Optcntia tttoniliforntis.
AA. Stems cylindric, with longitudinal ridges and grooves.
C. Stems and branches with mostly 6 longitudinal ridges; flowers 8 inches or more in length, white-537.
Cereus hexagotuis.*
CC. Stems and branches with 7-12 longitudinal ridges.
D. Stems mostly 1 trunk with several branches having 7-11 longitudinal ridges, with tufts of whitish
hairs near apex; flowers 2 inches long, greenish, whitish, or purplish tinged; berries rounded but
flattened. to 2 inches wide, red, spineless-175. Sebudn, dildo, Cephalocerms royenii (L.) Britton
& Rose.
DD. Stems several nearl erect from base and mostly unbranched, with 9-12 longitudinal ridges, without
tufts of whitish iairs; flowers 4-5 inches long, whitish and pinkish; berries round, about 1%
inches wide, red, spiny-538. Len~aireocereicslrystrix.

537. Cacto columnar Cereus hexagonus ( L. ) Mill."

This tall columnar cactus is sometimes many threadlike white stamens, and pistil with
planted as an ornamental around houses, in cylindric inferior ovary 1 inch long, very long
hedges, and in parks. It becomes 20-30 feet slender style, and many narrow stigmas; and
in height, with trunk to 1foot in diameter and (3) cylindric pale red berry about 4 inches
few erect stout jointed branches. Distingr~ish- long, containing white or pinkish edible pulp
ing characteristics are: (1) stout gray-green and many minute black seeds.
branches 6-6 inches or more in diameter with RANGE.-Native of Trinidad and Tobago and
usually 6 sharp angles and narrow ribs bearing northern South America from Venezuela to
clusters of several spreading brown spines 1,4-2 Surinam. Introduced in Puerto Rico and the
inches long in tufts of short gray hairs; (2) Virgin Islands and elsewhere through the West
several to many large white night-blooming Indies and south to Brazil.
flowers borne singly and stalkless along OTHER COMMON NAMES.--cayuco (Domini-
branches, 8-10 inches long, composed of slender can Republic) ; cacto columnar (Cuba) ; reina
tube (hypanthium) of 4 inches bearing many de la noche (Venezuela) ;dama di anochi, lady-
narrow purplish green fleshy sepals and many of-the-night (Dutch Antilles).
narrow white petals 2%-3 inches long, very

538. Dildo espaiiol, Spanish dildo Lemnireocereus hyetrb (Haw. ) Britton & Rose
Dildo espaiiol or Spanish dildo is one of the plants usually lack the single trunk and the
organpipe cacti, so named from the resem- crown of branches of trees but sometimes form
blance of the clustered nearly erect, mostly un- a short trunk 1 foot high before branching.
branched, columnar stems to a pipe organ. The stems, unjointed or with 1-3 constrictions,
Found in southwestern Puerto Rico and small have 9-12 longitudinal ridges or ribs separated
dry islands, this treelike cactus is characterized by grooves 1/2-3/$ inch deep. The surface is
by : (1) several thick, gray-green cylindric smooth and gray green but becomes gray brown
stems or trunks unbranched from the base or a t base of older stems. The cut cross section
with few branches mostly 4-6 inches in di- consists of a dark green outer layer about
ameter, composed of 9-12 longitudinal ridges 1/R inch wide bordering the yellow-green or
or ribs and grooves; (2) leaves absent but yellowish tissue, which is soft, watery, and
replaced by spreading slender sharp gray bitter. Within is a ring of light brown hard
spines 1/2-1v2inches long: in clusters on ridges; wood about 2 inches in diameter and %-%
(3) large funnel-shaped reddish flowers 4-6 inch thick, and a large soft central pith. The
inches long borne singly near ends of branches, rounded growing point a t apex of the stems
with many spreading whitish and pinkish petals is covered by minute whitish hairs. At intervals
above the rounded spiny green ovary; and (4) of about yh inch along the ridges are raised
fruit a round spiny red berry about 1%inches points (areoles) bearing clusters of about 10
in diameter, juicy and edible. spreading gray spines.
Evergreen shrubby or treelike cactus mostly Flower buds develop on ridges, 1-3 near
without a single trunk but with several nearly apex of stem. The flower is composed of
erect stout stems 10-16 feet high, sometimes to
25 feet, slightly spreading and curved up from
rounded inferior ovary about v2
inch in di-
ameter, with scales and short spines; funnel-
base, often clustered and in colonies. These shaped tube 2-2v2 inches long, purplish to dark
538. Dildo espaiiol, Spanish dildo Lemaireocereus h ~ s t 7 i x(Haw.) Britton & Rose
Fruit (lower left) and branch with flower (right), natural size.
CACTUS FAMILY (CACTACEAE)
green ; sepals many, fleshy, greenish ; petals including Mona, Desecheo, Muertos, and Cayo
whitish and pinkish, about 1/; inch long; very Norte of Culebra.
many white stamens; and pistil with slender PUBLIC~o~~sT.-Guirnica.
white style. The fruits have reddish pulp and R A N G E . - ~ u ~ ~Jamaica,
, Hispaniola, and
break open irregularly to release many black Puerto Rico, also Mona, Desecheo, Muertos,
seeds. Flowering in spring and summer and and Cayo Norte of Culebra.
maturing fruits in summer. OTHER COMMON NAMES.--cayuco (Domini-
Plants have been grown elsewhere as fences can Republic) ; card6n (Cuba) ; dildo, Spanish
and hedges. dildo (Jamaica) ;catastres (Haiti).
Locally common on dry limestone and coastal BOTANICALSYNONYM. - Cerem Itwtrix
hills from sea level to 300 feet altitude in (Haw). Salm-Dyck.
southwestern Puerto Rico and small islands,

539. Tuna Opuntia moniliformis (L.) Haw.

This tree cactus of the group known as ters of spreading slender sharp gray spines
pricklypears or tunas is native of southwestern mostly 1%-3/!1. inch long (sometimes a few to
Puerto Rico and the small islands Desecheo 2y2 inches or more). Upon death, the soft
and Mona and westward in Hispaniola. It is succulent pads weather to reveal a skeleton
recognized by: (1) the single erect round spiny or network of light brown woody strands.
trunk on large plants; (2) many oblong Flowers are borne singly, stalkless and mostly
flattened spiny gray-green fleshy pads or joints erect on edges of pads. The narrowly cylindric
vertically oriented; (3) leaves minute and re- green spiny inferior ovary 11/ inches high and
placed by many clusters of sharp slender gray inch in diameter is fles%y, I-celled, and
spines; (4) flowers few, mostly erect on edges contains many ovules. It bears the other parts,
of pads, 1y2-1Ykinches long, with many petals many fleshy sepals, many petals about y2 inch
orange red or sometimes yellow on narrow long and spreading 1inch across, mostly orange
cylindric spiny green ovary; and (6) cylindric red or sometimes yellow, very many stamens
or pear-shaped spiny green to red berry fruit shorter than the petals, and a fleshy style with
about 2% inches long. several spreading stigmas.
Evergreen cactus, shrubby or becoming a Green immature fruits 2 inches long and
small tree 15-20 feet high with single erect 1% inches in diameter often proliferate, pro-
trunk, not jointed, 3-6 inches, sometimes 10 . ducing a few smaller fruits end to end. These
,

inches, in diameter and several spreading vegetatively-formed fruits, also small pads,
branches composed of oblong gray-green spiny break off easily, fall to the ground, and develop
pads. Trunks smoothish gray, covered with roots to produce new plants. Mature fruits are
spines, but in age the surface and spines shed- reddish, many-seeded, juicy, and edible. Flow-
ding and replaced by a thin layer of brown ering and fruiting intermittently, generally
bark. The cut cross section consists of a very bearing flowers in spring and fruits in late
thin light green layer about 1/92 inch thick, a summer.
soft almost tasteless yellowish tissue about l/s Rare on rocky hillsides in dry forests in
inch thick, and a yellowish hard woody cylinder southwestern Puerto Rico and west on the small
l/s-1/12 inch thick with large oblong vertical islands Desecheo and Mona, from sea level to
holes, and central pith. 600 feet altitude.
The large oblong leaflike pads or joints are RANGE.-Known only from Hispaniola,
6-12 inches long, 3-4 inches high, and %-y8 Puerto Rico, Desecheo, and Mona.
inch thick, spreading horizontally or slightly OTHER COMMON N ~ ~ ~ s . - - a l p a r g a(Domin-
ta
curved upward, with the edge vertical. From ican Republic) ; patte tortue, raguette espag-
many raised points (areoles) about Y8-y2inch nole (Haiti).
apart and corresponding to nodes are borne BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-CO~SO~~U mmili-
singly the minute awl-shaped green fleshy fomtis (L.) Britton.
leaves, which shed early, and afterwards clus-
539. Tuna Opuntia nwailiformia (L.) Haw.
Branch with fruits and flower (above), natural size.
 MEZEREON FAMILY (THYMELAEACEAE)
Shrubs, woody vines, and mostly small trees, panthium) and calyx narrowly tubular with
rarely herbs and large trees, known by: (1) 4-6 lobes, colored, usually without corolla,
opposite or alternate simple leaves, evergreen minute stamens double or equal to the number
or deciduous, entire, without stipules; (2) of lobes and inserted in tube, and pistil with
small flowers in clusters (heads, umbels, or superior l-celled ovary and 1 ovule and short
racemes), male and female on different plants style; and (3) fruit a drupe or nut with 1seed.
(dioecious) or bisexual, regular, the base (hy- Also vol. 1,p. 380.
Key to species
A. Leaves appearing opposite or in clusters of 3 or 4 (whorled) ; leathery and slightly fleshy-177. Majaya
bmva, Daphnopsis philippiana Kru & Urban.
AA. Leaves alternate, thin or slightly thicfened.
B. Leaves hairless, ending in long blunt point-540. Daphnopms anrericana.
BB. Leaves golden hairy beneath when young, abruptly short-pointed to blunt at apex--541. Daphnopsis hel-
lerana.

540. Majagua de eierra, maho Daphnopsis americana (Mill. ) J. R. Johnet.*

This small tree is characterized by: (1) Elsewhere the fibrous bark has been used
yellow-green lanceolate elliptic hairless leaves for rope and bridles.
mostly 2%-6 inches long and 1-2% inches Uncommon in moist limestone, coastal, lower
wide, long-pointed a t both ends; (2) white or Cordillera, and Luquillo forests at 1004,000
greenish white flowers about 9/1, inch long, feet altitude, especially on southerly slopes,
several nearly stalkless in heads in terminal widespread in interior of Puerto Rico. Also
branched clusters, male and female on different Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, and
trees (dioecious) ;and (3) elliptic white berries Jost Van Dyke.
inch long. PUBLICFORESTS AND PARK.-Cambala~he,
Small evergreen tree to 26 feet high and Guajataca, Gutinica, Luquillo, Maricao, Rio
6 inches in trunk diameter, recorded to 50 feet Abajo, Suslia, Vega; Virgin Islands.
high elsewhere. The bark is gray brown and RANCE.-T~~S variable species containing
smooth, fibrous. The slender twigs are light several varieties or subspecies is found through
brown and finely hairy when young, becoming the Greater and Lesser Antilles and from Mex-
dark brown with many whitish dots (lenticels). ico through Central America to Venezuela and
The alternate leaves have slender yellowish Ecuador.
petioles %-% inch long. The blades are thin OTHERCOMMON NAMES.--emajagua de sierra
or slightly thickened, ending in a long blunt (Puerto Rico) ;maho (St. Thomas) ; guacacoa,
point a t apex, the margins with a yellow border, guacacoa baria (Cuba) ; cuco, manca de torro
the upper surface yellow green and slightly (Mexico) ; coralillo blanco, camamin, mecabal,
shiny, with yellowish midrib, and the lower chilamatillo, capulincito, llovizna, chacachtic
surface dull light green. (Guatemala) ; mancuno, mancume, pellejo de
The flower clusters (headlike in panicles) vieja (Nicaragua) ; mastate (Costa Rica) ;
are terminal, 1-2 inches long and broad, with barbasquillo, pela manos (Colombia) ; sabanero
short, finely hairy 2-forked branches ending in (Venezuela) ; mahout pimente (Dominica) ;
heads of several nearly stalkless hairy flowers. mahoe pimente (St. Vincent) ; burn-nose (To-
Male flowers about 3/10 inch long, composed of bago) ; burn-nose tree (Jamaica) ; mahoe (St.
tubular hairy calyx about 3/1,, inch long with Martin) ; mahot-piment (Guadeloupe, Marti-
4 lobes; corolla a minute n n g ; 8 stamens on nique) ; mahout (Haiti) ; maho (Dutch An-
calyx, 4 on throat and 4 on lobes; and minute tilles).
sterile pistil. Female flowers slightly smaller, The variation in Puerto Rico and the Virgin
composed of tubular hairy calyx v8 inch long Islands has been designated as a subspecies
with 4 short lobes; 8 sterile stamens; and pistil (subsp. caribaea (Griseb.) Nevling, D. caribaea
with conical ovary and short style. Fruit 1- Griseb.), which occurs also through the Lesser
seeded. Flowering and fruiting from spring Antilles and from Nicaragua to Venezuela.
through fall.
540. M a j a m de sierra, rnaho Daphnopsis americana (Mill.) J. R. Johnet.
Flowering twig (lower left) and fruiting twig showing fibrous bark, two-thirds nntural size.
MEZEREON FAMILY (THYMELAEACEAE)

Daphnopsis hellerana Urban

This rare shrub or small tree known only narrow greenish-white lobes; 4 minute scale-
from summits of limestone hills in northern like petals; 8 stamens inserted below mouth of
Puerto Rico is characterized by: (1) twigs tube; and sterile pistil. Female flowers smaller,
flexible and branching into 2 equal forks, golden composed of bell-shaped calyx less than v4 inch
hairy when young; (2) elliptic, oblong, or long, golden hairy on outside and hairless
obovate leaves l%-6 inches long and %-2.y/!1. within, with 4 unequal spreading lobes; 4
inches wide, the lower surface golden hairy minute scalelike petals; 8 sterile stamens or
when young ; (3) small golden hairy pale yellow none; and pistil with conical 1-celled ovary
or whitish flowers about 3/8 ihch long, 3-5 a t bearing 1ovule and short style. The fleshy fruits
end of very young twig, male and female on are 1-seeded. Flowering intermittently, col-
different trees (dioecious) ; and (4) elliptic lected with flowers from February to April.
white berries v8-li/H inch long and s/n inch in The wood i s white and soft.
diameter. Rare on or near summits of limestone hills
An evergreen shrub or small tree becoming or mogotes a t 8 0 4 0 0 feet altitude in moist
15-20 feet high and 2 inches in trunk diameter, limestone forest of northern Puerto Rico. Col-
slender with few branches dividing into 2 equal lected west of Bayambn, south of Dorado, and
forks. Bark gray, finely fissured, slightly thick west to Guajataca Gorge near Quebradillas.
and fibrous. Twigs stout, flexible, golden hairy RANGE.-Known only from northern Puerto
when young but becoming nearly hairless. Rico.
Leaves alternate, few clustered a t end of Amos Arthur Heller (1867-1944), botanist
twig, with short petiole %-l/e inch long. Blades of the United States, discovered this rare spe-
abruptly short-pointed to blunt a t apex, short- cies near Bayam6n in northeastern Puerto Rico
pointed a t base, not toothed on edges, thin or in 1900. I t was not collected again until redis-
slightly thickened, light green, the hairless covered in 1958, as reported by Nevling and
upper surface sometimes drying to reddish Woodbury (63).
brown, the paler lower surface golden hairy but Because of its rare and local occurrence, this
becoming almost hairless, the side veins curved species is classed a s endangered. The plants
and prominent beneath. bear fruits, which produce seedlings in nature.
Flower clusters (like umbels) terminal on Some limestone hills are being leveled for build-
very young twigs, golden hairy, with 3-5 ing materials, while the natural vegetation of
flowers on stalks less than soinch long. Male others is being destroyed or disturbed. Rep-
flowers about 3/8 inch long, composed of tubular resentative mogotes with their distinctive flora
calyx golden hairy on outside and reddish and should be preserved.
hairless within, with 4 spreading unequal
 D~phnopsishellerawa Urban
Natural size.

607
 LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY (LYTHRACEAE)

Herbs, shrubs, and few tropical trees, known 4, 6, or 8 sepals and 4, 6, or 8 colored wrinkled
by: (1) leaves generally opposite or whorled, petals with very narrow base, stamens double
simple, mostly entire, without stipules or these or equal to the petals and inserted within the
minute; (2) flowers usually in branched clus- tube, and pistil with superior =-celled ovary
ters (cymes and panicles), bisexual, generally generally with many ovules and style ; and (4)
regular, with tubular or cuplike base (hy- fruit a capsule with many seeds. Also vol. 1,
panthium) that bears on the border generally p. 382.
Key to species
A. Twigs sharply 4-angled with 4 or fewer short spines a t nodes; flowers with 4 white petals about 45 inch across;
seed capsules 36 inch wide--542. Ginoria rohrii.
AA. Twigs not spiny (sometimes ending in spines in No. 544).
I?. [Link], % inch across the 4 mostly whitish petals; seed capsules W inch wide-544. Lawsoniu
inermzs.*
RB. Flowers large and showy, with 6 stalked mostly pink or purple petals.
C. Leaves 1-2 inches long; flowers 1% inches across; seed capsules about 45 inch wide-543. Lager-
stroemia indica.*
CC. Leaves 6-12 inches Ion flowers 2-245 inches across; seed capsules %-I% inches wide-178. Reina
de Ias flores, queen*!-ko~rers, Lagerstroenia speciosa (L.) Pers.*

542. Rosa de ciknega Ginoria rohrii (Vahl) Koehne

This shrub or small tree of coastal thickets stamens to :% inch long; and pistil Y2 inch long
is easily recognized by: (1) the young twigs of rounded 3-celled ovary with numerous
4-angled and bearing 4 or fewer short sharp ovules, slender style, and dot stigma. The seed
spines less than l/s inch long; (2) opposite or capsules split into 3 parts and contain numerous
whorled elliptic leaves 1 g - 4 inches long and minute seeds. With flowers and fruits inter-
1-2% inches wide, almost stalkless; (3) small mittently through the year.
flowers with 4 white petals about 1h inch across, The showy white blossoms have served as
on slender stalks a t leaf bases; and (4) fruit cut flowers.
a rounded capsule about inch long. Uncommon in thickets, especially along east-
Shrub or small tree to 20 feet high and ern and southern coasts of Puerto Rico to 100
4 inches in trunk diameter, with erect branches. feet altitude. Sometimes within salt zone along
Twigs light brown to light gray, hairless, with sandy coasts. Also Vieques, St. Croix, St.
stipules a t nodes represented by 4 spines in Thomas, St. John, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda.
pairs, which extend down twig as 4 wings. PUBLIC FOREST AND PARK.-Aguirre ; Virgin
Leaves paired or in 3's, with short petioles Islands. Reported from Guinica area.
less than v8inch long. Blades are elliptic, short- RANGE.-Hispaniola (very rare) and Puerto
pointed at both ends, with border not toothed, Rico and Virgin Islands. Recorded also from
hairless, thin to slightly thickened, with many St. Vincent.
parallel lateral veins, the upper surface shiny OTHER COMMON N~M~~.-ucarillo, cereza,
green, and the lower surface shiny light green. serrazuela (Puerto Rico) ;sugar-ant (Tortola).
Several flowers are borne in clusters (um- This species was named in 1792 for its dis-
bels) or sometimes singly on slender stalks coverer, Julius Philipp Benjamin von Rohr
mostly %-Y2 inch long a t leaf bases or when (1737-1793), Danish surveyor and lieutenant
leafless. The flower is composed of calyx less in St. Croix for many years. He collected plant
than 1/$ inch long deeply 4-lobed; corolla of 4 specimens also in Puerto Rico and northern
white petals %-%# inch Tong, elliptic and nar- South America.
rowed into stalk a t base; about 20 threadlike
542. Rosa de ci6nega Cinoria rohrii (Vahl) Koehne
Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size.

609
LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY (LYTHRACEAE)

543. Aetromelia, crapemyrtle Lageratroemia indica L.*

Crapemyrtle resembles its close relative, inch broad, green and reddish tinged, which
reina de las flores or queen-of-flowers, No. 178, bears 6 spreading pointed reddish-tinged sepals
Lagerstroemh speciosa (L.) Pers.,* which has Tio inch long and 6 rounded crapelike petals,
larger size, leaves, and flowers. This planted much crinkled and fringed, y8 inch long and
handsome ornamental shrub or small tree is broad on a slender stalk half as long, usually
recognized by : (1) mostly paired, nearly stalk- pink but varying from white to red and purple.
less, small elliptic leaves 1-2 inches long on Stamens of 2 sizes, 5 outer large colored more
twigs slightly 4-winged; (2) terminal clusters than 1h inch long and many j/e inch long with
of many showy flowers ll/a-ly2 inches across yellow anthers. Pistil composed of round ovary
the 6 rounded crinkled and wavy-margined
spreading stalked petals, commonly pink but
less than v8 inch broad, 6-celled with many
ovules, curved slender colored style l,4 inch
varying from white to red and purple; and long, and dotlike stigma. Seed capsules hrown,
(3) rounded seed capsules nearly inch long, containing many small winged seeds. Flower-
splitting into 6 parts. ing and fruiting from late spring to late fall.
This cultivated ornamental shrub or small Common as a n ornamental in Puerto Rico
tree is evergreen in tropical climates and de- and Virgin Islands but only in cultivation.
ciduous in warm temperate regions. It becomes Easily propagated by cuttings. The foliage is
20 feet high with a rounded spreading crown attacked by a n introduced aphid (MelanocaUis) .
but begins flowering as a shrub. Usually there Crapemyrtle is a popular ornamental, much
are several slightly angled trunks to 4 inches planted in tropical and warm temperate re-
in diameter, with smoothish flaking mottled gions. From southeastern United States west
gray bark. Twigs are long and slender, zeddish to the Pacific Coast, i t is grown widely around
brown, slightly &winged, hairless or nearly so. houses for its abundant summer flowers from
Buds 4/8 inch long, narrow and pointed, reddish July to September. Hardy north to Washing-
brown, covered by 2 hairy-margined scales. ton, D. C., and Baltimore. Propagated--
by
Leaves opposite or paired or the uppel: ones cuttings.
alternate, appearing in 2 rows from bending of RANGE.-Native of China and adjacent south-
the short petioles '/lo inch long, with 2 minute east Asia. Widely planted in tropical and warm
stipules. Leaf blades elliptic, 1-2 inches long temperate regions.
and v2-V8 inch wide, rounded a t base and
blunt-pointed a t apex, not toothed on edges,
OTHER COMMON NAMES.--Str~melia, astro-
mero (Puerto Rico) ; jlipiter, astromelia
thin, dull green above and paler beneath. (Spanish) ; almira, astromera (Dominican
Flower clusters (panicles) a t ends of slender Republic) ;astron6mica (Mexico) ;crapemyrtle
twigs, 2y2-6 inches long, bearing many showy (English) ; common crapemyrtle (United
odorless flowers on short stalks. Flower buds States) ; stragornia (Haiti) ; queen-of-crib-
are rounded, l/a inch wide, shiny green and flower, queen-of-the-garden, queen-of-flowers
reddish tinged. The flower has a half-round (Dutch Antilles) ; hrvore de natal, minerva,
basal cup (hypanthium) j/e inch long and Vi extremosa, escumilha, norma (Brazil).
543. Astromelia, crapemyrtle Lagerstroemia irldica L . O
Flowering twig (center), fruits (upper right), two-thirds natural size.

611
 LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY (LYTHRACEAE)

544. ReeedB, henna

Resedir or henna is widely planted for orna- seed capsule has sepals at base. Seeds many,
ment and spreads from cultivation. This shrub '/lainch long and broad, angled, reddish brown.
or sometimes a small tree is identified by: (1) Flowering and fruiting through the year.
opposite elliptic or lance-shaped leaves :%,-2 The reddish and yellowish dye henna, used
inches long and l/s-v4 inch wide; (2) small for hair, is obtained from the leaves. Else-
excessively fragrant flowers v8 inch across the where, the roots, leaves, and flowers have served
4 white (sometimes pink or red) petals, many in home remedies. The drug lawsome is pro-
in terminal branched clusters; and (3) many duced from this species.
round brown seed capsules l/a inch long, open- This variable species is widely planted for
ing irregularly. ornament in Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands and
An evergreen shrub or sometimes a small is spreading. Hardy in dry areas. Also in
tree to 18 feet high and 4 inches in trunk Florida and southern California.
diameter, much branched, hairless throughout. R ~ ~ c ~ , - N a t i vprobably
e of northern and
The slender twigs often end in spines. eastern Africa, western and southern Asia, and
The opposite leaves have short petioles Australia. Widely cultivated and naturalized
inch long, blades are short-pointed a t in West Indies and elsewhere in the tropics.
both ends, not toothed on edges, thin, dark OTHER COMMON NAMES.-resedh (Spanish) ;
green. resedB francesa (Cuba) ; amor fino (Peru) ;
- Flower clusters (panicles) are 4-8 inches or henna, mignonette-tree (English, United
more in length, much branched. Flowers on States) ; mignonette, Egyptian-privet (West
slender stalks 1/8 inch long, composed of 4- Indies) ; rds6da (French) ; miminet, reseda,
angled cup-shaped base (hypanthium) less than hen a (Dutch Antilles) ; copaie (Dominica).
'/s inch long and broad, bearing 4 pointed sepals ~ a generic
e name honors John Lawson,
4/8 inch long, 4 rounded wavy-edged wrinkled surveyor-general of North Carolina, who in
petals %a inch long; and usually 8 spreading 1709 wrote a n account of his travels and who
stamens %a inch long. The pistil l/s inch long was burned by the Indians in 1712. Though
consists of a round -celled ovary with many the specific name means spineless, the plants
ovules and long slender style. The thin-walled sometimes are spiny.
544. Resedi. henna Lawsonia inerntia L.*
Natural size.

613
 POMEGRANATE FAMILY (PUNICACEAE*)
Shrubs or small trees, known by: (1) leaves stalked, many threadlike stamens inserted
mostly opposite, simple, entire, without stip- within tube, and pistil with inferior 3-7-celled
ules; (2) large showy flowers solitary or ovary with cells in 2 series, many ovules, long
clustered (like cymes), bisexual, regular, com- style, and slightly enlarged stigma ; and (3)
posed of long bell-shaped tubular leathery base fruit a round berry (pomegranate) with calyx
(hypanthium) , calyx of 6-7 thick pointed a t apex, several-celled, containing many angled
sepals, corolla of 5-7 petals rounded and short- seeds with watery sour edible pulp.

545. Granada, pomegranate Punica granaturn L*

Granada, or pomegranate, a shrub planted separated by membranous walls. Seeds many,
for its edible fruit and for ornament, sometimes angled, about inch or more across, with
becomes a small tree. It is recognized by : (1) watery sour edible pulp.
small leaves mostly opposite and crowded on A refreshing drink is made from the edible
short twigs, shiny, oblong, leathery; (2) large fruits. The root bark, twigs, and fruit rind
showy flowers mostly scarlet red, 1 -
1 sinches have served in home remedies. The fruit rind
across the 5-7 rounded spreading petals; and has been used also for tanning and preparing
(3) the familiar round fruit about 21h-4 inches a black ink. A honey plant.
in diameter, brownish yellow to red, containing Planted for fruits and ornament in Puerto
many seeds surrounded by edible reddish or Rico and the Virgin Islands and spreading.
pink juicy pulp. Propagated by cuttings. Many horticultural
A deciduous shrub to 10 feet high or some- varieties have been developed for different pur-
times a small tree to 20 feet high, with several poses. Cultivated also across southern United
trunks to 3 inches in diameter. Twigs slender, States commonly in double-flowered horticul-
often ending in spines. tural forms not bearing fruit, and hardy north
The leaves are opposite or crowded, short- to Washington, D. C., and Baltimore. Trimmed
stalked, oblong or lance-shaped, 1-2Y2 inches as a hedge in California and recorded as na-
or more in lentgh and 3/8-y' inch wide, short- turalized in Florida. Dwarf small-flowered
pointed or blunt a t both ends or often with forms are grown in gardens and in greenhouses
minute point a t apex, not toothed on edges, northward,
hairless, thick and leathery, shiny green with The bark of trunk and root formerly was
reddish veins. official in medicine under the name granatum
Flowers 1-5 clustered on short twig a t leaf (pomegranate bark). The drug pelletierine
base, short-stalked. The bell-shaped tubular tannate is obtained from the bark.
leatherx base (hypanthium) encloses the PUBLIC FORESTS.-Guhnica, Susda.
rounded inferior ovary y2 inch in diameter and RANGE.-Native of southern Asia from the
extends x-a/8 inch beyond, bearing the other eastern Mediterranean to Hihalayas. Long
parts. The calyx is composed of 6-7 thick cultivated and naturalized in the Mediterranean
pointed red sepals a/R inch long; the 5-7 petals, region. Widely planted and naturalized through
mostly 7, are about 1 inch long, rounded and the tropics and subtropics. Hardy in dry cli-
short-stalked, red, yellow, or white, wrinkled; mates.
stamens many, threadlike, inserted within tube OTHER COMMON ~ A ~ ~ s . - g r a n a d agranado,
,
and spreading. The pistil has inferior 3-7-celled granadero (Puerto Rico, Spanish) ; pomegran-
ovary with cells in 2 series, with many ovules, ate (Virgin Islands, continental United States,
long style, and slightly enlarged stigma. It is English) ; grenade (French) ; pomegranate,
reported that some flowers are male with non- granaatappel, granatapel (Dutch Antilles).
functional pistil. The scientific name is from the Latin word
The granada or pomegranate fruit is a berry, for Carthage, meaning the Punic apple and
with calyx and tubular base persistent a t apex, garnet or many-seeded.
with thick leathery skin, several-celled, the cells
545. Granada, pomegranate Punica granatum L.*
Flowering twig (left) and fruit (right), two-thirds natural size.
 BRAZILNUT FAMILY (LECYTHIDACEAE*)

Trees, often large to very large, and shrubs, many stamens generally united and with stami-
known by: (1) alternate simple leaves some- nodes from a disk in a ring and often oblique
times very large, generally entire, sometimes on a side or folded over, and pistil with in-
with glands on border, without stipules; (2) ferior or partially inferior 2-&celled ovary
flowers usually large and showy in clusters with 1to many ovules and style; and (3) fruit
(racemes and panicles), regular or irregular, hard and woody, often large and cuplike with
bisexual, the persistent calyx of 4-6 lobes, thick walls, opening with a lid, or a berry, with
corolla of 4-6 separate or united petals, very many seeds sometimes edible.
Key to species
A. Leaves large, obovate, thick, shiny dark green; flowers large, whitish with brushlike stamens; fruit large, 4-
sided-446. [Link].*
AA. Leaves narrowly elliptic, th~n,green; flowers large, pink red or orange red; fruit resembling cannonball-547.
Co~irotcpitagtiiat~ensis.*

546. Coco dc mar, barringtonia Barringtonia asiatica ( L . ) Kum*

Barringtonia, a rare introduced ornamental 1%inches long, which remain a t apex of fruit;
and shade tree, is easily recognized by: (1) the 4 whitish elliptic petals 2-3 inches long, slightly
large obovate shiny, dark green leaves clus- concave and thickened; very many stamens
tered a t ends of relatively few large stout 3V2-4 inches long, the threadlike filaments
branches; (2) very large whitish flowers about white and purplish tinged toward the brown
6 inches across the many spreading brushlike dotlike anthers, straight and spreading brush-
or threadlike stamens, opening singly in late like, slightly united a t base into a ring and
afternoon from clusters of large light green falling together the next morning; and pistil
buds a t the ends of slightly drooping branches; with inferior light green 4-sided, 4-celled ovary
and (3) the peculiar 4-sided dark brown fruit containing many minute ovules, stout straight
3-31h inches long and broad, slightly suggest- style 4 y 2 6 inches long, white but purplish
ing a small coconut. tinged toward the dotlike stigma.
Evergreen medium-sized planted tree becom- The hard heavy fruit has the 2 large brown
ing 30 feet high and 2 feet in trunk diameter sepals and base of style a t the blunt apex, 4
or larger, hairless throughout. The open ir- rounded sides bluntly 4-angled, and a very thick
regular broad crown has relatively few long corky fibrous husk. The large rounded brown
stout spreading and slightly drooping branches. seed about 2 inches in diameter germinates
The bark is gray and finely fissured. Inner bark within the fruit, which does not open. Flower-
is whitish beneath a reddish outer layer, fibrous ing and fruiting continuously.
and bitter. The very stout twigs are light green Where native, the trunks have been used to
when young, becoming gray, with large, slightly make canoes. The fruits are made into fishnet
rounded, raised leaf scars. The bud is formed floats. Bark, crushed fruits, and seeds have
by a folded light green very young leaf, without served as fish poison and in folk medicine.
scales or stipules. A rare odd ornamental, apparently of slow
The many large leaves are alternate, crowded, growth, introduced into Puerto Rico about 50
and stalkless, 12-18 inches long and 6-9 inches years ago and sparingly planted. Also Mona.
wide, thick and leathery, slightly notched at Planted also in Hawaii. In southern Florida
the rounded apex, broadest beyond middle, and the trees are killed back by freezing tempera-
gradually narrowed to the winged base, with tures.
straight edges. The upper surface is shiny dark This species grows naturally along seashores,
green and slightly curved up from the yellow- forming beach forests. Its waterproof corky
green midvein, with few side veins, and the fibrous fruit is adaped to transport by water,
lower surface is dull light green. somewhat like the coconut.
Flower clusters (like racemes) up to 1 foot R A N G E . - N ~ ~ ~ vof~ tropical shores and
long bear several light green elliptic buds to widely distributed from islands of South Pacific
ll/ir inches long, on long stout curved stalks Ocean and from Philippines to India. Occasion-
to 4 inches long. One Aower opens in late after- ally planted in botanical gardens through the
noon and sheds its petals and stamens the next tropics.
morning. The slightly fragrant flower is com- OTHER COMMON NAMES. - barringtonia,
posed of 2 elliptic concave light green sepals showy barringtonia (United States) ; bonete
Coco de mar, barringtonin Barringtonia miatica (L.) Kuna
Fruit, leaf, and flower, two-thirds natural size.
BRAZILNUT FAMILY (LECYTHIDACEAE*)
de arzobispo, birrete de obispo, coco de Cofreci, This genus and related trees of the Old World
pacana (Dominican Republic) ; sea putat, tropics have been placed also in a separate
butong (Asia) ;hutu (Tahiti). family, barringtonia family (Barringtonia-
BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Bal'rillgtoniu spe- ceae).
ciosa Forst.

547. Bala de caiihn, cannonball-tree Couroupitn guianensis Aubl."

A botanical curiosity represented only by a with lavender and yellow a t tip. Almost hidden
few planted trees, which are recognized by: underneath the disk is the pistil with its whitish
(1) strongly perfumed large pink-red or partly inferor rounded 6-celled ovary 8/s inch
orange-red flowers spreading 4-4y2 inches in diameter bearing a short stout style more
across the 6 large concave fleshy petals and than inch high. The petals and stamens
bearing many stamens on a fleshy white central soon fall, leaving pistil and calyx, which gen-
disk with top curved over itself; (2) brown erally are shed later also.
heavy round fruits 4-8 inches in diameter re- Usually a single cannonball develops on a
sembling cannonballs ; and (3) thin narrowly branch, maturing in about 9 months or longer.
elliptic leaves, short-pointed a t apex and The brown fruit (berry) is slightly scaly and
rounded a t base, with many parallel, slightly bears in the upper part the 6 sepals now widely
sunken lateral veins. separated. It does not split open but falls to
A large erect tree, deciduous or where native the ground and decays with strongly unpleas-
evergreen or nearly so, becoming 80 feet or ant odor opposite to that of the flowers. The
more in height with straight trunk to 1 foot yellow-green pulp turning purplish upon ex-
or more in diameter, with a narrow crown of posure contains many small brown seeds 3/8
few nearly horizontal branches. Tfie bark is inch long. Flowering almost continuously.
brown, smoothish and becoming slightly fis- The light brown wood is soft, lightweight,
sured. Inner bark is light brown, fibrous, and and not durable. Elsewhere it is used for
almost tasteless to slightly bitter. Twigs are boxes, interiors, and construction.
green and slightly bristly hairy, becoming It is reported that a depilatory is made from
brown, with a reddish-brown pointed hairy the fruit pulp.
terminal bud % inch long. A rare ornamental tree and botanical oddity
Leaves are borne singly or alternate on in Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, and St. Croix,
yellow-green hairy petioles R/g-?!' inch long. suitable for parks and gardens. Of rapid
Blades often broadest beyond middle, 3y2-8 growth. Cultivated trees may be undesirable in
inches long and 1%5% inches wide, turned up shedding leaves more than once a year.
a little a t midrib, slightly shiny on both sides, RANGE.-Native of northern South America
green above, and beneath light green and from Guianas to Trinidad, Venezuela, and
slightly hairy on veins. Colombia, and south to Peru and Brazil. Planted
Stout woody flowering branches (racemes) in tropical botanical gardens around the world.
arise from the trunk, continue to elongate to Rarely grown in Hawaii, southern Florida, and
2-6 feet, rarely to 12-16 feet, and bear in the through the West Indies.
last 1 foot several flower buds, 1 open flower OTHER COMMON NAMES.-bala de caiidn
a t a time, and several old flowers. Flower buds (Puerto Rico, Spanish) ;muco (Dominican Re-
are broader than long, pale yellow, tinged with public) ; maracao (Colombia) ; muco, coco de
red. mono, mamey hediondo, tapara de chuco, tapara
The large spreading flower is reddi'sh, with hediondo, tapar6n (Venezuela) ; cannonball-
mixtures of light yellow, white, lavender, and tree (English) ;moke, muco (Trinidad) ;boulet
green. There is a conical or top-shaped yellow- de canon, arbre i bombes, abricot de singe
green base (hypanthium) Yfl inch long and (French) ; calebasse colin (French Guiana) ;
broad, bearing 6 rounded reddish-tinged sepals boskalebas, bosch kalebas, wilde abrikoos
8Jlo inch long. The petals are rounded, shiny, (Surinam) ; castanha de macaco, abricd de
and about 2-2% inches long, slightly unequal, macaco, frrvore de macaco, cuia de macaco,
concave but with edges slightly rolled under, cuirana (Brazil).
pink red or orange,red on upper surface and BOTANICALS Y N O N Y M S . - C O U ~ O surim-
U~~~U
light yellow beneath. In the center is a disk men& Mart., C. guiunemia var. surinamensis
11/g-1?42 inches in diameter with top curved (Mart.) Eyma, C. st.-croiziana R. Knuth.
over itself, bearing whitish stamens more than This family of tropical trees to which the
inch high and bearing beneath the top brazilnut belongs has no native representatives
and fringed around the edges many larger in Puerto Rico.
stamens 3/16-3/8 inch long, whitish and tinged
647. Bala de c a f i h , cannonball-tree Couroupita guianenub Aubl.*
Flowers, leafy twig, and fluit, one-half natural size.

619
 MANGROVE FAMILY (RHIZOPHORACEAE)
Small to large trees, commonly mangroves succulent, united a t base, petals mostly 4-5 and
(Rhizophora) with prop roots, also shrubs, often shorter, fringed and with narrow base,
known by : (1) mangrove trees with prop roots stamens mostly 8-16 inserted on disk, and
in mangrove swamp forests on silt shores pistil composed of 2-4-celled ovary inferior or
(Cmsipourea in upland forests) ; (2) leaves partly so with 2 ovules in each cell, style, and
opposite, usually entire, hairless, com~ponly 2-4-lobed stigma; and (4) indehiscent 1-seeded
leathery, with 1 or 2 stipules that form a ring fruit that germinates in form of cigar before
a t each node; (3) small lateral flowers solitary falling or berrylike and fleshy with 3-4 cells
or in clusters (cymes), bisexual, regular, with and seeds. Also vol. 1, p. 384.
persistent calyx of mostly 4-6 sepals commonly
Key to species
A. Leaves blunt-pointed, slightly leathery and fleshy; fruit dark brown, containing a germinating cigarlike seed-
ling; tree with curved stilt roots, of muddy sea-shores-179. i%Ianglecolorado, mangrove, Rhizopltora mangle
L.
AA. Lea~es~long-pointed,
thin; fruit elliptic, greenish; tree without stilt rots, of uplands-548. Cussipolcren guia-
nensts.

548. Palo de gongoli, murta Csssipouren guianensis Aubl.

Small tree of moist forests, characterized by : The sapwood is yellowish and thick, the
(1) narrowly elliptic to ovate leaves heartwood pale brown. The wood is described
inches long and Yk-1S/! inches
& wide, paired or as moderately hard, heavy, strong, splintery,
opposite in 2 rows; (2) few small flowers a t and fine-textured. It finishes smoothly and is
leaf bases, y8inch long, with 4 narrowly stalked moderately durable. Elsewhere the wood has
fringed hairy white petals; and (3) elliptic been used for poles, posts, railway crossties,
greenish fruit 3/8 inch long, slightly fleshy, with house frames, and carpentry.
1 4seeds in a yellow covering. Uncommon but widespread in moist lime-
An evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet stone, lower and upper Cordillera and Luquillo
high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, sometimes forests from sea level to 3,000 feet altitude in
larger, with horizontal branches. Bark dark foothills and eastern and central mountains of
gray, smooth to finely fissured. Inner bark light Puerto Rico. Absent from adjacent islands.
yellow, slightly bitter. Twigs slender, green PUBLIC FORESTS.-Cambalache, Carite, Gua-
with minute hairs when young, becoming gray jataca, Guilarte, Luquillo, Maricao, Rlo Abajo,
or brown, with slightly enlarged ringed nodes. Suslia, Toro Negro, Vega.
The bud is formed by a pair of very narrow R~Nc~.-Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles
green stipules less than 3/,, inch long, which from Montserrat and Guadeloupe to Grenada
leave a ring scar upon shedding early. and Trinidad. Also from Mexico through Cen-
The paired hairless leaves spreading in 2 tral America (except El Salvador) to Guianas,
rows have slender leafstalks 1/8-% inch long. Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador.
Blades are thin, long-pointed a t apex, short- OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-~~~O de orejas, palo
pointed a t base, without teeth on edges, the de gongoll, palo de tor0 (Puerto Rico) ; palo
upper surface shiny dark green with lateral Robinson (Dominican Republic) ;cuco (Cuba) ;
veins few and inconspicuous, and the lower goatwood (Panama) ; mamoncillo, mamoncillo
surface yellow green and slightly shiny. blanco (Venezuela) ; waterwood (British Hon-
The flowers are borne a t leaf bases, few or duras) ;.goyavier, bois l'ill, bois die, bois agouti
sometimes only 1 on slender stalks y8-% inch (Dominica) ; bois d'ail (Guadeloupe) .
long. The bell-shaped green calyx nearly $& BOTANICALS Y N O N Y M S . - C ~ ~ ~alba ~~OU~
inch long has 4 (sometimes 5) pointed lobes; Griseb., C. elliptica (Sw.) Poir.
the 4 (sometimes 5) petals l/k inch long are The West Indian species (Cassipourea alba
distinctive in being narrowly stalked, fringed, Griseb.) has been united with the older wide-
and hairy, shedding early; about 10-16 short spread one of the continent. This tree is related
white sumens; and hairy whitish pistil with botanically to No. 179, mangle or mangrove,
3-4-celled superior ovary and 3-4 ovules, and Rhizophora mangle L., which forms swamp
slender style, and dotlike stigma. The berrylike forests along silt seashores, spreading by stilt
fruit with style a t apex contains 3-4 cells and roots. The two are the only Puerto Rican rep-
seeds within a yellow covering (aril) . Flower- resentatives of their small family.
ing irregularly through the year.
548. Palo de gongoli, murta Caeeipourea guia?tmrsis Aubl.
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig ( b l o w ) , natural size.
 COMBRETUM FAMILY (COMBRETACEAE)

Trees, shrubs, and woody vines, known by: t h i u m ) , persistent c a l y x of 4-6 ( 8 ) lobes, cor-
(1) leaves alternate or opposite, sometimes olla of 4-6 small lobes or none, stamens 2-45
whorled, simple, entire, without stipules;' (2) ( 1 0 ) around disk, and pistil with inferior
f l o w e r s generally small, in clusters (spikes, 1-celled ovary with 2-6 ovules and s l e n d e r
racemes, and panicles), mostly bisexual, reg- style; and ( 3 ) fruit a drupe or winged (sam-
u l a r , composed of cupshaped base ( h y p a n - a r a ) with 2-6 wings and 1 seed. Vol. 1,p. 386.

Key to species (Nos. 180-184)

A. Leaves mostly clustered a t ends of twigs; petiole without glands, blade broadest beyond middle; upland trees.
B. Leaves less than 3 inches long, green or yellow green.
C. Twigs spineless; fruit an elliptic pointed drupe about 34 inch long-180. Granadillo, Buchenavia
capitata (Vahl) Eichl.
CC. Twigs often with paired spines; fruits about ?4 inch long, with calyx a t a ex, some deformed a s
slender hornlike galls 2-3 inches long-181. Ucar, gregre, oxhorn bucida, &cida bucerae L.
BB. Leaves 6-11 inches long, turning reddish before falling-184. Almendra, Indian-almond, Termindia
cata a L.*
AA. Leaves e v e r y. spaced
- along twigs; petiole with 2 glands
- - near the elliptic blade; trees of mangrove
- swamp
forests.
D. Leaves alternate, long-pointed a t both ends--182. Mangle b o t h , button-mangrove, Conocarpue erectus L.
DD. Leaves opposite, rounded a t both ends-183. Mangle blanco, white-mangrove, Laguncularia racemosa (L.)
Gaertn. f.

MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

Trees, often large, and shrubs, known by : sepals separate or united at base and commonly
(1) leaves opposite ( a l t e r n a t e in Eucalyptus persistent at apex of fruit, generally 4-6 petals,
and other Old World g e n e r a ) , simple, mostly very many long threadlike stamens, and pistil
small, entire, l e a t h e r y , aromatic with gland composed of inferior 1-6-celled ovary with 2
dots, evergreen, without stipules; ( 2 ) g e n e r a l l y to many ovules in each cell, and long slender
many flowers in clheters (cymes, panicles, and style; and (3)' fruit a berry, often edible, or
r a c e m e s ) , large and showy, commonly white, capsule w i t h few to many seeds. Vol. 1, p. 396.
bisexual, regular, the calyx g e n e r a l l y of 4-6
Key to species
A. Leaves alternate (often opposite on oung plants) ; fruit a dry hard seed capsule; introduced species.
B. Leaves narrow, short-stalked; lowers stalkless, crowded a t ends and along twigs; sepals and petals pres-
ent, the maw of stamens from many flowers resembling a bottle-brush.
C. Leaves with 1midvein; flowers red or pink--651. Callietemon citrinua.*
CC. Leaves with 6 (sometimes 7) main velns from base; flowers white; bark cream-colored, peeling in
paper la ers--583. Mehleuca ptinquenwvia.*
BB. Leaves b m a b r , Tong-stalked, aromatic when crushed; flowers in stalked clusters (umbels), the calyx and
corolla represented by a lid, the stamens spreadingyEucdyphce.*
D. Leaves with odor of lemon; flowers many in term~nalclusters--659. Eucalyptus citriodora*
DD. Leaves with resinous odor; flowers 10 or fewer in clusters a t leaf bases.
E. Leaves lance-shaped, less than 1% inches wide; seed capsules % inch long-560. Eucalyptus
resinif era.*
EE. Leaves broadly lance-sha ed, 1%-2% inches wide; seed capsules %-% inch long-186. Eucalipto,
beakpod eucalyptus, ~ & u l y p t u srabzcsta J. E. Smith..
AA. Lenves opposite; fruit a fleshy berr ; native s cies (except Nos. 188, 189, 195, 580).
F. Flower clusters (panicles) s d k e d , brancfed, usually many flowered; ovary with 2 cells, each with 1-2
ovules (6-7 in-No. 194).
G. Calyx fonnmg cap in bud and splittine off evenly, leaving a short tube (h anthium) ; petals none
or minute; twip. often forking and zl a g in horizontal p l a n d a l y p t m n % 8 .
H. Leaves less than 1 inch long;rounk or blunt a t apex; flowers single and stalkless a t leaf base
(unknown in No. 662).
I. Twigs densely rusty brown hairy-185. Cdyptrattthea krugii.
11. Twigs haidess-662. Calyptranthee kiaerskovii.
HH. Leaves more than 1 % inches long; flowers in branched clusters.
J. Leaves long-pointed a t apex; twigs with pressed brown hairs when young.
K. Fruits % inch in diameter--664. Caly tranthee all-8.
KK. Fruits %JHoinch in diameter-556. f a ~ y ~ t r a n t fstntenisii.
es
 MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)
JJ. Leaves short-~ointedto round a t apex.
L. Twigs hiiry.
M. Twigs, young leaves, and branches of flower clusters with stiff hairs--557. Calyp-
tranthes thomasiana.
MM. Twigs and branches of flower clusters densely brown hairy--555. Calyptranthes
portoricensis.
LL. Twigs hairless.
N. Leaves short-pointed a t both ends-558. Calyptranthes zuzygium.
NN. Leaves rounded a t both ends--553. Calyptranthee Izquillenarenars.
GG. Calyx with mostly 5 lobes or sepals ersistent in fruit and mostly 5 petals.
0. Calyx lobes borne on a short @& or cup (hypanthium) ; ovary hairless or nearly so.
P. Leaves very aromatic, with odor of bay rum when crushed; cells of ovary each with 6-7
ovules--194. Malagueta, bay-rum-tree, Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W. Moore.
PP. Leaves not or slightly aromatic.
Q. Leaves ovate to oblong, %-2% inches long, blunt or short-pointed a t apex, turned
under a t edges--549. Mvrcia atrtfolia.
QQ. Leaves elliptic, 2-4 inches long, long-pointed a t apex, not turned under a t edges-550.
Myrcia leptoclada.
00. Calyx lobes without a tube or cup; ovary hairy.
R. Twigs, petioles, and branches of flower clusters densely brown hairy.
S. Leaves very convex; flowers ?$ inch across; berries about M inch wide--582. Gomide-
sia lindeniana.
SS. Leaves flat; flowers % inch across; berries about ?4 inch wide192. Cieneguillo,
Myrcia defleza (Poir.) DC.
RR. Twigs, petioles, and branches of flower clusters slightly gray hairy.
T. Leaves long- or short-pointed a t apex.
U. Leaves with very long taperin point; berries elliptic or rounded, slightly longer
than wide-193. Aoj? menub, Mgrcia spIendrna (Sw.) DC.
UU. Leaves with shorter po~nt;berries cylindric, twlce a s long a s wide-585. Murcia
fallax.
TT. Leaves rounded or blunt a t apex; fruits unknown-586. Myrcia (?) paganii.
FF. Flower clusters (usually racemes) usually not branched, sometimes short or only 1 flower; ovary with 2
or sometimes several cells, each with mostly more than 2 ovules.
V. Cal closed in bud.
d? Calyx forming ca in bud and splitting off irregularly; flowers single on long stalk a t leaf
bas-584. ~ d u sintenisii.
m
WW. Calyx splitting open into 4-5 irregular lobes mostly persistent on fruit.
X. Flowers small, less than % inch wide, stalkless or near1 so.
Y. Leaves elliptic, long-pointed a t both ends, s h o r t - s t a h ; flower clusters ahpost stalk-
less--591. Siphoneugena densijlora.
YY. Leaves nearly round, notched a t stalkless base; flowers clustered a t end of stalk of 1
inch-589. Marlierea sintenisii.
XX. Flowers large, more than ?4 inch wide, on stalks of more than ?hinch.
2. Leaves oblong, short-pointed a t base, slightly thickened, short-stalked-195. Guayaba,
common guava. Psidium guajava L.*
ZZ. Leaves rounded, heart-shaped a t base, thick, almost stalkless-490, Psidium amplexi-
caule.
VV. Calyx lobes 4, separate in bud.
a. Flowers mostly paired along an axis (raceme).
b. Tube (hypanthiurn) present on ovary, funnel-shaped, splitting off evenly a t b a s 6 8 8 .
Myrciaria floribunda.
bb. Tube (hypanthium) mostly short, persistent with calyx lobes in f r u i t E u g e n i a (key to spe-
cies below).
aa. Flowers 1 or few a t leaf base; tube very short, persistent with calyx lobes in fruit.
c. Flowers mostly 3 or 7, the stalkless end flower developing first (cyme)-587. Myrcianthes
fragrans.
cc. Flowers mostly 1, sometimes 3-Euge~ia (key to species below).

Key to tree species of Eugenia

A. Flower clusters terminal or back of leaves; flowers large, more than 2% inches across stamens; tube (hypan-
thium) funnel-shaped or cup-shaped, also forming false stalk a t base of ovary; introduced species (Syzy-
p m ' .
Flowers purplish red; fruits pear-shaped (Malay-apple)-189. Manzana malaya, Malay-apple, Eugenia
malaccensis L.*
BB. Flowers white; fruits rounded (rose-apple)-188. Pomarrosa, rose-apple, Eugetzia jamb08 L.*
AA. Flower clusters lateral, mostly a t leaf bases; flowers less than 2 inches across stamens, white; tube (hypan-
thium) short, not forming false stalk; native species (exce t No. 580).
C. Leaves large, oblong to elliptic, 4-7 inches long; flowers%orne on trunk-570. Eugenia I~amalocarpa.
CC. Leaves smaller; flowers on twi s.
D. Flowers single on long stafks a t base of narrow scales back of leaves; berry red, edible.
E. Leaves ovate, rounded or slightly notched a t base; fruit grooved--580. Eugenia uniflora.*
EE. Leaves narrowly elliptic, short-pointed a t base; fruit not grooved--671. Eugenia ligustrina.
DD. Flowers mostly clustered.
F. Flowers stalked.
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)
G. Flowers large, more than 1%inches across stamens.
H. Leaves elliptic, short-pointed a t base, short-stalked-191. Guayabota, Eugenia stahlii
(Kiaersk.) Kru & Urban.
HH. Leaves rounded, s&ghtly notched a t base, stalkless-564. Eugenia Lrinq~ensis.
GG. Flowers small, less than % inch across stamens.
I. Flowers several borne along an axis (raceme).
J. Leaves 2-434 inches or more in len h; fruits $6-56 inch in diameter.
(E. aeruginea).
P
K. Fruits smooth, blackish purp e-187. Guasirbara, Etcgeniu domingensis Berg
KK. Frults warty--568. Eugenia eggermi.
JJ. Leaves %-2% inches long; fruits %a inch in diameter, reddish-562. Ejcgenia
biflora.
TI. Flowers few or sometimes single.
L. Leaves nearly round, %I-2 inches long and broad, slightly thick and leathery--581.
Eugenia zer
LL. Leaves longer %k:ttr"dad, most1 thin.
M. Leaves small, less than 1d inches long, and narrow, less than K inch wide,
wlth petioles less than ?41 inch long; twigs finely hairy when young.
N. Leaves dull on upper surface.
[Link] oblanceolate, rounded a t apex and broadest beyond middle,
with skunklike odor when crushed--572. Eugenia foetida.
00. Leaves lance-shaped to narrowly ovate--673. Eugenia monticola.
NN. Leaves shiny on upper surface, ova-63. Eugenia boqueronenis.
MM. Leaves mostly more than 1%inches long and 36 inch wide, short-stalked.
P. Twigs finely hairy.
Q. Fruits oblon 96-34 inch long, black-569. Eugenia glabmta.
QQ. Fruits rouncf
R. Fruits ?$-9f, inch in diameter, red or yellow-575. Ezcgenia
pseudopmdium.
RR. Fruits % inch in diameter, black-574. Eiigeiria procera.
PP. Twigs hairless.
S. Flowers few on short stalks less than JG inch lons-561.
- Eugenia
axillaria.
SS. Flowers several on slender stalks of equal length, mostly more than
36 inch long.
T. Leaves dull green on upper surface; fruits red to black a t ma-
turity-190. Hoja menuda, spiceberry eugenia, Eugenia
rhombea (Berg) Krug & Urban.
TT. Leaves shiny on upper surface; fruits orange to scarlet a t ma-
turity-566. Eugenia confusa.
FF. Flowers stalkless or almost so.
U. Leaves elliptic or nearly round, thick and leather with edges much rolled under; flowers
about 'h inch across; berries about Y. inch in &meter, rose-colored-577. Eugenia ses-
ailiflora.
UU. Leaves elliptic to ovate, only slightly thickened, not turned under a t edges; flowers less than
JG inch acroas; berries about 34 inch in diameter.
V. Leaves short-pointed a t base, short-stalked-578. Eugenia mntenisii.
VV. Leaves rounded or notched a t base, stalkless or nearly so.
W. Leaves ovate, blunt or rounded a t apex, mostly rounded a t base; twigs hairless--
579. Eugenia stswardeonii.
WW. Leaves elli~[Link] a t aaex, notched and slishtly- clasping - - a t base; twigs
-
finely hairy ivhen young7566.- Eugenia
Incompletely known species omitted from key: 567. Eugerita ( 9 ) corozalensts; 576. Eugenia serraut~ela.
Species omitted a s shrubs not known to reach tree size: Eugenia (?) bellonis Krug & Urban, Etcgenia mar-
garettae Alain, Eugenia t~ndertvoodiiBritton.

549. Limoncillo del monte Myrcia citrifolia (Aubl. ) Urban

Limoncillo del monte, also one of the species exposing reddish brown inner layer. The inner
called hoja menuda, is distinguished by: (1) bark is greenish and slightly bitter. Twigs are
small shiny elliptic to oblong opposite leaves, very slender, brown with minute hairs.
thick and stiff, turned under st edges, with The opposite leaves have short finely hairy
gland dots; (2) white flowers inch across petioles %,,-4/8 inch long. Blades are %-I%
the 5 petals and many spreading stamens, few inches long and a/8-?~!! inch wide, hairless, blunt
on slender stalks a t end of twig; and (3) or short-pointed a t apex, short-pointed a t base,
rounded red to black berries l/g-Y8 inch in with side veins inconspicuous, the upper surface
diameter, with cup and 6-lobed calyx a t apex. yellow green to dark green and shiny, and the
An evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet lower surface dull light green.
high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, reported to Flower clusters (panicles) terminal, 1-1 Y2
reach 50 feet. The bark is gray, smoothish, inches long including slender stalk and
with thin fissures, peeling off in thin flakes and branches. The flower on a slender stalk x-Vn
549. Limoncillo del monte MyrcM citrifolia (Aubl.) Urban
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (below), natural size.
625
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)
inch long is composed of hairless gland-dotted PUBLICM)RESTS AND ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . - - G u a j a t a c
base (hypanthium) with short tube or cup Maricao, Rio Abajo, Sustia; Virgin Islands,
beyond ovary and 6 short calyx lobes; 6 dotted Gorda Peak.
white petals nearly 4/8 inch long, many spread- RANGE.-Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and
ing stamens, and pistil with inferior ovary and Virgin Islands, and Lesser Antilles from St.
slender style. The fruits have dark purple Martin and Saba to Grenada and Barbados.
flesh, almost tasteless, and 1-3 brown seeds Also Venezuela, Guyana, and Surinam.
nearly l/g inch long. With flowers from spring OTHER COMMON NAMES.-hoja menuda
to fall and with fruits from summer to winter. (Puerto Rico) ; hoja menuda, pimienta cimar-
The wood is light brown and hard. rona (Cuba) ; red rodwood (Barbados) ; bois
Elsewhere the flowers and leaves have served de fer (St. Lucia) ; malagueta (Dominican
in home remedies. Republic) ; poivrier Jamaique (Haiti) ; bois ti
Locally common in lower Cordillera, moist feuilles (Guadeloupe) ; t i feuilles, merisier
limestone, and moist coastal forests from sea (Martinique) ; kurupum (Dominica).
level to 2,200 feet altitude. Southwestern slopes BOTANICALSYNONYMS.-A& mgrciu citri-
f oliu (Aubl.) Amah., Eugenia saviuef olia
of central mountains, northwestern limestone Alain.
ridges, and near Tortuguero Lagoon. Also This species and the next have been placed
through the Virign Islands, including St. Croix, also in the segregate genus Aulomvrc-ia and
St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, and Virgin are out of alphabetical order here following a
Gor da. preliminary l~sting.

550. Guayabacbn Myrcia leptoclada DC.

This species of guayabac6n is characterized The hairless base (hypanthium) with short tube
by : (1)red-brown smoothish bark, papery and or cup beyond ovary and 6 unequal rounded
peeling off, exposing green beneath ; (2) shiny hairy lobes about lAa inch long; 6 white petals
ovate to elliptic opposite leaves ly4Ay2inches '/lo inch long; many spreading stamens; and
long and 94-2 inches wide, long-pointed and pistil with inferior ovary and long slender
slightly thickened and leathery, dark red when style. The fruits are hairless, slightly flattened,
young; (3) small white flowers inch across and contain 1-2 seeds (rarely a), rounded
the 6 petals and many spreading stamens, and brownish, inch long. Flowering in
several to many a t ends and sides of twigs; spring and maturing fruits in summer and
(4) rounded to slightly flattened or 4-lobed autumn.
black berries nearly a/R inch in diameter, with The light brown wood is very hard, very
cup and 5-lobed calyx a t apex. heavy, fine-textured, and reported to be durable.
An evergreen small tree to 36 feet high and It is used for fence posts.
8 inches in trunk diameter. The red-brown Uncommon in lower Luquillo and moist lime-
smoothish bark resembles that of No. 106, stone forests from sea level to 1,600 feet alti-
almlcigo, turpentine-tree, or gumbo-limbo tude. Eastern mountains and northwestern
(Bursera simarouba L.), peeling off in papery limestone hills of Puerto Rico. Not in Virgin
flakes. The inner bark is whitish beneath the Islands.
outer green layer and astringent. The slender PUBLIC FORESTS.-Carite, Guajataca, Lu-
brownish twigs have flat brownish hairs when quillo, Rio Abajo.
young: RANGE.-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Guade-
Leaves opposite, hairless, with short petioles loupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Vincent, and
1/H-% inch long. Blades are long-pointed a t Trinidad. Also Surinam and recorded doubt-
apex, short-pointed or rounded a t base, not fully from Jamaica. Also Guatemala, British
turned under a t edges, with gland dots, the Honduras, and Honduras in Central America.
upper surface shiny with midvein sunken and OTHER COMMON NA~~s.-hoja menuda roja
many fine inconspicuous straight side veins. (Puerto Rico) ; guayabtin, huesito (Dominican
Republic) ; wild guava (Trinidad) ; parrot-
The foliage turns black in drying. plum (British Honduras) ;gudpois, bois gukpois
Flower clusters (panicles) 2-31b2 inches long, (Guadeloupe, Martinique) ; dji-pois (Domin-
mostly lateral, and irregularly branched. ica).
Flowers many, stalkless or very short-stalked, BOTANICALS Y N O N Y M . - A U ~ O ~ ~lepto-~C~~
from top-shaped buds less than inch long. c h d a (DC.) Berg.
 DC.
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (below), natural size.

627
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

551. Bottlebrueh Callisternon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels*

Bottlebrush, an ornamental shrub or small in a spreading brushlike mass; and pistil with
tree, is recognized by: (1) the crowded stalk- inferior &celled ovary containing many ovules,
less brilliant red flowers in a mass extending threadlike red style slightly longer than sta-
2-4 inches long and 1v2 inches wide a t or mens, and dotlike stigma. The hard woody seed
near the end of a slender drooping twig, the capsules contain many minute brown seeds
spreading dark red stamens suggesting a bottle- about '/lo inch long and persist as the twig
brush; (2) the very narrow dull green stiff elongates and produces additional zones of
leaves 1?4-2v2 inches long and about 1/4, inch leaves and flowers. Flowering irregularly dur-
wide, resinous or aromatic when crushed; and ing the year, collected with flowers and old
(3) the stalkless rounded brownish seed cap- fruits in March.
sules about s/lo inch long, opening by 3 teeth The light brown wood is hard and heavy.
a t apex. In the native home it has been used for tool
An evergreen planted shrub or small tree handles.
becoming 20 feet high and 6 inches in trunk Uncommon a s an ornamental around houses.
diameter, with long slender drooping or "weep- Not mentioned by Britton and Wilson (10).
ing" twigs. The bark is brownish gray and Grown also in Florida, Arizona, and California
furrowed or shreddy. The twigs are light gray, and in greenhouses northward. Bottlebrushes
finely hairy when young. of this and related species are planted in Florida
The many alternate leaves spread in all di- to brighten small areas as well as the land-
rections on short hairy petioles less than 4/8 scape. Average in growth rate and tolerant of
inch long. Blades are narrowly lanceolate or poor soil, salt, and drought.
linear, slightly thickened and stiff, long-pointed RANGE.-Native of Australia but widely
a t both ends and not toothed on edges, dull planted in tropical and subtropical regions.
green and without visible side veins, hairy OTHER COMMON NAM~S.-lem0n bottlebrush,
when young but becoming nearly hairless, with citrus-leaf bottlebrush (United States) ; limpia
numerous gland dots visible with a lens. botella (Dominican Republic) ; bottlebrush,
Many stalkless flowers about 1/8 inch long in red bottlebrush (English).
a cluster (spike) a t or near the end of a twig BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Calliatemon luneeo-
are composed of bell-shaped greenish hairy lutus (Smith) DC.
base (hypanthium), which bears the other The generic name means beauty and stamen
parts including 5 blunt greenish calyx lobes; or thread, describing the stamens, while the
5 rounded concave light green petals v8
long; many dark red stamens r;/;,-v!inch long
inch specific name from citrus refers to the lemon-
like odor of the crushed leaves.
551. Bottlebrush Callisternon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels*
Natural size.

629
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)
552. Calyptranthes kiaerskooii Krug & Urban

Twigs forking in 25-3, hairless. Leaves oppo- and lower surface paler. Known only from a
site with petioles less than inch long, ob- specimen of foliage without flowers or fruits
ovate, 1 inch or less in length and Ye8.7/!inch collected at Tortola nearly a century ago and
wide, blunt or rounded a t apex, short-pointed not found afterwards. The only flowering plant
a t base, not toothed on edges, slightly thickened, species restricted, or endemic, to Tortola. An
with minute gland dots, hairless, the upper sur- uncertain and incompletely known species.
face shiny with prominent network of veins,

Calyptranthecr luquillenaie Alain

The scientific name and the English name times are partly covered by a blackish sooty
lidflower describe this genus, which has the mold.
calyx closed and cuplike, not divided into lobes The flower cluster is a mass of many whitish
but falling away like a cap or lid. Also, petals spreading threadlike stamens, from many
are lacking or minute. This distinctive small crowded stalkless flowers without corolla. Each
tree rare in Luquillo Mountains was named in flower is composed of cup-shaped base (hy-
1963. It is characterized by: (1) opposite ob- panthium) 4/8 inch long and finely hairy, bear-
long to elliptic thick and leathery dark green ing the calyx, which covers bud and splits open
leaves 2 4 % inches long and 148-2 inches wide, as a rounded convex lid on 1side ;many thread-
rounded a t both ends; and (2) whitish flowers like stamens % inch long; and pistil with in-
in ball-like heads 8/-1 inch in diameter with ferior ovary and long slender style %, inch
many stamens, 1or 2 heads on long stout stalks long. Fruit not described. $Collected with flow-
1&39/j, inches long at ends or sides of twigs. ers in June and July.
An evegreen shrub or small tree to 16 feet Wood whitish, hard.
high and almost 3 inches in trunk diameter, Rare in upper Luquillo forest a t 2,000 feet
with narrow compact crown. Bark smooth, altitude.
gray, the inner bark light brown. Twigs brown, PUBLIC M)REsT.--Lu~u~~~o,
hairless. R ~ ~ o ~ . - K n o w nonly from Luquillo Moun-
Leaves opposite, hairless, with short stout tains of eastern Puerto Rico.
This rare species was first collected by Leslie
petioles 4g-34 inch long. Blades are slightly R. Holdridge, of the U. S. Forest Service, in
turned under a t edges, the upper surface very 1939 and was named in 1963. It is distinguished
dark green and shiny, with many fine incon- from other species of the Caribbean area by its
spicuous side veins, and the lower surface dull large shiny leaves and long stout stalks bearing
yellow green. Older leaves and twigs some- large ball-like heads of flowers.
 Calyptranthes luquillensis Alain
Flowering twig, natural aize.

631
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

554. Tapin blanco, pale lidflower

This small tree is characterized by: (1) hairy bud by rounded calyx which falls off like
young twigs slightly flattened and 2-angled and a lid or cap ; petals none; stamens many; and
with rusty-brown pressed hairs; (2) paired el- pistil with inferior ovary and cuplike tube (hy-
liptic leaves 1x3 inches long and panthium) above. Immature fruits brown, dry.
inches wide, long-pointed a t both apex and Berries finely hairy, containing 2-4 seeds. With
base; (3) many small white flowers about Yu flowers in spring and summer and fruits in
inch wide in branched clusters a t ends and summer.
sides of twigs, the calyx covering bud and fall- Heartwood brown tinged with red, the sap-
ing off like a lid or cap and the petals absent; wood light brown. Wood heavy, hard, fine-
and (4) fruit a rounded dark purple berry Y2 grained.
inch in diameter, juicy and edible, with small The aromatic leaves are used for tea in folk
cup a t apex. medicine elsewhere.
A small evergreen tree to 20 feet high and 6 Local mainly in moist coastal forest of
inches in trunk diameter or a shrub. Bark gray, Puerto Rico but from sea level to 2,500 feet
smooth or becoming scaly, the inner bark altitude in mountains. Also Mona, St. Croix,
brown and almost tasteless. Twigs slender, and St. Thomas. Though known from the other
spreading fanlike, when young slightly flat- islands, this species apparently was not found
tened and 2-angled and with pressed rusty- in Puerto Rico until 1950.
brown hairs, becoming gray. Buds composed of PUBLIC ~0~~s~s.-Camba1ache, Carite, Gua-
pair of minute hairy leaves. jataca, GuBnica, Maricao, Rlo Abajo, Vega.
The opposite leaves have petioles l/s-Y2 inch RANGE.-Southern Florida including Florida
long. Blades are slightly thickened and turned Keys, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Virgin Is-
under a t edges, the upper surface shiny green lands, Cayman Islands, and Guadeloupe. Also
to dark green and almost hairless, and the Mexico and Guatemala.
lower surface dull light green, with minute OTHER COMMON NAMES.-arrayan, limon-
pressed hairs and gland dots. cillo (Dominican Republic) ; guayabillo (Gua-
Flower clusters (panicles) 23 inches long, temala) ; stopper-wood, spice-wood, white stop-
the slender slightly flattened branches with per (Bahamas) ; pale lidflower, spicewood,
pressed reddish-brown hairs and ending in 3 white spicewood (United States).
stalkless flowers. The flowers covered in finely
554. Tap6n blanco, pale lidflower Calyptravthes palleita Griseb.
Fruiting twig (above), old flowers (lower left), natural size.
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

Calyptranthes portoricensis Britton

This rare species of Puerto Rican mountains Flower clusters (panicles) composed of long
is identified by: (1) twigs and branches of stalk to 2Y4 inches and several nearly stalkless
flower clusters densely brown hairy ; (2) paired flowers. The pear-shaped calyx is less than 4/s
elliptic or ovate thick and leathery leaves 1%- inch long, densely brown hairy, caplike, and
2fYl, inches long, and %-le/s, inches wide, hairy splits off. Flowering in spring, the flowers not
below when young; and (3) round finely hairy yet described.
fruits S/la inch in diameter, with raised ring Rare in upper Luquillo and Cordillera forests
a t apex. a t 2,500-5,500 feet altitude.
An evergreen shrub or small tree to 15 feet PUBLIC FOBESTS.-LU~U~~~O, Maricao.
high and 3 inches in trunk diameter. Leaves RANGE.-K~OW~ only from high mountains
opposite, blunt or short-pointed a t apex and of Puerto Rico. Named in 1924 from a speci-
blunt or rounded a t base, the edges straight or men collected by Frank Lincoln Stevens (1871-
slightly turned under, with faint gland dots, 1934), botanist of the United States, in 1913
the upper surface hairless, the lower surface while directing the College of Agriculture a t
hairy when young with raised midvein and Mayaguez.
with side veins obscure.
 Cduptranthea portoricensia Britton
Fruiting twig, natural size.
 -

MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

556, Limoncillo del monte Cdypzranthes sinbnisii Kiaersk.

Distinguishing characters of this rare small white or also pinkish tinged, with gland dots
tree are: (1) crushed foliage with strong odor and slightly hairy. The flower is composed of
and taste of lemon; (2) paired elliptic leaves basal tube (hypanthium) No inch long, which
234/2inches long and 1 -
1 sinches wide, end- extends cuplike beyond inferior ovary; rounded
ing in abrupt long point, the upper surface dark calyx like lid or cap which splits off and re-
green and slightly shiny or dull with edges mains attached like 1round sepal 1/, inch long ;
slightly rolled under, the lower surface dull many spreading threadlike stamens about
yellow green; (3) many small whitish flowers inch long; and pistil with minute inferior light
about inch long and broad across the many green ovary, 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell,
stamens, with calyx covering bud and falling off and slender white style. Flowering and fruit-
like a lid, in branched clusters a t leaf bases ;and ing in spring.
(4) fruit a rounded berry x-6/lo inch in diam-
eter, purplish black, with ring scar of calyx a t
The few berries are yellow green when im-
mature, turning to purplish black, slightly
apex. shiny, the apex with ring scar of calyx inch
An evergreen small tree to about 33 feet high in diameter. The pulp is thin, purple, aromatic,
and 4 inches in trunk diameter, or sometimes with spicy taste of lemon. There is 1 shiny
shrubby. The bark is gray brown and smooth, light brown, rounded seed less than Kg inch in
with many raised dots (lenticels), becoming diameter. Collected in flower in Aprll and in
slightly fissured. The inner bark is reddish and fruit in June and July.
slightly astringent. The twigs are slender and The wood has light brown sapwood and
light brown, when young yellow green with mi- brown heartwood and is hard and heavy.
nute brown pressed hairs, becoming slightly Rare in upper Luquillo and moist coastal
fissured, and ending in a minute hairy bud a t forests from sea level to 3,000 feet altitude in
base of last pair of leaves. Luquillo Mountains and Bayamdn and Dorado
The opposite leaves have slender light green areas of Puerto Rico.
petioles %-l/e inch long, with brown hairs PUBLICFOREST.-LUQU~~~O.
when young. The blades are short-pointed at R A N G E . - - ~ U ~Rico
~ ~ Oand Hispaniola.
base, thin or slightly thickened, have minute OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - l i m o n c i l l ohoja
,
gland dots visible with a lens, are hairless menuda (Puerto Rico) , limoncillo cimarrdn,
above, but have minute brown hairs along mid- malagueta (Dominican Republic).
rib beneath, the many lateral veins inconspicu- The specific name honors the discoverer, Paul
ous. Ernst Emil Sintenis (1847-1907) of Germany,
The branched flower clusters (panicles) a t who collected many plant specimens in Puerto
leaf bases are 1-21,4 inches long. Flower buds Rico in the years 1884-87.
are less than 1/8 inch long, elliptic, greenish
556. Limoncillo del monte Calyptra?tthes mtttenisii Kiaersk.
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (below), natural size.
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

Calyptranfhea lhornasiana Berg.

This evergreen shrub or small tree to 30 feet with faint veins; and (3) few flowers at leaf
high and 5 inches in trunk diameter is dis- bases, the buds 4/8 inch long and pointed, with 4
tinguished by: (1) stiff hairs on twigs, young small petals. Flowers and fruits have not been
leaves, and branches of flower clusters; (2) described. Locally common on mountains a t
opposite leaves, with petioles 48 inch long, 300-800 feet altitude in St. Thomas and Vie-
obovate t o oblong, 8/-1% inches long, blunt at ques. Named from St. Thomas in 1865, and
apex, short-pointed a t base, stiff and leathery, found on Vieques by one of the authors. Known
with gland dots, the upper surface shiny and only from these two islands.
lacking side veins, and the lower surface dull

Calyptranther ausygiurn (L ) Sw.

This rare tree first collected in Puerto Rico Flower clusters (cymes) 2-3 inches long, the
in 1950 is distinguished by: (1) paired elliptic slender hairless branches ending in 1-3flowers
leaves 1y-2% inches long and inches on short stalks of about a/10 inch. Flowers are
wide, wit& raised midvein, hairless, with short covered in bud by the rounded g~eenishcalyx
petioles Y8-3/10 inch long; (2) few small whit- which falls off like a lid or cap; petals none;
ish flowers Y8-s/16inch across the many thread- stamens many; and pistil with inferior ovary,
like stamens, at ends of very slender hairless cuplike tube above, and slender style nearly
branches at leaf bases, the calyx covering bud r/ inch long. Berries contain 1-4 shiny brown
and falling off like a lid or cap and the petals efiiptic seeds s/,, inch long. Flowering in
absent; and (3) fruit a rounded reddish berry spring, with fruits in summer.
inch in diameter, with small cup a t apex. Wood light brown, hard.
A small evergreen tree to 26 feet high and Rare in moist limestone forest to 300 feet
6 inches in trunk diameter, hairless through- altitude on north coast of Puerto Rico.
out. Bark gray, smooth, the inner bark light PUBLIC FOREST.-Cambalache.
brown and slightly bitter. Twigs very slender, RANGE.--Southern Florida including Florida
branching in horizontal plane, when ,young Keys, Bahamas, and Greater Antilles.
slightly flattened and 2-angled and light green OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-pa10 de puerco, es-
but becoming light gray, hairless, often forking cob6n (Dominican Republic) ; mondacapullo,
widely. Buds minute, of paired young leaves. arraijhn blanco (Cuba) ; myrtle-of-the-river
Leaves opposite, short-pointed at both ends, (United States, Bahamas).
turned under a t edges, slightly thickened, the This species ranges from Florida and Ba-
upper surface shiny green to dark green with hamas to Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola, and
raised midvein and faint side veins, and the has been found in Puerto Rico a t its eastern
lower surface dull yellow green with gland dots. limit. The scientific name has been spelled also
New leaves are reddish. Calyptranthes syzygium.
558. Myrtle-of-the-river Calyptranthee zuzygium (L.) Sw.
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (below), natural size.

639
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)
559. Eucalipto, lemon eucalyptus Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.*
A large evergreen tree with straight trunk broad. The wood is described as light gray or
and narrow crown rare in experimental forest brown, very hard, heavy, very durable, and
plantations, identified by : (1) smooth whitish suitable for general use and poles. The leaves
bark, peeling in small patches, and becoming yield citronella oil and a perfume for soap. Rare
mottled ; (2) alternate lance-shaped, slightly in forest plantations in Puerto Rico. PUBLIC
curved long-pointed leaves 4-8 inches long and FOREST-Cambalache. RANc~.-Native of Aus-
%i-1inch wide, dull green, with strong lemon tralia (Queensland) but introduced mainly as
odor, those of young plants opposite, broader, an ornamental into other tropical regions in-
and hairy; (3) many flowers about ?4" inch long cluding California and Hawaii. OTHER COM-
and broad, 3-5 together on short stalks in large MON NAMES.-lemon-scented gum, lemon-
terminal or lateral clusters ; and (4) urn-shaped scented spotted gum (English) ; eucalipto
or cylindric seed capsules 3/8 inch long and (Spanish).

560. Eucalipto, kino eucalyptus Eucalyptus resinifera J . E. Smith'"

This species of eucalyptus tested in forest The clusters (umbels) of 6-10 short-stalked
plantations is characterized by: (1) reddish flowers are borne a t the end of a slightly flat-
brown bark, rough, furrowed, thick, and very tened stalk Y2-94 inch long at leaf bases. Flow-
fibrous; (2) the slender twigs, petioles, and old e r buds are about 5/8 inch long and ?/ inch
leaves pinkish tinged; (3) lance-shaped dark wide, long-pointed a t both ends, yelfowish
green leaves 3%-6 inches long and %,-I% green, the upper half a long-pointed cap formed
inches wide, slightly curved and unequal-sided from calyx and corolla and splitting off. The
from the short-pointed base, with long tapering cuplike base (hypanthium) bears on its rim
point, stiff and leathery, with spicy resinous many threadlike stamens more than 3/8 inch
odor (when crushed) and taste; (4) cream- long, which shed early. The pistil has an in-
colored flowers with very many stamens in ferior 3-4-celled ovary with many ovules and
spreading mass nearly 1 inch across, several greenish style. The persistent seed capsules
lateral a t end of flattened stalk; and (5) cup- contain many minute seeds that sift out
like green seed capsules 3/u inch long and ${ through 3-4 pores below the rim. Flowering
inch broad. and fruiting in spring.
A large evergreen tree becoming more than The dark red wood is hard, heavy, and fine-
50 feet tall and 1 foot in trunk diameter with textured and has many uses.
straight axis and narrow to spreading dense One of the most promising of more than 30
crown of dark green foliage, hairless through- species of Eucalyptus that have been tested ex-
out. Bark on branches is light gray and perimentally in forest plantations in Puerto
smoothish. Inner bark is reddish brown, Rico. Apparently some trees are hybrids of
fibrous, and tasteless. The long slender twigs this and other species. Elsewhere the wood of
have brown dots (lenticels) . these fast-growing trees is used for paper pulp.
The alternate leaves droop from slender peti- PUBLICFOREST.-Tor0 Negro.
oles :%-I inch long. Blades have light yellow RANGE.-Native of Australia but widely
midrib and many faint side veins, are not grown in forest plantations in tropical and sub-
toothed on edges, are dull dark green above and tropical countries.
slightly paler beneath, with many gland dots OTHER COMMON ~AMES.--eucalipto medic-
visible with lens against the light. The first few inal (Puerto Rico) ; eucalipto (Spanish) ; kino-
leaves of young plants are opposite and much gum eucalyptus, red-mahogany eucalyptus,
smaller. eucalyptus, eucalypt, red-mahogany (English).
560. Eucalipto, kino eucalyptus Etmlyptus resinifera J . E . Smith*
Leafy twig (above), fruits and flowers (below), natural size.
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

561. Grajo, white-stopper eugenia Eugenia axillaria (Sw. ) Willd.

Grajo, a small tree of dry forests, is char- The sapwood is light brown and the heart-
acterized by: (1) opposite elliptic to ovate wood brown, often tinged with red. The wood
leaves ll/Cr-3 inches long and y4-2% inches is described as heavy, hard, very fine-textured,
wide, long-pointed a t apex, the upper surface and strong.
green to dark green and slightly shiny, with Uncommon in moist limestone and coastal
few inconspicuous veins, the petioles often foresta from sea level to 2,600 feet altitude in
purplish, and the foliage with slightly unpleaa- western coast and mountains of Puerto Rico,
ant odor; (2) small white Cparted flowers 8/ln also northeastern end. Also Mona, Desecheo,
inch across, few a t leaf bases; and (3) round Muertos, and through islands eastward includ-
black fruits 3/8 inch in diameter or often de- ing Icacos, Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas, Tor-
formed and swollen to y2 inch or more in diam- tola, and Anegada.
eter and yellowish. PUBLIC FORESTS AND PARK.-CambaIache,
Evergreen shrub or small tree 20 feet high Guhnica, Guajataca, Maricao, Estate Thomas;
and 6 inches in trunk diameter, reported to Buck Island Reef.
reach 40 feet in height and 1foot in diameter, R ~ ~ ~ ~ . - F l o r i dincluding
a Florida Keys,
hairless. The bark is gray, becoming rough and Bermuda, Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Greater
slightly fissured or furrowed, the inner bark Antilles, Virgin Islands, and from St. Martin
pink brown, hard, and bitter. Twigs are slender and St. Barts to Guadeloupe, Dominica, St.
and light gray. Lucia, and St. Vincent. Also from southern
The opposite leaves have slender purplish or Mexico and British Honduras to Nicaragua.
light green curved petioles 4/8-% inch long, OTHER COMMON NAMES.-murta (Puerto
without stipules. Blades are short-pointed a t Rico) ; escob6n colorado, escob6n de vara, palo
base, slightly thickened, slightly turned up a t de hueso (Dominican Republic) ;guairaje, guai-
midvein and under a t edges, with few incon- raje colorado, grajo (Cuba) ; guayabillo (Mex-
spicuous side veins, with minute blackish gland ico, Guatemala) ; guayadn negro, escobo, cha-
dots visible with a lens on lower surface and miso (El Salvador) ; white-stopper eugenia,
against the light, the lower surface dull light stopper, white-stopper (United States) ; white-
green. stopper, wattle (Bahamas) ; meriaier (St.
Flowers few or 1a t leaf base, on short stalks Barts) ; mdrisier, mdrisier pays, merisier pe-
less than % inch long or almost stalkless. The tites feuilles (Martinique) ; choakyberry, pi-
flower consists of a greenish cuplike base (hy- geonberry (Dutch Antilles) ; black-cherry,
panthium) less than xa inch long, which en-
closes the inferior ovary and bears 4 round
rodwood, brown-leaf rodwoood (Jamaica).
In number of native tree species, 26, Euge~tia
light green, gland-dotted sepals %z inch long, is the largest genus in Puerto Rico and the Vir-
4 round white gland-dotted petals 'hainch long, gin Islands, a s noted in the Statistical Sum-
many spreading stamens, and style v8
long. The berry retains the 4 sepals at apex,
inch mary. Three additional introduced species are
included in this reference, and 2 others are
changes color from green to red to black. It is shrubs. The generic name commemorates
edible, juicy and sweet but is often deformed by Prince Eugene of Savoy (1663-1736), a patron
insect larvae within. There is 1brown rounded of botany and horticulture who made a collec-
seed 1/4, inch in diameter. Flowering and fruit- tion of rare plants in the gardens of Belvidere
ing in spring and summer, the fruits persisting. Palace near Vienna.
. Crajo, white-stopper eugenia Eugenia azillarie (SW.) 'Nilld.
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.

643
 - -- -- - -

MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

Eugenia biflora (L.) DC.

Various species of small trees belonging to ovary and bears 4 rounded hairy sepals /,B inch
this and a related genus (Mvrcia) are known or less in length, 4 rounded white petals less
a s hoja menuda. They have the following char- than 1/8 inch long, numerous white stamens al-
acteristics in common : (1) opposite short- most % inch long, and curved style % inch
stalked small leaves usually hanging vertically, long. The reddish berries have the 4 sepals re-
lance-shaped to elliptic, long or short-pointed maining a t apex, thin edible flesh, and a large 9
'
a t apex, with numerous minute gland dots ; (2) seed. In flower and fruit in spring and summer.
small white flowers usually in short lateral The sapwood is light brown and hard.
clusters, with 4 or 5 calyx lobes, 4 or 5 white Sometimes planted as an ornamental for the
petals, numerous spreading white stamens, and showy white flowers.
inferior ovary; and (3) fruit a rounded or el- Common in moist and dry limestone and
liptic berry, usually blackish or sometimes red- lower Cordillera and Luquillo forests from sea
dish, with sepals (ring in Mvrcia) a t apex, and level to 2,200 feet altitude, middle elevations in
containing 1 to few seeds. This species is mountains and on limestone coastal hills in
further distinguished by : (1) leaves 3/-2Y2 Puerto Rico. Also through islands eastward
inches long and y8-1 inch broad, mostly long- including Palominos, Culebra, Vieques, St.
pointed a t apex and short-pointed a t base; (2) Croix, St. Thomas, Jost Van Dyke, Tortola,
several stalked flowers about % inch across; and Virgin Gorda.
and (3) reddish berries about % o inch in diam- PUBLICFORESTS.-Cambalache, Carite, Gua-
eter. jataca, Guirnica, Luquillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo,
A small evergreen tree to 30 feet tall and 8 Suslia, Vega.
inches in trunk diameter, much branched and RANGE.--Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico
with dense bushy crown. The light brown or and Virgin Islands, and St. Martin and
gray bark is smoothish. Inner bark is light Antigua in Leeward Islands. Also southern
brown or reddish and slightly bitter. The Mexico, British Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama,
slender brown or light gray twigs are minutely and from Colombia to Surinam, Brazil, Bolivia,
hairy. and Peru.
Leafsfalks are y8-% inch long and finely OTHER COMMON NAMES.-hoja menuda
hairy. Blades are turned up on both sides of (Puerto Rico) ; arraytin (Colombia) ; murta,
midvein (not flat), slightly thickened and macaguete, guayabillo rebalsero (Venezuela) ;
leathery, hairless or nearly so, above green to pichirina (Peru) ; rodwood (Jamaica) ; murta
dark' green and slightly shiny, and beneath (Brazil) ; escobdn (Dominican Republic).
lighter green. BOTANICAL s ~ N o N ~ ~ ~ . - E u g e n i abiflora
The flower clusters (racemes) with slender, (L.) DC. var. Eudibunda (Bertero) Krug &
finely-hairy stalks are mostly y2-1 inch long, Urban and var. hncea (Poir.) Krug & Urban,
many and showy. The flower has a hairy tu- E. hncea Poir.
bular base (hypanthium) 1/1? inch long and Several varieties have been named in this
broad, which encloses the inferior 2-celled widespread variable species.
562. Pitangueira Ezigettia biflora (L.)DC.
Fruits (left), flowering twig (right), natural size.

645
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

Eugenia boqueronemis Britton

This shrub or small tree known only from than l/g inch long. The flower has a cuplike
southwestern Puerto Rico is characterized by: hairy base (hypanthium) 1/,, inch long, which
(1) opposite ovate leaves %-1y2 inches long encloses the inferior ovary and bears 4 rounded
and 8/8-% inch wide, tapering to a blunt point hairy gland-dotted sepals 1/,, inch long, 4
a t apex, shiny green with minute blackish gland rounded petals about 1/,, inch long, many
dots; and (2) small flowers about s/lo inch stamens, and pistil with inferior ovary and
across the 4 rounded white petals, few on short slender style. Collected with flowers in Febru-
stalks a t leaf bases. ary. Fruit unknown.
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 25 feet high. Rare in dry limestone forest from sea level
Twigs slender, gray, densely hairy when young. to 1,200 feet altitude in southwestern Puerto
The opposite leaves have petioles less than Rico.
Ys inch long, often hairy. Blades are short- PUBLIC FOREST.-GU&~~C~.
pointed a t base, slightly thickened, shiny green R A ~ ~ ~ . - S o u t h w e s t Puerto
e r n Rico.
on both surfaces, hairy on midvein beneath This poorly known rare species is named for
when young but becoming hairless or nearly so, Salinas de Boquerbn, where i t was first col-
with fine side veins. lected by Nathaniel L. Britton and others in
Flowers few in hairy clusters (racemes) a t 1915.
bases of uppermost leaves on slender stalks less
Flowering twig, nnturnl size.
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

564. Guayabota de eierra Eugenia borinquensis Britton

Along summits of the eastern mountains of or single above a leaf, on stout dark green
Puerto Rico this distinctive small tree is rather stalks y8-1X inches long. The bell-shaped dark
common. Characterized by: (1) round stiff green base (hypanthium) 1/4, inch long and
leathery leaves, 1%-31/r inches in diameter bears 4 rounded concave calyx lobes tinged
with minute gland dots, opposite and stalkless; with dark red, 2 about y8 inch long and 2 half
(2) large spreading white 4-petaled flowers as large; there are 4 spreading rounded white
11h-2 inches across the numerous white sta- petals ?,!'-I inch long; numerous spreading
mens, terminal and lateral on separate stalks; white stamens a/-1 inch long; and pistil with
and (3) nearly round reddish green berries v!
inch in diameter, with 4 unequal sepals remain-
2-celled inferior ovary and long white style 7/8
inch long. The fleshy fruits have 1-4 large
ing attached a t apex. Distinguished from the brown seeds. Flowering and maturing fruit
closely related species No. 191, guayabota from spring to late autumn.
(Eugenia stuhlii (Kiaersk.) Krug & Urban), The sapwood is light brown. The heartwood
by the leaves stalkless and round instead of is hard, heavy, and durable. The wood is seldom
short-stalked and elliptic. used because of the small size and relative in-
An evergreen tree to 25 feet high and 8 accessibility of the trees.
inches in trunk diameter, or sometimes Locally common in dwarf forest and thickets
shrubby, with compact crown of dark green on or near the ridges and peaks in upper Lu-
foliage. The bark is light brown, smoothish or quillo and Cordillera forests a t 2,500-3,500 feet
becoming rough and fissured or scaly. Inner altitude in Puerto Rico. Abundant near Mount
bark is reddish brown and slightly astringent. Britton and El Yunque. Alao in eastern Cor-
The stout twigs are light gray to reddish dillera a t Sierra de Cayey.
brown, flattened a little under leaves. PUBLIC FORESTS.-Carite, Luquillo.
The leaves are mostly round a t apex and RANGE.-Known only from eastern moun-
slightly notched or heart-shaped a t base, the tains of Puerto Rico.
edges turned under, the upper surface green or OTHERCOMMON NAME.-guayabota (Puerto
dark green and slightly shiny, and the lower Rico) .
surface paler green. BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Eugenia sintenisii
Flowers are a few together a t ends of twigs (Kiaersk.) Krug & Urban, not Kiaersk.
564. Guayabota de sierra Eugenia borinquensis Brittan
Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (right), two-thirds natural size.
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

565. Cienay i l l o , redberry eugenia Eugenia confusn DC.

This species of western mountains in Puerto ical base (hypanthium) nearly 4/8 inch long
Rico is distinguished by: (1) opposite ovate to bears the 4 rounded light green calyx lobes l/la
lanceolate shiny leaves slightly thick and stiff,
ending in vary long point, often curved; (2)
inch long; 4 rounded white petals v8 inch long;
many spreading threadlike stamens; and pistil
flowers about 3/8 inch across the 4 spreading with inferior 2-celled ovary and slender style.
white petals, several or 1 a t leaf bases on The fruits are 1-seeded. Flowering and fruiting
threadlike stalks y2-1 inch long; and (3) from spring to autumn.
rounded orange to scarlet berries 1/4, inch in The wood is light brown, hard, heavy, and
diameter, with 4 calyx lobes a t apex. durable. It has served for stakes and posts and
An evergreen small tree to 20 feet high and as a cabinetwood in Florida.
3 inches in trunk diameter or sometimes med- The trees are planted as ornamentals in
ium-sized tree to 40 feet tall and 1foot in diam- southern Florida, where native.
eter, with rounded spreading crown. The bark Locally common in moist limestone and up-
is gray, rough and deeply furrowed or scaly, per and lower Cordillera forests a t 300-2,600
the inner bark light brown and bitter. Twigs feet altitude in western mountains of Puerto
are slender, hairless, light green when young, Rico. Reported from Virgin Islands long ago,
turning gray. apparently in error.
Leaves opposite, hairless, with slender light PUBLICFORESTS.-Guajataca, Maricao, Su-
green petioles x-Yuinch long. Blades are var- sua.
iable in shape, 1x4 inches long and 94-1Y2 RANGE.-Southern Florida including Florida
inches wide, with very long point, often curved Keys, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola,
a t apex, short-pointed or blunt a t base, not Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Trini-
toothed on edges, the side veins inconspicuous, dad (?).
with minute gland dots, the upper surface dark OTHERCOMMON ~ A ~ ~ s . - c a r a c o l i (Puerto
llo
green to yellow green and shiny, and the lower Rico). ; yarua (Cuba) ; redberry eugenia, red
surface dull light green. stopper, snakewood, ironwood (United States) ;
Flowers spreading from node on threadlike ironwood (Bahamas) ; wild coffee (Trinidad) ;
stalks of equal length (like umbels). The con- jayao (Dominican Republic).
 DC.
Fruiting twig (above), twig with old flowers (lower right), natural size.

651
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

566. Lathberry Eugenia cordara (Sw.) DC.

This shrub or small tree is easily recognized The crowded clusters of stalkless flowers con-
by its leaves. Distinguishing characters are: sist of calyx of 4 rounded sepals inch long,
(1) paired elliptic leaves ah-2 inches long and 4 rounded white petals less than 1/ inch long,
1/2-1y2 inches broad, rounded a t apex, stalkless many threadlike white stamens, and pistil with
and slightly notched or heart-shaped and clasp- inferior ovary l/i6 inch long and threadlike
ing a t base; (2) small white flowers less than style. The fruit is rounded to elliptic, greenish,
l/a inch across the many stamens, clustered and about $& inch long. With flowers and fruits in
stalkless a t leaf bases and at nodes back of spring.
leaves; and (3) stalkless fruits about $& inch Common in eastern Puerto Rico and rare
long. along south coast to upper Coamo, moist and
An evergreen shrub or small tree 30 feet in dry coastal and lower Cordillera forests from
height and 5 inches in trunk diameter, with sea level t o 1,800 feet altitude. Also common
smooth gray bark. The slender twigs are light on islands eastward, forming thickets on hill-
gray or brown, minutely hairy when young. sides, Piiieros, Culebra, St. Croix, St. Thomas,
The opposite leaves commonly are 3/-1 inch St. John, Jost Van Dyke, Tortola, and Virgin
long but sometimes twice a s large, slightly Gorda.
thickened, hairless, shiny green above and dull PUBLICvirgin Islands.
light green beneath, the border yellow and RANGE.-Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands and
slightly turned under, with inconspicuous veins Lesser Antilles from St. Eustatius to Guade-
and with minute gland dots. loupe and Dominica.

567. Eugenia ( 1 ) cororrale~bBritton

Described a s a tree 20 feet high with slender work. Flowers and fruits unknown. Collected
hairless twigs slightly enlarged below forks. only a t limestone hill, Corozal, Puerto Rico.
Leaves opposite, stalkless, elliptic rounded, This species was named by Nathaniel L. Brit-
1vE-2% inches long and 1%-2 inches wide, ton in 1924 from his sterile specimen of 1923
thin, hairless, rounded a t apex, heart-shaped doubtfully in this genus, and has not been stud-
a t base, green on both surfaces, densely d a n d ied further.
dotted, the slender veins forming loose net-
566. Lathberry Eugenia cordata (Sw.) DC.
Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (right), natural size.

653
 -

MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

Eugenia eggersii Kiaerek.

Guasibara, a shrub or small tree restricted stalks Y8-% inch long have a cup-shaped green
to mountain forests of Puerto Rico, is identified base (hypanthium) %a inch long, which bears
by: (1) opposite oblong to narrowly elliptic
leaves 2-6 inches long and %-2% inches wide,
4 light green rounded sepals v8 inch long; 4
rounded white petals s/la inch long; many white
hairless, slightly thickened, leathery, dark spreading threadlike stamens y8 inch long; and
green and slightly shiny on upper surface; (2) pistil with inferior 2-celled ovary containing
white flowers nearly inch across the 4 petals many ovules and slender style. Flowering in
and many spreading stamens, several in short spring and summer and fruiting in summer.
clusters a t leaf bases; and (3) round warty The wood is light brown and hard.
fruit 1/2 inch in diameter, with 4 rounded sepals Rare as understory shrub or small tree in
a t apex. moist limestone, Luquillo, and Cordillera for-
An evergreen shrub or small tree to 16 feet ests a t 1,000-3,000 feet altitude in mountains
high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, reported of Puerto Rico.
to become a tree 66 feet tall. Bark gray, smooth PUBLICFORESTS.-Carite, Guajataca, Lu-
to finely fissured, the inner bark greenish. quillo, Rio Abajo, Toro Negro.
Twigs slender, green, turning brown, hairless. RANGE.-Known only from mountains of
Leaves opposite, hairless, with petioles l/s- Puerto Rico.
y8 inch long. Blades mostly long-pointed at OTHER COMMON N ~ ~ ~ . - g u a y a b a c 6 n(Puerto
apex, short-pointed or blunt at base, not toothed Rico) .
on edges, the lower surface yellow green and This species was first collected by Henrik
slightly shiny. Franz Alexander von Eggers (1844-1903),
Flower clusters (racemes) a t leaf bases are Danish army captain and plant collector, in
?42-11/2 inches long. The fragrant flowers on Luquillo Mountains in 1883.

Eugenia glabrata (Sw.) DC.

This shrub or small tree has been found a t few flowers s/lo inch long in clusters to 1/2 inch
Maricao Forest by Alain Liogier. Characterized long a t leaf bases ;and (4) oblong black berries
by : (1)twigs finely hairy when young; (2) op- 3/s-1/2 inch long. Rare at Maricao State Forest.
posite elliptic to ovate leaves 1y43inches long R A N G E . - ~ u ~ ~ Jamaica,
, Hispaniola, and
and ?12-1$4,inches wide, thin, hawless, the apex Puerto Rico. OTHER COMMON N A ~ ~ s . 4 u a i r a j e
long-pointed with blunt tip, base rounded or colorado (Cuba) ; rodwood (Jamaica) ;arrayan
short-pointed, with side veins conspicuous, with (Dominican Republic).
gland dots, and petioles y8-x inch long; (3)
568. Guadbara Eugenia eggersii Kiaexsk.
Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (right), natural size.
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

570. Uvillo Eugenia haematocarpa Alain

This rare small tree known only from Lu- nearly equal stalks of 4/8-v2inch, composed of
quillo Mountains was not named until 1963. Its bell-shaped tube (hypanthium) '/lo inch long,
distinguishing characters a r e : (1) paired, finely hairy, calyx of 4 rounded lobes 4/,0 inch
relatively large, oblong to elliptic leaves, thick long, 4 rounded light pink petals v8 inch long,
and leathery, almost stalkless; (2) many small many stamens, and pistil with inferior ovary.
flowers about lh inch wide, borne short-stalked Berries round or nearly so, dark blood red, con-
in clusters on trunk; and (3) round berries, taining 1 rounded light brown seed 518 inch in
inch in diameter, dark blood red, edible. diameter. Collected with flower buds and fruits
An evergreen small tree to 25 feet high and in May.
6 inches in trunk diameter. Bark gray or whit- Rare in lower slopes of Luquillo forest at
ish, smoothish shedding in plates. Twigs hair- 1,000-1,500 feet altitude in Luquillo Mountains,
less, slightly 2-angled, rusty brown. colected at Barrio Maizanales, El Valle, Na-
Leaves opposite, hairless, with short petioles guabo, and at El Verde, Rio Grande.
less than y8 inch long. Blades are mostly 4-7 PUBLIC FOREST.-LUQU~~~O.
inches long and 23%inches wide, thin, long- RANGE.-K~ow~ only from Luquillo Moun-
pointed at apex, rounded or slightly notched tains of eastern Puerto Rico.
a t base, not toothed on edges, with many nearly This striking species was first collected in
straight slender side veins slightly raised and 1939 by Leslie R. Holdridge, of the U. S. Forest
forming prominent network, dull dark green on Service. The scientific name refers to the blood
upper surface, and light green beneath. red color of the fruits, which are large and
Flowers many in clusters on trunk on slender edible.
570. Uvillo Eugenia llaematocarpa Alain
Leafy twig and fruits (lower left), two-thirds natural size.
 - - -

MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

571. Palo de muleta Eugenia ligustrina (Sw. ) Willd.

This uncommon shrub or elsewhere a small inch long; stamens many; and pistil with in-
tree is recognized by: (1) paired, narrowly ferior ovary containing many ovules and with
elliptic leaves o/-1% inches long and j/s-% slender style. Berries on slender stalks are
inch wide, very shiny gTeen above; (2) smaller covered with gland dots and have few rounded
scalelike leaves a t base of twigs; (3) flowers seeds. Recorded with flowers in May.
mostly single on slender stalks back of leaves, The sweetish edible berries have been made
white, y2-y' inch across the 4 white petals ;and into preserves elsewhere.
(4) round red berries 1/ -B/la inch in diameter, Uncommon and scattered mostly in dry and
with 4 long narrow sepafs at apex, sweetish and moist limestone forests of southern and west-
edible. ern Puerto Rico, also scattered along north
An evergreen shrub seldom taller than 8 feet coast to Fajardo in northeast, from sea level to
but sometimes a tree 12 feet high and 3 inches 600 feet altitude. Also in Piiieros, Culebra,
in trunk diameter, reported to reach 15-20 feet Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, and
elsewhere, hairless throughout. Bark gray, Jost Van Dyke.
slightly Assured to peeling and slightly shaggy. PUBLICFOREsTS.-Cambalache, Guajataea,
The twigs are slender, light gray brown. The Guhnica, Vega ;Virgin Islands.
narrow pointed buds are up to s/la inch long, RANGE.-Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands,
4-angled, and covered with overlapping pointed Lesser Antilles from St. Martin and St. Barts
scales. to Trinidad and Tobago. Also from Venezuela
The opposite leaves have short slender yel- south to Brazil. Planted in South Florida.
lowish petioles less than S/1, inch long. Blades OTHEX COMMON NAMES.-granadilla, hoja
are blunt or short-pointed a t apex and short- menuda, palo de murta (Puerto Rico) ;arraijiin
pointed a t base, turned under a t edges, slightly (Cuba) ; birchberry (English) ; mbrisier (St.
thick and leathery with sunken midvein and B a r b ) ; blackberry, black-cherry (St. Martin,
many faint side veins, covered with minute St. Eustatius) ; bois ti-feuilles, m6risier noir
gland dots, and dull yellow green beneath. (Martinique) arraytin, escob6n de aguja
Flowers mostly single back of leaves on (Dominican Republic).
slender stalks of 1y2inches. Sepals 4, inch BOTANICALS Y N O N Y M . - S ~ ~ ~ O C ~ligzcstri-
~~X
long, gland-dotted; petals 4, white, about s/s nus (SW.) Berg.
571. Palo de muleta Etcgenia ligustrina (Sw.) Willd.
Flowering twig (upper left), fruiting twig (right), twig with old fruit stalks (below), natural size.

659
/
- - -- - -

MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

572. Anyila, boxleaf eugenia Eugenia joetina Pers.

This common shrub or small tree of the group fruiting in spring and summer, the fruits
of hoja menuda is distinguished by: (1) un- persisting.
pleasant, skunklike odor of foliage; (2) leaves The heartwood is dark reddish brown and the
paired, small, oblanceolate, narrow, rounded a t sapwood light brown. The wood is hard, heavy,
apex, mostly broadest beyond middle and taper- and fine-grained.
ing to long-pointed base, almost stalkless; (3) Common in moist and dry limestone forests
few small white flowers inch across the from sea level to 300 feet altitude in southwest-
many white stamens, clustered and almost ern coast and foothills of Puerto Rico. Also,
stalkless a t leaf bases and back of leaves; and Mona, Desecheo, Muertos. Through the islands
(4) rounded blackish berries about l/s inch in eastward, including Vieques, St. Croix, St.
diameter. Thomas, and Tortola.
A shrub or small tree to 20 feet high and 4 PUBLIC ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - C a m b a l a c hGuinica,
e,
inches in trunk diameter, on Desecheo reaching Estate Thomas.
30 feet and 5 inches. Bark gray, smooth, be- RANGE.-Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and
coming slightly fissured or mottled into large Virgin Islands. Also southern Florida includ-
plates. Inner bark pink, slightly bitter. Twigs ing Florida Keys. Recorded from southern
gray, slender, often finely hairy. Mexico and Guatemala.
The opposite leaves 94,-1y2inches long and OTHER COMMON NAMES.-hoja menuda
%-1/13 inch wide are hairless, slightly thickened (Puerto Rico) ; escob6n (Dominican Repub-
and turned under a t edges, dull or slightly lic); guairaje, guairaje blanco, bblsamo
shiny green above, and beneath light green with (Cuba) ; rodwood (Jamaica) ; stopperbush,
blackish gland dots. The leaves vary greatly in Spanish stopper (Bahamas) ; boxleaf eugenia,
shape and size. gurgeon stopper, Spanish stopper (United
Flowers few, slightly fragrant, consisting of States) ;bois petites feuilles (Haiti).
4 rounded calyx lobes more than '/loinch long, BOTANICALs ~ N o N ~ ~ S . - E u g e n i ab ~ iOZ&Lf
4 white gland-dotted petals less than l/a inch (Sw.) Willd. not Lam., E. mprtoides, E.
long, many threadlike white stamens, and pistil maleolens of authors, not Pers.
with inferior ovary and long slender style. The This species apparently is one of the com-
fruits turn from yellow orange to black or dark monest and most widespread of its family in the
brown a t maturity and have calyx a t apex. Greater Antilles. It was long known a s Eugenia
Seed usually 1, sometimes 2. Flowering and buzifolia, a name rejected as a later homonym.
572. Anguila, boxleaf eugenia Eugenia foetida Pers.
Flowering twig (upper left), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size.
661
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

573. Biriji, black-cherry Eugenia monticola (Sw.) DC.

Biriji is common and widely distributed in long and gland dotted, many threadlike white
Puerto Rico, mainly western part, and through stamens, and pistil with inferior ovary and
the Virgin Islands. It is recogn~zedby: (1) sleqder style. The fruit,, with sepals persistent
many twigs very slender and wandlike, finely a t apex, are classed as edible. Flowering and
hairy; (2) many crowded small leaves paired fruiting irregularly from spring to fall.
and in 2 rows, lance-shaped to narrowly ovate, Wood light brown, hard, and heavy.
pointed a t both ends and often strongly turned Common and widely distributed in moist and
under toward base; (3) many white flowers dry limestone and upper Cordillera forests
about 9/10 inch wide, crowded on short stalks a t from sea level to 2,600 feet altitude, mainly in
leaf bases; and (4) fruit a round berry s/10 inch western Puerto Rico. Also in Muertos, Culebra,
in diameter, turning from red to black a t Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Jost
maturity. Van Dyke, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda.
An evergreen shrub or tree to 50 feet high PUBLICFORESTS AND PARKS.-Cambala~he,
and 6 inches in trunk diameter. Bark gray, Guhnica, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Suslia, Vega;
smooth to slightly fissured, the inner bark Virgin Islands, Gorda Peak.
brown and almost tasteless. Twigs very slender, RANGE.-Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands,
light brown, finely hairy when young. and through Lesser Antilles from St. Martin
Leaves opposite in 2 rows, with slender finely and St. B a r b to Grenada, Barbados, and Trini-
hairy petioles less than y8 inch long. Blades dad and Tobago. Also from Venezuela to
5/8-ll/g inches long and 3/1 0-1/2 inch wide (up to French Guiana. Recorded from Guatemala.
7/8 inch wide in a broadleaf form), the apex OTHER COMMON NAMES.-hoja menuda
ending in a long blunt point, the base short- or (Puerto Rico) ; arraytin, escob6n blanco (Do-
long-pointed and may be strongly turned under, minican Republic) ; guairaje macho (Cuba) ;
edges not toothed, thin or a little thickened, rodwood (Jamaica, Barbados) ; white rodwood
hairless or nearly so, with minute gland dots, (Barbados) ; small-leaf (Trinidad and To-
dull green above, paler beneath. The foliage bago) ; petit bois d'Inde (Haiti) ; birds-cherry
sometimes has an unpleasant, skunklike odor. (St. Martin) ; mbrisier (St. Barts) ;petits feu-
The flowers are composed of 4 rounded sepals illes, mbrisier ti-feuilles (Guadeloupe) ; ti-feu-
1/,, inch long, 4 white petals less than y8 inch .
illes, bois creole (Martinique)
Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (right), natural size.

663
 - - -

MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

574. Hoja menuda Eugenia procera (Sw.) Poir.

This species of hoja menuda found in dry node a t base of a leaf on stalks of equal length
forests of southwestern Puerto Rico and the (like an umbel). The cup-shaped base (hy-
islands eastward is characterized by: (1) op- panthium) bears 4 rounded calyx lobes less
posite ovate to elliptic leaves 1-2 inches long than 4/8 inch long and, the other parts ; 4 white
and inches wide, slightly thickened; (2) petals more than 4/f inch long; many threadlike
white flowers about v8inch across the many
stamens and 4 petals, several on very slender
stamens about y8 inch long; and pistil with in-
ferior 2-celled ovary and style. Flowers and
stalks %-v8 inch long a t nodes; and (3)
rounded black sticky berries nearly 1/4, inch in
fruits produced from spring to autumn.
Rare in dry limestone forest of southwestern
diameter. Puerto Rico, collected a t San Germin, also
An evergreen shrub or small tree to 16 feet Coama Springs, and in northeastern part near
high and 3 inches in trunk diameter. Bark Toa Baja and Fajardo. Also St. Croix, St.
gray, smooth, peeling off in rectangular plates. Thomas, St. John, and Tortola.
Twigs slender, finely hairy when young. PUBLIC ~ ~ I t ~ . - V i r g iIslands.
n
Leaves opposite, with petioles about y8 inch RANGE.-Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands,
long. Blades are bluntly long-pointed a t apex, and through Lesser Antilles from St. Martin to
short-pointed a t base, not toothed on edges, Martinique, Barbados, Trinidad, and Curacao.
hairless, with minute gland dots, with incon- Also Venezuela and Colombia.
spicuous veins forming a fine network, the up- OTHER COMMON N A M E S . - - ~ ~ ~ ~ Ycolorado
&~
per surface dull green, and the lower surface lobo (Dominican Republic) ; arrayin, guaya-
paler. bit0 arrayin (Colombia).
The fragrant flowers are borne several a t a
574. Hoja menuda Etcgertia procera (Sw.) Poir.
Flowering twig (upper left), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size.

665
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

Eugenia peeudopsidium Jacq.

This shrub rarely reaching tree size a t Vie- petals ye-% inch long; many white stamens;
ques is identified by: (1) opposite ovate to el- and pistil with inferior 2-celled ovary contain-
liptic leaves 1Y24y2 inches long and 3/-2 ing many ovules and slender style. The rounded
inches wide, hairless, the upper surface green fruits have calyx persistent a t apex and contain
and slightly shiny; (2) whitish flowers about 1 rounded seed. Flowering and fruiting prob-
yn inch wide, 1 or few on long very slender ably irregularly through the year.
stalks a t leaf bases; and (3) the conspicuous Wood light or reddish brown, hard, reported
rounded shiny red or yellow berries R/8-S/8 inch to be very heavy (specific gravity 1.3).
in diameter with calyx lobes a t apex. Uncommon in moist coastal forest a t low and
An evergreen shrub flowering when only 3 middle altitudes to 2,200 feet in Puerto Rico.
feet high, rarely a small tree a t Vieques. Bark Also other islands, including Vieques, St. Croix,
light gray, slightly fissured and scaly. Twigs St. Thomas, St. John, and Tortola.
slender, minutely hairy, green when young, PUBLICFORESTS AND PARK.-Cambalache,
turning brown. Guajataca, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Vega; Virgin
The opposite hairless leaves have short peti- Islands.
oles v8-1/4,inch long. Blades are long-pointed RANGE.-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Virgin
a t apex, short-pointed a t base, not toothed on Islands, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica,
edges, slightly thickened, the lower surface dull Martinique, and St. Vincent (doubtfully Bar-
light green. bados).
Flowers are borne 1 or few on stalks vn-1 OTHER COMMON NAMES.-guayaba silvestre
inch long a t leaf bases or sometimes a t end of (Puerto Rico) ; wild guava (Virgin Islands) ;
twig. The cup-shaped green base (hypanthium) goyavier de rnontague (Guadeloupe) ;goyavier-
'/,, inch long encloses the inferior ovary and bois, bois pli6, goyavier marron (Martinique) ;
bears the 4 rounded greenish calyx lobes about guisara (Dominican Republic).
1/8 inch long and other parts; 4 rounded white
576. Quiebrahacha Eugenia pseudopsidium Jacq.
Flowering twig (upper left) nnd fruiting twig, natural size.
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)
576. Serrazuela Eugeniu serrruruela Krug & Urban

Described as a tree with chinked bark and most stalkless, 6-parted, with ovate sepals and
hairless twigs. Leaves opposite with petioles half-round woolly inferior ovary. Fruit a
l/e inch long, ovate, to 5 inches long and 2Y2 round berry 1 inch in diameter, hairy, ribbed,
inches wide, bluntly long-pointed, curved down containing 1 seed. Reported from Anones,
on edges, thick, gland dotted, with conspicuous Puerto Rico, by Bello before 1881 and not col-
veins. Flowers clustered a t ends of twigs, al- lected afterwards.

Eugenia [Link] Vahl

This shrub or small tree is more widely dis- The flowers are composed of brownish hairy
tributed through the islands eastward than in cupshaped base (hypanthium) Y8 inch long,
Puerto Rico. Its characters for identification which bears the calyx with 4 yellow-green
are: (1) opposite elliptic or nearly round dotted lobes inch long and the other
leaves, thick and leathery, with edges much parts; 4 petals X inch long; many threadlike
rolled under; (2) stalkless flowers clustered on stamens; and pistil with inferior 2-celled ovary
twigs back of leaves, about y2 inch across the
many spreading threadlike stamens and 4 and slender style. Flowering and fruiting in
petals ; and (3) round rose-colored berries spring and early summer.
about ?L4 inch in diameter. Uncommon in moist coastal forest from sea
An evergreen shrub or rarely a small tree to level to 1,000 feet altitude. In Puerto Rico only
15 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, a t Cabeza de San Juan and vicinity of Fajardo
hairless throughout. Bark gray, smooth. Twigs a t the northeastern corner, south of Cayey a t
stout, light gray. 1,800 feet altitude, and between Aibonito and
Leaves opposite, with stout yellow to brown Coamo. Also Vieques, Culebra, St. Croix, St.
petioles Y8-X inch long. Blades are mostly Thomas (Water Island), Tortola, and Virgin
1%4? inches long and 1?4,-2$4 inches wide, Gorda.
sometimes to 4 by 3 inches, rounded or blunt a t
apex, short-pointed or blunt a t base, with mi- RANGE.-Known only from Puerto Rico and
nute gland dots, the upper surface shiny yellow Virgin Islands.
green with network of fine veins visible when Named from St. Croix in 1794 but not found
dry, and the lower surface dull light green. in Puerto Rico until 1954.
 - .-
~ - - --

MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

578. Murta Eugenia eintenisii Kiaerek.

This shrub or small tree is identified by : (1) ferior ovary and long slender style. Flowering
paired, elliptic to obovate leaves narrowed a t and fruiting in spring.
base, short-stalked; (2) small flowers about Rare in upper Cordillera forest a t 2,500-
s/,, inch across the many stamens, stalkless in 3,000 feet altitude in eastern and central moun-
clusters back of leaves or a t leaf bases; and (3) tains of Puerto Rico. Recorded also from St.
rounded red fruits, in diameter. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, and Tortola.
An evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet PUBLIC M ) R E S T S . - ~ ~i k
~ , Tor0 Negro.
high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, hairless R A N G E . - - ~ u ~ Rico
~ ~ o and Virgin Islands,
throughout. Leaves opposite with petioles less also Lesser Antilles from St. Eustatius, Bar-
than 1/8 inch long. Blades l Y 2 S inches long
and 34-11/2 inches wide, blunt or rounded a t buda, and Antigua to St. Vincent and The
apex and narrowed or short-pointed a t base, Grenadines.
dark green with whitish midvein, slightly Related to No. 566 lathberry, Eugenia cor-
thickened. data (Sw.) DC., which has leaves rounded or
The flowers have calyx lobes less than %o slightly heart-shaped a t base, and regarded also
inch long, rounded petals less than vqinch long, as a variety of that species (E. cordata var.
many threadlike stamens, and pistll with in- sintenW (Kiaersk.) Krug & Urban).
 Eugenia sintenisii Kiaersk.
Flowering twig, natural size.

671
- - - - -

MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

Eugenia etewardsonii Britton

This rare tree known only from Puerto Rico Flowers stalkless, crowded in clusters below
is described by: (1) paired ovate shiny green leaves. The flower has 4 rounded greenish calyx
leaves almost stalkless, with prominent network lobes less than v8 inch long, with gland dots; 4
of veins; (2) many stalkless white flowers white petals ; many spreading threadlike white
nearly j/s inch across the many stamens, stamens; and pistil with inferior ovary and
crowded on twigs below leaves; and (3) long style. The stalkless berries have calyx
rounded fruits inch in diameter. lobes a t apex. Flowering and fruiting in spring.
A small evergreen tree 16-30 feet high and 4 Rare in upper Cordillera forest at about
inches in trunk diameter, hairless throughout. 2,5004,000 feet altitude in western mountains
Twigs slender, gray. of Puerto Rico.
Leaves opposite, almost stalkless, ll/$-21/q, PUBLIC ~ o ~ ~ s ~ s . - G u i l a r Maricao.
te,
inches long and o/-1% inches wide, shghtly R ~ ~ c ~ . - - P u e rRico
t o only.
thickened, blunt or rounded at apex, rounded or This species honors Stewardson Brown
slightly notched a t base, not toothed on edges, (1867-1929), botanist of the United States,
ovate to elliptic, bright shiny green on both who assisted Nathaniel L. Britton in collecting
sides, with many straight fine side veins prom- the type specimen at the summit of Monte
inent in drying. Torrecillo in 1915.
 Eugeltia stewardsonii Britton
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.

673
- - ~ - -

MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

580. Cereza de Caycna, Surinam-cherry Eugenia uniflora L.*

Surinam-cherry is an introduced shrub or than long, with 8 vertical ridges and grooves
small tree planted for its edible cherrylike and with 1 large seed. A variety has purplish
fruits and for hedges. It is identified by: (1) black fruits. With flowers and fruits in spring.
opposite ovate leaves ll/g--2% inches long and The cherrylike fruits are eaten raw and made
%-I% inches wide, shiny dark green and into jellies and preserves. The shrubs can be
slightly curved, with few side veins; (2) flow- pruned into attractive hedges with glossy dark
ers about 3/8 inch across the 3 spreading petals, green foliage. In temperate climates the plants
white or tinged with pink, 1-4 a t leaf bases on in pots bear many showy fruits. It is reported
long slender stalks; and (3) rounded berries that a home remedy like tea has been prepared
M-1 inch in diameter, red to deep purplish from the leaves.
black, grooved or angled, resembling tiny to- Rarely grown for the pleasantly acid fruits,
matoes, juicy and slightly sour, 1-seeded. also for hedges, in Pue-rto Rico, St. Croix, and
A planted shrub or small tree to 15 feet high St. Thomas and reported to spread from seeds.
and 4 inches in trunk diameter, much branched, FtANG~.-Native from Brazil and Guianas to
hairless. Twigs light brown, slender. Uruguay, Argentina, and Bolivia. Widely
The opposite hairless leaves have light green planted through tropical America north to
petioles j/s inch long. The blades are bluntly Bermuda, Bahamas, southern Florida, southern
long-pointed a t apex, rounded or slightly Texas, and southern California. Spreading
notched a t base, not toothed on edges, slightly from cultivation. Also introduced into the Old
thickened, slightly curved and convex from base World tropics.
to apex, with minute gland dots, shiny dark OTHER COMMON NAMES."ereza de Surinim
green on upper surface, and dull light green (Puerto Rico) ; cereza de Cayena, pitanga
beneath. (Spanish) ; guinda (El Salvador) ; Aangapirk
Flowers borne on slender stalks ?k2-ll/g inches (Uruguay) ; iiangapiri, arrayzin (Argentina) ;
long are composed of calyx with 4 light green Surinam-cherry, pitanga, Brazil-cherry, Ca-
lobes 8/ls inch long, turned back and persistent; yenne-cherry, Florida-cherry (English) ;cerise
4 spreading elliptic petals %9 inch long, white de Cayenne (French) ; honeyberry, Surinam-
or tinged with pink, soon falling; many thread- cherry (Saba, St. Eustatius) ; pitanga, pitan-
like white stamens inch long; and pistil gueira (Brazil) ; grosela de Mbxico. (Domini-
with inferior rounded ovary %I! inch long and can Republic).
threadlike white style. The fruits are broader
580. Cereza de Cayena, Surinam-cherry Eugenia rcniflora L.*
Flowering twig (left) , twig with immature fruits (right), natural size.
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

581. Eugenia xerophytica Britton

This rare shrub or small tree known only rounded or pointed gland-dotted calyx lobes
from southwestern Puerto Rico and Muertos is 4/8 inch long and the other parts; 4 white el-
characterized by : (1) opposite nearly round liptic rounded petals more than % inch long;
leaves, slightly thick and leathery, with prom- many threadlike white stamens ,ivch
inent network of veins; (2) white flowers long; and pistil with inferior ovary containing
inch across the many spreading threadlike sta- many ovules and slender white style l/g inch
mens and 4 petals, 1 to few on slender stalks long. The fruits are green when immature and
X-y2 inch long at nodes, mostly back of leaves ; contain few seeds. Flowering and fruiting in
and (3) egg-shaped or rounded berries more spring, collected also with immature fruits in
than 8/8 inch long, with 4 enlarged calyx lobes July and with flowers in October.
a t tip. The wood is light brown and hard.
An evergreen shrub or small tree to 15 feet Rare in dry limestone forest from sea level
high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, much to 200 feet altitude in southwestern Puerto
branched. Bark brown, smooth, peeling off in Rico, also Muertos.
plates and mottled, the inner bark whitish and PUBLIC FOREST.-GU~~~C~.
tasteless. Twigs slender, brownish gray. RANGE.-Known only from southwestern
Puerto Rico and Muertos.
Leaves opposite, hairless, with short petioles OTHERCOMMON ~ ~ ~ E . - g u a y a b a c 6 n(Puerto
1/8-l/g inch long. Blades are 54&2 inches long
and broad, rounded or blunt a t apex, slightly
Rico) .
This species was named in 1924 from incom-
notched or rounded a t base, not toothed on plete specimens collected a t Muertos in 1905 by
edges, with minute gland dots, the upper sur- Nathaniel L. Britton and others. The flowers
face shiny yellow green, often curved up on are described here from a specimen collected
both sides, dull yellow green. in 1940. The scientific name xerophytic, or dry
The flowers are composed of cup-shaped base plant, describes this species adapted t o dry
(hypanthium) '/lo inch long, which bears 4 areas.
 Eugenia xcrophytica Britton
Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (upper right), natural size.

677
- - -- - -

MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

GornideaM lindeniana Berg

Small tree of mountain forests and dwarf branches. The slightly fragrant flowers have a
forests of mountain peaks, easily recognized by
the paired very convex elliptic leaves, minutely
broad brown hairy base (hypanthium) sa
inch long, which encloses the inferior ovary and
gland-dotted, curved from the short-pointed bears 6 pointed broad hairy brown sepals I/la
base to the long-pointed apex and much turned inch long, 6 rounded white gland-dotted petals
under a t edges. Other distinguishing charac- y8-V4 inch long and hairy outside, numerous
ters are: (1) twigs, leafstalks, buds, branches spreading white stamens s/lo-a/,a, inch long, and
of flower clusters, and flowers all densely brown slender white hairy style l,4,-y8 inch long. The
hairy; (2) many white 6-parted flowers a/8 inch black berry is ahiny and slightly brown hairy a t
across in branched clusters; and (3) round maturity with astringent light brown flesh.
black berry ?A2 inch or less in diameter with Observed in flower and fruit from spring to
calyx a t apex. Resembling the related species early fall.
also known as cienguillo (No. 192, Mprcia de- The light brown wood is hard.
fiexa (Poir.) DC.), which has brown hairy Rare in upper Cordillera and dwarf forests
parts and similar shaped leaves but nearly flat, a t higher altitudes of 2,0005,000 feet including
also larger flowers and smaller berries about 1/4, summits in central and western mountains of
inch wide. Puerto Rico.
A small evergreen tree 16-30 feet tall and PUBLIC FORESTS.-Carite, Guilarte, Maricao,
3-6 inches in trunk diameter, or sometimes Toro Negro.
shrubby. The crown is narrow or open, with RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto
few branches. The bark is gray and smooth, be- Rico, St. Kitts, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Do-
coming slightly fissured. Inner bark is pink to minca, and Martinique. Also the same or a
brown and slightly astringent or bitter. closely related species in South America to
Leafstalks of the opposite leaves are y8-V# Brazil.
inch long and stout. The blades are 2-6 inches
long and 1 5 inches broad, thickened and OTHER COMMON NAMES.--8UgUey, auguey
leathery, above ahiny green to dark green and prieto, auguey blanco (Dominican Republic) ;
hairless or nearly so, with lateral veins slight1 yareicillo (Cuba) ; merisier grandes feuilles
sunken, and beneath yellow green or brownis K (Guadeloupe) .
green and soft hairy with raised, brown hairy BOTANICALSYNONYMS.-Mgr& lindeniana
veins. (Berg.) Kiaersk., M. fenzliiznu Berg.
Flower clusters (panicles) are wide, 2-6 The specific name honors Jean Jules Linden
inches long and broad, terminal and lateral (1817-1898), of Belgium, who made extensive
near apex of twig, bearing many nearly stalk- plant collections in the New World, including
less flowers on the densely brown hairy the type of this species in Cuba.
Berg

679
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

583. Cayeputi, cajeput-tree Meluleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S . T. Blake*

The cajeput-tree, a n introduced ornamental, tween groups of leaves or below. The calyx
is easily recognized by its odd whitish corky or has 5 half-round lobes less than 1/,, inch long;
spongy thick bark, which splits and peels in
many papery layers, exposing light pink or
there are 5 concave whitish petals nearly
inch long; about 30 threadlike white stamens
v8
brown beneath and becoming rough and nearly 5/8 inch long, slightly united a t base and
shaggy. Other distinguishing characters are : 'to petals and falling together promptly; and
(1) lance-shaped or narrowly elliptic leaves dull pistil with inferior 2-4-celled ovary containing
gray green with 5 (sometimes 7) veins (as many ovules, long threadlike white style, and
specific name indicates) from base to apex, brown dot stigma. The seed capsules are
faint and nearly parallel, with resinous odor crowded and stalkless in groups 1-3 inches long
and taste when crushed; (2) many white flow- on gray twigs back of leaves or between groups
ers 5/8 inch long, crowded and stalkless in of leaves. There are many minute, very narrow
masses 1-3 inches long and 1y2 inches across brown seeds less than inch long. Flowering
the mass of threadlike whitish stamens, which from spring to fall, more than once a year, the
suggest a bottlebrush; and (3) many crowded fruits persistent.
gray-brown short hard cylindric seed capsules The sapwood is light brown and hard.
4/8 inch long and inch wide. Uncommon a s an ornamental and shade tree
An evergreen resinous ornamental tree 50 near sea level in Puerto Rico. Fast growing
feet high, the trunk 1foot in diameter, slightly and resistant to wind, drought, fires, and salt
angled and grooved, with main axis and irreg- water. Suitable for windbreaks and beach
ular branches forming narrow or qpen crown. planting. Elsewhere the bark has been used
Bark or trunk and branches is whitish and for packing fruits and for roofs and boats.
papery. The inner bark is compoaed of many Cajeput oil of medicine is obtained from the
light pink fibrous layers, light brown within, leaves and twigs of this and related species
slightly sour. Twigs are slender, often droop- by steam distillation. Propagathd from seeds.
ing, light brown, and finely hairy when young, RANGE.--N~~~V~ from Burma through Ma-
turning gray. End and side buds rounded to layan Peninsula to Molucca Islands and also
cylindric, l/s-% inch long, greenish brown, in Australia. Planted and naturalized in trop-
composed of many rounded overlapping scales. ical regions. Scattered in West Indies. Escaped
The alternate leaves have finely hairy light from cultivation and naturalized in Everglades
green petioles 4/8 inch long. Blades are llh- and swamps of southern Florida. Planted also
3v2 inches long and l/g-S/8 inch wide, long- in southern California and southern Texas.
pointed a t both ends, not toothed on edges, OTHERCOMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - - c a y e paceite
u t , de
slightly thickened and stiff, finely hairy and cayeput, btilsamo de cayeput (Puerto Rico) ;
slightly paler on lower surface. Crushed leaves cajeput-tree (English) ; bottlebrush, punk-tree,
have a resinous odor and taste somewhat like paperbark-tree (United States).
that of eucalyptus. BOTANICAL SYNONYM .-Melaleuca leucaden-
The flowers are borne along twigs be- dron of authors, not L.
Natural size.
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

584. Hojn menuda Psidium sintenisii (Kiaersk.) Alain

This species of hoja menuda, known only The fragrant flowers have slender stalks .7/8-
from eastern and western mountains of Puerto 11, inches long. The top-shaped hairleas bud
Rico, is characterized by : (1) opposite elliptic with gland dots is capped by the calyx, which
leaves l'/a-2V2 inches long and vu-2 inches splita and separates irregularly; the base (hy-
wide, slightly thickened, with many minute panthiwn) 4/8 inch long encloses the inferior
gland dots; (2) slender twigs much branched ovary and bears the other parts; corolla of 5
and spreading in horizontal plane; (3) flowers
from top-shaped bud nearly yu inch long, single
concave whitish petals x, inch long; many
spreading stamens; and pistil with inferior 5-
on slender stalks at leaf base!; and (4) pear- celled ovary containing many ovules, and
shaped yellowish fruit about
calyx ring a t apex.
vi. inch long, with slender style. The fruits change from light
green to yellowish, have a hard thick wall, and
An evergreen small tree to 30 feet high and contain several small seeds. Collected with
6 inches in trunk diameter. The trunk is flower buds in August, also with fruits from
slightly angled and grooved. Bark gray, spring t o autumn.
slightly peeling, scaly and shaggy. The inner Wood whitish, hard.
bark is pink brown, gritty and slightly astrin- Rare in upper Luquillo and upper Cordillera
forests a t 2,600-3,000 feet altitude in eastern
gent. Twigs slender, hairless, with gland dots, and western mountains of Puerto Rico.
light green when young, becoming light gray. PUBLIC M)RESTS.-Carite, Luquillo, Maricao.
Leaves opposite, hairless, with petioles 4/8- R~Nc~.-Known only from mountains of
l/g inch long. Blades are short-pointed or blunt Puerto Rico.
a t apex, short-pointed a t base, and sometimes This species was first collected by P. Sintenis
turned under a t edges, the upper surface green in Luquillo Mountains in 1885.
to dark green and slightly shiny with midrib BOTANICAL S Y N O N Y M S . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ T O
sunken but without visible side veins, and the sintenisii Kiaersk, Mitrapsidium sintenisii
lower surface yellow green and slightly shiny. (Kiaersk.) Burret.
584. Hoja menuda Psiditim s i n t e n i d (Kiaersk.) Alain
Twig with flower buds (left), twig with old flowers (right), natural size.
683
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

585. Hoja menuda Myrcia fallax ( A . Rich.) DC.

This species of hoja menuda is uncommon in closes the inferior ovary and bears other parts;
high mountains of eastern and central Puerto calyx of 5 spreading rounded yellowish lobes;
Rico. Its distinguishing characters are: (1) 5 rounded white petals l/lc inch long; many
opposite elliptic leaves, long- or short-pointed a t spreading white stamens; and pistil with in-
apex and short-pointed a t base, slightly thick- ferior 2-celled ovary and curved hairy style.
ened, with minute gland dots, the side veins in a The fruit is about twice as long a s wide and
network but not numerous; (2) white flowers contains 1shiny brown seed y8 inch long. With
inch across the 5 spreading petals and many flowers and fruits in spring and summer.
stamens, many in terminal and lateral clusters ; The wood is light brown and hard.
and (3) cylindric pinkish fruits about l/z inch Uncommon in upper Luquillo and Cordillera
long, with 5 calyx lobes at apex. forests and dwarf forest a t 2,000-3,600 feet
An evergreen small tree to 30 feet high and 6 altitude in high mountains of eastern and
inches in trunk diameter. The bark is gray, central Puerto Rico.
smoothish, becoming slightly fissured. Inner PUBLICFoRESl'~.-Carite, Luquillo, Toro
bark is light brown except for a dark red outer Negro.
layer and is astringent. The slender twigs are RA~GE.-puerto Rico. Also Lesser Antilles
light green and slightly hairy when young, be- from Montserrat to Trinidad and Tobago and
coming brown and fissured, ending in narrow from Panama and Colombia to Guianas, Brazil,
bud of minute paired leaves. Bolivia, and Peru.
The opposite leaves have brownish petioles
v8inch long, slightly hairy when young. Blades This species differs from the common species
of hoja menuda in lower mountain areas (No.
are 1-2% inches long and 5/8-1y4 inches wide, 193, Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC.), which has
hairless, often slightly turned under on edges, numerous prominent straight side veins and
the upper surface shiny green with sunken shorter elliptic rounded berries inch
midrib, and the lower surface slightly shiny
light green. long.
Flower clusters (panicles) lateral and ter- OTHER COMMON NAMES.--curame (Vene-
minal, 2-3 inches long, with slender or some- zuela) ;rupifia (Peru) ;bois grille (St. Lucia) ;
times stout branches and many small nearly petit goyavier montagne (Guadeloupe) ; murta
stalkless fragrant white flowers. The greenish (Brazil).
hairy base (hypanthium) %a inch long en- BOTANICAL SYNONY M.-Myrcia berberis DC.

Myrcin ( 1 ) paganii Krug & Urban.

Named from a sterile specimen collected near 44% inches long, 1 inches wide,
Guajataca by P. Sintenis nearly a century ago rounded or blunt at apex, short-pointed a t base,
and placed doubtfully in this genus. Redis- net-veined on lower surface, and petioles
covered near the same area in 1959 by Wood- inch long. Rare in moist limestone forest at
bury but also without flowers and fruits. An 600-800 feet altitude in northwestern Puerto
evergreen tree 30 feet high and 5 inches in Rico. PUBLIC M)REsT.--Gu~~L~~~,~-~c~ RANGE.-
trunk diameter, recorded originally to 65 feet, Known only from Puerto Rico. The name com-
having: (1) mottled tan-gray bark (like memorates Juan Bianchi Paghn, Puerto Rican
guava) ; the inner layer orange brown; (2) who collected plant specimens for Leopold
young twigs soft hairy and flattened; and (3) Krug in 1880-1884.
the opposite leaves elliptic to elliptic-oblong,
585. Hoja menuda Myrcia bracteolaria (Pair.) DC.
Fruiting twig (left), flowering twig (upper right), natural size.

685
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

Myrcianthee fragrane (Sw.) McVaugh

This aromatic shrub or tree is rare in Puerto many ovules and long threadlike curved white
Rico but more common in the other islands. It style. The berry has calyx lobes persistent at
is distinguished by: (1) mottled tan-gray bark, apex. With flowers and fruits in spring and
the inner layer orange brown, peeling or flaking summer.
off in plates (like guava) ; (2) leaves opposite Rare in moist and dry coastal forests and dry
small, elliptic to obovate, thick and leathery; limestone forest from sea level to 700 feet alti-
(3) fragrant white flowers about 8/8 inch across tude in southwestern Puerto Rico and near
the 4 spreading petals and many stamens, sev- Dorado. Also widely distributed and uncom-
eral in long-stalked clusters a t leaf bases; and mon oli Mona, Culebra, Vieques, St. Croix, St.
(4) rounded purple black berries y8 inch in John, Tortola, and Virgm Gorda.
diameter, with 1-2 bean-shaped seeds. PUBLICFORESTS AND ~~.lt~s.-Guirnica,SU-
An evergreen tree to 55 feet high and 14 s6a ;Virgin Islands, Sage Mountain.
inches in trunk diameter, the base becoming RANGE.--Southern Florida, Bahamas,
buttressed. Inner bark reddish brown. Twiga Greater Antilles, St. Martin, Saba, St. Kitts,
slender, brown, finely hairy. Antigua, Guadeloupe, and Martinique. Also
The opposite leaves have finely hairy petioles from eastern and southern Mexico through
4/8-Y inch long. Blades are 1-2 inches long and Central America to Colombia and Venezuela.
6/s-l& inch wide, blunt or rouvded or some- OTHER COMMON NAMES.-guayabac6n
times notched a t apex, short-pointed at base, (Puerto Rico) ; guayabillo (Spanish) ; arrayirn
often turned under a t edges, becoming nearly (Dominican Republic) ; pimienta (Cuba) ; pi-
hairless, with minute gland dots, side veins in- mientilla (Mexico) ; guayabito (Venezuela) ;
conspicuous. The upper surface is shiny green, twinberry eugenia, nakedwood, naked stopper
and the lower surface dull light green. (United States) ; pale stopper, nakedwood
Flower clusters (cymes) about 2 inches long, (Bahamas) ; bois d'Inde (Haiti) ; merisier
bearing several flowers on short branches a t the (Guadeloupe) ; goyavier bois (Martinique) .
end of a long stalk of 1-1y2 inches. The flower BOTANICAL SYNONYMS.-Anamomis f ragram
is composed of light green hairy base (hy- (Sw.) Griseb., Eugenia fragram (Sw.) Willd.,
panthium) l/s inch long bearing 4 light green E. punctata Vahl, E. dicrana Berg.
calyx lobes y8 inch long and other parts; 4 The plants in coastal thickets of Fajardo in
white concave petals
spreading white stamens
xo inch long; many
inch long; and
northeastern Puerto Rico have been named
Mprcianthes fajardensis (Krug & Urban)
pistil with inferior 2-celled ovary containing Alain.
687. Guayabac6n , Alyrcianthes fragrans (Sw.) bfcVaugh
Flowering twig (upper left), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size.

687
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

588. Mirto, guavaberry Aiyrchria jloribunda (Weat ex Willd.) Berg

Guavaberry or mirto, found a t low altitudes berry rum. Though not cultivated, trees are
through the islands, is identified by: (1) op- left in pastures for the fruits.
posite lanceolate leaves ending in a very long Rare in dry and moist coastal forests from
narrow point; (2) almost stalkless white sea level to 700 feet altitude in Puerto Rico.
flowers about %a inch across, clustered a t base Also widespread and perhaps common locally
of leaves; and (3) the guavaberries, round and in dry forest t o 1,000 feet altitude in Vieques,
about
matic.
vu inch in diameter, red or yellow, aro- Culebra, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Jost
Van Dyke, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda.
An evergreen tree t o 55 feet high and 1foot PUBLIC FOREST AND ~~~Ks.-Gutinica ;Virgin
in trunk diameter, hairless throughout. Bark Islands, Gorda Peak
tan to light gray mottled, smooth, the inner RANGE-Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands,
layer orange brown, peeling or flaking off in Cuba, and Hispaniola. Lesser Antilles in St.
plates (like guava). Twigs gray, very slender. Martin, St. Eustatius, St. Kitts, Guadeloupe,
The opposite hairless leaves have #slender and Martinique. Also southern Mexico, Central
petioles y8 inch long. Blades are 11/2-2y2 inches America, and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trini-
long and 3/8-% inch wide, short-pointed a t base, dad, and Guianas to eastern Brazil and Peru.
not toothed on edges, thin with minute gland OTHER COMMON NAMES.-muTt8 (Puert0
dots, with many inconspicuous side veins, the Rico) ; guavaberry (Virgin Islands) ; mijo
upper surface dull green, and lower surface (Dominican Republic) ; mije (Cuba) ; guaya-
dull light green. billo (Guatemala) ; jaboticaba (Honduras) ;
The flowers have funnel-shaped base (hy- escobo, cab0 de chivo (El Salvador) ; arrayin ,
(Colombia) ; guayabillo blanco, guayabito
panthium) %a inch long and 4 calyx lobes (Venezuela) ; small-leaved wild guava, puava-
'/lainch long, rounded and fringed, splitting off berry (Trinidad) ; bois muliitre (Haiti) ; coco-
together evenly a t base; 4 white petals I/lainch carette (Martinique) ; ti feuilles, m6risier
long, rounded and fringed; many stamens; and (Guadeloupe) ; guaveberry (St. Martin, St.
pistil with inferior 2-celled ovary and slender Eustatius) ;escobillo (Nicaragua).
style. There are 1 or 2 rounded seeds. Fruits BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Eugenia floribunda
mature from December to April. West.
The aromatic fruits make excellent strongly This widespread species was named in 1800
flavored jam, also, in the Virgin Islands, guava- from a specimen collected in St. Croix.
588. M i d , guavaberry Myrciaria flon'bunda (West ex Willd.) Berg
Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (right), natural size.

689
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

589. Beruquillo Marlierea sintenisii Kiaersk.

This rare shrub or small tree known only broad groove with sides curved up and convex;
from the dwarf forest of Luquillo Mountains the lower surface has raised midvein and
is identified by: (1) short rusty-brown hairs slightly concave sides with raised veins. Young
on young twigs, branches of flower clusters, leaves are shiny coppery red.
and flowers; (2) opposite nearly round or Flower clusters (panicles) a t sides of twiga
broadly elliptic leaves notched a t stalkless base, are less than 2 inches long including the stalk
thick and stiff, and slightly rusty hairy be- of 1 inch. The flower from a rounded hairy
neath; (3) small yellowish flowers nearly l/e bud % inch long is composed of Clobed hairy
inch broad with 4 petals and many stamens, calyx, 4 petals soinch long, many spreading
several stalkless on branches of long lateral stamens 4/8 inch long, and pistil with hairy
stalk; and (4) berries 3/s inch in diameter, inferior ovary and long slender style. The
slightly flattened, with ring from calyx a t fruits contain 2 elliptic shiny brown seeds
apex. l/e inch long. Flowering and fruiting from
An evergreen shrub 10-13 feet high or small spring to autumn.
tree to 30 feet high and 6 inches in trunk Rare in dwarf forest a t 2,500 feet altitude
diameter. Twigs covered with short rusty- in Luquillo Mountains.
brown hairs when young, becoming gray and PUBLIC FOREST.-LU~U~~~O.
finely fissured. BOTANICAL S Y N O N Y M . - P ~ ~ ~ ~(~?) sintenisii
The opposite stalkless leaves are 1v2-3inches (Kiaersk.) Britton.
long and lY8-2 inches wide, rounded a t apex, RANGE-Known only from Puerto Rico.
notched at base, not toothed on edges. The First collected by P. Sintenis and rediscov-
upper surface is hairless, has midvein in a ered in 1940 by Leslie R. Holdridge.
689. Beruquillo Marlierea sintenieii Kiaersk.
Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (right), natural size.

691
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

590. Mountain guava Psidium amplexicaule Pers.

Mountain guava is a wild relative of No. 195, the corolla of 4 white petals; many threadlike
guayaba or common guava (Psidium guajava white stamens; and pistil with inferior 2 4 -
L.*), distinguished by : (1) opposite nearly celled ovary and long threadlike curved style.
round thick and leathery leaves llh-2Bq. inches With flowers and fruits in spring and to fall.
in diameter, thick and leathery an/ almost Rare in moist limestone forest at 100-600
stalkless; (2) smaller flowers 1 or few a t ends feet altitude on north coast of Puerto Rico.
or sides of twigs, about 1/2 inch across; and Also St. Thomas St. John, Tortola, and Virgin
(3) rounded fruit about $ l%
inch in diameter, Gorda. ~ e c o r d e da s planted on St. Croix. How-
with calyx lobes a t apex. ever, not found in Culebra and Vieques.
An evergreen tree to 40 feet high and 1foot PUBLIC FORESTS AND PARKS.-Guajataca, Rio
in trunk diameter, recorded by Britton and Abajo; Virgin Islands, Sage Mountain, Gorda
Wilson (10) a s a shrub 6-13 feet high. Bark Peak.
mottled tan-gray, the inner layer orange-brown, RANc~.-Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands.
peeling or fiaking off in plates (like guava). Recorded also from Nevis and a s planted on
Twigs gray, slender, hairless. Guadeloupe.
The opposite leaves are rounded a t apex, OTHER COMMON NAME.-mountain guava
slightly notched a t base, slightly turned under (Virgin Islands).
a t edges, with side veins straight and widely This species of the Virgin Islands was not
spreading, paler beneath. known 'from Puerto Rico until collected a t Rio
Flowers on slender stalks about l/rt inch long, Abajo in 1938 by Leslie R. Holdridge of the
composed of calyx with irregular rounded lobes U. S. Forest Service.
l/s-9/lo inch long, thick and persistent on fruit ;
590. Mountain guava Psidium amplezicaule Pers.
Flowering twig (above), immature fruits (lower left), natural size.
MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEAE)

Siphoneugena densijlora Berg

This shrub or tree of mountains of central leaf bases and back of leaves on stalks of less
and western Puerto Rico is recognized by: than 1/8 inch. Buds are rounded, more than
(1) opposite small elliptic leaves 1%inches 4/8 inch long, the gland-dotted calyx with tube
long and 5/8-3/P inch vnde, slightly tang-pointed ]/lo inch long splitting irregularly into 4 hairy
a t both ends and almost diamond-shaped, lobes. There are 4 white finely hairy petals less
slightly thickened and leathery and turned than inch long, many spreading stamens
under a t edges, with minute gland dots, the % inch long, and pistil with inferior ovary less
side veins inconspicuous; (2) slender brown than l/loinch long and long slender style. The
twigs covered with short hairs when young; (3) fruits are broader than long and change color
few small white flowers nearly % inch broad from green to reddish to black. The soft juicy
with 4 petals and many stamens, almost stalk- pink flesh is almost tasteless. Seeds 1 or 2,
less a t leaf bases; and (4) round shiny black elliptic, %-8/8 inch long, brown. With flowers
berries more than y8 inch in diameter, the apex in spring and f r u i t , in spring and summer.
with tube and ring from base of calyx. The wood is light brown and hard.
An evergreen shrub or small tree 25 feet Common in upper Cordillera forest, also
high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, sometimes dwarf forest a t 2,00011,000 feet altitude in
to 40 feet and 10 inches. The bark is light central and western mountain regions of
gray brown, smoothiuh to slightly fissured and Puerto Rico.
flaky, the inner bark brown, fibrous, and PUBLIC FORESTS.-Carite, Guilarte, Maricao,
astringent. Toro Negro.
The opposite leaves have short finely hairy RANGE.-Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, and
petioles less than y8 inch long. Blades are blunt Martinique. Also Venezuela.
a t the long-pointed apex, hairless, shiny green OTHER COMMON NAMES.-hoja menuda (Pu-
to dark green on upper surface, and slightly erto Rico) ; cerisier montagne (Guadeloupe) .
shiny light green beneath. BOTANICAL s ~ N o . ~ ~ ~ . - P l i ndwgi
ia (Krug
The few flowers are scattered along twigs a t & Urban) Urban.
 Siphoneugena dedflora Berg
Fruiting twig (upper left), twig with flowera and fruits (lower right), natural size.

695
 MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)
Herbs, shrubs, and trees, mostly small, known 4-6 petals commonly white or pink and falling
by: (1) leaves opposite, simple, generally with early, mostly 8-12 stamens folded in bud and
3-9 main veins curved from base to apex and often slightly irregular, with anthers opening
many fine straight parallel side veins (1 main by pores, and pistil with usually inferior 4-14
vein in Mouriri) ,without stipules ; (2) flowers celled ovary containing very many ovules and
usually many in panicles or cymes, small to with long style; and (3) fruit a capsule or
large, often showy, bisexual, regular, with gen- berry (often edible), penerally with very many
erally 4-6 sepals meeting by edges in bud, minute seeds. Also vol. 1,p. 418.
Key to species
A. Leaves with 1midvein; berry with 1 - 4 large seeds--1Mouriri.
B. Leaves ovate, long-pointed, 2-334 inches long-615. Motcriri domingenms.
BB. Leaves obovate to elliptic, rounded or blunt-pointed, %-I% inches long--616. Mouriri helleri.
AA. Leaves with 3-9 main veins curved from base to apex (melnstome venation) ; berry (capsule in No. 622) with
many minute seeds.
C. Fruit a capsule; leaves bristly hairy; - . flowers very
- large,
- -purplish:
- . introduced ornamental-622. Tibotcchina
granuloSa.*
CC. Fruit a berry; leaves not bristly hairy (except Nos. 197, 692) ; flowers mostly small, white or pink; native
species.
D. Flower clusters lateral.
E. Flower clusters on twigs mostly back of leaves.
F. Leaves with 3 main veins; twigs and leaves hairless or nearly so.
G. Twigs and petioles hairless, even when young; leaves mostly finely saw-toothed-598.
Mecrairiunt am gdalintcnt.
GG. Twigs and petiots with scale hairs when young; leaves not toothed on edges-695.
HGriettea macfadyenii.
FF. Leaves with 5 main veins, not toothed on edges; twigs and petioles bristly hairy.
H. Leaves rounded or blunt a t base-696. Henriettea membranifolia.
HH. Leaves short- ointed a t base.
I. Petioles inch long-594. Henriettea fasciculali*.
11. Petioles 1-2 inches long-597. Hcnriettea triflora.
EE. Flower clusters a t base of leaves.
J. Hairs long slender, bristly on twigs and leaves; leaf edges finely wavy-592. Clidearia
tcmbroeci.
JJ. Hairs short stout or conic, stiff, forming rough surfaces on twigs and leaves; leaf edges
finely saw-toothed-617. Ossaea krugiana.
DD. Flower clusters terminal.
K. Leaves less than 4 inches long, with 3 main veins.
L. Leaves elliptic, mostly rounded a t apex, thick with edges turned under, lower surface with
dotlike brown scales--196. Jusillo, Calycogonium s ntulosum Cogn.
LL. Leaves lance-shaped, pointed a t apex, lower surface a%%&, soft hairy.
M. Leaves very nam-w, %-% i?ch wide, long-pointed a t apex; flowers many, % inch
across the purplish or plnlush petals-618. Tetrazygia anguetifolia.
MM. Leaves narrow, M-% inch wide, short-pointed a t apex; flowers few, % inch across
the white petals--199. Verdiseco, Tetrazygta elaeagnoides (Sw.) DC.
KK. Leaves more than 3 inches long, mostly with 6 or more maln vems.
N. Leaves broadly ovate, wjth 7 main veins from heart-shaped base, bristly hajr ; petioles
and h g a with red stlcky (gland) hairs-197. Camasey peludo, ~eterotnc&umryno-
mint (Wendl.) Urban.
NN. Leaves various, hairs not glandular or none.
0. Calyx formin cap and falling off like lid a s the white flower 1inch wide opens; leaves
elliptic or otlong, 5-10 inches long, 1 H - S inches wide; very rare species of Luqoillo
Mountains-593. Conostegia .lwt+?ana.
00. Calyx of several lobes overlappln In bud; leaves various.
P. Branches of flower clusters Xattened, ending - in 3 flowers largely
- . showy, white,
4-parted.
Q. Leaves green on both surfaces-619. Tetrazygia bifiora.
QQ. Leaves whitish on lower surface from covering of minute scale hairs.
R. Calyx of 4 short broad pointed lobes-621. [Link].?crbnnii.
of 4 -very narrow lobea-620. T e t r ~ y g t aetahltt.
PP. B r a 2 E s %'Ewer c~usiersrounded. slend~r-Mtconaa (key to species below).
*
 MELASTODIE FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

Key to species of Miconia

A. Leaves very large, elliptic, mostly 6-12 inches long, finely toothed on edges, beneath brownish and densely cov-
ered with star-shaped hairs, clasping or notched a t base.
B. Leaves stalkless and claspin a t base-601. Micowia in$petiolaris.
BB. Leaves with long stout petiofes, slightly notched a t base-610. Miconia sernclata.
AA. Leaves smaller, mostly elliptic or ovate.
C. Leaves notched or rounded a t base, more or less thickened; species of high mountains.
D. Leaves with veins much sunken in pattern of m a l l rectangles and squares and much raised beneath
E. Youne twigs. uetioles. branches of flower clusters, and flowers covered with dark red soft erect
hairs, [Link] gland--600. Miconia foveolata.
EE. Young twigs, ~ t i o l e s ,and veins of lower leaf surfaces covered with cinnamon-brown scale
hairs-611, iconia sintonisii.
DD. Leaves with veins only slightly or not sunken.
F. Lower leaf surfaces, also tmigs, pe!ioles, and branches of flower clusters, covered with rusty or
brownish soft hairs--609. Miconla rubiginosa.
FF. Lower leaf surfaces light ween with hairs only on veins.
G. Young twvim and petioles covered with minute cinnamon-brown hairs.--605. Miconia pachy-. .
phgla. -
GG. Young twigs, petioles, and branches of flower clusters covered with reddish brown scale
(scurfy) hairs--607. biiconia pycnoneura.
CC. Leaves short- or long-pointed a t base.
H. Leaves densely scale hairy (scurfy) beneath.
I. Leaves with 5 main veins from base, surfaces gray green; flowers large and showy, % inch
across-603. Miconia mirabilis.
11. Leaves with 3 main veins from base, surfaces brown; flowers small, W inch long--606. Miconia
punctata.
HH. Leaves hairless or nearly so beneath.
J. Leaves finely saw-toothed hairy on edges and with tuft of hairs a t base above; flowers stalkless
along up e r side of branches; shrub or rarely tree--608. Miconia ~aeomosa.
JJ. Leaves widout hairs on edges and a t base; flowers in various angles* trees or sometimes shrubs.
K. Leaves with 5 main veins including side veins joining midvein above base.
L. Petjoles with bristly red hairs; flowers pink, large, long-stalked-614. Miconia thoma-
atana.
LL. Petioles hairless; flowers whitish, short-stalked-198. Camasey, Miconia p ~ a ~ n(Sw.)
a
DC.
KK. Leaves with 3 or 5 main veins all from base.
M. Leaves with 3 main veins from base; flowers with 4 petals and 4 stamens-613.
Miconia tetrandra.
MM. Leaves with 5 main veins from base; flowers with 5 petals and 10 stamens.
N. Young twigs hairless or nearly so-612. Miconta subcorymbosa.
NN. Young twigs hairy.
0. Leaves thick and stiff, oblong to obowte-599. Miconia afinis.
00. Leaves thin, elliptic, ovate, or lanceolate-602. Miconia Zaevigata.
MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

Clidemin umbrora (Sw.) C o p .

This small tree of the Carite Mountains is very slender spreading pinkish hairy branches
identified by: (1)opposite large broadly elliptic and several short-stalked flowers. The flower
leaves with border minutely wavy, with mela- $& inch long and 4/8 inch wide has a hairy
stome venation, 5 main veins from base; (2) basal tube (hypanthiurn) Y8 inch long, which
long bristly hairs on twigs, long petioles, leaf encloses the inferior ovary and bears the 4-lobed
blades, flower stalks, and fruits; (3) lateral calyx and other parts ;corolla of 4 elliptic white
flower clusters 3-4 inches long and broad bear- petals 4/8 inch long; 8 white stamens 9/lo inch
ing several whitish flowers 1/4, inch long on long long; and pistil with inferior &elled ovary
stalks; and (4) purplish black round berries containing many ovules, slender style, and dot
:yainch in diameter. stigma. Fruits (berries) several on widely
An everpeen shrub or small tree to 30 feet forking slender hairy stalks, hairy, slightly
high and 6 inches in trunk diameter. Twigs shiny, with ring of calyx a t apex. The juicy
light green with dense bristly hairs and with whitish pulp, almost tasteless, encloses many
rinm a t nodes. Buds formed of minute paired tiny brown seeds. Flowering in spring and
hairy leaves. summer.
Leaves opposite, the long round petioles 2-5 Rare in lower and upper Cordillera forests
inches long. Blades are broadly elliptic, thin, a t 1,000-2,500 feet altitude in eastern moun-
6-8 inches long and 3-6 inches wide, ending tains of Puerto Rim.
in long narrow point a t apex, rounded a t base, PUBLIC FOREST.-Carite.
with 5 main veins from base, also 1vein along R A N G E . - ~ U ~Rico
~ ~ O and Lesser Antilles
each border, with many parallel straight from St. Kitts and Montserrat to Guadeloupe,
smaller veins, the upper surface dull green, Dominica, Martinique, and St. Lucia.
slightly bristly hairy, with sunken veins, and Collections by the authors, apparently the
the lower surface dull gray green, bristly hairy, first with flowers and fruits from Puerto Rico,
with raised veins. confirm an early doubtful record.
Flower clusters (panicles) a t leaf bases, with

Conostegia hotteana Urban & Ekman

This very rare small to medium-sized tree of almost y2 inch long spreading 1 inch across,
Luquillo Mountains and Carite Forest is de- the stamens slightly unequal, and the pistil with
scribed by: (1) light brown scaly hairs on inferior 6-celled ovary. One tree 16 feet high
4-angled stout twigs and petioles v2-134 inches and 6 inches in trunk diameter found by Dr.
long; (2) opposite elliptic thin leaves 6-10 and Mrs. Richard J. Wagner within Luquillo
inches long and 14/2442 inches wide, abruptly Experimental Forest was reported in 1966 by
long-pointed a t apex, short-pointed a t base, Howard (85) as the second record for the
often wavy a t margin, with melastome vena- species. Lower Luquillo Forest a t 1,000-1,500
tion, with 5 main veins including 2 from above feet altitude, also a tree to 45 feet high and
base, shiny green and nearly hairless with veins 8 inches in trunk diameter in Carite Forest
much sunken, and beneath light green with a t 2,000 feet altitude. Discovered in 1928 in
hairs on raised veins; and (3) flower clusters Massif de la Hotte in southwestern Haiti.
(panicles) terminal, large and branched, with RANGE.-Known only from Hispaniola (2
short-stalked large flowers from buds y8 inch localities in southern Haiti) and mountains
long, the calyx forming a cap that splits off of eastern Puerto Rico.
from the cupshaped base, the white petals
 Clidernia tcmbrosa (Sw.) C o n .
Two-thirds natural size.
- - - - - -

MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

594. Camasey peludo Henriettea fa8cicularis (Sw.) G6mez

Camasey peludo is identified by: (1) op- leaves on slender stalks less than 1/4, inch long.
posite elliptic leaves with melastome venation, The light green bell-shaped base (hypanthium)
5 ,main veins, 1 pair arising 4/8-$& inch above 4/8 inch long encloses the inferior ovary and
base and 1vein along each border; (2) bristly bears the 4-6-toothed calyx and other parts;
hairs on young twigs, petioles, and leaf blades, 4 4 pointed white petals; 8 or 10 stamens;
especially veins; (3) small flowers 1/4, inch and pistil with inferior ovary and slender style.
long with 4-5 white petals, scattered in short The fruits (berries) have ring of calyx at
clusters a t nodes for several inches back of apex, change color from green to red to black,
leaves ;and (4) black elliptic or rounded berries and contain many brown seeds inch long.
a/, inch long. The dark purple juicy pulp is slightly sweet.
An evergreen small tree 20 feet high and Flowering and fruiting probably nearly through
4 inches in trunk diameter, sometimes to 45 the year.
feet and 8 inches in diameter, or shrubby, with The wood is light yellowish brown, hard, and
distinctive candelabra branching. The bark is moderately heavy.
gray, smoothish with fine fissures, the inner Uncommon and scattered in foothills and
bark light brown, gritty and almost tasteless. mountains including lower Luquillo and upper
Twigs are slightly 4angled, green, becoming Cordillera forests a t altitudes of 800-2,500 feet.
gray or brown, densely hairy. Buds are com- PUBLICFORESTS.-Carite, Luquillo, Maricao,
posed of young hairy leaves. Toro Negro.
Leaves opposite, with densely hairy petioles RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and
Y2-1 inch long. Blades are elliptic, thin, 3-5 Puerto Rico. Also Central America from
inches long and 11/-2% inches wide, short- British Honduras and Guatemala to Panama.
pointed a t both en&, not toothed on edges, OTHER COMMON NAMES.--C8maSey b0b0,
with 5 main veins and parallel straight smaller camasey de paloma, camasey simple, camasey
veins, rough hairy on both surfaces, the upper (Puerto Rico) ; cordobhn (Cuba) ; petigrene
surface slightly shiny green, and the lower (Haiti) ; capirote blanco (Nicaragua).
surface dull gray green. BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-Henriettelh f ascicu-
Flowers are borne several a t a node back of laris (Sw.) C. Wright.
Camasey peludo Henriettea fascicularis (Sw.) G6mez
Two-thirds natural size.
 -

MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

Henriettea macfadyenii (Triana) Alain

This species of camasey is characterized by: than .Y/R inch long, in clusters of few a t a node
(1) young twigs green, sharply 4-angled; (2) along twig back of leaves. The half-round base
opposite narrowly elliptic leaves with mela- (hypanthium) less than ya inch long bears the
stome venation, 3 main veins, 1 pair arising short calyx with border wavy and not toothed;
from midvein l/s-Yg inch above base, becoming 4-5 pointed white petals less than 4/8 inch long;
hairless; (3) small whitish flowers less than 8 or 10 stamens; and pistil with inferior ovary
l/g inch long, scattered in short clusters a t nodes and slender style. The fruits (berries), re-
for several inches back of leaves; and (4) ported to be white, have calyx ring a t apex, and
round berries s/lo inch in diameter. contain many minute brown seeds. Recorded
An evergreen tree 26-40 feet high and 6-10 with flowers in June and with fruits in July
inches in trunk diameter, recorded to 60 feet. and September.
Young twigs with scattered scale hairs, 4- Rare in mountain forests, including lower
angled, becoming light gray. Luquillo and lower Cordillera, a t 2,000 feet
The leaves are opposite, becoming nearly altitude.
hairless, with slender petioles of inch. PUBLIC m~~s~s.-Luquillo,~ o r oNegro.
Blades are 3-6 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, R~Nc~.--Jamaicaand Puerto Rico.
thin, short- to long-pointed a t both ends, BOTANICALs~NoN~~.-HenrietteUa mac-
slightly turned under a t edges, with 3 main f m e n i i Triana.
veins, also 1inconspicuous fine vein along each This species was discovered in Jamaica by
border and' parallel straight smaller veins, the James Macfadyen (1798-1850)., Scotch and
upper surface shiny green, and the lower sur- Jamaican botanist and author of a flora of
face dull light green. Jamaica. Collected afterwards in Puerto Rico
Many flowers are borne on slender stalks less but apparently not again in the first island.
505. Camasey H a r i e t t e a macfadymiii (Triana) Alain
Twig with immature fruits, natural size.

703
MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

596. Camaeey Henrieltea membranifolia (Cogn. ) Main

This rare shrub or small tree is identified veins, prominent on lower surface.
by: (1) opposite ovate or elliptic leaves with The flowers have a green hairless bell-shaped
melastome venation, 5 main veins, 1pair aris- base (hypanthium) more than y40 inch long,
ing from midvein above base, rough hairy on which bears the other parts, includ~ngPtoothed
both surfaces and along edges; (2) bristly calyx and 4 pointed white petals less than y8
hairy twigs and petioles; and (3) small white inch long. The fruit has not been described.
flowers about inch long, almost stalkless in Flowering in summer and fall.
clusters at nodes back of leaves. Rare and local in moist limestone forest to
An evergreen shrub 6-10 feet high or a 1,600 feet altitude, found only near Lares and
small tree to 30 feet tall and 6 inches in trunk Aguada in northwestern Puerto Rico. Col-
diameter. Twigs round, bristly hairy. lected by P. Sintenis in 1886 and rediscovered
Leaves opposite, rough hail;yi with long peti- by one of the authors.
oles Y2-l$& inches long. Blades 4-8 inches RANGE.-Known only from western Puerto
long, and 2v2-4 inches wide, thin, short-pointed Rico.
a t apex, rounded or blunt a t base, with 5 main BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Henriettella mem-
veins, 1 pair arising from midvein 4.-1/2 inch branif olia Cogn.
l'
above base, and with straight para1 el smaller

Henrietten triflora (Vahl) Alain

This shrub or small tree of the Lesser An- slender petioles 1-2 inches long; and (3) few
tilles has been found a t Carite (Guavate) by stalkless flowers l/z inch long on twigs back
Alain Liogier. It is identified by: (1) twigs, of leaves with top-shaped bristly hairy base
petioles, and leaf blades bristly hairy; (2) (hypanthium) j/e inch long bearing minutely
opposite elliptic thin leaves 6-7 inches long 4-toothed calyx, 4 white petals a/s inch long,
and 2-3 inches wide, long-pointed at apex, 8 stamens, and pistil with inferior ovary and
ahorbpointed a t base, not toothed on edges, with long slender style. Rare in mountain forest a t
melastome venation and 5 main veins, 1 pair Carite Forest in eastern Puerto Rico.
arising from midvein inch above base, RANGE.-Puerto Rico and Lesser Antilles to
with many slightly curved parallel side veins, St. Lucia.
the lower surface paler, with bristly hairs only BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Henriettella triflwa
on veins and with minute projections, and with (Vahl) Triana.
696. Camasey Henriettea membranifolia (Cow.) Alain
Leafy twig, natural size.

705
MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

598. Camaeey almendro Mecranium nmygdalinum (Deer.) C. Wright

Camasey almendro is identified by: (1) the at nodes along twigs back of leaves. Flowers
opposite elliptic, ovate, or lance-shaped leaves several to many, composed of half-round green-
mostly finely saw-toothed, with melastome ven- ish cuplike base (hypanthium) inch broad,
ation, 3 main veins, 1 pair arising from mid- enclosing the inferior ovary, bearing 4-toothed
vein %-$$ inch above base, also 1 pair of fine calyx and other parts a t apex; corolla of 4
veins a t margins; (2) flowers in short lateral whitish oblong spreading petals inch long;
clusters mostly back of leaves, about % inch 8 widely spreading white stamens s/8 inch
long and broad, with 4 whitish petals; and across; and pistil with inferior Pcelled ovary
(3) round purplish black berries inch in containing many ovules and with white slender
diameter along twig back of leaves. style and dot stigma. The berries have calyx
An evergreen shrub or small tree to 26 feet ring a t apex, are very juicy but tasteless or
high and 5 inches in trunk diameter, with slightly bitter, and contain many minute brown
spreading crown. Twigs light green, hairless, seeds. With flowers and fruits throughout the
becoming brown, slightly 4angled, the nodes year.
ringed, becoming slightly enlarged and marked The wood is light brown, hard, and light-
with half-round leaf scars. Buds formed of weight.
minute narrow paired leaves. Common and widely distributed through
Leaves opposite, hairless, petioles slender, mountain forests of Puerto Rico, including
s-1inch long, light green, tinged with pink. upper and lower Cordillera and Luquillo Moun-
Blades 2-6 inches long and %-2 inches wide, tain forests, dwarf forest, and palm forest at
long-pointed a t apex, long- or short-pointed middle and higher altitudes, 1,0005,000 feet.
a t base, thin, the edges mostly finely saw- PUBLIC m ~ ~ s ~ s . - C a r i t e ,Guajataca, Gui-
toothed but sometimes not,. the upper surface larte, Luquillo, Maricao, Toro Negro.
yellow green, slightly shiny, with veins slightly RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and
sunken, and the lower surface dull light green Puerto Rico.
with raised veins and minute gland dots. Shape OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - m a s e y(Puerto
and width of leaves vary somewhat. Rico) ; palito de vara, pega pollo, sangre de
Flower clusters (panicles) less than 1% pollo (Dominican Republic) ;cordobhn (Cuba) ;
inches long are borne a t leaf bases but mostly bois pigeon (Haiti).
598. Camasey alrnendro
Natural size.

707
- - -- - -

MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

599. Camaeey Miconia afinis DC.

This rare species of camasey is identified by : white petals 1/8 inch long; 10 spreading white
(1) opposite oblong to obovate leaves thickened stamens s/la inch long; and pistil with inferior
and stiff, long-pointed a t apex and blunt a t base, ovary, long slender style, and dot stigma. Col-
finely toothed on edges, with melastome vena- lected with fruits in August.
tion, with 5 main veins from base; (2) many Rare in Puerto Rico, recorded from Luquillo
short-stalked or stalkless flowers about inch Mountains and from Rio Piedras west to Maya-
long, with 5 white petals v8 inch long; and (3) guez. Not collected by the authors.
berries s/,, inch in diameter, tur'ning from PUBLICFOREST.-Luquillo.
green to blue. RANGE.-Puerto Rico. Also southern Mexico
An evergreen shrub or small tree to 25 feet to Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, French
high. Young twigs with minute star-shaped Guiana, Brazil, and Peru.
hairs, with raised rings a t nodes. OTHER COMMON NAMES.-saquiyac (Ven-
The opposite leaves have petioles 3/8-3/ inch ezuela) ; mullaca (Peru) ; sirin (British Hon-
long. Blades are 6-8 inches long and 2%-3 duras) ;tintureira (Brazil).
inches wide, with 5 main veins from base and BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-Miconia microcarpa
side veins prominent, becoming nearly hairless, DC.
dark green on upper surface, lower surface pale In number of native tree species, 17, Miconia
green with sparse minute star-shaped hairs. is the second largest genus in Puerto Rico, as
Flower clusters (panicles) terminal, 3-6 noted in the Statistical Summary. The generic
inches long and broad, bearing many fragrant name was dedicated to D. Micon, a Spanish
flowers. The bell-shaped scaly hairy greenish physician. The common name camasey is ap-
base (hypanthium) +& inch long bears the plied to most species of this genus, also to
slightly 5-toothed calyx and other parts; 5 some of related genera.
 afitia DC.
Flowering twig (left), fruits (lower right), natural size.

709
MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

600. Camaeey Miconia foveolata C o p .

This handsome shrub or small tree is known apex, the hairy edges slightly turned under.
only from the dwarf forest of Luquillo Moun- There are 7 or 5 main veins from base and
tains. It is easily distinguished by: (1) the the many straight side veins of the melastome
young twigs, petioles, branches of flower clus- type are connected by many small veins a t right
ters, and flowers reddish and covered with dark angles. The upper surface is dark green and
red soft erect hairs, mostly ending in dotlike rough bristly hairy, and the lower surface light
gland; (2) opposite ovate leaves notched or green, rough bristly hairy with very raised
heart-shaped a t base, thick and stiff, with brown hairy veins.
pinkish gland hairs, the veins much sunken in Flower clusters (panicles) are terminal,
depressions or pits on upper surface, forming a erect, 4-6 inches high. Flowers many in groups
regular pattexn of minute squares and rec- of 3 or fewer on short stalks. The bell-shaped
tangles swollen like blisters and on the lower base (hypanthium) % G inch long and broad
surface corresponding depressions separated is dark red with dark red gland hairs and
by very raised veins ; (3) dark red hairy flowers bears the calyx with 5 rounded lobes and the
3/8 inch long, with 5 white petals tinged with other parts; 5 erect oblong white petals
pink; and (4) blue or purplish berries about inch long, tinged with pink; 10 white stamens;
.7/8 inch in diameter. and pistil composed of inferior &celled ovary
An evergreen shrub 10 feet high or a small with many ovules, slender white style, and dot
tree 15 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, stigma. The fruits have many red hairs, also
recorded to 33 feet. Bark gray, smooth, often calyx a t apex and are fleshy but tasteless. There
covered with mosses and liverworts, the inner are many minute brown seeds. Collected with
bark whitish and slightly astringent. Twigs flowers from April to August and with fruits
slightly kangled, stout, slightly ringed a t nodes, from June to October.
when young pinkish and densely covered with The wood is whitish and hard.
red hairs, becoming light gray and hairless, This attractive plant might be worthy of
with many raised dots, and with large rounded trials as an ornamental for its unusual leaves
raised leaf scars. Buds of minute paired leaves, and reddish coloring.
folded, covered with reddish hairs. Locally common in mountain and dwarf
The long petioles of the opposite leaves are forests a t 2,600-3,600 feet altitude in Luquillo
1%-29/, inches long, stout, round, dark red Mountains.
and covered with dark red hairs. Blades are PUBLIC FOREST.-Lu~u~I~o.
3v4-9 inches long and 11/'-4v4 inches wide, RANGE.-Known only from Luquillo Moun-
long-pointed or sometimes short-pointed a t tains of eastern Puerto Rico.
600. Camasey Miconia foveolata Cogn.
Natural size.

711
MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

601. Cnmasey de coetilla Miconia impetiolaris (Sw.) D. Don

Camasey de costilla, a small tree or shrub panthium) about 1/8 inch. long, densely scurfy
with striking foliage, is easily distinguished hairy, and bearing the 5-toothed calyx; 5
from its relatives by the large elliptic leaves spreading white petals more than l/lainch long
somewhat clasping a t base, stalkless or nearly and notched a t apex; 10 spreading stamens
so, beneath pale brownish green and densely nearly I,& inch long; and the pistil more than
covered with minute star-shaped hairs. Other l/g inch long consists of partly inferior ovary
characteristics for recognition are : (1) twigs and style. The juicy fruit is slightly hairy and
and branches of flower clusters densely brown contains many pointed brown seeds less than
scurfy hairy; (2) the opposite leaves with '/lo inch long. Flowering and fruiting from
minutely-toothed borders and with melastome spring to fall.
venation, 5 main veins, 1 pair ?rising about The wood is light and hard.
inch above base ; (3) large termlnal branched Uncommon in Luquillo and Cordillera forests
flower clusters bearing many stalkless small a t 500-2,000 feet altitude in mountains of
flowers with 5 white petals and 3h inch long Puerto Rico. Also recorded long ago from St.
and broad across the spreading stamens; and Thomas and St. Croix but not found there in
(4) fruit a round berry about %a inch in many years.
diameter, red, turning blue or blackish, with PUBLICFOREST.-LU~U~~~O.
ring of calyx a t apex. RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto
A small evergreen tree to 20 feet high and Rico, and Lesser Antilles in St. Eustatius,
3 inches in trunk diameter or often shrubby, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, and Dominica. Also
with stout twigs. The bark is brown and finely in continental tropical America from southern
fissured. Mexico through Central America to Venezuela,
Leaf blades are 8-16 inches long and 3-7 Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil.
inches wide or larger, thick and leathery, long- OTHER COMMON NAMES.--camasey colorado
pointed a t apex, with many parallel lateral
veins between the 5 main veins, above slightly (Puerto Rico) ; auguey, jao-jao, jatico (Do-
shiny green and becoming hairless or nearly minican Republic) ; cordobhn (Cuba) ; hoja de
SO. pasmo (Costa Rica) ; dos caras, oreja de mula
The erect flower cluster (panicle) is 6-10 (Panama) ; punta de sarvia, punta de lanza
inches long, with simple spikelike branches. (Colombia) ; maya, white maya (British Hon-
The flower has a bell-shaped tubular base (hy- duras) ; trois cetes, macrioi (Haiti).
601, Camasey de costilla Miconia impetiolaris (Sw.) D. Don
Fruiting twig (above), one-third natural size; leaf and flowers (below), two-thirds natural size.
MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

602. Camasey de paloma illiconin laevigata (L.) DC.

Camasey de paloma, a shrub or small tree spreading rounded white petals l/s inch long;
of wide distribution in Puerto Rico and the 10 stamens; and pistil with inferior 3-celled
Virgin Islands, is characterized by: (1) the ovary and slender style. The black fruits have
young twigs, petioles, branches of flower clus- ring of calyx a t apex, 10 ridges when dry, and
ters, and flowers with rusty-brown scaly and juicy blackish pulp. There are many minute
star-shaped hairs ; (2) opposite elliptic, ovate, brown seeds. Flowering and fruiting through
or lanceolate thin leaves with melastome vena- the year.
tion, 5 main veins from base; (3) many The wood is whitish and hard.
crowded flowers about $4, inch long and broad, Common and widespread in lower Luquillo,
with 5 spreading white petals; and (4) round Cordillera, and moist limestone forest types
black or dark blue berries 3/1(1 inch in diameter, from near sea level to 2,600 feet altitude.
with 10 ridges when dry. Throughout the mountains and moist lime-
An evergreen shrub 6-10 feet high or small stone regions of Puerto Rico. Also in Vieques,
tree to 25 feet high and 6 inches in trunk St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, and
diameter. Bark gray, smooth, the inner bark Virgin Gorda.
greenish or whitish and slightly sour or bitter. PU~LIC FORESTS AND PARKS.-Cambalache,
Twigs slender, slightly 4-angled, green and Guajataca, Luquillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo,
hairy when young becoming brown, ending in Susda; Virgin Islands, Sage Mountain.
bud of rusty hairy paired young leaves. RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto
Leaves opposite, with slender petioles 1/2-1% Rico and Virgin Islands, through Lesser An-
inches long. Blades 31/24 inches long and 1-2v4 tilles from St. Martin and Saba to Grenada,
inches wide, long-pointed a t apex, rounded or Barbados, and Trinidad and Tobago. Also from
short-pointed a t base, mostly finely-toothed on southern Mexico, Guatemala, and British Hon-
edges but sometimes not, with 5 main veins duras to Panama and northern South America
from base and many parallel side veins, the to Ecuador and Venezuela.
upper surface slightly shiny green and becom- OTHER COMMON NAMES.---camasey (Puerto
ing hairless, and the lower surface dull light Rico) ; granadillo (Dominican Republic) ;
green and hairy on the raised veins. cordobancillo de arroyo (Cuba) ; totopozole,
Flower clusters (panicles) terminal, 2-6 teshuate, ojo de gato, capulineillo (Mexico) ;
inches long, with many slender branches. tinajito (Guatemala) ; cirin (El Salvador) ;
Flowers are stalkless or short-stalked, com- cocinera (Honduras) ; cr6cr6 (Dominica) ;
posed of bell-shaped base (hypanthium) 48 hogwood (Montserrat) ; cr6cr6, crBcr6 noir,
inch long, with spreading 5-toothed calyx; 5 bois cendre (Martinique) .
602. Camasey de paloma Micoqria lnevigata (L.) DC.
Flowering twig (above), fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size.
MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

603, Camaeey cuatrocanales Miconiu mirabilis (Auhl.) L. 0. Wms.

This handsome species of camasey is uncom- cylindric basal tube (hypanthium) 4/8 inch long,
mon throughout the mountains of Puerto Rico. becoming hairless or nearly so, enclosing the
It is recognized by: (1) large showy clusters ovary and bearing the other parts; calyx l/lo
4-6 inches long of many flowers y4 inch across inch long, slightly 6-lobed, nearly hairless or
the 5 spreading white petals tinged with pink, hairy; 5 oblong white petals 3/8 inch long; 10
3-6 flowers from a bud covered by 2 large yellow or orange stamens bent to 1 side; and
pinkish-white bracts like petals; (2) young pistil with superior greenish ovary 3-celled with
twigs, petioles, lower leaf surfaces, and many ovules, slender curved whitish style, and
branches of flower clusters covered with minute disklike stigma. The fruits have cuplike slightly
brownish scurfy or star-shaped hairs; (3) op- 5-lobed calyx a t apex. The juicy, purplish black
posite narrowly elliptic leaves with melastome pulp contains many brown seeds less than
venation, 5 main veins from base; and (4) ]/lo inch long. Flowering and fruiting con-
round purplish black berries inch in di- tinuously.
ameter, with large cuplike calyx a t apex. The light brown hard wood is used elsewhere
An evergreen small tree to 36 feet high and for fence posts.
6 inches in trunk diameter, the trunk com- This species may be worthy of cultivation
monly becoming slightly fluted with 4 vertical as an ornamental for the large showy clusters
rounded columns or ridges and grooves. Bark of white flowers which are borne in profusion
gray, smooth, the inner bark light brown or over the year.
pink and slightly bitter. Twigs brown, finely Uncommon but widespread in lower Luquillo
hairy, slightly Pangled, ringed and slightly en- and Cordillera forests a t 6005,000 feet altitude
larged a t nodes, ending in bud of minute paired throughout the mountains of Puerto Rico. Col-
narrow scaly hairy leaves. lected a t 1,600 feet on Tortola in 1887.
Leaves opposite, with slender petioles ?~'!-2$5~ PUBLIC FORESTS.-Carite, Guajataca, Gui-
inches long, brown hairy. Blades 4-642 inches larte, Luquillo, Maricao, Toro Negro.
long and 1%-21/2 inches wide, long-pointed a t RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto
apex, rounded or short-pointed a t base, slightly Rico, Tortola, and Lesser Antilles from St.
thickened, the edges not toothed or sometimes Kitts to Grenada and Trinidad and Tobago.
with minute teeth, with 6 main veins from base, Also Mexico, British Honduras, and Costa Rica
slightly sunken, and many nearly straight side but apparently rare. South America from Ven-
veins. The upper surface is shiny dark green ezuela and Trinidad and Tobago to Guianas
and hairless, and the lower surface light gray and Brazil.
green, covered with minute star-shaped hairs, OTHERCOMMON N A M E S . - - C ~ ~ ~ Scamasey ~~,
with prominent veins, the 6 main veins pink blanco, camasey de costilla (Puerto Rico) ;
brown and covered with scurfy hairs. Young tresfilos (Dominican Republic) ; manzano
leaves are yellow green to pink a t base and (Venezuela) ; sirin manzana (British Hon-
green toward apex. duras) ; waraia (Guyana) ; bois cotte (St.
Flower clusters (panicles) terminal, narrow, Lucia) ; bois cbtelette (Guadeloupe) ; cr6cr6
with many showy white slightly fragrant (Martinique) ; bois crbcr6 (Dominica) ; tin-
flowers in groups of 3-5 on short stout stalks teiro (Brazil).
from a bud covered by 2 pinkish white bracts BOTANICAL S Y N o ~ ~ M s . - ~ i c ~ nguianensia
iu
like petals which shed promptly. The flower (Aubl.) Cogn., M. fothergiUa (Desr.) Naud.,
about 5/8 inch long is composed of light green Tamonea guianensis Aubl.
603. Carnasey cuatrocanales Miconia mirabilis (Aubl.) L. 0. W ~ S .
Flowering twig (above), fruits (lower left), natural size.

717
MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

604. Miconin ottoechukii Urban & Ekman

A medium-sized tree to 12-16 inches in trunk angled seeds more than '/la inch in diameter.
diameter or a shrub. Identified by: (1) oppo- Identified from a sterile specimen of a shrub
site ovate or elliptic leaves 3-6 inches long and 6 feet high collected in forest a t Isabdn nearly
11,+3 inches wide, long-pointed a t apex, rounded a century ago and not found afterwards in
to short-pointed a t base, not toothed on edges, Puerto Rico.
with melastome venation, 3 main veins, 1pair RANGE.-Hispaniola and Puerto Rico.
from 1/8 inch above base, hairless or nearly so, OTHER COMMON NAME.-petites graines
with petioles inch long; (2) flowers about (Haiti).
g$,, inch long, with top-shaped base (hypan- ' BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-Graffen~edia otto-
thium) '/l inch long bearing calyx slightly 3-4- schulzii (Urban & Ekrnan) Urban & Ekman.
lobed, 5 white petals, 10 stamens short-stalked The specific name honors Otto Eugen Schulz
in terminal clusters; and (3) rounded berries (1874-1936), German botanist, who studied
7$, inch in diameter, 5-celled, containing 3- plants of the West Indies.

605. Camasey racimoso Miconia pachyphylla C o p .

This shrub or small tree is known only from 3 (2 near margins scarcely noticeable), sunken,
high mountains of Puerto Rico. Its distinguish- and numerous fine straight side veins. The
ing characters are: (1) opposite, ovate long- upper surface is green to dark green, hairless,
pointed leaves notched or heart-shaped a t base, and slightly shiny, and the lower surface light
thick and leathery (as the scientific name in- green, with minute brown hairs on veins.
dicates) with melastome venation, with 5 main Flower clusters (panicles) terminal, 2-3
veins from base including 1 pair of incon- inches long and broad, with widely spreading
spicuous fine veins near the rolled under mar- slender branches and many flowers grouped on
gins; (2) flowers % inch long, with 4 purple short stalks inch long. The bell-shaped base
or reddish petals more than 4/s inch long, many (hypanthium) less than 4/8 inch long bears the
in terminal clusters shorter than leaves; and 4-toothed calyx and other parts; 4 oblong
(3) round berries about inch in diameter, v8
purple petals more than inch long; 8 stamens
red to purplish black. y8 inch long ; and pistil with inferior ovary and
An evergreen shrub 6-10 feet high or small slender curved style. Fruits (berries) have ring
tree to 20 feet high and 5 inches in trunk of calyx at apex, change color from light green
diameter, recorded to 33 feet. The dark brown to red to purplish black a t maturity, and are
or gray smoothish bark is covered with mosses slightly shiny, juicy, and slightly sweetish.
and liverworts. Inner bark is light brown, There are many light brown seeds about I/la
almost tasteless or slightly sour. Twigs are inch long. Flowering and fruiting irregularly
stout, brown, when young slightly flattened and through the year.
covered with minute cinnamon-brown hairs, The wood is light brown and hard.
becoming round, often slightly ringed a t nodes. Uncommon in dwarf forest and upper moun-
Buds are composed of narrow folded young tain forests a t 2,0004,000 feet altitude in high
leaves densely covered with cinnamon-brown mountains of Puerto Rico.
hairs. PUBLIC F O R E S T S . - ~ ~ ~~ u
~~~ ,u i l l Maricao,
o,
The opposite leaves have stout petioles 4/2-1Y2 Toro Negro.
inches long, cinnamon-brown hairy. Blades are RANGE.-K~ow~ only from high mountains
3?4i-6?A2 inches long and 14/2-Zv4 inches wide, of Puerto Rico.
with 5 main veins from base appearing as
605. Camasey racimoso Micottia paclbuph~ltllla Cogn.
Flowers (lower left), fruiting twig (right), natural size.
- - - - - -

MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

606. Camascy Miconin punctata (Deer.) D. Don

A rare shrub or small tree found near Lares long, bearing many stalkless flowers on 1 side
and Utuado, identified by: (1) twigs and lower of many branches. The cup-shaped base (hy-
leaf surfaces densely covered with brown scale panthiurn) less than 4/8 inch long, densely scaly,
hairs; (2) opposite oblong to oblanceolate bears the short calyx and other parts; corolla
slightly thickened leaves with melastome vena- of 5 white petals y8 inch long; stamens 10 with
tion, with 3 main veins from base, not toothed short narrow anthers; and pistil with inferior
on edges ; (3) many flowers about inch long ; ovary and slender style enlarged toward dotlike
and (4) round berries y8 inch in diameter. stigma. The fruits are covered with minute
An evergreen shrub or small tree to 16 feet scales and have calyx a t apex. Seeds few,
high and 3 inches in trunk diameter. Twigs
stout, Cangled, scaly hairy.
brown, vc inch long.
Rare in moist limestone region at 1,500 'feet
Leaves opposite, with stout petioles Bh-% altitude. Found in Puerto Rico only near Lares
inch long. Blades 6 1 0 inches long and ll/a-31,$ and Utuado.
inches wide, short- or long-pointed at apex, RANGE.-Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, and Cuba.
short-pointed or blunt at base, not toothed on Also from southern Mexico, Guatemala, and
edges, with 3 main veins from base, often 1 British Honduras to Costa Rica. Northern
pair of fine veins near margins, and fine spread- South America from Colombia and Venezuela
ing side veins, the upper surface dark green and Trinidad to Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru.
and hairless, and the lower surface densely OTHER COMMON NAMES.--aUqUey, auquey
covered with brown scale hairs and with prom- bobo, tresfilos, jau-jau, rajador (Dominican
inent veins. Republic) ; canilla de mula (Costa Rica) ; red
Flower clusters (panicles) large, 4-8 inches maya, caperote, cirin (British Honduras).
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), two-thirds natural size.

721
- -

MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

607. Camasey Miconia pycnoneura Urban

A shrub or small tree of dwarf forests of notched at base, not toothed on edges, the upper
mountain summits, distinguished by : (1) surface shiny green to dark green and hairless,
minute reddish brown scale (scurfy) hairs on with veins much sunken, and the lower surface
the purplish stout 4-angled twigs, petioles, and dull light green with scale hairs on the very
branches of flower clusters; (2) opposite ovate prominent purplish or pinkish veins.
to elliptic thick and leathery leaves with mela- Flower clusters (panicles like corymbs) are
stome venation, 6 main veins from base with flattened, dark purple, to 3 inches high and
very many side veins much sunken above and 4 inches broad, bearing many flowers on stalks
very prominent beneath in squarrish compart- inch long. The cup-shaped purplish base
ments; (3) flower clusters flattened and often (hypanthium) less than 4/8 inch long bears 5
broader than high, dense with many crowded rounded calyx lobes and other parts ;5 purplish-
purplish flowers nearly inch long; and (4) tinged petals about y8 inch long; 10 white
round bluish berries inch in diameter. stamens; and pistil composed of inferior 3-
An evergreen shrub or small tree observed to celled ovary, slender style, and dotlike stigma.
16 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, The fruits have calyx a t apex and many minute
recorded to 23 feet. Bark gray, slightly fis- brown triangular seeds. Collected with flowers
sured, the inner bark brown and astringent. in March and with fruits from March to July.
Twigs 4-angled or slightly flattened in inter- Wood whitish, hard.
nodes, becoming gray. Uncommon in dwarf forest on mountain tops
The opposite leaves have long purplish peti- a t 3,000-4,390 feet altitude in Puerto Rico.
oles 1%-2 inches long. Blades are 3%-5% PUBLIC ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . - - L u q uToro
i l l o ,Negro.
inches long, 11/2-2% inches wide, short- or R A ~ ~ ~ . - p u e r tRico
o only.
long-pointed at apex, rounded or slightly
607. Camasey Micoltia wcnonettm Urban
Fruiting twig (above), flowers (below), natural size.

723
MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

608. Camasey felpa Miconia racemosa (Aubl.) DC.

Perhaps the smallest of the native species of Flower clusters (panicles) terminal, 3-5
this genus, commonly a shrub in moist areas inches high, bearing many flowers on upper
nearly throughout Puerto Rico and rarely be- side of curved nearly horizontal branches.
coming a small tree. Distinguishing characters Flowers have cup-shaped light green base
are: (1)twigs hairless except for bristly hairs (hypanthium) inch long bearing calyx as
a t ringed nodes; (2) opposite elliptic leaves a yellowish 6-toothed ring, 6 whitish or slightly
finely saw-toothed hairy on edges and with tuft purplish petals more than inch long, 10
of hairs a t base above, with melastome venation purple stamens, and pistil with inferior 3-celled
with veins much sunken, 6 main veins from
base and many parallel side veins a t a n obtuse ovary and slender-style. Fruits (berries)
angle; (3) many flowers nearly x0 inch long,
with 6 whitish or slightly purplish petals, stalk-
slightly broader than long, whitish when im-
mature, dark purple within, juicy, almost taste-
less on upper side along branches of terminal less, containing many minute brownish seeds.
flower cluster; and (4) shiny black berries Flowering and fruiting through the year.
3/l o-l/s inch in diameter. The wood is light brown and hard.
An evergreen shrub 6-10 feet high, rarely Common and widespread in moist areas
becoming a small tree to 13-15 feet high and nearly throughout Puerto Rico in moist coastal,
3 inches in trunk diameter. Bark gray, smooth, limestone, Luquillo, and Cordillera forest types
the inner bark light gray, astringent. Twigs from sea level to 3,000 feet altitude. Marshy
light green, slightly Pangled, with hairs a t the areas and shale soils. Absent from Virgin
ringed nodes. Islands.
Leaves opposite, with stout petioles ah-1 PUBLICFORESTS.-Carite, Guajataca, Gui-
inch long. Blades 3%-6 inches long and 1%-3 larte, Luquillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Toro
inches wide, short- to long-pointed a t apex,
blunt with a tuft of hairs a t base above, slightly Negro.
curved and not flat, slightly thickened, the upper RANGE.-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Dominica,
surface shiny light green and nearly hairless Grenada, St. Lucia, Trinidad, Tobago, and from
with veins much sunken, and the lower surface Venezuela to French Guiana.
dull light green with much raised slightly hairy OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-terciopelo, camasey
veins. racimoso (Puerto Rico) .
 u
M i c o n k racemoea (Aubl.) DC.
608. Camasey felpa
Natural size.
725
- - .- - /

MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

609. Camaeey Miconia rubiginosa (Bonpl.) DC.

This rare species of camasey in the western nearly v8inch high, with 5-toothed hairy calyx ;
mountains is identified by: (1) rusty or brown- 6 elliptic petals more than s6inch long, white,
ish soft hairs covering twigs, petioles, lower becoming light yellow; 10 stamens, and pistil
leaf surfaces, branches of flower clusters, and with inferior &celled ovary containing many
flowers; (2) opposite ovate or elliptic leaves ovules and slender style. The blackish fruits are
have melastome venation, 6 main veins from slightly flattened, have minute cup a t apex,
near base, with minute soft star-shaped hairs scattered hairs, and have juicy purplish black
on lower surface, and with stout short petioles flesh, almost tasteless. Seeds many, light brown,
?/g-3/U inch long; (3) many flowers stalkless in nearly 1/,, inch long. Collected with flowers
groups, about l/e inch across the 6 elliptic petals, and fruits from January to August.
white and becoming light yellow; and (4) Rare in western mountains. Collected in
rounded blackish berries 3/10 inch in diameter. clearing near Lares in lower Cordillera forest
An evergreen shrub or small tree reported in western mountains, altitude 2,000 feet. Also
to become 26 feet high and 4 inches in trunk found long ago near Utuado and Adjuntas.
diameter. Bark gray, finely furrowed. PUBLICREST.-Maricao.
The blades of the opposite leaves are 36% R~~oE.-Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. Also
inches long and ll/z-21/a inches wide, slightly from Costa Rica and Panama to Guyana, Bra-
thickened and stiff, short- or long-pointed at zil, and Bolivia.
apex, rounded or slightly notched at base, OTHERCOMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - p e r a l e(Domini-
jo
turned under along edges, with 5 main veins, can Republic) ;friega-platos, canillo, canillo de
including 1pair of fine veins near margins and cerro (Panama) ; oreja de mula (Venezuela).
1 pair joining midrib 4/R inch above base, and Excluded species : Miconia lanata (DC.)
many parallel side veins. The upper surfac: is Triana. Reported from Puerto Rico and Cuba
dark green and nearly hairless, with v?ms nearly a century ago, apparently in error, and
sunken, and the lower surface paler, with raised not found there afterwards. Characterized by
veins, and soft cover of star-shaped hairs. the twigs, leaves on both surfaces, and flower
Flower clusters (panicles) are terminal, clusters densely woolly hairy with star-shaped
cone-shaped, branched, to 4-6 inches long. hairs. RANGE.-St. Vincent, Trinidad, and
Flowers many, stalkless in groups, composed of northern South America to Brazil and Bolivia.
cup-shaped yellowish hairy base (hypanthium)
609. Camasey Micoitiu rubiginosa (Bonpl.) DC.
Flowering twig (above), fruits (lower left), natural size.
727
MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

610. Camasey Miconia serrulata (DC.) Naud.

This distinctive species of camasey, a shrub stalkless a t ends of finely hairy branches. The
or small tree, is recognized by: (1) the very cylindric base (hypanthium) K o inch long is
large opposite ovate to elliptic, slightly thick- finely gray hairy and bears the slightly 6-
ened leaves 5-12 inches long and 34% inches toothed spreading calyx y8 inch long and the
wide, with melastome venation, 5 or 7 main other parts; 6 oblong whitish petals, reported
veins from base, distinctly and finely wavy also to be pink, inch or more in length, scaly
toothed on edges; (2) twigs, petioles, raised hairy outside; purplish curved stamens 6 long
veins on lower leaf surface, branches of flower and 6 short; and pistil with inferior ovary and
clusters, and flowers densely covered with cin- long curved whitish style. The finely scaly hairy
namon-brown or rusty scale hairs ; (3) flowers fruits have spreading ring of calyx a t apex, are
about % inch long, with cylindric base, spread- juicy but tasteless, and contain many dark
ing calyx, and 6 white petals ; and (4) rounded brown seeds less than g6inch long. Flowering
berries inch in diameter, white to light blue. and fruiting mainly in spring and irregularly
An evergreen shrub 6-10 feet high or a small through the year.
tree to 20 feet or more and 3 inches in trunk Uncommon in lower Luquillo and Cordillera
diameter. The bark is gray brown, finely fis- forests from near sea level to 1,500 feet alti-
sured. Twigs stout, slightly flattened, covered tude, as in Luquillo foothills and from Fajardo
with cinnamon-brown scaly hairs. Buds com- west to Mayaguez. Also St. Croix and re-
posed of rusty hairy paired minute leaves. corded long ago from St. Thomas.
The opposite leaves have stout cinnamon- PUBLICFORESTS.-LU~U~~~O, Maricao.
brown hairy petioles 1y2--41/2 inches long. R A N G E . - ~ u ~Jamaica,
~, Hispaniola, Puerto
Blades are long- or short-pointed a t apex, Rico, St. Croix, and Trinidad. Also from Mex-
rounded or slightly notched at base, the upper ico to Panama and South America from Co-
surface dull dark green and becoming nearly lombia to Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru.
hairless, with 6 or 7 main veins and many OTHER COMMONNAMES.-jau-jau, auguey
straight parallel side veins all slightly sunken, (Dominican Republic) ; tesuate (Mexico) ;
and the lower surface whitish green and soft lengua de vaca (Costa Rica) ;tun0 (Colombia) ;
with star-shaped hairs and network of small morito, canilla de venado (Venezuela) ; rifari
rectangles bordered by raised cinnamon-brown (Peru) ; white maya (British Honduras).
hairy veins. BOTANICALSYNONYMS.-Miconia macro-
Flower clusters (panicles) terminal, large, plwlla (D. Don) Triana, not Steud., Tamonea
6-10 inches long, with many flowers mostly macrophylla (D. Don) Krasser.
610. Camasey Miconia serrulata (DC.)Naud.
Flowering twig (left) and fruits (upper right), two-thirds natural size.
 - - -

MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

611. Camasey
This shrub or small tree known only from hairless upper surface slightly shiny green to
high mountains of Puerto Rico is recognized dark green, and the lower surface dull light
by: (1) opposite ovate to elliptic thickened green.
and stiff leaves with melastome venation, 5 Flower clusters (panicles) 3-10 inches long
main veins from base, also 2 smaller veins near bear many flowers mostly in 3's on stout stalks
the turned under finely toothed borders and of % inch or less. The light green bell-shaped
many straight cross veins, not flat but bent into base (hypanthium) nearly 1/4, inch long en-
2 long ridges between midvein and 2 main side closes the inferior ovary and bears the other
veins, all these and smaller veins deeply sunken parts; calyx of 5 broad lobes less than /lc inch
in delicate pattern of small rectangles, the long; 5 whitish oblong concave petals %i/,, inch
lower surface with raised cinnamon-brown long turning back and falling early; 10 white
hairy veins; (2) many flowers nearly v2 inch stamens; and pistil with inferior 5-6-celled
long and broad, with 5 whitish petals in large ovary containing many ovules and slender
long-stalked terminal clusters ;and (3) rounded white style. The rounded ,mature fruits be-
berries s/lo-1/2 inch in diameter changing from come 5/1/lc-y2inch long and wide, have 5 calyx
purple to light blue. lobes a t apex, juicy slightly sweet flesh, and
An evergreen shrub or tree to 20-25 feet high numerous light brown seeds less than 1/82 inch
and 4 inches in trunk diameter. The bark is long. Flowering and fruiting probably through
gray and smooth, the inner bark light gray, the year.
whitish within, astringent. Young twigs, buds, The wood is light brown, hard, and light-
petioles, and veins on lower leaf surface are weight.
covered with cinnamon-brown scale hairs. Uncommon in dwarf forest at 2,500-4,000
Twigs stout, with ringed nodes, light green feet altitude in high mountains of Puerto Rico.
with raised dots (lenticels) , becoming nearly PUBLIC F O R E S T S . - ~ ~ ~Guilarte,
~ ~ . ~ , Luquillo,
hairless, ending in narrow bud of folded young Maricao, Toro Negro.
leaves. RANGE.-K~ow~only from high mountains
Leaves opposite, with stout round petioles of Puerto Rico.
9&-2 inches long, greenish to pinkish or pur- This species was named in 1886 for P. Sin-
plish. Blades 3Y2-7l/C2 (10) inches long and tenis, the botanical explorer who discovered i t
1y'-3% inches wide, short- to long-pointed a t the year before.
apex, slightly notched or rounded a t base, the
Twig with flowers and immature fruits (above), fruits (lower left), natural size.
MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

612. Camasey Miconia subcorymbosa Britton

This shrub or small tree rare in the central Flower clusters (panicles) 1-4 inches long,
mountains is identified by: (1) opposite oblong broad, slightly flattened, about as long as
to oblong-lanceolate leaves hairless or nearly leaves, bearing many flowers on slender stalks
so, with melastome venation, 5 main veins from inch long. The bell-shaped base (hy-
base but 2 near margins; (2) many flowers 6/10 panthium) more than 4/8 inch long bears 5
inch long, with 5 white petals; and (3) round pointed calyx lobes and the other parts; 5
berries, l/g inch in diameter, blue or turning white petals more than Va inch long; 10 sta-
white. mens; and pistil with inferior 5-celled ovary
An evergreen shrub or small tree to 18 feet and slender style. The fruits reported to be red-
high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, recorded dish when immature, becoming blue or turning
to 33 feet, becoming hairless or nearly so. white, with calyx a t apex. Seeds many, mi-
Leaves opposite, with petioles %-1lh inches nute. Flowering and fruiting mostly in spring
long. Blades S6Y2 inches long and 94-2 inches and summer but through the year.
wide, long-pointed a t apex, ahortipointed or Rare in lower Cordillera forest a t 2,500 feet
rounded a t base, not toothed on margins, hair- altitude in central mountains of Puerto Rico.
less or nearly so, with many fine cross veins, the PUBLIC F O R E S T S . - ~ ~ ~ ~ C B OTor0
, Nemo.
upper surface shiny green, and the lower sur- R A ~ ~ ~ . - p u e r tRico
o and Cuba. An early re-
face paler. port from Hispaniola lacks confirmation.
612. Camasey
Flowering twig (above), fruits (lower left), natural size.

733
MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

613. Camaeey Miconia tetrandra (Sw.) D. Don

This species of camasey is a small to medium- Flower clusters (panicles) terminal, 3-5
sized tree common in mountain forests. It is inches long, bearing very numerous flowers
identified by: (1)minute brownish scaly hairs mostly stalkless in groups of 3 a t ends of short
on young twigs, petioles, branches of flower branches. The bell-shaped base (hypanthium)
clusters, and flowers; (2) opposite elliptic to '/lp inch long, brownish green and covered with
lanceolate leaves with melastome venation, 3 minute scales, encloses the inferior ovary and
main veins from base, slightly thickened and bears the other parts; calyx slightly 4-toothed;
rolled under a t margins; (3) flowers about 1/4. corolla of 4 spreading elliptic white (or green-
inch long, with 4 white (or greenish) petals l/l ish) petals l/l, inch long; 4 white stamens y8
inch long and 4 stamens (as the scientific name inch long; and pistil with inferior 3-celled
emphasizes) mostly stalkless, very numerous in ovary containing many tiny ovules and slender
terminal clusters; and (4) purplish or black white style. The fruits with ring calyx a t apex
round berries nearly inch in diameter. are juicy and slightly sweet and contain many
An evergreen tree 20-60 feet high and 4-12 light brown seeds less than %o inch long. Re-
inches in trunk diameter. Bark light gray, corded with flowers from January to July and
smoothish or slightly fissured. The inner bark with fruits from March to August.
is light orange yellow, streaked, astringent. The wood is light brown, hard, and mod-
Twigs Pangled, gray or brown, slightly ringed erately heavy.
a t nodes. Buds composed of paired narrow Common in lower Luquillo and Cordillera
folded gray-green young leaves. forests a t 1,5003,000 feet altitude in Puerto
Leaves opposite, with light brown petioles Rico.
y8-1 inch long. Blades 3-71/2 inches long and PUBLIC ~ o ~ ~ s ~ s . - C a r i Guilarte,
te, Luquill0,
1%-2 inches wide, long- or short-pointed a t Maricao, Toro Negro.
apex, rounded or short-pointed a t base, with the R A N G E . - ~ u ~ ~Jamaica,
, Hispaniola, and
3 main veins slightly sunken, often 1 pair of Puerto Rico. Also Lesser Antilles in Guade-
fine veins near margins, and many fine straight loupe, Dominica, and Grenada. There is an old
side veins, appearing hairless but with minute record from Trinidad.
scattered scales, the upper surface slightly OTHER COMMON NAMES.-rajador, yarador
shiny green, and the lower surface dull light (Dominican Republic).
green.
613. Camasey Miconia tetrandra (Sw.) D. Don
Fruiting twig (above), flowers (lower left), natural size.

735
- - - -

MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

614. Camaeey tomaso Miconia thomasiana DC.

This shrubby species of camasey, which lower surface is dull light green with prominent
sometimes is a small tree, is identified by: (1) veins.
opposite elliptic leaves with melastome vena- Flowers clusters (panicles) are terminal, as
tion, 5 main veins including l pair of fine veins long as leaves or longer, bearing several to
near margin and 1pair joining midvein l/s-Y2 many flowers on very slender widely forking
inch above base, petioles with red bristly hairs ; branches. The bell-shaped base (hypanthium)
(2) flowers more than 5/0 inch across the 5 pink yainch long is green, pinkish tinged, with long
rounded petals, on very slender stalks ?L2-vh red hairs and bears the pink calyx with 5
inch long in terminal clusters ;and (3) purplish
black berries S/lo-l/s inch in diameter, with long
rounded spreading lobes xo inch long and the
other parts; 6 pink nearly round petals l/d-%
dark red hairs. inch long; 10 very long and narrow pink sta-
An evergreen shrub 6-10 feet high or some- mens; and pistil with inferior 63-celled ovary
times a small tree to 15 feet high and 3 inches and slender curved whitish style. Berries green
in trunk diameter. Bark gray, smooth. Young to pink to purplish black a t maturity, with pink
twigs pink, with scattered minute light brown 6-lobed calyx spreading at apex. Seeds several,
scale hairs. Buds composed of dark red paired x6 inch long, shiny brown. Collected with flow-
ers and fruits from March to September.
young leaves.
Petioles of the opposite leaves are about Y2 Locally common in moist coast and lower
inch long, pinkish, and have 2 rows of red Cordillera forests from sea level to 2,000 feet
altitude on eastern and northern coast and
bristly hairs above. Blades are 2-6 inches long western mountains of Puerto Rico. Also Sage
and 1-3 inches wide, slightly thickened, hair- Mountain, Tortola. Reported long ago from St.
less, short- or longpointed a t apex, rounded or Thomas and named from that island, appar-
slightly notched a t base, the edges slightly ently in error.
turned under and sometimes with few minute PUBLIC FORESTS AND PARK.-Maricao, Susda,
teeth, not flat but slightly curved up from Toro Negro ;Sage Mountain.
midrib. The upper surface is shiny green and RANGE.-Known only from Puerto Rico and
has the 3 largest veins much sunken, and the Tortola.
614. Camasey tomaso
Natural size.
- - - -

MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

615. Murta Mouriri domingensis (Tuss.) Spach

This tree of the moist coastal forest is identi- longer than petals ;and pistil with inferior ovary
fied by: (1) opposite ovate leaves 2-3s inches and long slender style. The fruit is an orange
long and y8-2 inches wide, appearing flat in 2 rounded berry wider than long, with ring of
rows; (2) flowers about y2 inch across the 5 calyx on side, juicy, slightly sweet, and edible.
spreading pink petals, several a t base of a leaf; Seeds 1-3, elliptic, 3/s inch long, brown. Flow-
and (3) fruit an orange rounded berry %i-l% ering and fruiting in spring and summer.
inches in diameter, edible. The wood, described as yellowish, hard, and
An evergreen tree to 55 feet high and 10 fine-textured, has been used elsewhere in cab-
inches in trunk diameter. Bark light brown inetmaking.
gray, finely fissured, the inner bark red and bit- This species is sometimes cultivated a s an
ter. Twigs slender, brown, hairless, with rings ornamental for the shiny leaves and orange
a t nodes. fruits.
Leaves opposite, hairless appearing flat in 2 Rare in moist coastal forest to 300 feet alti-
rows from twisting of twig and petioles, which tude in Puerto Rico. Collected also in Luquillo
are 4/8 inch long. The blades are long-pointed Mountains a t 2,500 feet altitude. Also in Vie-
a t apex, rounded a t base, not toothed on edges, ques and St. Croix.
thin, the side veins few, very fine, and scarcely RANGE.-Hispaniola, P u e r h Rico, St. Croix,
visible, the upper surface shiny dark green, and Antigua, and Guadeloupe.
the lower surface green and slightly shiny. OTHERCOMMON NAMES.--caimitillo, guasi-
Flowers are clustered several a t base of a vara (Puerto Rico) ; guayaba cimarrona, pira-
leaf on stalks less than l/s inch long. The top- gua (Dominican Republic) ; cormier (Haiti).
shaped base (hypanthium) and 6-lobed calyx The generic name has been spelled Mouririu
are about y8 inch long; the 5 narrow spreading also.
pink petals are inch long; stamens 10,
615. Murta Mouriri domingensis (Tuss.) Spach
Leafy twig (above), flowering twig and flowers (lower left), fruits (lower right), natural size.

739
MELUTOME FARIILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

616. Mameyuelo Mouriri helleri Britton

This shrub or sometimes a medium-sized tree there are 5 narrow spreading petals s/l, inch
is characterized by: (1) opposite obovate or long, pinkish or whitish tinged with pink; 10
elliptic dark green leaves !vb-1v2 inches long stamens about $4, inch long; and pistil with
and v8-.3/1 inch wide, with edges turned under inferior 2-celled ovary and long slender style
and without visible side veins; (2) star-shaped :I/jc inch long. The fruit is a berry, rounded but
flowers Y2inch across the 6 spreading pinkish slightly broader than long, with calyx a t apex
petals, 1-3 on slender stalks a t base of a leaf; and with 1 or more shiny brown seeds. With
and (3) fruit an orange rounded berry
inch in diameter.
%l-x,, flowers and fruits from spring to fall.
The wood is light brown and hard.
An evergreen shrub 6-10 feet high or some- Scattered in moist limestone and lower Cor-
times a tree to 60 feet high and 10 inches in dillera forests from sea level to 2,600 feet alti-
trunk diameter, much branched. The bark is tude, north coast and western and northwestern
gray, thin, rough with many fissures, the inner mountains.
bark pinkish or brownish and tasteless or PUBLICFORESTS.-Guajataca, Maricao, Rio
slightly bitter. Twigs are brown, slender, hair- Abajo, Suslia.
less, slightly 4-angled when young. RAN~~.-puerto Rico and Hispaniola (Do-
The opposite hairless leaves have very short minican Republic).
petioles about inch long. Blades are BOTANICAL SYNONYMS.-MOU~~~' aamanensis
rounded or blunt a t apex, short-pointed a t base, Urban; M. heUeri var. sumanensis (Urban)
slightly thick and leathery, with midvein but Morley.
without visible side veins, the upper surface Discovered by Amos Arthur Heller (1867-
dark dull green, and the lower surface light 1944), botanist of the United States, who made
green. large plant collections in Puerto Rico in the
Flowers mostly few a t leaf bases or, in a years 1899 and 1900. Formerly restricted to
form a t Suslia Forest, 20 or more in small ter- Puerto Rico. However, a related species from
minal clusters (panicles). The flowers have eastern Hispaniola has been united as a variety.
slender stalks 1/8-v8 inch long, jointed in The common name mameyuelo recorded for this
middle. The tubular funnel-shaped base (hy- species is in more general use in the genus
panthium) and 6-lobed calyx are Q/,, inch long; Avdisia.
Flowering twig (upper left), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size.

741
- - - - -

MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

A rare shrub or small tree known only from light green with many raised parallel side
mountain forests of central Puerto Rico. Dis- veins.
tinguished by: (1) opposite leaves with mela- Flowers in small short-stalked clusters
stome venation, ovate to elliptic, with 5 main (cymes) a t base of leaves. The basal tube (hy-
veins from base and with finely saw-toothed panthium) nearly y8 inch long bears the 6-6-
edges; (2) short stout stiff scalelike hairs form- toothed calyx, 5-6 rounded pink or red petals
ing rough surfaces on twigs, petioles, leaf inch long, 10 or 1 2 stamens with yellow
blades, and branches of flower clusters ;and (3) anthers, and slender style, and encloses the in-
few flowers about % inch long, with 6-6 pink ferior ovary. Immature fruit a small rounded
or red petals, in lateral clusters. greenish berry %B inch in diameter, covered
.An evergreen shrub 6-10 feet high or a small with scalelike hairs, with calyx at apex. Col-
tree to 15 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diam- lected with flowers in June and July.
eter. Twigs slender, rough with pressed scale- Rare in upper Cordillera forest a t 3,000-
like hairs. 4,000 feet altitude in central mountains of
Leaves opposite, with petioles %-Ilk inches Puerto Rico. Discovered near Adjuntas in 1886
long. Blades 14/24inches long and 1-2 inches and rediscovered in Toro Negro Forest in 1941.
wide, long-pointed at apex, rounded a t base, PUBLIC FORESTS.-Guilarte, Toro Negro.
with finely saw-toothed edges, thin, both sur- RANGE.-Known only from Central Cordi-
faces rough with stiff hairs, the upper surface llera of Puerto Rico.
green with conic hairs, and the lower surface
Twigs with immature flowers, natural size.
MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

618. Stinkingfish Tetrazygia angustijolia (Sw.) DC.

This small tree of the Virgin Islands, also Flower clusters (panicles) much branched,
rare in Puerto Rico, is characterized by: (1) flattened, 1-2 inches long and broad. The flow-
opposite very narrow, lanceolate leaves with ers have stalks of about 1/10 inch. The light
melastome venation, 3 main veins from base brown tubular base (hypanthium) more than
and parallel cross veins like a ladder, the lower '/la inch long bears the 4-lobed calyx %/,, inch
surface whitish hairy with raised brownish long, 4 purplish or pinkish petals less than v8
veins; (2) twigs, petioles, lower leaf surfaces, inch long, 8 purplish stamens, and long slender
branches of flower clusters, and flowers covered style and encloses the inferior ovary of pistil.
with minute gray star-shaped hairs ; (3) many The fleshy berry has spreading ring of calyx a t
crowded flowers in flat-topped terminal clus- apex and contains many minute seeds. Flower-
ters, inch long and broad, the petals purplish ing and fruiting in summer and fall.
or pinkish tinged; and (4) round blue-black The wood is light brown and hard.
berries % inch in di'ameter. Local and scattered in moist coastal forest
An evergreen small tree commonly 20 feet and foothills of Cordillera from sea level t o
high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, often 1,000 feet altitude in northeastern, southeast-
shrubby, and recorded to 40 feet. Bark light ern and northwestern Puerto Rico. Also in Vir-
gray, rough with many narrow furrows, the gin Islands, including St. Croix, St. Thomas, St.
inner bark light brown, slightly astringent. John, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda.
Twigs much branched, slender, covered with PUBLIC ~ A ~ ~ S . - v i r g i nIslands, Sage Moun-
minute brown star-shaped hairs. tain, Gorda Peak.
Leaves opposite, with slender petioles %O-Y8 RANGE.-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Virgin
inch long. Blades 1Y2-2 inches long and %-Y2 Islands, Antigua, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Do-
inch wide, very long-pointed a t apex, short- minica, and Martinique.
pointed a t base, not toothed on edges, thin, the OTHER COMMON NAMES.-Stinking-fish (Vir-
upper surface dull light green and becoming gin Islands) ; cre-cre blanc (Dominica) ; bois
almost hairless, with the 3 long veins sunken. cbtelette (Guadeloupe) .
618. Stinking-fish Tetrazggia a~zgustifolia(Sw.) DC.
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (below), natural size.
-- - - -

MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

619. Camasey Tetrazygicl biflora (Cop.) Urban

Three species, this and the next 2, known only hairy branch l/z-1 inch long. The flower about
from mountains of Puerto Rico, have also been TI, inch long is composed of bell-shaped base
placed together in a separate genus (Menen- (hypanthium) l/g, inch long, yellow green and
.
dezia) They are distinguished by many large
showy white 4-parted flowers in terminal clus-
scaly hairy, slightly narrowed above inferior
ovary, bearing calyx with 4 (sometimes 5)
ters, 3 or fewer stalkless a t the end of a flat- spreading pointed lobes %a inch long and the
tened branch, which is broadest and to y8 inch other parts; petals 4 (sometimes 5, rarely 6),
wide at end. This species is further character- white, 1/2 inch long and broad but slightly un-
ized by: (1) opposite narrowly elliptic leaves equal, reverse heart-shaped and notched at
ending in an abrupt point, with melastome apex; stamens twice as many as petals, with
venation, 5 main veins from base, the lower long orange or yellow anthers curved to 1side ;
surface light green with minute scale hairs, not and pistil with inferior ovary 4-celled (some-
whitish gray as in related species; and (2) times 6-celled) containing many ovules, and
large white flowers 1-y2 inch across the 4 (or slender curved style.
5) spreading petals. Immature fruits % inch or more in diameter,
An evergreen tree to 50 feet high and 1foot broader than long, yellow green, slightly 4-
in trunk diameter. Bark gray, finely fissured lobed (or 5-lobed) , with calyx a t apex, contain-
and becoming slightly shreddy, the inner bark ing many narrow seeds less than inch long.
light brown and slightly sour. Twigs are Collected with flowers from May to September
slightly 4-angled, ringed a t nodes, gray green and with fruits in AugusbSeptember.
and minutely hairy when young, becoming The wood is light brown and hard.
brown. The trees of the three species of this genus
Leaves opposite, with finely hairy gray-green are very showy when covered by the abundant
petioles inch long. Blades 2-5 inches long large white flowers and perhaps merit cultiva-
and y4-2 inches wide, slightly thickened, long- tion as ornamentals.
pointed a t apex, short-pointed or rounded a t Local and scattered in middle to upper Cordi-
base, not toothed on edges, with 5 main veins llera and Luquillo forests at 1,6003,000 feet
from base and many straight parallel smaller altitude from near Barranquitas and westward
veins. The upper surface is slightly shiny, in Central Cordillera.
green, becoming hairless, with veins slightly PUBLIC FORESTS.-Guilarte, Luquillo, Toro
sunken, and the lower surface light green with Negro.
raised brown veins and minute scale hairs. RANGE.-Known only from eastern and cen-
Flower clusters (panicles) terminal, 2-4 tral mountains of Puerto Rico.
inches long, bearing many fragrant flowers 3 BOTANICALSYNONYMS.-MenendeXitG biflora
or fewer stalkless at the end of a flattened finely (Cogn.) Urban, Tetrazggh krugii Cogn.
619. Camasey
MELASTOMJ3 FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

620. Camasey Tetrazygia stahlii Cogn.

This species of camasey is closely related to The flowers have a bell-shaped base (hypan-
No. 621, Tetrazygia urbanii Cogn., and possibly thium) 3/1(3 inch long, gray hairy, which en-
not distinct, differing in the very narrow longer closes the 4-angled inferior ovary and bears the
outer calyx lobes. Other characters are : (1) 3 other parts; calyx of 4 very narrow lobes l/e
or fewer stalkless flowers a t end of flattened inch long; 4 obovate white petals y8 inch long;
branch of terminal cluster, the calyx of 4 very and 8 stamens with long yellow anthers. Fruits
narrow lobes; (2) lanceolate to ovate leaves about % inch broad, deeply 4-lobed, with scale
with very long narrow point a t apex, with hairs, and with calyx a t apex. Collected with
melastome venation, 5 main veins from base; flowers in May and June and with fruits in
and (3) minute whitish-gray scale hairs on June.
young twigs, petioles, lower leaf surfaces, flow- The showy white flowers suggest that this
er stalks, and flowers. species has possibilities as an ornamental.
An evergreen tree recorded as 30-65 feet Uncommon in lower Luquillo and lower and
high and to 1 foot in trunk diameter. Twigs upper Cordillera forests a t 1,0003,000 feet alti-
slender, slightly flattened when young, whitish tude.
gray hairy, ringed a t nodes. PUBLICFOR~s~s.-Carite, Luquillo, Toro
Leaves opposite, with petioles y8-Y' inch Negro.
long. Blades 2 5 % inches long, y4-l%,inches RA~o~.-Known only from eastern and cen-
wide, slightly thickened, short- or long-pointed tral interior of Puerto Rico.
a t apex, blunt or rounded a t base, not toothed OTHER COMMON N A M E . - - C ~ ~ ~ Z O (Puert0
on edges, with 5 main veins from base and
many straight parallel side veins, the upper
Rico) .
BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Menendezh stahlii
surface dull green to dark green, and the lower (Cogn.) Britton.
surface whitish gray and covered with minute Named for Agustin Stahl (1842-1917),
scale hairs and with prominent veins. physician and botanist of Bayamh, author of
Flower clusters (panicles) terminal, narrow. an unfinished flora of Puerto Rico (7.4).
620. Camasey Tetrazygia stahlii C o p .
Flowering twig (above), fruits (below), natural size.

749
- - -

MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

621. Camaeey Tetrasygia urbanii Cogn.

This species of camasey is distinguished by: with raised veins and covered with minute scale
(1) many showy white flowers 6/8 inch across hairs.
the 4 spreading petals, 3 or fewer stalkless a t Flower clusters (panicles) terminal, 2-3
end of flattened branch of terminal cluster, the inches long bearing many fragrant flowers, 3
calyx of 4 short broad pointed lobes; (2) op- or fewer stalkless a t end of flattened branch.
posite narrowly elliptic or lanceolate leaves
tapering to very long point a t apex, with mela-
The bell-shaped base (hypanthium) s/, inch ,
long, whitish green and covered with scale
stome venation, 5 main veins from base, the hairs, encloses the 4-lobed inferior ovary and
lower surface whitish gray hairy; and (3) as a narrow tube bears the other parts; calyx
minute pale whitish or light brown scale hairs of 4 broad pointed lobes inch long, which
on young twigs, petioles, lower leaf surfaces, covered bud and turn backward ;4 elliptic white
flower stalks, and flowers. petals inch long, slightly unequal; 8
An evergreen small tree to 33 feet high and stamens with long narrow yellow anthers bent
6 inches in trunk diameter or shrubby. Bark to 1side; and pistil with inferior 4-celled ovary
gray, slightly fissured, the inner bark orange containing many ovules, slender curved style,
brown and astringent. Twig 4-angled, covered and dot stigma. Immature fruits nearly inch
with minute scale hairs, whitish gray, turning broad, deeply 4-lobed, hairy, with calyx a t apex.
to brown, the nodes ringed and becoming Flowering in late spring and summer.
slightly enlarged, with large raised half-round The wood is very light brown, hard, and
leaf scars. Buds composed of minute scaly moderately heavy.
paired leaves. This species with its showy white flowers
Leaves opposite, with petioles y4-11h inches has possibilities as an ornamental.
long. Blades 2y2-6g inches long and %-l% Rare in lower Luquillo forest a t 1,000-2,000
inches broad, slightly thickened, rounded or feet altitude.
short-pointed a t base, not toothed on edges, PUBLICFOREST--LuQu~~~o.
with 5 main veins from base including 1 vein RANGE.-Known only from Luquillo Moun-
along each border and many straight parallel tains of eastern Puerto Rico.
side veins, the upper surface dull green and BOTANICAL s ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ . - M e n e n d eurbanii
zia
hairless, and the lower surface whitish gray (Cop.) Britton.
621. Camasey Tetrazvgia urbanii Cogn.
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.

761
- -

MELASTOME FAMILY (MELASTOMATACEAE)

622. Glorybueh Tibouchina granulosa (Deer.) C o p . *

This handsome ornamental with large purple with sparse pressed hairs, especially on the
to violet flowers is distinguished by: (1)hairy, raised veins.
broadly 4-winged twigs with ring of bristly Flower clusters (panicles) are erect, termi-
hairs at nodes; (2) paired lanceolate or nar- nal, branched, to 7 inches long. Flowers on
rowly elliptic leaves with 6 main veins from short pinkish hairy stalks, composed of pinkish
base; (3) many flowers 2 - 2 s inches across which bears short calyx with 6 narrow purplish
the 5 spreading petals; and (4) fruit an elliptic lobes, 5 purple to violet petals 1-1% inches
pinkish hairy capsule 3/s inch long. long and broadest near apex, 10 threadlike,
An evergreen shrub or small tree to 40 feet very hairy stamens bent in middle, and pistil
high and 8 inches in diameter. Bark gray, with inferior 5-celled ovary, many ovules, and
smoothish to fissured or furrowed. Twigs threadlike curved style. Capsules 5-celled, with
greenish and hairy, the 4 wings bordered by many minute brown seeds. Flowering and
short stiff hairs. fruiting nearly through the year.
The opposite leaves have brownish hairy A relatively recent introduction, becoming
petioles y2-% inch long. Blades are 3%-6 common around homes in moist areas of Puerto
inches long and 1-1% inches wide, long-pointed Rico. Popular also in southern Florida.
at apex and blunt a t base, slightly turned under RANGE-Native of Brazil (Minas Gerais to
a t edges, slightly thickened, with melastome Paranii) and Bolivia.
venation of 5 main veins from base and sunken, OTHER COMMON NAMES.-glorybush, purple
the dark shiny green upper surface with rough glorytree (United States) ; quaresma, quares-
stiff hairs, the lower surface dull light green meira-paulista (Brazil).

GINSENG FAMILY (ARALIACEAE)

Shrubs and trees, sometimes large or un- stipules often forming a sheath: (2) flowers
branched, also woody vines and epiphytes and minute, greenish, yellowish, or whitish, in heads
few herbs, known by: (1) leaves alternate, or umbels, generally compound, bisexual or uni-
large, crowded a t apex of few stout twigs, sexual (dioecious) , regular, with 6-toothed
palmately compound (digitate) or simple and calyx, 5 (-10) petals from a disk, 6 (-10)
mostly entire or palmately lobed, or rarely stamens alternate with petals, and pistil with
bi- or tripinnate, with usually thickened blades, inferior ovary of 2 5 (1-15) cells each with
often with star-shaped hairs, with petioles 1 ovule, and 2-6 styles sometimes united; and
mostly long but often also short, and with (3) fruit a berry. Also vol. 1, p. 426.
Key to species
A. Leaves simple-Dendropanaz.
B. Leaves with additional fine veins parallel to side veins, dull green beneath; flower clusters (raceme of
umbels) ball-like on branches along main axis-200. Pollo, Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. &
Planch.
BB. Leaves with network of raised veins on shiny green lower surface; flower clusters (compound umbels)
branched on branches a t end of axis--624. Dendropanax laurifolius.
AA. Leaves compound.
C. Leaves pinnate, with large ovate ta elliptic or nearly round leaflets, mostly with short pointed teeth and
white margined or blotched--626. Polvsciaa -auilfovlei.*
."
CC. Leaves palmatel compound (digitate). "
~

D. Leaves w i d 7-12 oblon or elliptic hairless leaflets 6-12 inches long; flowers dark red, crowded in
heads along many da& purple axes-623. B ~ a 8 d . aactiMphyUa.*
DD. Leaves with oblong leaflets hairy beneath a t least when young; flowers brownish or yellowish green
in much-branched clusters-Dzdymopanax.
E. Leaflets mostly 10 or 11, 10-17 inches long, longpointed, beneath brownish with satin hairs-
201. Yagrumo macho, matchwood D i d r p a n u x nrorototoni (Aubl.) Decne. & ~ l a n J
EE. Leaflets 3-8, 1W-334 inches long, sjight y notched a t rounded apex, beneath gray hairy when
young-625. Didymopanax gleaaonii.
622. Glorybush Tibowchina granulosa (Desr.) Cogn.*
Flowering twig and fruits (below), natural size.

753
- -

GINSENG FAMILY (ARALIACEAE)

623. Schetlera, umbrella-tree

This distinctive ornamental has been intro- as a half-round cap. Other flower parts are of
duced into Puerto Rico in recent years. It is the same number a s petals, the calyx repre-
easily recognized by : (1) several trunks from sented by a narrow rim with minute teeth.
base, mostly unbranched; (2) the few very Stamens 10-12, inch long, red, with stout
large palmately compound leaves with mostly filaments and large anthers, erect and slightly
7-12 oblong or elliptic shiny leaflets slightly spreading V8-Y2 inch across, soon shedding.
drooping in a circle a t the end of a very long The half-round pistil, turning from light to dark
slender petiole; (3) the large showy terminal red, consists of a n inferior ovary whitish within
flower clusters, consisting of 10-20 widely and slightly resinous and aromatic, with 10-12
spreading dark purple axes 13'2-2 feet long, narrow cells each containing 1 ovule, and the
suggesting arms of an octopus; (4) the many same number of dot stigmas in a ring.
showy dark red or crimson ball-like flowers In fruit the head is composed of 10-12
vu inch wide, crowded in heads along each berries, each bordered by 4 brownish black
axis; and (6) round or top-shaped blackish scales in form of a cup, which is persistent
fruits l/e inch in diameter. after shedding. The berry has a ring of stigmas
Small evergreen ornamental tree 20-36 feet a t apex, a ring slightly above middle, also
high, with several trunks from base 2-8 inches vertical ridges corresponding to the 10-12 cells.
in diameter, unbranched or with few stout Seeds 1 in each cell, elliptic flattened, brown,
branches, and with flattened crown of coarse 4/8 inch long. Flowering and fruiting in
foliage suggesting an umbrella, hairless summer.
throughout. Bark light gray, smoothish or The wood is soft and not durable.
becoming slightly fissured. Twigs few, very This uncommon ornamental is a relatively
stout, Yb-2 inches in diameter, green, with recent introduction to Puerto Rico and was not
light brown lines (lenticels). listed by Britton and Wilson ( 1 0 ) . It is being
Leaves alternate, palmately compound (digi- planted more frequently, especially at edges of
tate), about 2-3 feet long. Petioles very long, buildings, and grows rapidly. Propagated from
1-2 feet, relatively slender, enlarged a t both seeds and cuttings. The plants will grow in
ends, round, light green. In the angle above poor sand and can be pruned and topped. The
the petiole, also forming bud a t end of twig berries stain sidewalks.
is a light green stipule 1?4f,-2 inches long, very In southern and central Florida this popular
narrow and ending in long point, persistent. small tree is recommended for tropical effects
Leaflets mostly 7-12 (&IS), spreading in circle in confined areas, such as commercial buildings,
a t end of petiole on slender spokelike stalks parking lots, patios, and boxes, as well as
24Y2 inches long. Leaflet blades are mostly around homes. It withstands a few degrees of
6-12 inches long and 3-6 inches broad, rounded freezing temperatures and flowers in about
and abruptly short-pointed a t apex, rounded or 10 years where located in the sun. Northward
short-pointed a t base, slightly turned under a t it is grown indoors a s a potted plant for the
edges, slightly thickened and leathery. The handsome foliage. Cultivated also in Hawaii.
upper surface is shiny dark green with grooved Where native, the seeds sometimes [Link]
light green midrib and inconspicuous side veins, on other trees and send roots down to the
and the lower surface dull light green with ground.
slightly raised veins. RANGE.-Native of Queensland, Australia.
The large terminal flower clusters (panicles) Spread as a n ornamental through the tropics
consist of 10-20 widely spreading stout axes. and as a potted plant northward in temperate
Flowers are borne 10-12 stalkless in rounded regions.
heads Y' inch across on dark purple stalks of OTHER COMMON NAM~s.-scheflera (Span-
a/,-% inch along the axis. The top half of the ish) ; mano (Dominican Republic) ; umbrella-
rounded dark red bud nearly inch in diameter tree, Queensland umbrella-tree, schefflera,
is composed of 10-12 narrow pointed thick octopus-tree (English).
petals 8/ro inch long, dark red on outer surface BOTANICAL sYNoN~M.--&heflera actino-
and whitish on inner surface, shedding early phylla (End].) Harms.
623. Scheflera, umbrella-tree Brassaia actinophylla Endl.*
Leaf, one-third natural size; flowers (lower left), fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size.
755
GINSENG FAMILY (ARALIACEAE)

624. Gongoli Dendl popanax laurijolius (E. March.) R. C. Schneid.

Gongoli, a species restricted to mountain The branched flower clusters (compound

forests of Puerto Rico, is identified by: (1) umbels), borne at sides and ends of twigs are
dark green obovate to elliptic leaves with un- 2 3 inches across and have spreading stalks
equal, short but mostly long, green leafstalks about 1 inch long with 3-4 scales near middle.
1/24inches long, slender but often slightly en- Flowers are male and female on different
larged at both ends ; (2) branched flower clus- branches on stalks I,-% inch long (monoeci-
ters (compound umbels), with many small ous). Male flowers have a &toothed calyx, 5
yellow-green 5-parted flowers $4, inch across, yellow-green petals more than 1/,, inch long,
spreading in rounded masses on stalks of equal and 6 alternate stamens. Female flowers have
length; and (3) many rounded fleshy fruits &toothed calyx, 5 petals, and pistil with in-
% inch in diameter, with 5 short styles a t apex. ferior 5-celled ovary and 5 short styles. Fruits
Evergreen small to medium-sized tree to 30 (berries) are fleshy, bear a t apex the calyx and
feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter, re- styles, becoming 6-grooved on drying, 6-seeded.
ported to reach 65 feet and 10 inches, hairless Flowering in spring and maturing fruits from
throughout. Bark on small trunks gray or late spring to fall.
brown and smooth. Inner bark whitish with a The wood is light brown and soft.
green outer layer, tasteless. Twigs are green Uncommon in lower Luquillo and Cordillera
when young, becoming gray, with both long forests at 1,500-3,000 feet altitude. Middle
and short internodes. altitudes in mountains of Puerto Rico.
The alternate leaves are mostly grouped near PUBLIC~ o ~ ~ ~ T ~ . - G u i l a Luquillo,
rte, Mari-
ends of twigs. Blades are 2y2-81/2 inches long cao, Toro Negro.
and 1--4v2 inches wide, slightly thickened and RANGE.-K~OW~ only from Puerto Rico.
leathery, short- to long-pointed at apex, short- OTHER COMMON NAMES.-pa10 de cachumba,
pointed to rounded a t base, edges straight or palo de gangulln, palo de pollo negro, palo de
slightly wavy, the upper surface dark green vaca, vibona, vibora (Puerto Rico) .
and dull or slightly shiny, with faint veins, BOTANICALSYNoN~~.-Gi~ibel'tiahurifolia
the lower surface shiny green with network E. March.
of raised veins.
624. Gongoli Dendropanax lauvijolius ( E . March.) R. C. Schneid.
Fruiting twig (left) and flowers (center right), natural size.
GINSENG FAMILY (ARALIACEAE)

625. Yuquilla Didymopanax gleasonii Britton & Wileon

This distinctive small tree of high mountains in many spreading shorter stalks of nearly
is easily recognized by its leaves resembling equal length, each bearing many flowers on
those of tapioca or yuca, from which the com- slender hairy stalks Y4J!/R inch long in a
mon name was derived, Characters for identifi- rounded mass (umbel). The flower is com-
cation include : (1) palmately compound leaves posed of minute finely hairy basal tube (hy-
with 3-8 oblong-obovate leaflets spreading a t panthium) enclosing the inferior 2-celled ovary
the end of a long leafstalk; (2) many small and bearing the minute &toothed calyx, 4-5
yellowish green 44-parted flowers about % yellowish green petals, 4 4 long spreading
inch wide, spreading from stalks of equal length stamens, and 2 styles. The fleshy fruits
(compound umbels) ; and (3) rounded and (berries) topped by the 2 styles are finely
flattened black berries % '/18 inch long and broad. hairy, green when immature, and bear 2
Evergreen shrub or small tree commonly to flattened seeds. Flowering and fruiting in
15 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, spring and summer.
rarely to 35 feet tall and 10 inches in diameter. The wood is light brown, sof!, and brittle.
The bark is gray, smoothish to slightly fissured Uncommon in upper Luquillo and upper
and warty. Inner bark is light brown and Cordillera forests, also dwarf forest, at 1,600-
slightly bitter. The stout twigs are green, turn- 4,390 feet altitude in upper mountains of
ing brown, with large leaf scars. Puerto Rico. Rare in Luquillo Mountains where
The alternate leaves are crowded near ends 2 trees were found. Common on ridges of
of twigs. Leafstalks are 2-4 inches long, slender Cerro de Punta, highest peak of the island,
but enlarged a t both ends, light green. The ascending to the summit.
leaflets have stalks 4 4 4 inch long and blades PUBLIC mBEs~s.-Carite, Guilarte, Luquillo,
ll/r2-3$$ inches long and y8-1s inches wide, Maricao, Toro Negro.
slightly notched a t the rounded apex, widest RANGE.-K~ow~ only from Puerto Rico.
near apex and tapering to long-pointed base, This species was discovered by Henry A.
slightly thickened, edges slightly turned under, Gleason, botanist of the New York Botanical
with inconspicuous side veins, the upper surface Garden, and Melville T. Cook, of the Puerto
shiny green to dark green and hairless, the Rico Agricultural Experiment Station. On
lower surface dull pale green, densely gray March 18, 1926, they made apparently the first
hairy when young but becoming nearly hairless. ascent by botanists of the highest peak of the
Flower clusters (compound umbels) are island. Their report on the vegetation of Puerto
erect at or near ends of the twigs, 4-9 inches Rico was published the next year (12, 25).
across, consisting of a long main stalk ending

626. Gallego, Guilfoyle polyeciae Polyscius guilfoylei (Bull) L. H . Bailey*

This ornamental shrub or small tree to 20 or blotches and sunken veins, and the lower
feet in height and 4 inchea in trunk diameter, surface shiny yellow green. The small flowers,
with few nearly erect branches, is planted for seldom produced, are longstalked in large long-
its variegated foliage with leaflets partly stalked branching clusters, Several cultivated
whitish green or bordered with white. Distin- varieties differ in shape, size, and markings of
guishing characters are : (1) narrow shape with leafleta, including cut-leaf forms. The plants
erect stem and branches, the stout greenish are readily propagated from cuttings and often
twigs with raised dots (lenticels) ; (2) alter- trimmed into hedges.
nate pinnate hairless leaves 1 2 1 8 inches long, R~No~.-Native of South Sea Islands but
composed of slender greenish axis with base widely planted in the tropics north to southern
nearly clasping and 6-9 slender stalked leaflets Florida. Also grown in pots indoors northward.
paired except a t end, slightly spicy aromatic Known also as wild-coffee and coffee-tree but not
when crushed ;and (3) elliptic to nearly round related to that plant.
leaflets 2 4 inches long and 23 inches broad, OTHER COMMON N A M E S . - ~ ~ ~ L X (Virgin
thin, short-pointed a t both ends, and with sharp Islands) ; gallego (Dominican Republic) ;
teeth of 2 sizes along edges, the shiny upper lluvia de plata (El Salvador) ; paresseux
surface with irregular whitish green patches (Haiti) ; frosted angelica (Dutch Antilles).
 Didvmopanax gleasonii Britton & Wils.
Two-thirds natural size.

759
 HEATH FAMILY (ERICACEAE)
Shrubs sometimes small, epiphytes, and trees generally persistent, corolla of 4-7 lobes or
generally small, known by: (1) leaves usually petals, often bell- or funnel-shaped, 8-10 sta-
alternate, simple, elliptic, and entire, often thick mens from a disk, and pistil with superior or
and evergreen, without stipules; (2) flowers inferior ovary of usually 5 cells and many
small or large and showy, bisexual, regular or ovules and style; and (3) fruit a capsule, berry,
slightly irregular, with calyx 4-7-lobed and or drupe.

Lyonia rubiginosa (Pere.) G. Don

The only tree species of the heath family The flower, with parts bearing minute dotlike
native in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands is scales, is composed of short 5-lobed calyx,
this rare shrub or small tree of mountain whitish urn-shaped corolla with 5 teeth a t
forests. I t is identified by: (1) elliptic leaves narrowed apex, 5 stamens, and pistil with 5-
ll,4,-2% inches long and 4/2-1% inches wide, angled hairy ovary and slender style. The finely
slightly thickened and leathery, the upper sur- hairy seed capsules persist on twigs with calyx
face shiny green with midvein sunken and edges remaining a t base and often the style at apex.
slightly turned under ; (2) small flowers % inch There are many very small, narrow seeds.
long with whitish urn-shaped corolla, 6-toothed Flowering and fruiting irregularly from spring
a t the narrow apex, several on slender stalks to fall.
a t leaf bases ; and (3) elliptic seed capsules 3/10 The wood is light yellow.
inch long, brown, 5-angled, splitting into 5 Rare and local in dwarf forest and Cordillera
parts. a t 1,800-4,390 feet altitude in mountains of
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet high Puerto Rico. In the dwarf forest on summit
and 1 foot in trunk diameter. Bark gray to of Cerro de Punta, the highest peak, and the
brown, finely fissured and slightly shreddy, the summit of Pico Guilarte. Collected at 1,800
inner bark dark brown and tasteless. The twigs feet in mountains southeast of Lares. Also a t
are light green and angled and with dotlike 1,000 feet at Bolongo, St. Thomas.
scales when young, becoming reddish brown, PUBLIC ~o~Es~s.-Guilarte,Toro Negro.
with slightly raised leaf scars. End and side R~NcE.-Known only from St. Thomas and
buds are elliptic, '/la inch long, light green to Puerto Rico.
light brown. BOTANICAL S Y N O N Y M S . - X O ~rubiginosa
~~?~~
The alternate leaves have light green leaf- (Pers.) Small, X. stalclii (Urban) Small, Lyonia
stalks Y8-U/8 inch long. Blades a r e blunt or stahlii Urban.
short-pointed a t apex, short-pointed a t base, This species long known only from St.
with inconspicuous side veins, the lower surface Thomas was found in 1926 a t Cerro de Punta.
dull light green, with many minute rusty or Lyonia stahlii Urban, a shrub described from
gray dotlike scales when young. mountains near Bayam6n, apparently is not
Several flowers are borne spreading a t base specifically distinct.
of a leaf on slender stalks about % inch long.
 Lyonia rtcbiginosa (Pers.) C. Don
Flowering twig (upper left), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size.

761
 THEOPHRASTA FAMILY (THEOPHRASTACEAE)
Shrubs and trees mostly small, known by: opposite the lobes and 5 staminodes or teeth,
(1) leaves generally alternate simple, without and pistil with superior 1-celled ovary contain-
stipules; (2) flowers small, bisexual or uni- ing many ovules on central placenta; and (3)
sexual (dioecious), regular, with 6 sepals, fruit a yellow berry or drupe with many to
corolla 6-lobed and yellow or orange, 5 stamens few seeds.
Key to species
A. Leaves small, %-1% inches long; flo~versfew on stalks curved down a t leaf bases, with light yellow corolla-
629. Jacquinia berterii.
AA. Leaves larger, more than 1% inches long; flowers several to many on erect stalks in terminal clusters, with
white corolla.
B. Leaves with short-pointed base of blade and very short etiole NOinch long-630. Jacquinia revoltcta.
BB. Leaves with gradually narrowed long-pointed base of b h e and petiole %-Y inch long-628. lacquinia
arborea.

628. Barbasco Jacquinia mborea Vahl

This shrub or small tree common along the The berries are sometimes so numerous that
coasts is easily recognized by; (1) the dull the clusters a r e curved downward from their
yellow-green spoon-shaped (spatulate) leaves, weight. Each has a thin shell and 1-4 rounded
which are thick, stiff, and slightly fleshy, with brown seeds 9Jls inch long in the bitter and
edges much turned under; (2) twigs much probably poisonous, orange-red pulp. Flower-
forking, stout, whitish gray, covered with ing from winter to summer and maturing fruits
minute mealy scales; (3) many small white from spring to fall.
bell-shaped 6-parted flowers inch long and The hard wood is light brown or yellowish.
broad on erect stalks in terminal clusters; and This species has possibilities as an orna-
(4) many orange-red, round berries about mental, because of its compact yellow-green
inch in diameter and pointed a t end, probably foliage, fragrant white flowers, and yellow
poisonous. fruits. Crushed fruits of this and related spe-
Generally a shrub but sometimes a small tree cies have been used to poison or stupefy fish.
to 15 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter, Common in dry and moist coastal forests
with evergreen, compact, much branched from sea level to 300 feet altitude along all
rounded crown. The bark is smoothish or finely coasts of Puerto Rico. Also along coasts of the
fissured and dark brown, and the light brown islands nearby, including Mona, Icacos, Palo-
or yellowish inner bark is bitter. minos, Piiieros, Vieques, and Culebra, and in
The leaves are mostly in clusters of 3 or St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, Virgin
more together near ends of twigs but partly Gorda, and Anegada.
alternate. Leafstalks are 4/8-% inch long, PUBLICFORESTS AND p~~~s.-Boquer6n,
yellowish and minutely scaly. Leaf blades are Gutinica; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands.
11,&342inches long and inches broad, RANGE.---Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto
widest near the rounded or slightly notched Rico and Virgin Islands, throughout Lesser
apex and gradually narrowed toward the long- Antilles from St. Martin to Grenada, Barbados,
pointed base, hairless but with many tiny gland and Tobago.
dots on both sides, paler beneath. OTHERCOMMON N A M E s . - ~ Z ~ C ~ ~ ~(Puerto
S
Many fragrant flowers are borne in terminal Rico) ; barbasco (Spanish) ; torchwood, pie-
clusters (racemes) 2 4 inches long on stout crust, pica (Barbados) ; picrous-bark, mata
erect scaly stalks y8-y&inch long, which are piskaa, paaloe hoekoe, sjiengool, steenhout
thickened toward apex. There are 5 overlap- (Dutch West Indies).
ping rounded green sepals about V8 inch long, Formerly referred to Jaequinia barbasco
hairless, remaining a t base of fruit; the white (Loefl.) Mez, a species described from Vene-
corolla l/e inch long is tubular and bell-shaped zuela.
with 5 rounded spreading lobes; 5 stamens on The generic name, origpinally spelled Jpr
base of corolla tube opposite the lobes and alter- quinia, honors Nicholas Joseph von Jacquin
nating with 5 petallike sterile stamens (stami- (1727-1817), Austrian professor who col-
nodes) ;and pistil with 1-celled ovary and short lected, named, and painted many West Indian
style. plants.
628. Barbascr, Jacgtlinia arborea Vahl
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (lower right), natural eke.
THEOPHRASTA FAMILY (THEOPHRASTACEAE)

Jacquinia berterii Spreng.

This shrub or small tree of dry and moist long and enlarged a t apex, nodding or curved
coastal forests is recognized by: (1) small down. The flower is composed of calyx with
spoon-shaped dull yellow-green thickened leaves 6 rounded overlapping lobes; light yellow bell-
in whorls or sometimes opposite; (2) small shaped waxy corolla with 6 rounded spreading
light yellow 5-parted flowers %/,, inch long and lobes; 6 short stamens on base of corolla and
broad, on stalks curved down a t leaf bases ; and opposite the lobes; and pistil with 1-celled
(3). eggshaped or rounded orange or yellow ovary containing many ovules, tapering style,
fruit inch in diameter, probably poisonous. and dotlike stigma. The berrylike fruit is
Evergreen shrub or a small tree 20 feet high, pointed at apex, hard-walled, and many-seeded.
recorded to 25 feet, and 6 inches in trunk Flowering and fruiting in summer.
diameter, much branched and spreading. Bark The wood is light brown and hard.
dark gray to blackish, smooth to finely fis- Uncommon and scattered in dry and moist
sured, the inner bark light yellow and bitter. coastal forests from sea level to 200 feet altitude
Twigs are light brown, covered with scale on eastern and southern coasts of Puerto Rico.
hairs, ending in minute bud. Also in Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John,
The leaves are crowded, mostly 3 or more a t Jost Van Dyke, Peter Island, Virgin Gorda,
a node or whorled, also paired or opposite, and Anegada.
without stipules, almost stalkless, the leafstalk PUBLICFOREST AND P A R K . - G u A ~;~Virgin
~
about x6 inch long. The blades are mostly
spoon-shaped (spatulate) , v2-ll/s inches long
Islands.
RANGE.-Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto
and %-?A2 inch wide, vary~ngIn shape from Rico and Virgin Islands, Anguilla, St. Martin,
narrow to broad, rounded or slightly notched and Guadeloupe. .
a t apex, gradually tapering to long-pointed base, OTHER COMMON NAMES.-espuela de cabal-
thick and stiff with edges slightly curved down, lero de pinar (Cuba) ; bois band6, bois cassava
without visible midvein or veins, hairless, with (Haiti).
minute dots and dull yellow green on both sar- This species honors Carlo Guiseppe Bertero
faces. (1789-1831), Italian scientist, who made a
One to several fragrant flowers are borne a t collection of plants in Puerto Rico in 1818.
leaf bases on slender stalks less than 1/4, inch

A rare shrub or small tree to 20 feet high on edges and 5-lobed white corolla, few to sev-
and 3 inches in trunk diameter, collected on eral in terminal clusters ;and (4) orange round
Tortola. It is characterized by: (1) slender fruit about ys inch in diameter. Rare on upper
twigs with fine scale hairs ; (2) leaves obovate, slopes of Sage Mountain, Tortola, not found
1%-2% inches long, leathery with scale dots, in recent years.
the apex rounded, notched, or minutely pointed, RANGE.-Tortola and Lesser Antilles from
the base short-pointed, veins faint, petioles very St. Martin to Trinidad, also in Venezuela and
short, about so inch; (3) fragrant flowers Colombia.
about l/s inch long with 6 rounded sepals hairy
 Jacquinia berterii Spreng.
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.

765
 MYRSINE FAMILY (MYRSINACEAE)
Shrubs and small trees, rarely large, known lobes mostly white or pink and with gland
by: (1) leaves mostly alternate, simple, dots, 4-5 stamens inserted on the corolla op-
thickened, with gland dote and lines, without posite the lobes, and pistil with superior 1-celled
stipules; (2) flowers small, often crowded and ovary of 1 to several ovules and style; and
many, bisexual or sometimes unisexual (die- (3) fruit a small rounded drupe, black or
ecious), regular, with calyx of 4-5 sepals or purplish, with 1 to few seeds. Also vol. 1,
lobes and persistent, corolla of 4-5 spreading p. 430.
\
Key to species
A. Flowers and fruits many in almost stalkless clusters along twigs mostly back of leaves-Ra aiieu.
B. Twigs rusty-brown hairy; leaves slightly hair beneath, lance-shaped, short-pointed-43. Mantegucro,
Rapanea cori~cea(Sw.) Mez (R. (errugineay.
BB. Twigs hairless; leaves hairless, elliptic, rounded or blunt-pointed-204. BAdula, Guiana rapanea, Rapanea
guianensis Aubl.
AA. Fldwers and fruits in stalked clusters.
C. Flowers many in terminal erect much-branched clusters (panicles).
D. Leaves thin, mostly finely wavy-toothed on edges, long-pointed a t apex--636. Parathesis crenlclata.
DD. Leaves thick and leathery with edges turned under, blunt- ointed a t apex-Adisia.
E. Leaves 4-10 inches long, thick and succulent, with exges turned under; flowers nearly H inch
across-631. Ardisia glauciflora.
EE. Leaves mostly smaller, slightly thick and succulent, with edges slightly turned under.
F. Leaves 2%-5?4 inches long; flower clusters 3-5 inches long and broad, flowers % inch
across-202. Mameyuelo, Ardisia obovata Desv.
FF. Leaves 2-3 inches long; flower clusters 2-3 inches long and broad, flowers %a inch
across--632. Ardisia lutpcillensis.
CC. Flowers in unbranched clusters.
G. Leaves obovate, 3-10 inches long, crowded a t ends of stout twigs; flowers short stalked along very
slender drooping axis (raceme)--634. Wallettia pendula.
GG. Leaves obovate to oblnnceolrte, 1-2% inches long, crowded near ends of short side twigs; flowers sev-
eral in slender stalked clusters a t leaf bases-633. Grammadenia sintenisii.

631. Mameyuelo ArdisM daucifira Urban

A small tree known only from mountains than T/g inch long. The calyx is composed of 5
of eastern Puerto Rico, recognized by: (1) rounded sepals %/,, inch long, covered with
elliptic leaves 4-10 inches long and 24v2inches black dota and with minute hairs on edges;
wide, mostly large, thick and leathery and with the corolla with short tube y8 inch long and
edges turned under; (2) terminal much 6 narrow spreading lobes g/lo inch long, gray
branched flower clusters bearing very many with black dots; stamens 5, inserted on corolla
spreading 5-parted slightly succulent flowers tube and opposite the lobes; and pistil with
nearly % inch across; and (3) many crowded conical 1-celled ovary and slender style. Flower-
round berry fruits about inch in diameter. ing and fruiting in spring and summer.
A small evergreen tree recorded to 26 feet The wood is whitish to light brown, hard,
high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, with and heavy. It has been used locally for furni-
crown of few stout branches. The bark is pray ture.
and smooth, the inner bark pink and tasteless. Uncommon in lower Luquillo and Cordillera
Twigs few, stout, dark brown, finely hairy. forests to 1,500 feet altitude in mountains of
Leaves alternate, with short stout petioles Puerto Rico.
less than a/8 inch long, hairless. Blades are PUBLIC m ~ ~ s ~ s . - C a r i t eLuquillo,
, Maricao,
blunt a t both ends, with prominent network Toro Negro.
of veins when dry, with minute gland dots, RANGE.-K~ow~ only from Puerto Rico.
green and slightly shiny on upper surface, and OTHER COMMON N A M E . - ~ U S O ~ ~ ~(Puert.0
pale green beneath. Rico) .
The flower clusters (panicles) 3-6 inches BOTANICALs ~ ~ o N ~ ~ . - ~ c a c oglauciflora
rea
wide bear very many flowers, the branches (Urban) Britton.
brown and finely hairy, the flower stalks l e s ~
631. Mameyuelo Ardisia glaucijlora Urban
Fruiting twig (above), flowers (lower right), two-thirds natural size.

767
MYRSINE FAMILY (MYRSINACEAE)

632, Mameyuelo Ardisia Zuquilleneis (Britton) Alain

This rare small tree known only from Lu- The calyx is composed of 6 rounded gland-
quillo Mountains is distinguished by: (1) dotted lobes inch long; corolla has short
obovate leaves inches long and y8-1J/ tube and 5 spreading gland-dotted lobes more
inches wide, slightly thick and succulent an8 than l/s inch long; 5 stamens inserted near base
turned under a t edges, with minute gland dots ; of corolla tube and opposite the lobes; and
(2) erect terminal, much branched flower clus- pistil with elliptic 1-celled ovary and short
ters with very small flowers inch across, style. The gland-dotted berries have short point
pale green tinged with pink; and (3) many of style a t apex, calyx a t base, change color
round 1-seeded fruits 1/41-%, inch in diameter, from green to red to black a t maturity, and
black and slightly fleshy. contain 1 large round seed. Collected with
A small evergreen tree to 16 feet high and flowers and fruits in August and with imma-
4 inches in trunk diameter, hairless. Bark gray ture fruits in March.
or brown, smoothish to slightly fissured, cov- The wood is light brown and hard.
ered with mosses, the inner bark light brown Rare in dwarf forest a t about 3,0003,400
or pink and bitter. Twigs are brown and feet altitude on summits of peaks of Luquillo
slightly angled. Mountains.
The alternate leaves are blunt-pointed a t PUBLIC FOREST.-LI#~U~~~O.
apex, broadest beyond middle, and narrowed RANGE.-Known nly from eastern Puerto
into long-pointed base and petiole less than
1/41 inch long. The upper surface is green to
dark green, slightly shiny, with yellowish mid-
vein and side veins indistinct, and the lower
Rico.
BOTANICAL
Britton.
t
SYNONY .-zcacorea luquillensia
This species was first found in 1923 and
surface dull light green. named in 1926 but was incompletely known
The flower clusters (panicles) 2-3 inches until flowers were collected by the Forent
long and broad bear very many crowded short- Service in 1940.
stalked flowers a t the ends of reddish branches.
632. Mameyuelo Ardigia ltiquillensis (Britton) Alain
Fruiting twig (left), flowering twig (upper right), natural size.
MYRSINE FAMILY (MYRSINACEAE)

Crammadenia sintenisii (Urban) Mez

Shrub or small tree of dwarf forest a t high green to dark green and slightly shiny, the
altitudes in Luquillo Mountains characterized sides bent up from the sunken midvein and
by: (1) obovate to oblanceolate leaves crowded without visible veins, the lower surface dull
near ends of short side twigs; (2) small whitish light green.
or greenish yellow 6-parted flowers l/e inch Flower clusters (like umbels) a t base of
across, several in clusters a t leaf bases; and leaves bear a t the end of a slender stalk about
(3) elliptic berrylike fruit 8/ inch long, with
minute point a t apex, 1-seeded.
vh inch long several flowers on slender stalks
each about 34 inch. Flowers bisexual and male,
Evergreen shrub 10 feet or less in height, composed of light green calyx with 6 narrow
sometimes a small tree to 15 feet high and 4 pointed lobes, greenish yellow or whitish corolla
inches in trunk diameter, hairless throughout. of 6 rounded spreading lobes, 6 minute stamens
Bark smooth, gray, the inner bark brown and borne near base of corolla and opposite the
slightly bitter. Twigs brownish green, both lobes; and minute pistil with rounded 1-celled
slender and stout, becoming light brown. Buds ovary containing 3-4 ovules and very short
of minute pointed young leaves without scales style. Flowering continuously.
or stipules. Known only from dwarf forest at altitudes
Leaves alternate along main twigs and of 2,6004,600 feet in Luquillo Mountains of
crowded a t enlarged ends of slender side twigs. eastern Puerto Rico.
Leafstalks v8-% inch long. Blades obovate to PUBLIC FOR~s~.-Luquillo.
oblanceolate, 1-2% inches long, y2-94, inch R ~ ~ ~ ~ . - E a s t ePuertO
r n Rico.
wide, thick, stiff, and slightly succulent, with This species cornmemoratea its discoverer,
minute gland dots visible with lens. The apex P. Sintenis, who made large collections of plants
is blunt-pointed, the base long tapering, the in Puerto Rico in 1884-1887, including the first
border slightly turned under, the upper surface a t El Yunque.
 Grammader~iasintetlisii (Urban) Mez
Flowering twig, naturnl size.

771
_--- -

MYRSINE FAMILY (MYRSINACEAE)

Parathesis crenulnla (Vent,) Hook. f.

This shrub, rarely small tree, of moist forests pointed lobes, 5 stamens at base of lobes and
in Puerto Rico, is identified by: (1) oblance- opposite them, and pistil with conic ovary and
olate or narrowly elliptic thin leaves, long- long threadlike style. The berries have calyx a t
pointed a t both ends, with finely wavy-toothed base and pointed base of style a t apex and are
or straight edges, with minute gland dots visible covered with minute gland dots. The round
with a lens against the light; (2) many small seed is 1/8 inch in diameter. Collected with
pink flowers l/g-sa inch across in terminal flowers from May to July and with fruits from
branched clusters; and (3) many black round July to December.
fleshy fruits 444-5/l,, inch in diameter, l-seeded. Uncommon in moist forests from sea level
An evergreen shrub or rarely small tree to to 2,500 feet altitude in Puerto Rico.
18 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter. The R ~ ~ o ~ . - P u e r tRico,
o Hispaniola, and Cuba.
young twigs are densely covered with minute OTHER COMMON NAMES. - secagarganta
brownish hairs and scales. (Puerto Rico) ;jalap6n (Dominican Republic) ;
The alternate leaves have blades 3-6 inches raisin marron (Haiti).
long and %-I% inches wide, the base tapering BOTANICALS Y N O N Y M . - A T ~ ~crenulata~~~
into the slightly winged slender petiole v8-9/$ Vent.
inch long. The upper surface is shiny green This species was included by Britton and
and hairless, and the lower surface dull and Wilson (10; 6: 58) under Parathesis serrulata
paler with minute hairs or nearly hairless. (Sw.) Mez. That species of Cuba and His-
Flower clusters (panicles) are terminal and paniola is separated by the twigs with dark
2-4 inches long, the slender branches covered red hairs, mostly smaller leaves 2v2-4 inches
with minute hairs and scales. The finely hairy long, slightly thickened and with star-shaped
flowers on stalks of v8 inch or less are com-
posed of calyx with 5 narrow pointed lobes,
hairs beneath, and by slightly smaller flowers
less than inch across.
pink corolla inch long with 6 narrow
634. Rascagarganta Parathesis crenulata (Vent.) Hook. f.
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (below), two-thirds natural size.
MYRSINE FAMILY (MYRSINACEAE)
635. JacanilIo Walleniu pendula (Urban) Mez
A shrub or sometimes small tree known only gland dots visible against the light with a lens.
from high mountains of Puerto Rico. Distin- Flower clusters (racemes) are unbranched,
guishing characters are: (1) obovate leaves 5-8 inches long. Male flowers have stalks about
3-10 inches long and 1x3 inches wide, slightly
thickened and leathery, mostly clustered a t ends
]/lo inch long; calyx of 5 blunt sepals more
than inch long; corolla tubular, inch
of stout twigs; (2) flower clusters consisting of long, with 6 rounded lobes; 5 slender stamens
a very slender drooping axis and many short- nearly twice as long as corolla and opposite the
stalked greenish white flowers about % inch lobes; and small sterile pistil. Female flowers
long, male and female on different trees (di- have calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistil with
oecious) ; and (3) rounded reddish berries less round ovary, 2 ovules, and narrow style. The
than l/q,inch in diameter, 1-seeded. berries are slightly broader than long, have
An evergreen shrub 6-10 feet high or small calyx a t base and slender point a t apex. Flow-
tree to 20 feet high and 3 inches in trunk ering and fruiting irregularly over the year.
diameter, recorded as sometimes to 33 feet. Rare in dwarf forest and upper mountain
Twigs gray or brownish gray, stout, hairless. forests a t 2,000-3,500 feet altitude in high
The leaves are alternate but clustered a t ends mountains through Puerto Rico.
of twigs, which have some long internodes. PUBLIClW~EST~.-carite, Guilarte, Luquillo,
Petioles a/,-1 inch long. Blades are short- Maricao, Toro Negro.
pointed or blunt a t apex, broadest beyond RANGE.-Known only from Puerto Rico.
middle, and gradually narrowed to short- OTHER COMMON NAME.--quiebrahacha
pointed or blunt base, with straight or slightly (Puerto Rico) .
wavy edges, with prominent network of fine BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-Petesioides pendulz~m
veins, hairless, paler beneath, and with minute. (Urban) Britton.

SAPODILLA FAMILY (SAPOTACEAE)

Trees and few shrubs, known by: (1) white lobes, stamens very short, generally 4-8 (to
latex or milky sap; (2) leaves alternate simple, many) inserted on corolla opposite the lobes,
generally entire, thickened, usually without often with staminodes alternate, and pistil with
stipules ; (3) flowers small, generally white, superior ovary containing generally 4-5 (1-14)
green, or light brown, crowded or single a t cells each with 1 ovule and with short style;
base of l a v e s or below a t nodes, bisexual, and (4) fruit a berry with 1 to few large
regular, with hairy calyx of 4-8 overlapping elliptic shiny seeds with large scar and milky
lobes, corolla with short tube and 4-8 short pulp (sometimes edible). Also vol. 1, p. 436.
Key to species
A. Leaves less than 2% inches long, obovate, rounded a t apex.
B. Leaves with few long fine side veins nearly parallel with edges-Bumelia.
C. Leaves %-%I inch long; many short twigs as sharp slender spines--636. Bumelia kmgii.
CC. Leaves W-1% inches long; not spiny--637. Bumelia obovata.
BB. Leaves 36-136 inches long, with several short side veins-641. Diphdlis cubensis.
AA. Leaves larger.
D. Leaves with many straight parallel side veins nearly a t right angle to midvein.
E. Leaves with side veins very close together and indistinct.
F. Leaves less than 3% inches long; fruits elliptic, 94-136 inches long-Micropholis.
G. Leaves abruptly short-pointed; the lower surface reddish brown, finely silky hairy-211.
Caimitillo, Micropholis chryso ~lloidesPierre.
GO. Leaves rounded or dightl notded a t apex, green on both surfaces, becoming hairless or
nearly s-212. ~ a i m i t & overde, Micropholis garcinzzfolia Pierre.
FF. Leaves 3 4 % inches long, short-pointed very shiny; fruits 134-8 inches in diameter (sapo-
di1la)-210. Nispero, sapodilla, ~ a n i l h a r azapota (L.) v. Royen.*
EE. Leaves with side v e k s lees close, distinct, mostly larger.
H. Leaves thin, elliptic, short-pointed a t both ends, mostly silky hairy beneath, less than 5 inches
long-Chry8ophyllum.
I. Leaves with lower surfaces reddish brown or golden sil
"r.
J. Fruit round, several-seeded 23 inches in diameter rom 6-11-celled ovary (star-apple)
-206. Caimito, :tar-appie, Chrysophyllum cainito L.
JJ. Fruit oblong or ell~ptic,mostly 1-seeded, less than 1% inches lonp;.
K. Fruit oblong, %-I% inches long, from 5-9-celled ovary-638. Chryeoph~/llum
bicolor.
KK. Fruit elli tic, W inch long, from 5-celled ovary-207. Caimitillo de perm, satin-
leaf, C&sophyZlum o l i v i f o m L. ,
635. Jacanillo Walleaia pendrcla (Urban) Mez
Fruiting twig (left), flowers (lower right), natural size.
SAPODILLA F m Y (SAPOTACEAE)
11. L a v e s with lower surface finely hairy or becoming nearly hairless.
L. Leaves with lower surface grayish or silvery meen and often silk hairy; fruit elli tic
or rounded, dark blue, 5-%inch long, from 6-8-celled ovary-&. Lechecillo.
aophyllum argenteum Jacq.
LL. Leaves with lower surface becoming nearly hairless; fruit oblong, 36-% inch long,
sharp-pointed, from 5-celled ovar -439. Chryao hyllum paucifloruna.
AH. Leaves thick and leathery, mostly elliptic, sbiny, hairless-?&anilkara.
M. Leaves often larm, to 8 inches or more in length; fruits rounded, more than 1 inch in
diameter.
N. Leaves elliptic, widest near middle; fruits round or elliptic, 1-1% inches long, edible
-209. Ausubo, balata, ManiUcara bidentata (A. DC.) Chev.
NN. Leaves oblong to obovate, mostly widest beyond middle, often crowded a t end of long
internode; fruits rounded but flattened, 2 inches In diameter--644. Manilkara
pleeana.
MM. Leaves smaller, elliptic or oblong.
0. Leaves sli htly notched or rounded a t apex; fruit %-I% inches in diameter, slightly
flattenet443. Manilkara jaimipci.
00. Leaves rounded a t apex; fruit round, 34-96 inch in diameter--642. Manilkara albes-
cena.
DD. Leaves with several side veins a t acute angle to midrib, mostly curved a t end.
P. Leaves widest beyond middle.
Q. Leaves large, to 14 inches or more in length, mostly short-pointed a t apex; fruits large, edible.
R. Leaves oblanceolate or narrowly obovate; fruits egg-shaped,
-- - about 4 inches lonn,
-. brown
(sapote) -647. Pouteria sapoh.*
RR. Leaves narrowly elliptic; f r u ~ t sround or elliptic, 1%-2 inches long, orange colored-213.
Jhcana, Pouteria multiflora (A. DC.) Eyma.
QQ. Leaves 3-6 inches long, broadly obovate, rounded a t apex, fruits rounded a t apex; fruits round,
1%-2% inches in d~ameter,brown, warty--646. Potctel-itl hotteana.
PP, Leaves widest a t or below middle..
S. Leaves most1 elliptic, petioles mostly long, slender, %-1% inches long.
T. Leaves B n t , rounded, or slightly notched a t a ex, with yellow midrib and yellow-green
petiol-214. Tortugo amarillo, false-mastic, SPdrrotylon foetidissimunt Jacq.
TT. Leaves short-pointed a t a ex--640. Dipholis bellonis.
SS. Leaves ~nostlyIanceolate, eti3es +art, mostly less than H inch long.
U. Leaves with long wgitish hams beneath, shortpointed or blunt a t a p u - 6 4 5 . Pouteria
dic&oneura.
UU. Leaves hairless, longpointed a t apex-208. Sanguinaria, wild mespel, willow bustic, Di-
pholia aalicifolia (L.) A. DC.

636. AraAa gato Bumelia krugii Pierre

Known only from dry areas of southwestern inch long. The blades are broadest near
Puerto Rico and Vieques, this spiny shrub or the rounded apex, taper to short-pointed base,
small tree is identified by: (1) twigs much not toothed on edges, minutely hairy or nearly
branched, many short twigs $4,-Y2 inch long hairless, green above and light green beneath.
modified a s sharp slender gray spines extending Several flowers are borne in a cluster $4, inch
straight a t right angle; (2) very small, obovate across a t the base of a leaf on brown hairy
to nearly round leaves x-Y8 inch long and 9- stalks '/lo inch long. The calyx about '/lo inch
0/8 inch wide, with few long fine aide veins long has 6 hairy overlapping sepals; the light
nearly parallel with edges, slightly thick and yellow or whitish corolla inch long has a
stiff; (3) small light yellow or whitish fragrant short tube and 6 lobes with 2 small projections
flowers 4/8 inch long clustered a t leaf bases on a t each notch; 6 short stamens inserted near
very short stalks; and (4) rounded fruits base of tube opposite the lobes and 6 sterile
inch in diameter, green turning dark red, con- stamens (staminodes) ; and pistil with round
taining 1large seed. hairy 6-celled ovary and slender style.
An evergreen shrub 10 feet high or a small The berries a r e borne singly on stalks inch
tree to 20 feet high and 6 inches in trunk long, have calyx a t base and narrow point from
diameter, much branched. The bark is gray, style a t apex, are slightly longer than broad,
rough, furrowed into thick plates, the inner and change color from green to dark red a t
bark light brown and bitter. Twigs are slender, maturity. Inside the thin pulp is 1large rounded
much branched, finely rusty-brown hairy when shiny light brown seed. Collected with flowers
young. Spines arise as short twigs 1a t a node from January to March and with fruits in May
above a leaf, while long spines bear leaves on and July.
sides. The wood is light brown and hard.
The leaves are alternate or sometimes clus- Rare and local in dry limestone and lower
tered a t nodes on very short petioles less than Cordillera forests of southwestern Puerto Rico
636. Arafia gato Bumelia krugii Pierre
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.
SAPODILLA FAMILY (SAPOTACEAE)
from sea level to 300 feet altitude. Also in BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-BUWZ~Z~~ obovata
Desecheo and Vieques. (Lam.) A. DC. var. klrcgii (Pierre) Cronq.
PUBLIC ~ o ~ ~ s ~ s . - G u h n i cSuslia.
a, This species is closely related to No. 637,
RANGE.-K~OW~only from Puerto Rico, lechecillo, Bumelia obovata (Lam.) A. DC., and
Desecheo, and Vieques. has been regarded as a variety. That species
OTHER COMMON NAME.-peine (Puerto differs in absence of spines, much larger leaves,
Rico) . longer flower stalks, and slightly larger fruits.

637. Araiia gato Bumelia obova~a(Lam,) A. DC.

A shrub or small tree common and wide- minodes) ; and pistil with round hairy 5-celled
spread in dry areas of southern Puerto Rico ovary and slender style. The berries are borne
and other islands. Distinguishing characters singly a t leaf bases, slightly longer than broad,
are: (1) obovate or rounded leaves Y4-lY2 and have calyx and threadlike style peraistent.
inches long and Y8-ll/g inches wide, with few The large rounded seed is shiny brown. Flower-
long fine side veins nearly parallel with edges, ing and fruiting probably irregularly through
slightly thick and leathery; (3) small whitish the year.
flowers 4/8 inch long, few at leaf bases on very The wood is light brown and hard.
slender stalks about inch long; and (4) Uncommon but widely distributed a t low
rounded fruits x6 inch in diameter, green
turning dark brown or black, containing 1seed.
altitudes in dry limestone forest and dry coastal
hills and beaches to 800 feet altitude in south-
An evergreen small to medium-sized tree to ern and southwestern Puerto Rico. Also Mona,
40 feet high and 1 foot in trunk diameter, Desecheo, Muertos, Culebra, Vieques, St. Croix,
sometimes larger, with dense compact crown. Buck Island, St. Thomas, St. John, Jost Van
The bark is gray, thick, becoming fissured or Dyke, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, and Anegada.
furrowed and slightly rough. Inner bark is PUBLIC FORESTS AND p~~~s.-Guiinica,SU-
light brown and slightly bitter. The twigs are slia; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands.
gray, slender, with minute pressed brown hairs RANGE.--Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico
when young. and Virgin Islands, and through Lesser Antilles
The alternate leaves have short petioles y8- from St. Martin and Saba to St. Lucia and
S/lB inch long. Blades are rounded, blunt, or Bequia. Also in Bonaire, Curacao, Aruba, and
notched a t apex, long-pointed to blunt a t base, northern Venezuela.
slightly turned under a t edges, hairless, when OTHER COMMON N A M E S . - ~ ~ C ~ ~ C ~quiebra-
~~O,
dry with many fine lines parallel to side veins, hacha (Puerto Rico) ; breakbill (Virgin Is-
green and slightly shiny on both surfaces. lands) ; pintop (Tortola) ; placa chiquitu, palu
The flowers are composed of calyx about x 6 di lechi, palu di pluta, rambkshi (Dutch An-
inch long with 5 hairy overlapping sepals; tilles).
whitish corolla 1/8 inch long with short tube and Insect galls rounded and about 1/8 inch in
5 lobes with 2 small projections at each notch; diameter sometimes are present on scattered
5 short stamens inserted near base of tube leaves and may aid identification.
opposite the lobes and 5 sterile stamens (sta-
637. Araiia gat0 Bumelia obouata (Lam.) A. DC.
Twig with flowers and immature fruits (left), fruiting twig (right), natural size.
SAPODILLA FAMILY (SAPOTACEAE)

638. Caimitillo, wild cainit Chrysophyllum bicolor Poir.

Caimitillo is characterized by : (1) twigs shaped light green hairy corolla %, inch long
golden or reddish brown silky hairy, with milky has 6 spreading lobes mostly shorter than the
sap; (2) elliptic leaves dark green on upper tube; stamens 5 on corolla tube opposite the
surface and golden or brown silky hairy be- lobes; and pistil with hairy round 6 9 c e l l e d
neath; (3) several light green bell-shaped ovary, short style, and 6 9 stigmaa. The fruits
flowers %a inch long a t leaf bases ; and (4) ob- have 1 seed, sometimes 2 or more. Flowering
long or rounded berries f)&-lj/s inches long, and fruiting from apring to fall.
usually 1-seeded. The trees have been cultivated for the edible
An evergreen tree recorded a s 26-60 feet fruits.
high and 1 foot in trunk diameter, with milky Rare a t sea level in lowland forests near
sap. Lolza Aldea, Puerto Rico. Also in St. Croix,
The alternate leaves have petioles %-% inch St. Thomas, and St. John.
long. Blades are 2-6 inches long, 1-234 inches PUBLIC ~AR~.-Virgin Islands.
wide, abruptly long-pointed a t apex, blunt or RANGE.-Hispaniola and Puerto Rico and
rounded a t base, not toothed on edges, thin, the Virgin Islands.
upper surface dark green, and the lower surface OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-lechecillo, caimito
golden or reddish brown silky hairy or becom- cimarr6n (Puerto Rico) ; wild cainit (Virgin
ing nearly hairless. Islands) ; caimito cimarr6n (Dominican Re-
Several flowers are borne on slender reddish- public).
brown hairy stalks %-% inch long a t base of BOTANICAL SYNoNYMS.-Ch?y8qvhpUurn eg-
a leaf. There are usually 6 overlapping reddish- gersii Pierre ; Cpmdendron bicolor (Poir.)
brown hairy sepals inch long; the bell- Baehni.
638. Caimitillo, wild ccrinit Chrysophyllum bicolo~.Poir.
Flowering twig. natural size.

781
- - -

SAPoDILLA FAMILY (SAPOTACEAE)

639. Caimito de perro Chrysophyllum paucijlorum Lam.

Caimito de perro, which is found only in a t base of a leaf. The calyx is composed of 5
Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, has milky overlapping brown hairy sepals '/loinch long;
sap and is further identified by : (1) elliptic to the light yellow or whitish tubular corolla
oblong leaves l%-4 inches lo?g and %-lYh nearly inch long has 6 spreading short
inches wide, becoming nearly hairless ; (2) few lobes; stamens 5 on corolla tube opposite the
light yellow or whitish bell-shaped flowers 9/16 lobes; and pistil with hairy round 6-celled
inch long a t leaf bases; and (3) oblong sharp- ovary, short style, and 5 stigmas. The fruit has
pointed berries %-% inch long. 1 narrow seed. Collected with flowers through
An evergreen small to medium-sized tree to the year, with fruits in summer.
35 feet high and 8 inches in trunk diameter. Uncommon in dry coastal and lower Cordi-
Bark gray, smooth or becoming rough, fissured, llera forests a t 200-2,500 feet altitude on south
and scaly. Twigs slender, drooping, with brown slope of Cordillera and coastal hills of Puerto
pressed hairs when young. Rico. Also in Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas,
The alternate leaves have slender petioles 4/8- and St. John.
Y4 inch long. Blades are short- t o long-pointed PUBLICFORESTS AND PARK.-Maricao, Suslia ;
a t apex, blunt or rounded a t base, not toothed Virgin Islands.
on edges, thin with many parallel fine side R~Nc~.--Knownonly from Puerto Rico and
veins, shiny on upper surface, and paler be- Virgin Islands.
neath. BOTANICAL ~ ~ N o N ~ ~ . - C ~ n o d e n dpau&
ron
Flowers 1-6 on slender stalks Ys-yLinch long florum (Lam.) Baehne.
639. Caimito de perro Chrysoph~llrcmpaucifiorum Lam.
Flowering twig, natural size.
783
SAPODELA FAMILY (SAPOTACEAE)

D i p h o b b e b n i s Urban

Large tree, apparently nol common and im- '/,,, inch long; and the pistil consists of 5-celled
perfectly known, characterized by: (1) nar- ovary more than '/toinch long tapering into a
rowly elliptic leaves with slightly thickened short, pointed style. The fruit (berry) was
blades 3v2-7 inches long and 1%-2 inches described as obovoid, 3/4, inch long, 8/8 inch in
broad, short-pointed a t both ends, and slender diameter, and violet black. Collected in flower
leafstalks inches long, clustered near in July and August and recorded with fruit in
end of twig; (2) numerous fragrant minute April.
whitish flowers nearly KOinch long and broad, Sapwood is hard, whitish, and heavy (spe-
borne along twig back of leaves, several to- cific gravity 0.9). The wood is suitable for
gether in a cluster about 1h inch across; and construction.
(3) small amount of white latex in bark. Rare in the northern limestone forest of
Evergreen tree 60-100 feet tall and trunk Puerto Rico. One giant tree remains along a
2-4 feet in diameter, with narrow buttresses to highway at 2,500 feet altitude in the central
10 feet high. The brown bark varies from mountains, outside the normal range and at a
finely fissured to rough. Inner bark is pink and higher elevation. Known previously from a
bitter, with a small amount of white latex. fruiting specimen collected near Furnias about
Almost hairless throughout, except on very a century ago.
young leaves and twigs. The brown twigs with PUBLIC
REST.-4uajataca.
few branches bear the leaves singly (alternate) RAN~~.-puerto Rico
but clustered near apex. OTHER COMMON N~ME.-varitaI (Puerto
Flowers have very slender stalks about %o Rico) .
inch long. The cuplike calyx consists of 5 BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-BU?~~~~U bellonis
rounded overlapping sepals ; the white corolla, (Urban) Stearn.
or whitish tinged with green, has a short tube Domingo Bello y Espinosa (1817-1884), dis-
about inch long and 5 rounded lobes more coverer of this rare tree, was born in the Canary
than '/toinch long, with a minute pointed lat- Islands but lived in Puerto Rico from 1848 to
eral lobe (appendage) on each side; 5 stamens 1878. While a n attorney a t Mayaguez, he col-
almost 4/8 inch long are attached near base of lected extensively. Afterwards, in 1881-1883,
corolla tube opposite the lobes and alternating he published a preliminary catalog of the plants
with 5 pointed petallike scales (staminodes) of the island.
640. Tabloncillo Dipholis bellonis Urban
Flowering twig, natural size.
786
SAPODILLA FAMILY (SAPOTACEAE)

6P1, Espejuelo DiphoEis cubensis (Griseb.) Pierre

This tree of central and western mountain brownish-green rounded sepals less than l/s
forests is characterized by: (1) obovate or inch long; cup-shaped whitish corolla s/lB inch
oblanceolate leaves s/-2y2 inches long and y8- long with 6 rounded lobes shorter than tube,
1% inches wide, rounded a t apex; (2) many each with 2 small lobes or appendages; 5 sta-
small cup-shaped flowers along twig, 2-6 clus- mens on corolla tube opposite the lobes, also 5
tered at base of a leaf, 3/10 inch long, whitish sterile stamens (staminodes) ; and pistil with
and brownish green; and (3) elliptic green to hairless 6-celled ovary and short stout style.
dark brown or purple berries, 8/8-34 inch long. The fleshy fruits contain 1large seed. Flower-
A small evergreen tree 20 feet high and 4 ing and fruiting irregularly during the year.
inches in trunk diameter, sometimes a large The wood is light brown and hard, reported
tree to 75 feet tall and 14 inches in diameter, to be durable and used for construction.
with rounded spreading crown. The bark is Locally common in moist limestone and Cordi-
gray, smoothish, with many small fissures, the llera forests of western mountains of Puerto
inner bark pink and bitter. Twigs are slender, Rico a t 300-2,700 feet altitude.
with brown pressed hairs when young. PUBLIC FORESTS.-Guajataca, Maricao, Rio
The alternate leaves have petioles ya inch Abajo, Sus6a.
long. Blades are rounded a t apex, tapering and RANGE.-Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico.
long-pointed a t base, slightly turned under a t OTHER COMMON NAMES.--cuyti, almendro
edges, slightly thickened and leathery, hairless, silvestre (Cuba) ; caya de loma, jaiqui, yaiti
the upper surface green, and the lower surface Dominican Republic) ; bois d81nde, tiquimite
light green. (Haiti).
Flowers about % inch long at base of a leaf BOTANICALs ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ s . - D i p h osintenisi-
Zis
on slender hairy stalks % inch lonp. Each am Pierre, Bumelia cubensis Griseb.
flower is composed of 5 - overlapping hairy

Manilkara albescens (Griseb.) Cronq.

This small tree has been recorded from Lajas and pistil with 6-10-celled ovary and stout
by Alain Liogier. It is described by : (1)oblong style; and (3) round fruit v2-Yu inch in diam-
or elliptic leaves 2s-6y2 inches long and 1-2% eter, with 1-2 seeds s/8-4/2 inch long. Elsewhere
inches wide, mostly rounded a t both ends, thick the reddish wood, strong and durable, has
and stiff, the upper surface hairless and with served for poles, crossties, and naval construc-
inconspicuous side veins, the lower surfaces tion. Rare at Lajas.
with microscopic hairs, and petioles %-1 inch RANGE.-Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico.
long; (2) flowers 2-8 a t leaf bases on stalks Y2- OTHERCOMMON NAMES.4cana, acana blanca
y4 inch long, about 3/8 inch wide, composed of (Cuba) ; nisperillo (Dominican Republic) ;bois
6 overlapping finely hairy sepals 3/LB inch long, huile, sapotille marron (Haiti).
corolla I/s inch long, with 6 lobes each with 2 BOTANICALS Y N O N Y M . - M ~ ~ Ualbescens
S~~~
appendages, stamens 12 without staminodes, (Griseb.) Hartog.
641. Espejuelo Uiphofisccubensis (Griseb.) Pierre
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.
 i
SAPODILLA FAMILY (SAPOTACEAE)
643. Jaimiqui, wild-dilly Manilkara jaimiqui ( C . Wright) Dubard.

Collected with young fruit in 1926 in south- thick scaly brown outer layer and usually 1
western Puerto Rico between Lajas and Par- large seed, not edible. The dark reddish, hard
guera. Not seen by the authors. This small tree and heavy wood has been used elsewhere for
with milky sap, elsewhere becoming 33 feet beams and poles.
high and 1 foot in trunk diameter, is distin- RANGE.4outhern Florida, Bahamas, Cuba,
guished by : (1) elliptic or oblong leaves 21&4 Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico.
inches long and :$4-1y2inches wide, slightly OTHER COMMON NAMES.-jaimiqui, acana
notched or rounded a t apex and rounded a t (Cuba) ; wild-dilly (Bahamas, United States) ;
base, thick and leathery, becoming hairless or wild sapodilla (United States) ; jaiqui, nispe-
nearly so, with petioles v8-?-!&
inch long; (2)
flowers few a t leaf base on slender nodding
rillo, nisperillo de hoja fines, jamiqui (Do-
minican Republic).
stalks,vH inch broad, with 6 hairy sepals and BOTANICALS~NoN~Ms.-Mani~karaemargi-
tubular 6-lobed light yellow corolla to v8 inch nata (L.) Britton not H. J. Lam, Mimusops
long; and (3) fruit a rounded but slightly tlat- emarginata (L. ) Britton, Achras emarginata
tened berry .7/*-l%inches in diameter, with (L.) Little.

644. Zapote de costa Manilkara pleeana (Pierre) Cronq.

This tree with milky sap occurs in moist minodes) ;and pistil with flattened brown hairy
coastal forest of Puerto Rico, Vieques, St. John, ovary 6-12-celled and long slender style. The
and Tortola only. Distinguishing characters berries have a thick slightly rough outer layer,
are: (1) large oblong to obovate leaves stiff pinkish pulp with white sticky latex and are
and leathery, clustered near ends of twigs ; (2) almost tasteless and not eaten. There a r e 3-8
flowers 1or 2 a t leaf bases with white tubular
corolla nearly v2 inch long; and (3) brown
large seeds about v! inch long. Flowering and
fruiting irregularly over the year.
fleshy rounded but flattened fruits about 1% The wood is hard and light brown. It might
inches long and 2 inches in diameter. be similar in properties and uses to the related
An evergreen tree now known mostly as a species No. 209, ausubo, Manilkara bidentata
small tree 15 feet high and 4 inches in trunk (A. DC.) Chev.
diameter, sometimes to 50 feet tall and 14 Rare in dry and moist coastal forests and
inches in diameter, recorded as formerly to 65 lower Cordillera through northern Puerto Rico
feet. The bark of small trees is gray and fis- and southern foothills, from sea level to 400
sured, the inner bark pink and slightly bitter. feet altitude. Also Vieques, St. John, and Tor-
The twigs are brown, hairy when young, with tola. Observed also on coastal sand dunes.
some long slender internodes and leaves crowded PUBLIC FORESTS AND PARK.-G~ajat8~8, SU-
at ends. slia ;Virgin Islands.
The alternate leaves are clustered near ends RANc~.-Known only from Puerto Rico and
of twigs, with petioles 9/8-1 inch long. Blades Virgin Islands.
are 3-8 inches long and ll/s-2y4 inches wide, OTHER COMMON NAM~S.mameyuel0,iusubo
blunt, short-pointed, or slightly notched a t
apex, short-pointed or rounded a t base, slightly
machuelo, ausuba (Puerto Rico)
BOTANICAL
.
SYNONYMS.-ManiEkara duplicata
turned under on edges, with many fine straight (Sess6 & Moc.) Dubard, Mimusops duplicata
parallel side veins, the upper surface slightly (Sess6 & Moc.) Urban.
shiny dark green and hairless, and the lower The scientific name honors Auguste Pl6e
surface dull light green and hairless or finely (1787-1825), from France, who made a large
hairy, with prominent midvein. plant collection in Puerto Rico in 1822-1823.
Flowers on slender finely hairy stalks v2-ly4 However, the first collection was by the expedi-
inches long are composed of 6 finely hairy nar- tion to Mexico in 1788-1804 by Martin Sess6, of
row pointed sepals a/8 inch long; white corolla Spain, and Jose Mariano Mociiio, of Mexico.
with tube inch long and 6 very narrow Unfortunately, the manuscript with their name
spreading lobes l/s inch long, each with 2 lobes of this species was not published until nearly
or appendages; 6 stamens 1/4, inch long borne a century afterwards.
on corolla tube, also 6 sterile stamens (sta-
644. Zapote de costa Manilkara pleeana (Pierre) Cronq.
Twig with flower and immature fruit (above), fruit (lower loft), two-thirds natural size.

789
SAPODILLA FAMILY (SAPOTACEAE)

Pouleriu dictyoneura (Grieeb.) Radlk.

This tree of limestone hills of northern long. With flowers in spring and fruits in
Puerto Rico, once named as a distinct species, summer.
is characterized by: (1) oblong lanceolate The wood is reported to be reddish and hard
leaves 2v2-4y2 inches long and 1-1% inches and used elsewhere in rural construction.
wide, with long whitish hairs beneath; (2) Uncommon in moist limestone forest a t 300-
flowers about v8 inch long, grouped a t leaf
bases; and (3) rounded or elliptic berry .7/*-1
1,000 feet altitude in limestone foothills of
northern Puerto Rico.
inch long. PUBLIC~ ~ ~ ~ s T ~ . - C a r n b a l a c hGuajataca,
e,
An evergreen large tree to 70 feet high and Rio Abajo, Vega.
2 feet in trunk diameter, with buttressed base. RANGE.----Cuba,Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico.
The twigs are covered with pressed rusty hairs. OTHERCOMMON NAMES.--COCUYO, sapote CU-
Leaves alternate, with petioles %-y8 inch lebra de costa (Cuba) ; cuero de puerco, toma-
long. Blades are short-pointed or blunt a t apex, sina, caracol (Dominican Republic).
rounded or short-pointed a t base, the upper BOTANICALs ~ ~ o N ~ ~ s . - P a r a h b aportori-
tia
surface hairless except on midvein, the lower censia Britton & Wilson, P. fuertesii Urban.
surface with long whitish hairs and prominent This species was first found in Puerto Rico on
side veins. limestone hills a t Dominguito near Arecibo and
Flowers several a t base of leaf have hairy was named in 1926 as a new species, Parala-
stalks l/k-a/g inch long, 4-5 hairy sepals more b a t h portorice& Britton & Wilson. However,
than 1/1, inch long, corolla about 4/8 inch long, it was afterwards united with this species of
tubular with 4-5 rounded lobes, 4-6 stamens on Cuba and Hispaniola under a variety or sub-
corolla opposite lobes and separated by 6 sterile species known also from Hispaniola (Pouteria
stamens (staminodes), and pistil with hairy dictyoneura (Griseb.) Radlk. var. fuertesii
=-celled ovary and short style. The fruit is (Urban) Baehni; ssp. fuertesii (Urban)
sparsely hairy and has 1 rounded seed v8 inch Cronq. ) .

PouterM hotteana (Urban & Ekman) Baehni

This species discovered in mountains of Haiti and (2) stalkless round fruits llh-2% inches
has been found also in Puerto Rico in recent in diameter, brown, warty, thick-walled, with
years. A medium-sized evergreen tree to 40 2-4 large oblong light brown seeds 1-1% inches
feet high and 10 inches in trunk diameter, dis- long. [Link] flowers in spring and fruits in sum-
tinguished by: (1) alternate or nearly opposite, mer. Rare in lower Cordillera forest a t 1,000-
broadly obovate leaves, 3-6 inches long and 2,000 feet altitude on southern slopes of west-
M Y 2 inches broad, rounded a t apex and blunt ern mountains of Puerto Rico.
a t base, slightly thickened and shiny, becoming PUBLIC ~ o ~ ~ s ~ s . - M a r i c aSuslia.
o,
hairless, with 8-14 lateral veins a t nearly right RANGE.-Puerto Rico and Hispaniola.
angle, and with short petiole l/g-V8 inch long;
 Porcteria dictym~eura(Griseb.) Radlk.
Fruiting twig (above), seed (lower left), flowers (lower right), nnturnl size.

791
 , -
u

SAPODILLA FAMILY (SAPOTACEAE)

647. Mamey eapote, eapote PouterM sapota (Jacq.) H. E. Moore & Stearn"

Sapote or mamey sapote, a tree with milky ately hard and heavy (specific gravity about
latex, is rarely cultivated for its large edible 0.6), strong, and fairly durable. Elsewhere i t
fruits. Identified by: (1) mostly large reverse has been used in rural carpentry and for cabi-
lance-shaped (oblanceolate) or narrowly obo- network and carriages, but generally the trees
vate leaves s h o r t or long-pointed a t apex and are saved for their fruits.
gradually tapering to long-pointed base, clus- Sapote or mamey sapote is one of the best
tered a t ends of the stout twigs; (2) many cup- known native fruit trees of tropical America.
shaped or bell-shaped pale yellow flowers about The fruits have a distinctive sweetish flavor, or
inch long, almost stalkless in clusters on insipid to some persons, and usually are eaten
twigs back of leaves ;and (3) brown egg-shaped raw. However, they are prepared also into a
to elliptic fruits 4-6 inches long and 3-4 inches marmalade or jelly and sherbets and ice cream.
wide, with sweetish soft pink-red or purplish Elsewhere the ground seeds, which have flavor
flesh and milky sap. like bitter almonds, have served as sweetmeats,
Medium-sized tree 30-60 feet high and 1% for flavoring chocolate and candy, and in a
feet in trunk diameter, elsewhere becoming beverage. The seeds also are reported to be
much larger, to 80-100 feet tall and 2 feet or poisonous. Oil from the seeds was used by the
more in trunk diameter. The rounded crown Aztec Indians for dressing the hair and has
has evergreen or deciduous foliage. The bark is been employed
- . in home medicine. Also a honey
reddish brown and shaggy, with milky sap or plant.
latex. The stout gray twigs are finely rusty-red Rarely planted a t low altitudes in Puerto
hairy at apex and bear leaves singly (alternate) Rico, for example, a t Bayam6n, for fruit and
but clustered near end. shade, but not native or naturalized. Also re-
Petioles are y2-ll/r inches long, rusty-red ported from Virgin Islands.
hairy when young. Blades are mostly 5-14 R~N~E.-widely planted in tropical America
inches long and 111-5 inches wide, thickened from southern Florida (rare) and Bermuda
and leathery, slight& shiny or dull, the promi- through West Indies from Cuba to Grenada
nent lateral veins straight and parallel, nearly and Trinidad and Tobago and from southern
hairless except on veins beneath, the upper Mexico through Central America to Ecuador
surface dark green, and lower surface light and Brazil. The original natural range uncer-
green. tain, probably southern Mexico and northern
Many flowers are produced along the stouter Central America to Nicaragua. Found native
twigs back of leaves, several together and al- in northeastern Nicaragua.
most stalkless. There are 8-12 overlapping OTHER COMMON NAMES.-mamey rojo, sa-
light brown rounded hairy sepals 34-x inch pote (Puerto Rico) ; sapote, zapote, mamey,
long, the large ones inside; the pale yellow mamey colorado (Spanish) ; zapote colorado,
corolla y8 inch long with tube and 5 blunt lobes zapote mamey (Mexico) ; sapote grande (Nica-
a little longer than tube, spreading slightly to rague) ; zapotillo (Costa Rica) ; mamey de
a/R inch across; 5 yellowish stamens % (1 inch tierra (Panama) ; sapote (English) ; mammee
long at end of corolla tube and opposite the sapota (Bermuda) ; mamee-apple, mamee sa-
lobes and alternating with 5 pointed lobes pote (British Honduras) ; sapotier jaune
(staminodes) ; and yellowish pistil almost s/8 d'oeuf, sapotillier marmelade, grand sapotillier
inch long, with conical 6-celled ovary and style. (Haiti) ; sapote A creme (Guadeloupe) ; sapote,
The brown, finely scaly, edible fruit (berry) grosse sapote (Martinique) ; sapota (Brazil).
is rounded a t base and blunt-pointed a t apex. BOTANICALs ~ ~ o ~ ~ M s . - C a l o c a r pmam-
um
There are 1or 2 large elliptic shiny brown seeds mosum (L.) Pierre, C. sapota (Jacq.) Merrill,
2V2Q inches long, slightly flattened and with Lucuma mammosa (L.) Gaertn. f., Pouteria
long gray rough scarlike area on 1side, mammosa (L.) Cronq.
The wood is light reddish or brown, moder-
647. Mamey sapote, sapote P o u t e h sapota (Jacq.) H. E. Moore & Steam*
Leafy twig (above), flowers and fruit (lower right), two-thirds natural size.
 EBONY FAMILY (EBENACEAE)
Trees, sometimes shrubs, known by: (1) mens generally double or triple the lobes and
leaves alternate simple, entire, thickened, with- inserted in tube, and pistil with superior ovary
out stipules; (2) flowers small, unisexual (gen- of 2-16 cells each with 2 ovules and 2-8 styles
erally dioecious), lateral, solitary or few, regu- and stigmas; and (3) fruit a berry (sometimes
lar, with persistent 3-7-lobed calyx, tubular edible) with few large seeds.
corolla urn- or bell-shaped and 3-7-lobed, sta-
Key to species
A. Leaves narrow1 elliptic, broadest at middle, leathery, forming fine network on drying; flowers 3-parted; fruit
with enlargd3- oinM calyx at b a M 4 9 . Dio roa mktmisii.
AA. Leaves elli h e to okvate broadest be ond middle.%ghtly thickened, blackening in drying; flowers I-parted;
fruit wit[ enlarged 4-lohd calyx at &is-8. btorpyro. rsvoluta.

648. Guayabota Diospyros reuoluta Poir.

Characteristics of this rare tree are: (1) bark have been used elsewhere a s a fish poison.
blackish bark, finely fissured and peeling off, The heartwood is blackish and hard.
exposing gray beneath; (2) elliptic to obovate Rare in moist coastal, limestone, and lower
leaves, slightly thickened, blackening in drying; Cordillera forests from sea level to 2,000 feet
(3) small white fragrant flowers with &lobed altitude in Puerto Rico. I n the northeastern
corolla a t leaf bases, male and female on differ- part near Dorado and Toa Alta.
ent trees; and (4) round fruits 1% inches in PUBLICFORESTS.-Maricao, RIo Abajo.
diameter, with enlarged 4-lobed calyx a t base. R~Nc~.-Puerto Rico and Lesser Antilles,
Evergreen large tree to 80 feet high and 2 including St. Kitts, Montserrat, Marie Galante,
feet in trunk diameter, with slight enlarge- Guadeloupe, and Dominica.
ments or buttresses a t base. Beneath the black- OTHER COMMON NAMES.-zapote negro
ish bark, the inner bark has a thin blackish (Puerto Rico) ; Bbano (Dominican Republic) ;
layer and is light yellow and bitter. Young black-apple (Montserrat) ; babartl bambarat,
twigs are finely hairy, slightly angled, ending black-apple (Dominica) ; barbaquois, bois
in a narrow bud formed by a minute hairy noire, plaqueminier, bois nbgresse Bbkne
young leaf, without stipules. (Guadeloupe) .
The alternate leaves have stout leafstalks %- This Puerto Rican tree and a related species
y2 inch long. Blades are 2%-7 inches long and of sapote negTo or black-apple native in Mexico
ly8/83inches wide, rounded, blunt, or notched a t and Central America both have been known as
apex, broadest beyond middle and tapering to Diospyros ebenaster Retz. The latter, now bear-
short-pointed base, slightly thickened, slightly ing the name Diospyros diggnu Jacq., differs in
turned under a t edges, hairless, upper surface having oblong-lanceolate leaves evenly tapered
shiny green with many fine nearly parallel a t both ends or rounded a t base and short-
straight side veins, and lower surface dull pointed a t apex, also larger edible fruits about
green. 2 inches in diameter. I t has been planted for its
Flowers are male and female a t leaf bases on fruits and introduced into Cuba, Hispaniola,
.
different trees (dioecious) Male flowers are
clustered on slender stalks, about y2 inch long,
Brazil, the Philippines, and elsewhere in the
Pacific area.
consisting of 4-lobed calyx, tubular 4lobed The true ebonies of commerce, Old World
white corolla, and many stamens; female flow- timbers with black heartwood, belong to the
ers not seen. The fruit is a large pulpy berry mostly tropical genus Diospyros. Other ex-
with large flat almost square 4-lobed calyx 6/0 amples are the persimmons with edible fruits,
inch across a t base, and with minute point a t among them common persimmon (Diospyros
apex. There are several flat hard seeds. Flow- virginiana L.) of eastern United States south
ering in spring and fruiting in summer. to southern Florida.
The poisonous fruits and chipped pieces of
048. Guayabota Diospuros revotuta Poir.
Fruiting twig and male flowers (upper right), natural size.
EBONY FAMILY (EBENACEAE)

649. Guayabota niepero Diospyroe eintenisii ( k g & Urban) Standl.

This small tree known only from western here. The female flowers are vu inch long and
broad, stalkless, with calyx a/8 inch long, deeply
Puerto Rico is characterized by : (1) narrowly
elliptic leathery leaves 2-6 inches long and %-2 3-lobed and slightly hairy, and hairy 3-lobed
inches wide, with edges slightly curved under, corolla within. The fruit (berrylike) is borne
alternate and hairless; and (2) rounded brown singly, shiny green when immature, becoming
hard berrylike fruit 1-1% inches in diameter brown or dark red, hard-walled and 6-6-celled,
and nearly as long, with large thick bell-shaped rarely Ccelled. The base of the style remains
3-pointed calyx a t base. as a point a t apex, and a t the base the much
Small evergreen tree becoming 30 feet high, enlarged $-lobed and triangular dark brown
sometimes 40 feet, and 6 inches in trunk diam- hard calyx nearly 1 inch across. Seeds 1 (or
eter. The bark is dark gray, smoothish, becom- none) in each cell, elliptic, blackish, about ri/R
ing slightly fissured with short cracks. Inner inch long. Flowering in spring, maturing fruits
bark is thin, light pink, tasteless. Twigs are in summer.
slender, light gray, with fine pressed hairs when The brown hard wood is reported to be heavy
young. Buds are narrow, hairy, 4/8-% inch and strong.
long, composed of young finely hairy leaves. Uncommon in moist limestone and lower
Leaves alternate, apparently in 2 rows, with- Cordillera forests a t 300-2,600 feet altitude in
out stipules, hairless a t maturity. Leafstalks mountains of western Puerto Rico. Discovered
are V8-Y4 inch long, light green, curved, flat- near Lares by the botanical collector P. Sintenis
tened above. Blades are blunt a t apex, short- in 1886 and apparently not found afterwards
pointed a t base, the sides slightly turned up for many years. Collected as far east as Baya-
from light yellow midvein, the side veins in- mbn and west to Sus6a and Maricao.
conspicuous but forming a fine network on dry- PUBLICF O R E S T S . - G U ~ ~ ~Maricao,
~ ~ C S LRio
,
ing, the upper surface dark green and slightly Abajo, S u s ~ a .
shiny, the lower surface dull light green. RANGE.-Known only from Puerto Rico.
Flowers in this genus are male and female on OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-guayabota, tabeiba,
different trees (dioecious) but have not been
described for this species. A specimen collected
m6caro (Puerto Rico)
BOTANICAL
.
SYNONYM.-Maba sintenhii Krug
in 1938 has female flowers, which are illustrated & Urban.
649. Cuayabota nispero Diospyros sintenisii (Krug & Urban) Standl.
Fruiting twig (upper left) and twig with female flowers, natural size.
 STORAX FAMILY
Trees mostly small, sometimes large, and lobes almost separate, stamens 8-12, double the
shrubs, known by : (1) leaves alternate simple, number of lobes, united toward base on corolla,
entire or toothed; thin or thickened, with star- and pistil with ovary superior or partially in-
shaped or scaly hairs, without s'tipules; (2) ferior, incompletely 3-5-celled below and 1-
flowers sometimes showy, in racemes, bisexual, celled above, with 2 to many ovules, style, and
regular, with persistent 4-5-toothed calyx, 1-5 stigmas ;and (3) fruit a 1-seeded drupe or
corolla generally white with short tube and 4-6 capsule. One native tree species in Puerto Rico.

Styrax portoricenab Krug & Urban

One of the rarest tree species in Puerto Rico, drooping on curved stalks 3/8-5/8 inch long,
native in Luquillo and Carite Mountains and composed of cup-shaped 5-toothed calyx y8 inch
recently rediscovered. It is characterized by : long; deeply 5-lobed white corolla silvery hairy
(1)- scalelike or star-shaped hairs on the twigs, on inner surface ;10 crowded stamens united a t
petioles, veins of lower leaf surfaces, branches base; and pistil with scaly ovary. The dry hard
of flower clusters, flowers, and fruits; (2) ellip- fruits curved down on stalks l/z inch long are
tic leaves 2a/!-4Y4 inches long and 134-2 inches densely scaly hairy, have cup-shaped calyx per-
wide; (3) few 6-parted or star-shaped whitish sistent a t base, and contain 1seed s/s inch long.
flowers about 1/2 inch broad, drooping on short Specimens with flowers in September and
curved stalks in lateral clusters; and (4) ellip- with fruits in April and July 1885 were ob-
tic, pointed, gray-green fruits 1-1% inches tained by P. Sintenis a t Sierra de Naguabo and
long, with cup-shaped calyx a t base. Yabucoa and were named in 1892. Rediscovered
An evergreen tree to 65 feet high. The by Claud L. Horn and Leslie R. Holdridge, of
slender twigs are densely covered with scalelike the Forest Service, and collected with flowers
hairs. in October 1935. Fruits from near El Verde
Leaves alternate, with petioles 34-y8 inch were submitted for identification in 1954.
long. Blades short- or long-pointed a t apex, Found by Woodbury along Espiritu Santo
short-pointed a t base, thin, turned under a t River in Carite (Guavate) Forest.
edges, the upper surface shiny green and hair- Very rare in Luquillo Mountains.
less, the lower surface dull green and with few PUBLICFORESTS.--Carite, Luquillo.
scalelike hairs. RANGE.-K~OW~ only from Puerto Rico.
Flowers 3-7 in lateral clusters (racemes),
 Styraz porton'censis Krug & Urban
Flowering twig, natural size.
 SWEETLEAF FAMILY (SYMPLOCACEAE)
Trees generally small sometimes large, and calyx, corolla white with 6-10 lobes divided
shrubs, known by: (1) ieaves alternate simple, almost to base, 4 to usually many stamens in-
thickened, with entire o r toothed border, gener- serted in tube and often united in groups, and
ally hairless and shiny and often yellow green, pistil with inferior ovary containing 2-6 cells
without stipules, with very short petiole; (2) of 2 ovules each, style, and stigma often 2 4 -
flowers small, crowded in racemes or panicles, lobed; and (3) fruit a n elliptic drupe or berry
bisexual, regular, with persistent 5-toothed with ring and calyx a t apex. Also vol. 1, p. 456.
Key to species
A. Twigs and etioles hairless or nearly so; leaves thin, hairless, with scattered wavy teeth along edges-216.
Aceituna ~ l a n c acandlewood.
, Symplocos martiniceru* Jacq.
AA. Twigs and petioles hairy- leaves thickened, turned under at ed es.
B. !I'wigs and petioles d i htly hairy; leaves slightly thickenedf slightly turned under at edges, the lower sur-
face hairy on raise8voina-652. S~mplocoa~ mic~antho.
BB. Twigs and petioles with stiff reddish brown hairs; leaves thick and stiff, very convex and almost saucer-
shaped, with edges much turned under, the lower surface bristly hairy, especially on midvein--661.
S~mplocoslanata

Symplocos lam& Krug & Urban

This shrub or small tree is confined to high surface very shiny light green and hairless,
mountains of central and western Puerto Rico. with veins much sunken, and the lower surface
I t is recognized by: (1) stiff reddish brown dull light green and bristly hairy, especially on
hairs on young twigs and leafstalks; (2) el- the raised midvein.
liptic leaves very convex and almost saucer- One to 3 fragrant small white flowers are
shaped, thick and stiff, very shiny light green borne a t a leaf base. A densely brown hairy
above, bristly hairy beneath; (3) small white base (hypanthium) '/la inch long and broad,
tubular flowers nearly 1/4, inch long and broad, bears 5 pointed hairy sepals and the white
I S stalkless a t leaf bases; and (4) cylindric corolla less than %a inch long, including short
dark brown very hairy fleshy fruits l/z inch long tube and 5 rounded lobes. Many white stamens
and less than half a s bread. 1/1 a inch long are borne on the corolla tube. The
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 16 feet high pistil has a n inferior 2-celled ovary, slender
and 3 inches in trunk diameter, reported to style, and rounded stigma. The fruits (drupes)
reach 30 feet. The bark is gray, smooth to have the 5 hairy sepals persistent a t apex. Col-
slightly fissured. Inner bark is red and pink lected with flowers in spring and with fruits
streaked, bitter. The twigs are short and stout, in summer.
much branched, brown and slightly fissured, The wood is light brown and soft.
densely hairy when young. Rare in dwarf forests in mountains of cen-
The alternate leaves have short leafstalks l/s tral and western Puerto Rico, including dwarf
inch long, with stiff reddish brown hairs. Blades forest a t summit of Cerro de Punta, altitude
are 1x3 inches long and v4-11/2 inches wide, 4,390 feet.
very convex with edges much turned under, PUBLIC ~ o ~ ~ s ~ s . - - G u i l aToro
r t e , Negro.
midvein and the few side veins sunken, short- R~Nc~.-Known only from Puerto Rico.
pointed a t apex, rounded a t base, the upper
 S2/mplocos lanata Krug & Urban
Fruiting twig, natural size.

801
SWEETLEAF FAMILY (SYMPLOCACEAE)

652, Aceitunilla Symplocos micrantha Krug & Urban

A small tree known only from eastern and pistil with inferior 2-celled ovary, short style,
central mountains of Puerto Rico. It is identi- and rounded stigma. The cylindric fruits
fied by: (1) young twigs and leafstalks hairy; (drupes) have the hairy sepals at apex. Col-
(2) broadly elliptic leaves, slightly thickened, lected with flowers from fall to spring and with
with edges finely wavy and slightly turned fruits in summer and fall.
under, shiny green with midrib and side veins Rare in dwarf forest at 2,6004,000 feet alti-
slightly sunken; (3) several small white hairy tude, on mountain tops in eastern and central
flowers clustered and stalkless a t leaf bases, Puerto Rico.
nearly inch long; and (4) cylindric blackish PUBLIC FORE~~s.-Luquillo, Tor0 Negro.
hairy fruit nearly ;% inch long. RANGE.-Known only from Puerto Rico.
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 30 feet high This species and No. 661, nlspero c i m a r r h ,
and 6 inches in trunk diameter. The finely Symplocos Zamta Krug & Urban, of the central
hairy twigs end in a narrow pointed hairy bud and western mountains, are closely related and
inch long. possibly variations of one species. Both ap-
The leaves are alternate in 2 rows on hairy parently developed from a common ancestor
leafstalks4/s-v8 inch long. Blades are
inches long and 1-2% inches wide, abruptly
after geographic separation in the Puerto Rican
mountains.
short-pointed a t apex and blunt or rounded a t Svmplocos polvantha Krug & Urban, palo
base. the upper surface hairless, and the lower de cabra, is reduced here to a synonym of No.
surface light green and hairy on the raised 215, aceituna blanca, candlewood, Sgmplocos
veins. martinicensie Jacq. The first species was
The flowers are composed of a densely brown known only from the type collection in Luquillo
hairy base (hypanthium) '/lo inch long, 6 Mountains by H. F. A. Eggers in 1883. It was
pointed hairy sepals, the white tubular corolla distinguished mainly by larger flower clusters
'/s inch long, with short tube and 6 rounded bearing many Aowers.
lobes, many stamens on the corolla tube, and the
652. Aceitunilla Synplocos micrantha Krug & Urban
Flowering twig, natural size.
 OLIVE FAMILY (OLEACEAE)
Trees and shrubs, sometimes woody vines, regular with Plobed calyx, corolla tubular and
known by: (I) leaves opposite simple (pinnate generally 4-lobed (rarely none), stamens 2 in-
in ash, Fraxinw), generally entire and thick- serted on corolla, and pistil with superior ovary
ened, without stipules; (2) flowers mostly small of 2-cells each usually with 2 ovules, style, and
(sometimes showy), commonly in panicles, gen- 1-2 stigmas; and (3) fruit a berry, drupe, cap-
erally bisexual (dioecious in ash, Fraxinw) , sule, or samara. Also vol. 1,p. 468.
Key to species
A. Leaves innate with 6-9 lanceolate finely toothed leaflets: fruit a kev
AA. Leaves simple; fruit a slightly fleshy dnipe.
- (sama,ra)-656.
. Fraxi?tru, uhdei.*
B. Flowers minute, nish, without corolla, male and female on different plants (dioeciou8)-Forestiera.
C Leaves less t E 2 inches long, not toothed on edges; h i hairy when young.
D. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, shorb to long-po%ed a t apex, slightly wavy on edges; fruit
narrowly oblong %-?hinch long-653. Foresttera eggerkna.
DD. Leaves narrowly elliptic or diamond-shaped, straight on edges; fruit elliptic, $Q inch long--666.
Forestiera segregata.
CC. Leaves 2-3 inches long elliptic, usually 0nely toothed toward short- or long-pointed apex; fruit ellip
tic. less than % inch iong-654. Foresttern rhamnifoka.
BB. Flowers larger, whitiih, with corolla, bisexual.
E. Corolla of 4 very narrow petals--Linociera,
F. Leaves narrowly elliptic, +6 inches long.
G. Flower clusters (pan!clea) lateral; calyx hairy--661. Linociera ccuribaea.
GG. Flower clusters (panicles) terminal and lateral; calyx hairless or with minute hairs around
edges-216. Hueso blanco, Linociera domingensis (Lam.) Knobl.
FF. Leaves elliptic, oblong, or lanceolate, less than 3 inches long.
H. Leaves stiff, very thick and leathery, often with tufts of minute hairs in angles of side
vein with midvein beneath-662. Linociera hotdridgii.
HH. Leaves less thick and leathery, hairless.
I. Flowers few to several in short clusters a t leaf bases; twigs finely hairy--660. Lino-
ciera axilliflora.
11. Flowers many in terminal and lateral clusters:. twigs - hairless--663. Linociera ligus-
trim.
EE. Corolla with short tube and 4 lobes.
J. Corolla with 4 very narrow spreading lobes nearly ?A inch across; leaves obovate, short-pointed
a t apex--667. Hamianthus sdicifoliua
JJ. Corolla with 4 narrow lobes 'k inch across--Ligtcstrum,
K. Leaves oblong, less than 1% inches long, thin, with minute point a t blunt apex; twigs long
and slender, finely hairy--658. Ligustvm sinense.*
KK. Leaves ovate, more than 2 inches long. sllghtly thickened, with ahorbpointed or blunt apex;
twigs shorter, hairless-659. Liguetrum japonicum.*

653. Foreatiera eggersinnn Krug & Urban

Main characteristics of this rare shrub or long have minute calyx and no corolla. Female
small tree are : (1) paired short-stalked ovate flowers have pistil with rounded ovary and
to oblong-lanceolate leaves v!-2 inches long, short slender style.
%-% inch wide, short- to long-pointed a t apex, Rare in moist limestone forest and moist
short-pointed a t base, slightly wavy-toothed on coastal hills from sea level to 300 feet altitude.
edges; (2) few minute flowers a t leaf bases, In Puerto Rico found only near Quebradillas.
male and female on different plants (dioe- Also Desecheo and islands east of Puerto Rico,
cious) ; and (3) fruits (drupes) narrowly ob- including Vieques, Culebra, St. Thomas, St.
long, 8/8-v2inch long. John, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda.
An evergreen shrub 10 feet high or a tree to PUBLIC P A R K s . - V ~ ~Islands,
~ ~ ~ Gorda Peak.
16 feet and 3 inches in trunk diameter. Twigs R ~ ~ c ~ . - K n o w only
n from Buerto Rico and
slender, finely hairy when young. Virgin Islands, St. Martin, and St. Barts.
The opposite leaves have petioles less than First collected in 1871 on St. Thomas by
l/s inch long. Blades are slightly thickened, Henrik Franz Alexander von Eggers (1844-
hairless, the upper surface shiny green, and the 1903), Danish army captain, plant collector,
lower surface paler and with dots when dry. and author of a flora of the Virgin Islands (21) .
The nearly stalkless flowers less than inch
 Forestiera eggerdana Kntg & Urban
Leafy twig (above), twig with female flowers and fruits (below), natural size.

805
OLIVE FAMILY (OLEACEAE)

Foresfiera rharnnifolia Grieeb.

A shrub or small tree rare in St. Croix and Flower clusters % inch long, a t nodes of
Mona Island. It is distinguished by: (1) paired twigs when leafless. Flowers have minute
elliptic leaves 2-3 inches long, slightly thick- sepals less than 1/18 inch long, the male with 4
ened, usually finely hairy toward apex; (2) few or fewer stamens less than 4/s inch long. Col-
minute greenish flowers on twigs, male and fe- lected with flowers in March.
male on different plants (dioecious) ; and (3) Rare and local on dry coastal hills a t 30-400
elliptic fruits less than s/8 inch long, pointed at feet altitude on bluffs of Salt River, St. Croix,
both ends, 1-seeded. also plateau of Mona Island. Not known from
Deciduous shrub or small tree 16 feet high Puerto Rico.
and 3 inches in trunk diameter. The twigs are RANGE.-CU~~,Jamaica, Hispaniola (Haiti,
hairless. rare), Mona, St. Croix, Guadeloupe, Marti-
Leaves opposite, with petioles about 1/4, inch nique, and Grenada. Also Mexico and British
long. Blades short-pointed or long-pointed at Honduras.
both ends, hairless, shiny green on upper sur- OTHER COMMON NAMES.-hueso blanco, ca-
- green,
face, the lower surface pale with minute reicillo (Cuba) ; buckthorn forestiera (Eng-
dots-when dry.
-
lish) ;caca-ravet (Martinique) .
654. Foresticra rhamnifolia Griseb.
Leafy twig (left), fruiting twig (upper right), twig with male flowers (below), natural size.

807
OLIVE FAMILY (OLEACEAE)

Foresriera aegregata (Jacq.) Krug & Urban

This small tree is characterized by: (1) male and female on different trees (dioecious) ,
paired narrowly elliptic or diamond-shaped without calyx and corolla. Male flowers con-
leaves 1%-2 inches long and Y2-y4 inch wide; sist of 3-4 spreading stamens Vg inch long. Fe-
(2) minute greenish flowers J/8 inch long, al- male flowers have pistil l/s inch long composed
most stalkless, without sepals and petals; and of elliptic greenish ovary with 2 cells and 4
(3) elliptic purplish
- - or blackish stone fruits 3 , ovules, slender style, and stigma minutely 2-
inch long. lobed. The fruits (drupes) have thin bitter
Small evergreen tree 15 feet high, with sev- flesh and large stone.
eral trunks to 3 inches in diameter. Bark whit- Uncommon in moist and dry limestone for-
ish gray, smoothish, the inner bark light yellow ests from sea level to 300 feet altitude. Scat-
with green outer layer, bitter. Twigs slender, tered on western coasts of Puerto Rico. Also
light gray, smooth with raised dots (lenticels) , Desecheo and most islands to east, including
when young greenish and minutely hairy, end- Vieques, St. Croix, and Tortola.
ing in brownish scaly bud l/l inch long. PUBLIC ~ o ~ ~ s ~ s . - C a m b a 1 Guiinica.
a~he,
Leaves opposite, broadest a t middle, gradu- RANGE.-Bermuda and widespread through
ally narrowed to blunt apex and short petiole West Indies including Bahamas, Greater An-
4/8 inch long, not toothed on edges, slightly tilles, and Virgin Islands. Also in southern
thickened, hairless, the upper surface shiny Florida.
green and slightly curved up on sides, with few OTHER COMMON N~~~s.-ink-bush(Virgin
side veins, and lower surface dull light green, Islands) ; yanilla blanca (Cuba) ; ink-bush
with minute dots when dry. (Bahamas) ; Florida-privet, Florida forestiera
Flower clusters a/8 inch long a t leaf bases or (United States).
on twigs a t nodes back of leaves. Flowers sev- BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-Forestiera p o d o s a
eral on slender stalks inch long, mostly (Michx.) Poir.
655. Inkbush, Florida-privet Foreetiera segregata (Jacq.) K N &
~ Urban
Twig with male and female flowers (above), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size.

809
OLNE FAMILY (OLEACEAE)

656. Freeno, tropical ash Fraxinue uhdei (Wenzig) Lingeleh,"

Fresno or tropical ash is a Mexican tree that have 2 stamens Y8 inch long. Female flowers
has been introduced in forestry tests. It is have a pistil %6 inch long with ovary and 2-
identified by: (1) twigs with winter buds 8 / 1 ~ forked style. The key fruits (samaras) have a
inch long, at end and paired a t nodes, covered small nearly cylindric dark brown body 1/4, inch
by few finely hairy brown scales; (2) opposite long a t base and long light brown wing 1/ inch
pinnate leaves with 5-9 lanceolate finely toothed wide, extending down to about middle o f body
leaflets on slender stalks; and (3) brown key and slightly notched at apex. Collected with
fruits 1inch long with narrow wing. fruits in August.
A deciduous tree to 50 feet high and 16 inches The light brown hard wood is suitable for
in trunk diameter, perhaps larger a t maturity. timber. It could be produced in the central
The bark is brown, rough, and furrowed, the mountains.
inner bark whitish and bitter. The twigs are This species has been planted in tests along
green, turning brown, hairless except when roadsides a t high altitudes in the Central Cor-
young, with paired half-round leaf scars back dillera and is rare. The trees were heavily
of leaves. attacked by peach aphis (Aulacwpis pentu-
The opposite pinnate leaves a r e 6-11 inches gona). Seed was from Hawaii, where this
long and composed of a slender green halrless species had been introduced.
axis and paired leaflets on slender stalks mostly In Mexico City and elsewhere in subtropical
%-% inch long. Leaflet blades are mostly 2-4 parts of Mexico, this species is a popular street
inches long and g - 2 inches wide, long-pointed tree and shade tree. Introduced in southern
a t apex, short-pointed or blunt a t base, finely Arizona.
saw-toothed on edges, slightly thickened, the PUBLICFORESTS.-Luquillo, Maricao, Toro
upper surface green and hairless, and the lower Negro.
surface light green with small hairs along mid- R A N G E . - N ~ ~ ~ofv ~western and southern
vein. Mexico from Sinaloa to San Luis PotosE and
Flower clusters (panicles) a t sides of twigs Oaxaca south to Guatemala.
a r e 6-8 inches long, much branched. There are OTHER COMMON N~M~~.-fresno(Spanish) ;
many small greenish flowers with minute 4- evergreen ash (United States; tropical ash,
toothed calyx, without petals, male and female Shame1ash (Hawaii).
on different trees (dioecious) . Male flowers
656. Fresno, tropical ash Frazinus uhdei (Wenzig) Lingelah.*
Female flowers (upper right), twig with leaf, and fruits (lower left), natural size.
811
OLIVE FAMILY (OLEACEAE)

Haenianthus salicijolius Griseb.

Palo de hueso, a small tree of the dwarf for- green sepals, white fleshy corolla l/s inch long
est of mountain summits, is characterized by: with short tube and 4 very narrow spreading
(1) opposite obovate leaves 23% inches long lobes, 2 large white stamens on corolla, and
and %'-I$& inches wide, slightly thickened and pistil with 2-celled ovary and short style. The
without visible side veins, tapering a t base to fruits (drupes) are green when immature,
slender leqfstalk lh-?!! inch long; (2) terminal blunt-pointed, with thin flesh, large stone, and
clusters of small white flowers nearly 34 inch 1 seed. Flowering and fruiting perhaps ir-
across the 4 very narrow spreading fleshy co- regularly through the year.
rolla lobes; and (3) elliptic blackish stone The wood is light brown, hard, and heavy.
fruit 5/8-% inch long. Common in dwarf forest of upper Luquillo
Small evergreen tree to 20-40 feet high and and Cordillera to mountain summits at 2,500-
4-8 inches in trunk diameter, with spreading 4,390 feet altitude, including Cerro de Punta,
crown. Hairless, but the twigs, leaves, and the highest point of Puerto Rico.
flowers with few minute brown scales visible PUBLICFORESTS.-Carite, Guilarte, Luquillo,
with a lens. Bark brown, smoothish, covered Toro Negro.
by mosses. Inner bark light brown, bitter. RANGE.-Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico.
Twigs green, becoming brown. OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-hueso, hueso prieto
Leaves opposite, without stipules, slightly (Puerto Rico) ; cara de hombre (Dominican
thickened and succulent, short-pointed a t apex, Republic) ;caney (Cuba).
slightly turned under a t edges, dull green above, The Puerto Rican trees are blassed in a
dull light green beneath. variety (Haenianthus salicifolius var. obovatzts
Flower clusters (panicles) terminal, (Krug & Urban) Knobl.), formerly a separate
branched, about 2 inches high and wide, bear- species (H. obovatzls Krug & Urban). Other
ing many slightly fragrant flowers on slender varieties a r e found also in Cuba and His-
spreading stalks. The flower has 4 minute paniola.
657. Pa10 de hueso Haenianthuu salicif oliua Griseb.
Flowering twig (upper left), fruiting twig (below), two-thirds natural size.

813
OLIVE FAMILY (OLEACEAE)

658. Chinese privet Liguslrum sinenee Lour. *

Chinese privet, an introduced hedge plant The flower clusters (panicles) are 1-3 inches
and ornamental, is recognized by: (1) opposite long and have finely hairy slender short
small oblong leaves Y2-1y4inches long and .7/w- branches. The flower is composed of cuplike
% inch wide, with a minute point a t the blunt calyx 1/,, inch long, with 4 teeth; the white
apex; (2) many small fragrant white 4-parted corolla with short tube and 4 narrow spreading
flowers $& inch long and broad in branched lobes inch across; 2 stamens v8 inch long
clusters a t and near ends of twigs; and (3) el- inserted on corolla; and pistil with rounded
liptic or rounded black fruits x-xo inch long.
Evergreen shrub or sometimes small tree to
ovary, slender style, and 2-forked stigma. The
fruits (drupes), green when immature, have
20 feet high with several trunks to 5 inches in calyx a t base and minute point a t apex. Flower-
diameter. Bark gray, smooth, the inner bark ing in spring, maturing fruits in summer.
greenish and beneath whitish, bitter. The twigs The wood is whitish and hard.
are slender and often long without branching, Rarely grown for hedges and ornament in
finely hairy. upper central mountains of Puerto Rico.
The leaves are opposite, often in 2 rows RANGE.-N~~~ ofv China.
~ Planted in conti-
without stipules. Petioles are slender, '/1 nental United States and other temperate re-
inch long, finely hairy. The blades are short- gions.
pointed a t base, not toothed a t edges, thin, the OTHER COMMON NAME.-Amur River privet
upper surface dull green and almost hairless, (English).
and the lower surface light green, finely hairy Fruits of other kinds of privet are poisonous
on veins and with minute brown dots visible to children, if eaten.
under a lens.
668. Chinese privet L$uutncm 8inenue Lour.*
Flowering twig (upper left), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size.
OLIVE FAMILY (OLEACEAE)

659. Japanese privet

This species of privet is distinguished by: Flower clusters (panicles) are terminal,
(1) paired ovate leaves 23 inches long and 1- erect, and branched, to 5 inches long and broad.
v2
1 inches wide, thick and leathery, shiny green The flower is composed of a cuplike calyx '/lo
above and dull yellow green beneath ; (2) showy inch long with 4 tiny teeth; white corolla l/s
white masses of many small white fragrant inch long from a narrow bud divided almost to
flowers about I/e inch long and broad; and (3) middle into short funnel-shaped tube and 4
elli tic black berries s/R inch long. lobes spreading and curving back; 2 erect sta-
I n evergreen introduced shrub or small tree mens from mouth of tube; and pistil with
to 26 feet high and 10 inches in trunk diameter. round %celled ovary, several ovules, slender
Bark brown, smoothish but warty. The slender style, and enlarged stigma. The drupelike ber-
gray-brown hairless twigs have raised whitish ries have calyx a t base and contain a large
dots (lenticels) and end in a minute scaly stone. Flowering in winter and spring.
brown bud. Uncommon a s a planted shrub or small tree
The opposite hairless leaves have short peti- and in hedges in Puerto Rico.
oles %-y8 inch long. Leaf blades are short- or R ~ ~ c ~ . - N a t i vofe China, Korea, and Japan.
blunt-pointed at apex, rounded or blunt-pointed Widely planted in warm temperate and tropical
a t base, slightly turned under a t edges, the regions, including southern and central conti-
lower surface with minute gland dots visible nental United States north to Washington,
with a lens. D. C., and in Hawaii.
659. Japanese privet Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.*
Fruiting twig (left), flowering twig (right), naturnl size.

817
OLIVE FAMILY (OLEACEAE)

660. Hueeo Linociera axilliflora Grieeb.

This shrub or small tree rare in western long; 2 short stamens borne a t base of petals
Puerto Rico is identified by: (1) leaves op- and less than half as long; and pistil with hair-
posite, oblong to elliptic, 1%-2% inches long less 2-celled ovary, short style, and headlike
and inches wide, thick and leathery; lobed stigma. The fruits (drupes) contain a
/

(2) flower clusters a t leaf bases, compact and large stone. With flowers in spring and fruits
less than vj inch long, with few to several flow- in summer.
- -

ers about 1/ inch long with 4 narrow flat white Elsewhere the hard wood has been used in
petals; an$ (3) bonelike white oblong egg- carpentry.
shaped fruits about y2inch long. Rare and local in moist limestone and lower
An evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet Cordillera forests a t 500-1,000 feet altitude.
high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, with twigs Southwestern slopes of mountains and Guaja-
mostly finely hairy. taca Gorge in northwestern Puerto Rico. Col-
Leaves opposite, with petioles l/s inch long. lected many years ago a t Monte Marie1 near
Blades short-pointed or blunt a t apex, short- Guinica.
pointed a t base, hairless, the lower surface with PUBLIC mRES~.-Susba.
network of veins. RANGE.-Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico.
Flower clusters (panicles) small apd preyed OTHm COMMON NAMES.-guaney negro, jico-
against twig, the branches mostly finely hairy. tea (Cuba).
The nearly stalkless flowers have a finely-hairy BOTANICALs~NoN~~.-MayepeaaxQliflora
calyx less than '/ls inch long, deeply 4-lobed (Griseb.) Krug & Urban.
nearly to base; 4 flattened white petals l/s inch
 Liaociera azilliflora Griseb.
Flowering twig, natural size.

819
OLIVE FAMILY (OLEACEAE)

661. Aviepillo Linociera caribaea (Jacq.) Knobl.

This species is characterized by: (1) paired %-Yh inch long; the 2 stamens less than '/1(1
narrowly elliptic leaves 3-6 inches long and 1-2 inch long borne at base of petals ;and pistil less
inches wide, long-pointed a t both ends, slightly than inch long with 2-celled ovary, short
thick and leathery and hairless; (2) flowers style, and 2-lobed stigma. The fruits (drupes)
with 4 very narrow threadlike white petals %- are green when immature and contain 1 large
s/ inch long in branched lateral clusters; and elliptic seed. Flowering and maturing fruits
(3) elliptic blackish fruit v8-) 1 inch long, 1- irregularly through the year.
seeded. The pinkish gray hard wood is used elsewhere
Small tree to 35 feet high and 6 inches in for cabinetwork and charcoal.
trunk diameter. The bark is gray, smoothish to Rare in moist forest from sea level to 600 feet
slightly fissured, with minute warts (lenticels) . altitude, eastern coast and foothills of Puerto
Inner bark is orange brown, with bitter gritty Rico. Also in islands, eastward, including Cu-
taste. The twigs are slender, light gray, mi- lebra, Vieques, St. Thomas, St. Croix, and Jost
nutely hairy when young, with rounded raised Van Dyke.
leaf scars, and end in buds of paired minute PUBLIC~~RK.-Virgin Islands.
narrow hairy young leaves, without stipules. RANGE.-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Virgin
The opposite leaves have slender yellow-green Islands, through Lesser Antilles from St.
petioles less than r;/8 inch long. Blades are dull Martin to Grenada and Trinidad, Margarita,
green or olive green above with yellowish mid- and Venezuela.
rib, light green beneath. OTHER COMMON NAMES.-hueso (Puerto
The branched flower clusters (panicles) a t Rico) ; tirrana (Dominican Republic) ; white
leaf bases are 1-3 inches long with flowers sev- ironwood (Montserrat) ; bois de fer blanc
eral together stalkless a t ends of long slender (Guadeloupe) ; bois de fer (Martinique) ;
branches. Calyx cup-shaped, less than l/l inch bridgo-tree (Dutch Antilles).
long, 4-toothed, green and with minute hairs; BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-Mavepea caribaea
corolla of 4 very narrow threadlike white petals (Jacq.) Kuntze.
661. Avispillo Linociera caribaea (Jacq.) Knobl.
Fruiting twig (above), flowers (lower left), natural size.

821
OLIVE FAMILY (OLEACEAE)

662. Hueeo prieto Linociera holdridgii Camp 8 Monachino

A small tree local in dry forests of southwest- on finely hairy slender stalks less than y8 inch
ern Puerto Rico and named in 1939. Distin- long and are composed of calyx with 4 minute
guishing characters are : (1) paired stiff, very hairy lobes, corolla of 4 narrow white petals
thick and leathery elliptic leaves lj/s3 inches inch long, 2 stamens inch long, and
long and Y2-lj/e inches wide, hairless except pistil less than 4/8 inch long with hairless ovary,
for tufts of minute hairs often present in slender style, and dot stigma. The stone fruits
angles of side veins with midvein on lower sur- (drupes) 1 or 2 on short stalks at leaf bases,
face; (2) small white flowers about s/l, inch egg-shaped or elliptic, 6/R inch long, bonelike,
long, several clustered a t leaf bases; and (3) light green when immature, contain 1 very
egg-shaped or elliptic black fruits % inch long, large seed. Collected with flowers in September
containing 1 very large seed. and February and with fruits from January to
An evergreen shrub or small tree to 20-40 July.
feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter. The The wood is light brown and hard.
bark is gray, smooth with few warty dots Rare and local in dry limestone forest of
(lenticels), the inner bark gritty and bitter. southwestern hills from sea level to 700 feet
The twigs are light gray with raised dots (lenti- altitude.
cela) ,minutely hairy when young. PUBLIC rn~~STS.-GuBnica, Sustia.
The opposite leaves have short petioles less RANGE.-Known only from southwestern
than l/e inch long. Blades are blunt, rounded, Puerto Rico.
or short-pointed a t apex, blunt or short-pointed OTHER COMMON N A M E S . - ~ U ~ ~ O , palo de
a t base, often slightly turned under a t edges,
the upper surface green and hairless and
hueso, espejuelo (Puerto Rico) .
First collected in 1938 by Leslie R. Hold-
slightly shiny, and the lower surface yellow ridge, then with the United States Forest Serv-
green and almost hairless, with fine network ice. He wrote "Trees of Puerto Rico" ($0 3 1 )
of small veins. and made large collections of trees as the ioun-
Flower clusters (panicles or racemes) a t leaf dation for the work of the present authors.
bases are v2-ll/sinchea long. Flowers are borne
662. Hueso prieto
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.

823
OLIVE FAMILY (OLEACEAE)

Linociera ligucstrina Sw.

This small tree was not found in Puerto Rico lateral, ll/g3 inches long. Flowers on stalks
until 1969. It is characterized by: (1) leaves %-l/g inch long are composed of hairless 4-
opposite, elliptic to lanceolate, ly2-31/12inches toothed calyx; 4 very narrow white petals
long and %-I inch wide, slightly thickened and inch long; 2 very narrow stamens almost as
leathery; (2) many small very fragrant flow- long, borne a t base of petals; and pistil with
ers about 1/4, inch long, with 4 very narrow 2-celled ovary, slender style, and stigma. The
white petals and 2 very narrow stamens almost fruits (drupes) are slightly flattened with
as long, in terminal clusters; and (3) dark ridges when dry, and contain a large stone with
purple or blackish bonelike elliptic fruits about 1-2 seeds. With flowers in spring and fruits in
% inch long. summer and autumn.
A small evergreen tree to 36 feet high and .6 Rare and local in moist limestone forest a t
inches in trunk diameter, hairless. The bark 1s 200-400 feet altitude in northwestern Puerto
gray, rough and ridged, becoming very thick. Rico. Collected on rocky coastal cliffs near
Twigs slender, with raised dots (lenticels), Aguadilla, Quebradillas, El Jobo, and San An-
ending in minute terminal bud composed of tonio.
young leaves. PUBLIC FOREST.-Rlo Abajo.
The opposite leaves are blunt to long-pointed RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and
a t apex, gradually narrowed a t base to slender Puerto Rico.
petiole %-a/, inch long, slightly turned under a t OTHER COMMON NAMES.-lirio, cabra blanca
edges, paler beneath. (Dominican Republic) ; careicillo, perenqueta,
Flower clusters (panicles) terminal and hueso (Cuba) ;bois sagine (Haiti).
 Linociera ligustrina Sw.
Fruiting twig (above), flowers (lower right), natural size.
 DOGBANE FAMILY (APOCYNACEAE)
Woody vines, also shrubs, trees sometimes nel-shaped, with 5 lobes twisted in bud 5 small
large, and herbs, known by : (1) white latex or stamens inserted in tube, glandular disk, and
milky sap, often abundant; (2) leaves usually pistil with 2 distinct superior 1-celled ovaries
opposite, also alternate or whorled, simple, en- and few to many ovules, style, and large stigma ;
tire, generally with many lateral veins almost and (3) fruit generally of 2 follicles or berries,
straight, without stipules ; (3) flowers some- a capsule, or a berry, the seeds sometimes hairy,
times large, colored, and showy, fragrant, gen- flattened, or winged, the fruits and seeds poison-
erally in cymes, bisexual, regular, with 5-lobed ous in various species. Also vol. 1, p. 460.
calyx, corolla with long narrow tube often fun-
Key to species
A. Leaves alternate.
B. Leayes very narrow, less than $S inch wide, shiny green, hairless; corolla yellow--668. Thevetia pew-
vtana*
BB. Leaves broader, lar er-Plumeria.
C. Leaves roundef or notched a t apex, obovate or oblong, curved under a t edges, hairless; corolla white-
666. Plumeria obtwa.
CC. Leaves pointed a t apex.
D. Leaves short-pointed, elli tic, edges not turned under, lower surface often hairy; corolla red,
yellow, or white-218. Srangipani, Plumeria rubra L.*
DD. Leaves long-pointed, narrowly lance-sha ed, with edges curved under, the lower surface densely
white h a ~ r y ;corolla white-21'7. ~lel! milktree, Plumeria alba L.
AA. Leaves opposite or whorled.
E. Leaves opposite.
F. Leaves elliptic, broadest near or beyond middle, with petiole of %-?A inch; flowers on slender spread-
ing stalks, corolla whi-67. Tabernaemontana citrifolia.
FF. Leaves oblon , broadest toward base, with petiole of % inch; flowers short-stalked and crowded a t
nodes, corota white or yellowish-664. Funtumia elastics.*
EE. Leaves whorled.
G. Leaves mostly in 3's (sometimes 2 or 4), lance-shaped or narrowly elliptic, shiny green to dark
green, almost hairless; corolla red to pink to white-665. Neriunt oleander.*
GC. Leaves 4 of unequal size a t a node, lance-shaped or narrow1 elliptic, shiny yellow green; corolla
small, whitish-219. Palo amargo, bitter-ash, Rauvol@ n i t i h Jacq.

664. Goma, Lagos-rubber Frcntrrmia elastica (Preues ) Stapf *

This large forest tree from western Africa, stalked flowers consisting of bell-shaped calyx
formerly of interest as a possible source of rub- with 5 overlapping lobes, corolla with tube nar-
ber, has been planted experimentally in Puerto rowed above base and 5 spreading rounded
Rico. Distinguishing characters are : (1) whit- lobes, 6 stamens inserted in corolla tube, and
ish latex in trunk; (2) paired oblong leaves 4-7 pistil with 2-celled ovary and style. Fruit of
inches long and 1 s-3inches wide; (3) many 2 pods (follicles) each splitting open on 1side
narrowly tubular white or yellowish flowers and containing many small narrow seeds with
about yk inch long crowded a t nodes; and (4) tufts of long silky hairs.
paired hard flattened dark brown pods about 5 Rare in Puerto Rico except in experimental
inches long and 9/-1% inches broad, flattened plantings.
and widely spreading. At one time the trees were grown in Africa
A large evergreen tree reported to become in rubber plantations.
100 feet high where native, with pale whitish RANGE.-Native of western tropical Africa
spotted bark and whitish latex, hairless and sparingly introduced in other tropical re-
throughout. Twigs with rings a t nodes. gions including West Indies, for example, in
The opposite leaves have stout petioles about botanical gardens.
l/s inch long. Leaf blades are abruptly long- OTHER COMMON NAMES.-goma (Puerto
pointed at apex and short-pointed a t base, Rico) ; caucho de Lagos (Cuba) ; ofruntum
slightly wavy on borders, sllghtly thickened, tree, silk-rubber (English) ;caoutchouc French.
paler beneath. BOTANICAL SYN0NY~.-Kickxia [Link]
Flower clusters (cymes) bear many short- Preuss.
664. Goma, Lagos-lubber Funtumia elastica (Preuss) Stapf a
Flowers, paired fruit, and leafy twig, two-thirds natural size.

827
DOGBANE FAMILY (APOCYNACEAE)

665. Adelfa, oleander Nerium oleander L.*

Adelfa or oleander is a familiar introduced and borders and in gardens and parks in vari-
ornamental shrub or sometimes small tree com- ous parts of Puerto Rico from low to high alti-
monly planted for its clusters of large showy tudes and in Virgin Islands to Anegada. Ap-
flowers. However, the plants including all parts parently not escaping from cultivation here.
and their whitish sap or latex are extremely Oleander is hardy, elsewhere withstanding
poisonous to man and animals. Death has been both freezing temperatures of subtropical cli-
caused by eating a few leaves or flowers. Dis- mates and also long droughts. Northward in
tinguishing characters include : (1) narrow temperate regions, it is a popular house plant
leathery shiny green leaves, long-pointed at grown in tubs. The shrubs are readily propa-
both ends, mostly in 3's; (2) large tubular 6- gated by cuttings and can be heavily pruned and
lobed flowers about 1 inch long and 2 inches topped. Reported to have a deep root system,
broad, varying in color from red to pink to which does not affect underground pipes.
white, not scented; and (3) fruit of 2 long stout This species is extremely poisonous, all parts
pods 3-6 inches long. of the plant such as latex, flowers, leaves, bark,
A handsome rounded spreading evergreen and roots being toxic. Persons have died from
shrub commonly 6-15 feet high but sometimes carelessly eating the flowers. Cattle have been
a small tree to 20 feet high and 3 inches in killed by browsing the foliage. In spite of the
trunk diameter. The twigs are greenish brown deadly properties the plants have been em-
and minutely hairy. The sap or latex is wh~tish, ployed in medicine as a heart stimulant and in
turning gray, bitter, and poisonous. various home remedies for assorted ailments.
The leaves are attached closely together along Insecticides and rat poisons have been made
the twig in groups of 3 (sometimes 2 4 ) a t a from the latex and other parts. The leaves con-
node, or whorled, on short petioles about % tain varying amounts of rubber as latex. I t is
inch long. Leaf blades are lance-shaped or nar- reported that smoke from the burning wood is
rowly elliptic, 3-6 inches long and v2-1 inch toxic.
wide, thick and stiff, *ith edges turned under R A N G E . - N ~ ~ ~ofv ~the Mediterranean re-
slightly, almost hairless, with many parallel gion of southern Europe and northern Africa,
side veins, shiny green to dark green on upper also southewestern Asia. Planted in tropical
surface, yellow green on lower surface. and subtropical regions throughout the world
Several to many short-stalked flowers are and reported as naturalized. Grown across
borne in terminal branched clusters (cymes) southern United States from Florida to Loui-
extending beyond the leaves. The calyx is about siana, Texas, Arizona, and California and per-
l/g, inch long, of 5 narrow-pointed green lobes, haps sparingly escaping from cultivation.
[Link]; corolla about 1 inch long, with Planted also in Bermuda, Bahamas, Cuba, Ja-
a narrow tube and 6 broad rounded twisted maica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and the Virgin
spreading lobes about 2 inches across, with Islands, Lesser Antilles, and Trinidad. Also,
fringe of toothed scales a t mouth of tube; 5 sta- Mexico, Central America, and South America
mens almost 44 inch long including the thread- south to Chile and Argentina and through the
like hairy tip, attached at mouth of corolla tube Old World.
and united with stigma; and 2 separate ovaries OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ E S . - - 8 l e lalheli,
i, ,aIelf
with a slender style 8/s inch long. Frequently extranjero, laurel rosado (Puerto Rlco);
double-flowered, with many additional corolla oleander (Virgin Islands, United States, Eng-
lobes. The fruit of 2 stout pods (follicles) from lish) ; adelfa, laurel rosa, laurel blanco, laurel
a flower contains many flattened hairy seeds colorado (Spanish) ; martinica, rosa del Perti,
with a tuft of hairs. Flowering and fruiting pirulf (Dominican Republic) ; rosa francesa,
mostly in spring and summer but continuing narciso (Cuba) ; narisco (Central America) ;
through the year. narisco rosado, narciso (El Salvador) ;azuceno
The wood is described as whitish yellow, de la Habana (Colombia) ; rosa de berberia
slightly hard and brittle, moderately heavy (Venezuela) ; laurel rosado (Ecuador) ; laurier
(specific gravity 0.6). rose, laurier tropical (Haiti) ; franse bloem,
Commonly planted for ornament, hedges, oleander (Dutch Antilles)
665. Adelfa, oleander Nerizcm oleander L.*
Fruits (left and lower right) and flowering twig, natural size.
DOGBANE FAMILY (APOCYNACEAE)

666. Aleli cimarrbn Plurnerin obtusn L.

This species of aleli is readily distinguished waxy corolla with narrow tube about 1 inch
from related species by its broader obovate or long and 6 narrow spreading lobes nearly 1inch
oblong leaves rounded or notched a t apex. Other long, often with yellow dot near base inside; 6
characters for identification include: (1) milky small stamens inserted near base of tube and
juice or white latex, which flows abundantly alternate with lobes; and pistil about 4/8 inch
from cuts; (2) the form with few stout long, composed of 2 separate ovaries partly in-
branches ending in clusters of leaves, without a ferior and united with 1stigma. From a flower
crown of foliage; (3) the showy, very fragrant develop 2 long pods (follicles), which split
tubular, 6-lobed waxy, white flowers 1%-2 along 1 line to release many flat winged seeds.
inches long; and (4) paired cigarlike dark Flowering and fruiting nearly through the
brown pods 3-6 inches long and about Y2 inch year.
in diameter. The wood is light brown and slightly hard.
Small evergreen tree 15-40 feet high and to This native species is a potential ornamental
10 inches in trunk diameter, hairless through- like its relative No. 218, frangipani, Plumeria
out. The bark is gray, smoothish to slightly fur- rubra L.* The white latex is irritating t o the
rowed. Inner bark is light yellow beneath an skin of some persons.
outer green layer, bitter. The twigs are few and Locally common in dry and moist limestone
stout, green when young, turning gray, more and lower Cordillera forests a t 2004,000 feet
than 3/8 inch in diameter, with abundant, altitude in mountains of western Puerto Rico,
slightly bitter, white latex. also near Arecibo and west of Florida. Common
The alternate leaves have slender leafstalks in Mona.
1/CL-2 inches long. Blides are mostly 2-5 inches PUBLIC F O R E S T S . - G U ~ ~Maricao,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , Rio
long and 1-2 inches wide, sometimes larger, Abajo, S u s ~ a .
slightly thickened and leathery, curved under RANGE.-Bahamas. Cuba, Jamaica. His-
a t edges, tapering to base, slightly shiny, the paniola, Mona, and h e r t o Rico. Also a variety
upper surface green, the lower surface yellow in Yucathn, Mexico, and British Honduras.
green. OTHERCOMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . - a l tabaiba,
e l i a , ale11
Flower clusters (cymes) are borne a t the end de la Mona, alell montuno (Puerto Rico) ; lirio
of a long stout stalk 1v2-5 inches long that (Cuba) ; milkwood (Jamaica) ; frangipani
arises among the leaves. Crowded on short (Bahamas) ; aleli, flor de cerro, atabaiba (Do-
stalks are many developing narrow, twisted minican Republic) ;fragipanier (Haiti) ;olean-
flower buds up to 1%inches long, whitish and der di Bonaire (Dutch Antilles).
reddish tinged and a few opening flowers. These BOTANICAL SYNONYMS.-Plumeria krugii
are composed of the 5-lobed calyx S/lo inch long; Urban, P. portoricensis Urban.
666. Alell cimarr6n Plumeria obtusa L.
Flowering twig (upper left), paired fruits (right), two-thirds natural size.
DOGBANE FAMILY (APOCYNACEAE)

667. Palo lcchoeo Tabernaemoncana citrijolia L.

Tree or shrub with abundant white latex, light green ovaries K, inch long, 1 slender
characterized by: (1) paired elliptic leaves, white style y4 inch long, and enlarged stigma.
long-pointed a t base and abruptly long-pointed The 2 separate fruits (follicles) developing
a t apex, slightly thickened and succulent, the from 1flower are grooved and long-pointed and
lateral veins prominent, nearly at right angles have the persistent calyx a t base. Many seeds
to midrib, much sunken above and raised be- are imbedded in a fleshy orange-red pulp. With
neath; (2) showy fragrant tubular white flow- flowers and fruits through the year.
ers nearly 3/ inch long more than 1inch across The sapwood is whitish brown, medium hard,
the 5 overlapping spreading lobes; and (3) heavy, and fine-textured.
green fruit of 2 elliptic pointed fleshy pods (fol- Because of the showy white flowers, this spe-
licles) 1y2-2 inches long and yu-Fj/,inch broad, cies is suitable for planting as an ornamental.
which do not open. Elsewhere the caustic white sap or latex has
Small evergreen tree 25 feet tall and 4 inches served in home remedies.
in trunk diameter, reported to reach 40 feet, or Rare in moist limestone and lower Cordillera
shrubby, hairless throughout. The light brown forests a t 200-2,500 feet altitude throughout
bark is smooth. Inner bark, also light brown, the northern limestone hills and eastern and
is bitter and contains much white latex which is central mountains of Puerto Rico.
slightly bitter. The green twigs ringed at nodes PUBLICFORESTS.-Cambalache, Guajataca,
yield abundant white latex when cut. Luquillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Toro Negro.
Petioles of the opposite leaves are 3/s-y4 inch R A N G E . - ~ u ~ ~Jamaica,
, Hispaniola, and
long, and the blades 3-7 inches long and 1y2-3 Puerto Rico. Also Lesser Antilles from St.
inches broad. Blades are broadest near or be- Martin and Saba to Grenada, Barbados, and
yond middle, turned under at edges, above Tobago.
green or light green and shiny or dull, and be- OTHER COMMON N A M E S . - ~ ~ ~ O (Puerto
~~
neath pale whitish green. Rico) ; pitimini, pegojo (Cuba) ; palo de leche
The lateral branching flower clusters (Dominican Republic) ; lecherillo (Mexico) ;
(cymes) near apex of twig are shorter than the cachito (Nicaragua) ;milkybush (St. Vincent) ;
leaves and bear few to several flowers on bois lait (Haiti, Guadeloupe, Martinique) ;
slender spreading green stalks. Pointed flower bois lait m&le (Haiti) ; bois lait, milkwood
buds are about v8 inch long. A flower has a
green calyx S/lc inch long with 5 pointed over-
(Dominica) ; milkytree (Dutch Antilles).
BOTANICAL s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . - T a b e r n a e r n o n t a n a
lapping lobes; white corolla with narrow cy- oppositifolia (Spreng.) Urban.
lindric tube D/lc inch long, and 5 broad overlap- The plants of Puerto Rico were named also as
ping lobes y8 inch long and rounded a t apex ; 5 a distinct species but are best referred to that
stalkless green stamens 4/8 inch long inserted of nearby islands on both sides.
inside corolla tube; and pistil composed of 2
667. Palo lechoso Tabernaemontana citrifotia L.
Flowering twig and fruiting hvig (lower right), two-thirds natural size.

833
DOGBANE FAMILY (APOCYNACEAE)

668. Cabalonga, lucky-nut Thevetia peruoinna (Pers.) K . Schum."

This introduced shrub or small tree with very and illuminating uses can be pressed from the
poisonous milky juice is planted as an orna- seeds.
mental for its large yellow flowers. It is recog- Not only the juice and fruits but all parts of
nized easily by : (1) the funnel-shaped or bell- the plant are poisonous to humans and live-
shaped waxy flowers 2-2y2 inches long and stock, containing thevetin, a chemical like digi-
broad ; (2) the very narrow, linear shiny leaves talis. The poison causes a slow and later an ir-
3-6 inches long and only l/e-8/8 inch wide, shiny regular pulse accompanied by vomiting and
green above and pale beneath; and (3) tri- shock. The lucky-nut fruita have been shipped
angular-shaped, slightly flattened fruits, which to the United States for preparation of certain
are poisonous. heart medicines. The poisonous sap and bark
A spreading evergreen shrub or small tree 15 have served also in folk remedies.
feet or sometimes to 26 feet high and 3 inches Uncommon as a planted ornamental in
in trunk diameter, hairless throughout. Bark Puerto Rico, where i t grows rapidly, has
gray, slightly rough. The bark, stout twigs, escaped from cultivation, and has become natu-
and leaves abundantly exude white, poisonous ralized in coastal thickets. Also in St. Croix,
latex when cut. St. Thomas, and St. John. Propagated from
The very narrow leaves are borne singly or seeds. Not recommended for planting because
alternate but numerous and crowded. They are of the dangerous poison. .
stalkless or nearly so, long-pointed a t both ends, RANGE.-Native in continental tropical
thick and with edges slightly turned under, America, perhaps Mexico and Central America,
with prominent midrib but without lateral but extended greatly through cultivation and
veins. naturalization in tropics of both New and Old
The handsome sweet-scented flowers are Worlds. Especially adapted to dry regions.
borne on slender stalks $$-I$$ inches long, sev- Planted and naturalized in southern Florida in-
eral together in short, branched terminal or cluding Florida Keys, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica,
lateral clusters (cymes). Calyx of 5 narrow, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands,
pointed sepals s/R inch long; the yellow or some- Lesser Antilles, and Trinidad and Tobago. In-
times pinkish yellow corolla with a narrow tube troduced northward to southern northern
a t base and gradually expanding into 5 over- Florida and Arizona and south through South
lapping and spreading, very broad and rounded America to Brazil.
lobes, with 5 haiiy scales at the end of the tube; OTHERCOMMON ~ ~ M ~ s . - - c a b a 1 0 n(Puerto
ga
6 small stamens on and within the corolla tube ; Rico, Spanish) ;caball6n (Puerto Rico) ; lucky-
ovary 2-lobed and 2-celled, with slender style nut (Virgin Islands) ; retama (Dominican Re-
and disk-shaped stigma. public) ; (Cuba) ; chirca, campanilla (Mexico,
The green, yellow, or blackish fruit is tri- Central America) ; chilca (Central America) ;
angular-shaped and slightly flattened, about % chilindr6n (El Salvador, Honduras) ; campa-
inch long and 1% inches broad and 42 inch nilla amarilla (El Salvador) ; cobalonga, cachi-
thick, with thin flesh and large somewhat tri- molivo, azuceno, cascavel, castaiieto, amancay
angular stone almost as large as the fruit, con- (Colombia) ; manzanillo, retama (Venezuela) ;
taining only 2 large seeds. Flowering and fruit- zuche, jacapa (Ecuador) ;ahouay, Ilagas de San
ing throughout the year. Francisco (Argentina) ; trumpet-flower, yel-
It is reported that the wood is brownish gray, low-oleander, lucky-nut (United States, E n p
hard, lightweight, Ane-textured, and easily lish) ; luck-seed (West Indies) ; luckybean-
worked. bush, good-luck-tree (Barbados) ; be-still-tree,
noho-malie (Hawaii) ; bois saisissement, ser-
The triangular poisonous fruits, which have pent, d'eau livre (Haiti) ; joro-joro, olijfi di
a line around the edge and down the center, are Bonaire, yellow oleander (Dutch Antilles) ;
carried or worn as pendants and good-luck jorro jorro (Surinam).
charms, as the common name lucky-nut indi- BOTANICALSYNONYMS.-Thevetia neriifolia
cates. A bright yellow oil of possible medicinal Juss., Cerbera thevetia L.
 MILKWEED FAMILY (ASCLEPIADACEAE)
Herbs and shrubs, often vines, rarely trees either, 5 stamens attached to corolla near base
(Catotropis) , sometimes succulent, known by : and opposite lobes each bearing 2 flat yellowish
(1) milky sap; (2) leaves opposite or whorled, masses of pollen (pollinia), and pistil within
simple, generally entire, with stipules often mi- crown composed of 2 nearly separate nearly
nute or none; (3) flowers in clusters (cymes, superior 1-celled ovaries with many ovules, 2
like racemes, or like umbels), bisexual, regular, styles, and broad flat disklike stigma; and (4)
consisting of calyx of 5 sepals often united a t fruit of 2 elliptic pods (follicles) with many
base, star-shaped corolla of 5 spreading or seeds with tufts of silky hairs. One introduced
turned back lobes, 5-lobed crown (corona) be- tree species.
tween corolla and stamens and attached to

669. AlgodBn dc eeda, giant milkweecl Calolropis procera (Ait.) R. Br.*

This curious introduced giant milkweed is with many ovules, 2 slender styles, and broad
perhaps more like a large herb than a tree but flat 5-angled stigma.
rarely reaches treelike size. The only repre- The fruits are 1 or 2 large swollen elliptic
sentative of the milkweed family included here, pods (follicles) 3--4y2 inches long and 2-21/?
it is easily recognized by: (1)abundant white inches broad, slightly fleshy, opening on 1side,
latex, slightly bitter, in all parts; (2) large yellow green but becoming brown and dry.
paired leaves broadly elliptic to nearly round, Seeds numerous, flat, brown, inch long, with
heart-shaped a t base and nearly stalkless, large tuft of white hairs ll/e inches long and
slightly thick and succulent, pale yellow green 2V2 inches in diameter. With flowers and fruits
above and whitish green with fine coat of soft throughout the year.
hairs beneath; (3) many flowers more than %. The wood is whitish and soft.
inch across the 5-lobed slightly succulent co- The plants are often cultivated for ornament
rolla, whitish and tinged with purple; and (4) in dry areas of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Is-
fruits 1 or 2 large swollen pods containing lands and elsewhere. Being unpalatable to
many seeds with tufts of long white silky hairs. sheep and cattle, they tend to spread and be-
A naturalized evergreen shrub 3-6 feet high, come common on heavily grazed pastures. In
rarely becoming treelike and 12-18 feet high, some places the silky hairs on the seeds serve
with a trunk 3-10 inches in diameter, with few for stuffing pillows. Also, the plants are used
stout spreading branches and no crown. Bark in home medicines. The foliage and fruit are
whitish, thick and corky, the inner bark whit- covered, particularly in dry periods, by a large
ish, slightly bitter, with abundant latex. Twigs aphid (Aphis nerii), yellow or orange-yellow
stout, v8-V2 inch in diameter, pale yellow green, with 2 black appendages.
minutely white hairy a t tip. Common and scattered in dry coastal forest,
The opposite leaves have stout light yellow waste places, heavily grazed pastures, and
petioles y8-y8 inch long. Blades are 3-7 inches beaches to 600 feet altitude. Southern and east-
long and 2 5 inches wide, abruptly short- ern coasts of Puerto Rico and islands eastward.
pointed or blunt at apex and almost clasping a t Recorded from Icacos and adjacent keys, Palo-
the heart-shaped base, without teeth on edges, minos, Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John,
slightly leathery. The upper surface is pale yel- Jost Van Dyke, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda.
low green with broad light yellow midvein and PUBLIC FOREST AND ~AR~.-Gu&nica; Virgin
hairless, and the lower purface is whitish green, Islands.
with midvein and main veins broad and light RANGE.-Native of the Old World tropics but
yellow, with fine coat of soft hairs like felt that widely introduced and naturalized through the
rub off. New World tropics including West Indies and
Flower clusters (umbellike cymes) near or a t continent from Mexico to Brazil.
ends of twigs have stalks about 2y2 inches long OTHER COMMON NAMES.-mata de seda,
and bear many flowers on stalks 1inch long in bomba, mudar, tula (Puerto Rico) ;giant milk-
compound clusters about 3 inches across. The weed (Virgin Islands, English) ; cow-heel
flower about 5/8 inch high has calyx of 5 sepals (Tortola) ;algod6n de seda (Spanish) ; algod6n
'/e inch long, whitish green with purplish point ; extranjero (Dominican Republic) ; cazuela
star-shaped corolla with short cup % inch long (Cuba) ; 6rbol de seda (Colombia) ; calotrope,
and 5 pointed spreading lobes a/8 inch long, Faftan calotrope (English) ; St. Thomas bush,
whitish with purple tip and with central 5- wild down, wild cotton (Bahamas) ; French
lobed purplish crown (corona) ; 5 stamens at- cotton (Jamaica, Barbados) mudah (Barba-
tached to corolla near base and opposite lobes, dos) ; arbre soie, coton soie (Haiti) ; coton de
each bearing in anthers under stigma 2 flat France (Martinique) ; liberty-tree, sprainleaf,
yellowish masses of pollen (pollinia) ;and pistil katuna di seda, zijkatoen (Dutch West Indies) ;
within crown, composed of 2 yellowish ovaries fl6r da seda (Brazil).
669. Algod6n de seda, giant milkweed Calot~opisprocera (Ait.) R. Br.*
Fruit (lower left), leaf, stem with leaf bases (upper right), and flowers (lower right), two-thirds natural size.
 BORAGE FAMILY (BORAGINACEAE)

Herbs, shrubs, and trees, known by: (1) of funnel or bell, 5 stamens inserted in tube and
leaves usually alternate simple, mostly entire, alternate, and pistil with superior ovary 2-celled
sometimes rough with stiff hairs, without stip- and becoming 4-celled with 4 ovules, style, and
ules; (2) flowers in cymes often asymmetric in stigma sometimes with 2 or 4 lobes; and (4)
a spiral, sometimes large and showy, mostly bi- fruit a drupe of 4-1 seeds or 4 nutlets. Also
sexual, regular, with calyx of 5 sepals separate vol. 1, p. 466.
or united a t base, corolla tubular often in form
Key to species
A. Leaves small, less than 1% inches long.
B. Leaves less than ?h inch long; slender straight spines W inch or more in length a t nodes; corolla light
yellow-676. Rochefortia acanthophwa.
BB. Leaves mostly %-I% inches long; spines none; corolla white-670. Botirreria virgata.
AA. Leaves larger.
C. Flowers large with funnel-shaped orange or red corolla more than 1 inch long; fruit egg-shaped, covered
by enlarged calyx.
D. Leaves ovate, slightly rough hairy above; flowers nearly 1% inches long and broad--675. Cordia
sebestena.'
DD. Leaves elliptic or oblong, usually very rough above; flowers about 1%inches long and 1 inch broad-
674. Cordia rickseckeri.
CC. Flowers smaller, less than 1inch lonrr. -. with white or vellowish corolla.
E. Flowers tubular, narrow.
F. Flowers about % inch long and broad, with narrow tubular calyx, the white corolla persistent on
nutlet and turning brown, crushed leaves with odor of garlic-221. Cap4 prieta, capa, Cordia
alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken.
FF. Flowers about %o inch long; fruits round white juicy, j/r inch in diameter--677. Tournefortia
filifZora.
EE. Flowers spreadin or bell-shaped, with broad 5-lobed corolla; fruit a rounded drupe.
G. Leaves b r o a i y elli tic to nearly round.
H. Leaves c o a r s e toothed, upper aurface rough hairy, petioles less than 1 inch long; corolla
whitish or pale yellow; fruits elliptic, whitish-671. Cordia alba
HH. Leaves often with a few wavy teeth; petioles more than 1inch long; corolla light yellow;
fruits light pink, with sticky flesh--673. Cordia obliqua.
GG. Leaves elli tic or ovate; corolla white.
I. Leavesfarge, mostly 9-12 inches long, rough hairy on upper surface and soft hairy beneath;
flowers inch broad; fruit whitish, Sg inch in diameter-224. Moral, white manjack,
Cordia sulcata DC.
11. Leaves smaller, mostly less than 6 inches long, hairless or nearly so (or slightly hairy
beneath) ; fruit orange red or red.
J. Leaves thick and leathery, with prominent network of man raised veins; flowers about
?4 inch broad; fruit about 36 inch in diameter, broad6r than long, oblique-222.
Muneco, C o d a borin emis Urbfm.
JJ. Leaves thrn or slightly %fckened, w ~ t hveins not conspicuous.
K. Flowers stalkless on forking branches, about % inch wide, with hairy calyx-672.
Cordia collococca.
KK. Flowers stalked, about % inch wide, with calyx hairless.
L. Flowers saucer-shaped, with spreading corolla, many in clusters 2-4 inches
across and high, the branches forking by 2's; fruit bright red-223. Cap4
colorado, red manjack, Cordia nitida Vahl.
LL. Flowers bell-shaped, with bell-shaped calyx, many in branching clusters 2-8
inches across and high; fruit orange red-220. Palo de vaca, pigeon-berry,
Bourreria succulentu Jacq.

670. Roble de gunyo Bourreria virgata (Sw.) G. Don

This shrub or small tree of dry areas is dis- An evergreen shrub or small tree to 30 feet
tinguished by: (1) small elliptic or obovate high and 6 inches in trunk diameter, often with
leaves mostly %.-I% inches long and lh-34 several stems from base, reported to become
inch wide, sometimes larger, rough or smooth, larger. The bark is gray, smoothish to slightly
slightly thick and stiff and with edges rolled fissured, the inner bark whitish and almost
under; (2) tubular flowers l/z inch long and tasteless. The twigs are slender, often short
broad across the 5 widely spreading white and much branched, green when young and
corolla lobes, few in terminal clusters; and (3) becoming gray. Twigs leaves, and branches of
fleshy orange or red rounded fruit about s/8 flower clusters vary from hairless to densely
inch in diameter, wider than long. hairy.
670. Roble de guayo Boltweria virgata (Sw.) G. Don
Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (right), natural size.

839
BORAGE FAMILY (BORAGINACEAE)
The leaves are alternate but often crowded, forests and lower CordiIlera forest a t 100-1,000
the short petioles 1/10-3/,, inch long. Blades feet altitude in western foothills of Puerto Rico.
are rounded or slightly notched a t apex, grad- Also in Vieques.
ually narrowed to the short-pointed base, the PUBLIC ~0R~sTs.-Camba1a~he, Guajataca,
upper surface curved up slightly a t sunken mid- Gubnica, Sustia.
rib, shiny green, rough with short stiff hairs or RANGE.-Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and
smooth, the lower surface dull light green with Vieques.
raised network of small veins and commonly OTHER COMMON NAMES.-palo de VaCa
hairy. (Puerto Rico) ; guazumilla (Dominican Repub-
Flowers few in terminal clusters (cymes), al- lic) ;raspalengua, cafecillo (Cuba).
most stalkless, slightly fragrant. The bell- BOTANICAL s ~ N o N ~ ~ . - B o u r r e r i domingen-
a
shaped calyx is Ho inch long, finely hairy, 5- sis (DC.) Griseb.
lobed; the tubular white corolla with 5 widely As Britton and Wilson (10) noted, Bourreria
spreading lobes; stamens 6 on corolla tube; and domingensis, which has leaves smooth above,
pistil with 2-celled ovary and slender 2-forked perhaps is not distinct from B. virgata, which
style. The fruits (drupes) with calyx a t base has leaves rough above. Some plants are inter-
contain 4 or fewer light brown nutlets. Flow- mediate. These variations are united here under
ering and fruiting through the year. the older name. The generic name has been
The wood is light brown and hard. spelled also Bet~rreriaand Beureria.
Locally common in moist and dry limestone

671. Cereza blanca, white manjack Cordin alba (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.
This shrub or small tree of thickets and dry pulp of the fruits has served as glue. The
forests is distinguished by : (1) broadly elliptic fruits are a good source of wildlife food, espe-
leaves coarsely and irregularly toothed, with cially for doves and other birds. A honey
upper surface rough hairy; (2) many showy plant.
fragrant whitish or pale yellow flowers about Locally abundant in dry coastal forest from
Y8 inch across the spreading funnel-shaped sea level to 500 feet altitude, Culebra, Vieques,
5-toothed corolla; and (3) elliptic whitish fleshy St. Croix, Buck Island, St. Thomas, and St.
fruits .7/8-5/8 inch long. John. Recorded also from dry forestg of south-
A deciduous shrub or small tree to 25 feet western Puerto Rico but not seen in Puerto
high and 8 inches in trunk diameter, with broad Rico by the authors.
rounded crown, sometimes vinelike. Bark light PUBLIC FOREST AND PARKS.-Estate Thomas ;
gray, very thick, deeply furrowed into narrow Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands.
ridges, the inner bark light brown and bitter. RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto
Twigs slender, brownish, hairy. Rico and Virgin Islands, and Lesser Antilles
The alternate leaves have hairy petioles Y8-1 from St. Barts and Antigua to Grenada and
inch long. Blades are 2 4 inches long and Barbados. Also from Mexico to Colombia,
11A-2y2 inches wide, short-pointed a t apex and Venezuela, and Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire.
blunt or rounded a t base, slightly thickened, the OTHER COMMON NAMES.--capti, cap6 blanca
upper surface green and rough, and the lower (Puerto Rico) ; white manjack (Virgin
surface dull light green with hairy veins. Islands) ; yagua, muiieco blanco (Dominican
Flower clusters (panicles) terminal, erect, Republic) ; uva gomosa, ateje amarillo, varia
much branched, flattened above, often broader blanca, uvita (Cuba) ; zazamil, sasanil, gual-
than long and up to 10 inches wide. Flowers bere, chirimo (Mexico) ; chachalaco (Hon-
almost stalkless, consisting of tubular hairy duras) ; tigiiilote (El Salvador, Nicaragua,
calyx less than I/s inch long, 10-ribbed, 3-5- Costa Rica) ; cebito (El Salvador) ; jigiiilote
toothed, forming cap in bud; whitish funnel- (Costa Rica) ; uvillo, uvero, goma (Panama) ;
shaped corolla v2 inch long ; 5 stamens inserted
near base of corolla ; and pistil with ovary and
gomo blanco, caujaro, uvito (Colombia) ;
caujaro, cariaco, tarare amarillo, tarare blanco,
2 styles each 2-forked. The fruit (drupe) with pardillo blanco, baboso, candilero, grimanso,
calyx persistent a t base contains a stone and flor de Bngel (Venezuela) ; dope-cherry, duppy-
whitish pulp, reported to be edible. Flowering cherry (Jamaica) ; clammy-cherry (Grenada) ;
and fruiting throughout the year. jack-wood (British Honduras) ; English
The light brown wood is soft, of medium clammy-cherry, loblolly-tree (Barbados) ; bois
weight, and not durable. Elsewhere it has chique (Haiti) ; mahot blanc (Martinique) ;
served for interiors and construction. cawara, cawara di mondi coara (Dutch
Grown around houses for shade and in living Antilles).
fences. Elsewhere the flowers and leaves have BOTANICALSYNONYMS. - Cordia dentata
served in home remedies. The mucilaginous Poir., Caljyptracordia alba (Jacq.) Britton.
671. Cereza blanca, white manjack Cordia alba (Jacq.) &em. & Schult.
Flowering twig and fruits (lower right), natural size.
BORAGE FAMILY (BORAGINACEAE)

672. Cerezo, red manjack Cordia collococca L.

This common tree a t low altitudes is recog- styles each 2-forked. The mucilaginous sweetish
nized by: (1) shiny elliptic to obovate leaves fruits (drupes) are edible but astringent and
with edges often wavy, often shed a t time of contain a large 1-seeded stone. Flowering and
flowering; (2) many small stalkless flowers fruiting in spring and summer.
with 5-lobed cugshaped white corolla % inch The wood is whitish brown, soft, and light-
long and wide; and (3) round orange-red weight.
fleshy fruits 3/8 inch in diameter. In other areas the fruits are eaten by hogs
Small to medium-sized widely spreading de- and chickens and the roots are used in home
ciduous tree to 60 feet high and 1v2
trunk diameter, often with horizontal and
feet in remedies.
Locally common and widespread in dry
widely forking branches. Small plants have coastal forest from sea level to 400 feet altitude
whorls or rings of horizontal branches. Bark in eastern and southern coasts of Puerto Rico.
gray, smoothish to finely fissured and rough, the Also, Mona, Pifieros, Culebra, St. Croix, St.
inner bark light brown and almost tasteless. Thomas, St. John, Jost Van Dyke, Tortola, and
The twigs are green and finely hairy when Virgin Gorda.
young, becoming light gray and hairless. PUBLICFOREST AND PARKS.-Guinica ; Virgin
The alternate leaves have leafstalks %-2 Islands, Sage Mountain.
inches long, without stipules. Blades are mostly RANGE.-Greater Antilles and through Lesser
21k2-6 inches long and 1v 2v' inches wide, Antilles to Grenada and Barbados. Also south-
ern Mexico t o Costa Rica and northern Vene-
slightly thickened and leatiiry, short-pointed
or blunt a t apex, pointed or rounded a t base, zuela.
the upper surface very shiny green and nearly OTHER COMMON NAMES.-palo de muiieca
hairless, the lower surface light green and (Puerto Rico) ;muiieco, palo de muiieco blanco
slightly hairy with slender bristles along mid- (Dominican Republic) ; ateje, ateje hembra
vein. (Cuba) ; manuno, manone (El Salvador) ;
The flower clusters (cymose panicles) erect nigliito, buriogre, muiieco (Costa Rica, Colom-
a t ends of twigs contain many fragrant stalk- bia) ; alatrique, caujaro (Venezuela) ; cherry,
less flowers on slender widely forking branches, wild cherry (Jamaica) ; clammy-cherry (Gre-
male and female on different plants (dioecious) . nada) ; clammy-cherry, wild clammy-cherry
The flower consists of cup-shaped hairy green (Barbados) ; sombra de ternero (British Hon-
calyx 4/8 inch long, irregularly %&toothed duras) ;mapou (St. Barts, Guadeloupe) ;mapou
from round bud; cup-shaped corolla with short blanc, mahot rivihre (Martinique) ; trois pieds
tube and 5 lobes spreading and bent down; 5 (Haiti).
stamens inserted on tube and alternate with BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-Cordia g h b r a auth.
lobes, small and nonfunctional in female A grove of several trees on Mona Island is
flowers; and pistil with 4-celled ovary and 2 the source of the name Bajura de 10s Cerezos.
672. Cerezo, red manjack Cordia wllococca L.
Leafy twig with old fruit stalks (left), fruits and flowering twig (lower right), natural size.
BORAGE FAMILY (BORAGINACEAE)

673. Cereza blanca, manjack Cordin obliqun Wil1d.s'

This introduced ornamental tree is identified causing the weighted branches to droop, turn-
by : (1) broadly ovate or elliptic to nearly round ing from whitish green to light pink a t matur-
leaves 2-3y2 inches long and 1y2-4 inches wide, ity. The fruits have enlarged light green cup-
with slender leafstalks 1-ly! inches long; (2) like calyx a t base, point from style a t apex,
many flowers I,& inch long and broad with light pinkish, very mucilaginous, juicy and slightly
yellow 6-lobed corolla, on slender widely fork- sweet flesh, flattened light brown stone v8inch
ing branches; and (3) many light pink round in diameter, and 1-2 seeds. Flowering and
fruits y2-ri/il inch in diameter, with slightly fruiting throughout the year.
sweet, sticky edible flesh. Grown as an ornamental for the foliage,
Planted evergreen spreading small tree 26- flowers, and fruits and as a fence row tree.
30 feet high and 8 inches in trunk diameter, Elsewhere, the sticky fruit pulp has served as
perhaps becoming larger. The bark is gray, mucilage.
smoothish to finely fissured or furrowed. The Planted and locally common a t low altitudes
inner bark is light yellow, turning to brown a t the northeast end of Puerto Rico, especially
on exposure, almost tasteless. Twigs are green, near Fajardo and Mameyes. Also Vieques, St.
turning to brown, hairless, with raised light Croix, St. Thomas, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda.
brown dots (lenticels) and raised half-round Spreading from cultivation in moist coastal
leaf scars. forest and probably will become more common.
The blades of the alternate leaves are slightly RANGE.-Native of India but introduced into
thickened and leathery, blunt or rounded a t the Lesser Antilles perhaps in the 18th century
apex, rounded or notched a t base, often with and afterwards into Puerto Rico and the Virgin
a few wavy teeth a t border, the upper surface Islands, Cuba, and other islands.
green to dark green, and dull or slightly shiny, OTHER COMMON ~AMES.-sticking-tree (Tor-
and hairless, the lower surface light green with tola) ; ateje americano, ateje amarillo (Cuba) ;
tufts of hairs in vein angles. clammy-cherry (Barbados) ; manjack, sticky-
The flower clusters (corymbose cymes) a t cherry, palo de goma (The Grenadines).
ends of twigs are 2-6 inches broad, forking BOTANICALSYNONYM. - C ~ d htremuh
regularly by 2's. Flowers are composed of Griseb.
cylindric green calyx %4/10 inch long, minutely This species was named in 1861 a s a native
hairy, 6-toothed ; light yellow corolla with short of Barbados (Cordia tremula Griseb.) but
tube and 6 spreading lobes ;6 spreading stamens later was found to have been introduced from
inserted in tube and alternate with lobes; and India at a n earlier date. The Puerto Rican tree
pistil with elliptic 4-celled ovary and 4forked formerly was identified as C. b h o i Vidal, of
style. the Philippine Islands.
Fruits (drupes) are borne in quantities,
673. Cereza blanca, manjack C o d a obliqzca Willd.*
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (below), natural size.
BORAGE FAMILY (BORAGINACEAE)

674. San Bartolom6, manjack Cordia rickueckeri Millep.

This uncommon tree with bright orange twigs. The flower has an oblong tubular orange
flowers, native only in the dry forests of Puerto calyx nearly % inch long, hairless, slightly
Rico and the Virgin Islands, is characterized fleshy, ending in 3-5 short teeth ;corolla funnel-
by: (1) elliptic or oblong leaves 31/rL-9 inches shaped, 1% inches long, orange or orange red,
long and 2-4 inches wide, usually very rough finely hairy outside, with many long ridges,
above like sandpaper, with minute sharp ending in 5 (sometimes 6) spreading rounded
flattened hairs ; (2) showy, clustered orange wavy-margined lobes; 6 stamens 3/8 inch long
flowers about 1% inches long and v8-1
across the 5 spreading lobes of the funnel-
inch inserted in throat of corolla tube; and pistil
about 1 inch long, composed of short conic
shaped corolla; and (3) the egg-shaped fruits ovary of 4 cells and 4 ovules and threadlike
1inch or more in length and 9!! inch in diameter, style 4-forked a t end.
covered by the enlarged calyx, brownish green, The fruit (drupe) is covered by the enlarged
becoming yellow or orange. From the closely calyx, often has the threadlike remains of style
related introduced ornamental No. 676, vomitel a t apex, has thin pulp and large, very thick-
colorado or Geiger-tree, CordicG sebestenu L.," walled stone enclosing 1-4 whitish elliptic seeds
this native tree is distinguished by the narrower nearly 1/(2 inch long. Flowering and fruiting
leaves usually very rough above, with shorter through the year.
petioles, the smaller flowers with shorter, often The sapwood is whitish or light brown and
hairless calyx, and by the fruits not whitish. hard.
A small deciduous (?) tree t o 36 feet high Locally common in dry and moist coastal
and 14 inches in trunk diameter or sometimes forests from sea level to 700 feet altitude on
a bushy shrub. The bark is gray, thick, eastern and southern coasts of Puerto Rico.
smoothish, slightly fissured, or with deep long Also Palominos, Culebra, Vieques, St. Croix,
furrows. The dead outer bark is gray, and St. Thomas, St. John, Jost Van Dyke, Tortola,
the inner bark yellowish green or light brown and Virgin Gorda.
and bitter. The twigs are stout and light gray, PUBLICFOREST AND PARKS.-Guhica ; Buck
with stiff hairs when young. Island Reef, Virgin Islands.
The alternate leaves have stout petioles 14- RANGE.-Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands.
1y2 inches long, with stiff hairs. Leaf blades OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-^^^^ (Puerto Rico) ;
are short-pointed or rounded a t both ends, manjack (Jost Van Dyke) ; dog almond, black
usually thickened and stiff with edges turned manjack (Tortola).
under, the upper surface dark green and usually BOTANICAL s ~ N o ~ ~ ~ . - S e b e s trickseckeri
en
very rough though sometimes almost smooth, (Millsp.) Britton.
with lateral veins often reddish tinged and This species honors Alfred Edmund Rick-
sunken, and the lower surface light green, secker (born 1869), college science professor
smoothish and nearly hairless with lateral veins from the United States, who with relatives
often raised. made large plant collections in St. Croix in
Many or several flowers are borne in short 1895-1896. A closely related species (Cordia
spreading branched terminal clusters (cymes) fitchii Urban) is found in Hispaniola (Do-
about 2y2-4 inches broad at the end of leafless minican Republic).
674. San Bartolomb, manjack Cordia rickseckeri Millsp.
Flowering twig (left), fruits (lower right), natural size.

847
BORAGE FAMILY (BORAGINACEAE)

675. Vomitel colorado, Geiger-tree

This uncommon ornamental is easily recog- 1-4 white seeds Y2 inch long. Flowering and
nized by the showy clusters of many funnel- fruiting throughout the year.
shaped orange or red flowers nearly llb2 inches The thick sapwood is light brown and the
long and broad, with usually 6 or 6 spreading heartwood dark brown. The wood is hard,
rounded lobes. Other characters are: (1) the heavy (specific gravity 0.7), fine-textured, and
ovate leaves 31/13-43 inches long and 2y2-5v2 has been used elsewhere in carpentry.
inches wide, slightly rough hairy above; and Uncommon as a planted ornamental about
(2) the egg-shaped hard fruits 1-1y2 inches homes and along roadsides, especially in the
long and % inch broad, covered by the enlarged drier parts of Puerto Rico and the Virgin
whitish calyx. Islands. Propagated from seeds and cuttings
A small deciduous or evergreen tree to 20 and of slow growth. Escaping from cultivation
feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter, with and naturalized on the south coast but not
compact rounded crown. The bark is thick, native here.
dark brown and scaly, deeply furrowed into This is a popular ornamental in the American
narrow scaly ridges. The stout twigs are green tropics, hardy in dry areas and poor soils and
and covered with rusty hairs, becoming gray. salt-tolerant. Recommended for south Florida
The stout petioles of the alternate leaves are and grown also in southern Arizona. It is
1-2 inches long. Blades are short-pointed a t reported that the fruits are both medicinal and
apex, rounded or slightly heart-shaped a t base, edible.
sometimes with a few teeth, slightly thick and RANGE.-Southern Florida, including Florida
stiff, the upper surface dark green and slightly Keys, through West Indies, and from southern
rough with stiff hairs and the lower surface Mexico south to Colombia and Venezuela in
paler and usually hairy, especially along the northern South America. The range has been
raised lateral veins. extended through cultivation, also to the Old
The flower clusters (cymes) are terminal, World tropics.
branched, and flattened, about 6 inches across OTHER COMMON NAMES.--anaconda, cereza
the many crowded flowers. Each flower is com- amarilla, San Bartolome (Puerto Rico) ; avel-
posed of the narrow oblong tubular calyx more lano criollo (Dominican Republic) ; vomitel
than ti/8 inch long, densely hairy, ending in colorado, anacagiiita (Cuba) ; anacahuita
3-6 short teeth; the funnel-chaped orange or (Mexico) ; siricote (Mexico, Guatemala) ; San
red corolla finely hairy outside, with many long Joaquin (Colombia) ; Joaquin, no-me-olvides
ridges, ending in usually 5 or 6 spreading (Venezuela) ; scarlet cordia (Barbados) ; red
rounded wavy-margined lobes 1-1y2 inches cordia, scarlet cordia (Jamaica) ; coquelicot,
across; stamens 6 or 6, a inch or more in petit soleil (Haiti) ; scarlet accordia, scarlet
length inserted in throat of corolla tube and flower, cawara spaiio, manhage (Dutch An-
alternate with the lobes; and pistil about 1% tilles) ; Gieger-tree (United States).
inches long, composed of short conic ovary of BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Sebesten sebestena
4 cells and 4 ovules and threadlike style 4-forked (L.) Britton.
a t end. The English common name Geiger-tree
The fruit (drupe) is covered by the white honors John Geiger, a ship pilot of the early
enlarged calyx, often has the threadlike re- 19th century, who first planted this tree a t
mains of style a t apex, has thin pulp and large, Key West, Florida.
grooved, very thick-walled stone containing
BORAGE FAMILY (BORAGINACEAE)

676. Jueo Rochejortia crcanthophora (DC.) Griseb.

This much-branched spiny shrub or small A few stalkless flowers are clustered a t leaf
tree of dry areas is recognized by: (1) the bases on short twigs. The flower is composed
zigzag gray twigs with a slender straight spine of calyx of 5 round green hairy sepals l/lainch
'/e inch or more in length a t each node; (2) long; corolla of 6 light yellow rounded concave
the very small obovate leaves y8-% inch long petals less than ga inch long, slightly united
and y8-9/,, inch wide, clustered on very short a t base; 5 stamens attached near base of corolla
lateral twigs; (3) few greenish flowers more and alternate with the lobes; and yellowish
than l/l inch long clustered a t leaf bases ; and pistil with conical 2-celled ovary and 2 hajry
(4) round, yellowish to red fruit less than % styles. The fruit is a round yellowish drupe
inch in diameter. less than $& inch in diameter, with calyx a t
A deciduous shrub 6-10 feet high or rarely base, fleshy and containing 4 hard nutlets.
small tree becoming 16 feet high and with Flowering and fruiting in spring and summer.
several trunks to 3 inches in diameter, with The wood is hard, the sapwood light brown
thin crown of many branches and very small and the heartwood dark brown. Used elsewhere
leaves. The bark is gray and smoothish. Twigs in cabinetmaking.
are gray, hairless, becoming fissured, with a Locally common in dry coastal, dry limestone,
slender straight sharp spine at' each node and and lower Cordillera forests from sea level to
with a very short twig less than v8 inch long 600 feet altitude in southwestern Puerto Rico.
above a spine. Also Desecheo and islands eastward, St.
The leaves are alternate but often several Thomas, St. John, St. Croix, and Virgin Gorda.
together on the very short twigs, almost stalk- PUBLIC FORESTS AND p~~~.-Guirnica,Susiia ;
less. Blades are sometimes to % inch long and Buck Island Reef.
Y2 inch wide, rounded a t apex, gradually nar- RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto
rowed a t base into slender petiole less than Rico and Virgin Islands, St. Martin, St. Eusta-
xa inch long, turned under at edges, slightly
thick, stiff, and leathery, minutely hairy, the
tius, and Antigua.
OTHERCOMMON NAMES.--C0raZbn de paloma,
upper surface green and shiny, the lower sur- kbano, trejo (Dominican Republic) ; espuela de
face dull light green. caballero (Cuba) ; 8b6ne bois d'iibbne (Haiti).
 676. Juso Rochefortia acantlwphora ( D C . ) Griseb.
Leafy twig (left), flowering twig (center), fruiting twig (right), natural size.
r;
851
BORAGE FAMILY (BORAGINACEAE)

677. Nigua Tournejortin filijlorn Grieeb.

This rare shrub, sometimes a small tree, is 1-2% inches long at the end of a long stalk
identified by: (1) twigs angled, green and as much as 6 inches long, the branches finely
stout; (2) large elliptic thin hairless leaves ; hairy. The flowers have green 6-toothed hairy
(3) many small white 5-parted flowers about calyx about '/lainch long; white hairy corolla
inch long, stalkless on top side of spreading s/,, inch long with very narrow tube and 5
nearly horizontal forks of long-stalked clusters ; lobes; 5 stamens inserted within tube and
and (4) round white juicy fruits inch in alternate with lobes; and pistil with 4-celled
diameter. ovary and 2-lobed style. The fruits (drupes)
Evergreen shrub or small spreading tree to have calyx at base and contain 2 brown nutlets.
20 feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter. Collected with flowers in December and April,
Bark dark gray, finely fissured. Inner bark with fruits from March t o August.
light brown, bitter. The twigs are finely hairy The wood is whitish, soft, and brittle.
when young. Rare in moist limestone forest a t 100-800
The alternate leaves have stout green leaf- feet altitude in northwestern foothills of Puerto
stalks to 2 inches long. Blades are 4-17 inches Rico. Reported long ago from St. Croix, St.
long and 1%-7 inches wide, short-pointed or Thomas, and St. John but not found in Virgin
long-pointed at both ends, not toothed on edges, Islands in recent years.
the upper surface green and slightly shiny with PUBLIC ~o~Es~s.-GuajataCa,Rio Abajo.
side veins slightly sunken, the lower surface R A ~ ~ ~ . - p u e r t oRico. Also Lesser Antilles
dull light green. from St. Martin, Saba, and St. Eustatius to
The large flower clusters (cymes) have sev- St. Vincent.
eral horizontal and curved slender branches
 Tountefortia flipora Griseb.
Flowers (upper right) and fruiting twig, two-thirds natural size.

853
 VERBENA FAMILY (VERBENACEAE)
Herbs, shrubs, woody vines, and trees often tube and 5 short unequal spreading lobes or in
large, known by: (1) twigs often 4-angled; 2 lips, stamens usually 4 in pairs and some-
(2) leaves opposite (sometimes whorled), times 1 staminode inserted in tube, and pistil
generally simple (palmately compound or with with superior ovary of 2 or 4 cells each con-
3 or fewer leaflets in Vitex), often deciduous taining 1 ovule, long style, and 1-2 stigmas;
without stipules ; (3) flowers mostly small, and (4) fruit generally a drupe with 2-4 nut-
often colored, commonly in cymes, racemes, or lets or only 2-4 nutlets (capsule in black-
spikes, bisexual, usually irregular, with calyx mangrove, Avicennia). Also vol. 1, p. 476.
mostly Firlobed or 5-toothed, corolla with short
Key to species
A. L a v e s compound.
B. Leaves didtate (palmately compound) with 5-7 narrowly lanceolate leafleta.485. Vitex agntur-castus.*
BB. Leaves with 3 elli~ticleaflets. often only 1 or sometimes 2, the end one largest-230.
fiddlewood, Vitei divaricataVSw.
- -
Hiaiierillo. white
AA. Leaves simple.
C. Twigs often spiny, long, slender, and often vinelike.
D. Spines slender, straight, 1-2 a t a node; flowers light blue; fruits yellowish.--684. Duranta re ens.
DD. S ~ i n e sstout. curved. 2-3 a t a node: flowers white: fruits blackish.-681. C l e r o d d n ~ macufestum.
CC. ~ w i g ~ ~spiny,
n o t krect, not vinelike.
E. Leaves very large, elliptic, 12-15 inches or more in length, thick, leathery, and harsh.-229. Teca,
teak, Tectona grand& L. f.*
EE. Leaves less than 8 inches long.
F. Leaves hairless or nearly so (velvety hair beneath in a variety of No. 227).
G. Leaves elliptic, long-pointed; flower c&sters branched (cymes in panicles).-678. Aegiphila
martinicensia.
GG. Leaves elliptic to oblong, -. short- to long-pointed;
- - flower clusters not branched (racemes).
-~itha~~~y~u?n,
H. Leaves with few side veins, mostly blunt a t apex, dull green, not forming prominent
network when dry; flower stalks about inch long.-226. PBndula de sierra,
Cithurex~tumcaudatum L.
HH. Leaves with prominent network of small veins when dry.
I, Leaves shiny yellow reen, turning red before falling, sometimes hairy on veins
beneath, petiole or orange; flowers almost stalkless.-227. PBndula, pasture
fiddlewood, Florlda fiddlewood, Citharezylum fruticosum L.
11. Leaves green, with tufts of hairs in vein angles beneath; flowers with stalks %a-
?$ inch long.--680. Citharezylum epinosum.
FF. Leaves hairy, white, gray, or yellow green on lower surface (often hairless in No. 225).
J. Leaves lance-shaped or narrowly elliptic, 24% inches long; tree of mangrove swamp forest.
-225. Mangle prieto, black-mangrove, Avicennia germinat28 (L.) L. ( A . nitida)
JJ. Leaves mostly elliptic, larger; upland trees.
.
K. Petioles long, 1-236 inches long, leaf blades rough, lower surface pale yellow green,
with minute hairs and scales and prominent veins.-228. Cap6 blanco, Petitia domin-
gemis Jac
KK. Petiolesmossy short, mostly less than 1 inch long.
L. Leaves shiny above, long- or short-pointed a t both ends; flowers white.--679. Calli-
carpa ampla.
LL. Leaves dull above, not long- ointed; flowers purplish.
M. Leaves obovate, broadbst h a r d blunt or rounded apex.--682. Com~utia
obovata.
MM. Leaves ovate to elliptic, broadest below middle, short-pointed a t apex.--683.
Cmtitia pyramidata.*

678. Capaillo Aegiphih marlinicemis Jacq.

Capaillo, ra rare shrub but sometimes a small irregularly split enlarged calyx at base and
tree, is identified by: (1) opposite oblong to containing 1-4nutlets.
elliptic thin hairless leaves 3-8 inches long; An evergreen shrub 3-10 feet high or some-
(2) the mostly terminal flower clusters bearing times a slender tree to 20 feet high and 3 inches
many small regular flowers x-a/g inch long in trunk diameter. Young twigs Cangled, finely
with tubular 4-lobed white or pale yellow hairy.
corolla ;and (3) orange, yellow, or red rounded Leaves opposite, with slender petioles %-%
fleshy fruits nearly s/8 inch in diameter, with inch long. Blades 3-8 inches long and 143
678. Capaillo Aegiphila martilticensis Jacq.
Fruiting twig (above), flowers (lower right), natural size.
VERBENA FAMILY (VERBENACEAE)
inches wide, long-pointed a t apex and short- Rare in moist limestone and lower Luquillo
pointed or rounded a t base, thin, hairless, paler forests a t 200-800 feet altitude in northern and
beneath. northeastern foothills of Puerto Rico. Also in
Flower clusters (cymes grouped in panicles) St. Croix and St. Thomas.
2-6 inches long are mostly terminal but some- PUBLICFORESTS.-Cambalache, Guajataca,
times also lateral, the branches finely hairy. Luquillo.
The flower has a very slender stalk about l/s RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Cayman Islands,
inch long; calyx green, bell-shaped, or more Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, and through
than N o inch long, with nearly straight border ; Lesser Antilles from St. Eustatius to Grenada,
corolla about inch long, tubular, deeply Barbados, and Trinidad. Also rare on con-
4-lobed; stamens 4, equal, inserted in tube and tinent in Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and
extending y8 inch; and pistil with ovary in- French Guiana.
completely 4-celled and 4 ovules, slender style,
and 2 threadlike stigma lobes. The fruits OTHER COMMON NAMES.-spiritweed (Bar-
(drupes) have irregularly split enlarged calyx bados) ; bois cabrit (Guadeloupe, Martinique,
a t base and contain 1-4 nutlets, each with 1seed Dominica) ; bois de fer, sureau gros (Guade-
3/1@ inch long. Flowering and fruiting irregu- loupe).
larly through the year.

679. Cap6 roaa Calliearpa ampla Schauer

Cap& rosa is a rare shrub or medium-sized white scurfy with prominent network of raised
tree known only from wet forests of Puerto veins.
Rico. It is characterized by: (1) twigs, lower Flower clusters (cymes) are large, long-
leaf surfaces, and branches of flower clusters stalked, spreading and flat-topped. The nearly
densely white scurfy; (2) leaves opposite, stalkless flowers have a short bell-shaped
elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 4-10 inches long and whitish calyx about '/io inch long, slightly 4-
14/25 inches wide; (3) many small flowers toothed; white corolla with short tube and 4
with white 4lobed corolla about y8 inch long, equal lobes; 4 stamens much longer than
in lateral clusters; and (4) rounded fruits corolla, and pistil. The fruits (drupes) change
nearly $& inch in diameter, with calyx a t base. color from white to pink to pale purple a t
An evergreen shrub 10 feet high or recorded maturity. Collected with flowers from January
as a tree 20-60 feet high. Young twigs 4- to June and with fruits in September-October.
angled. The opposite leaves have stout petioles Rare in wet forests in mountains of Puerto
Rico from Luquillo t o near Cayey and Utuado.
inches long. Blades are long- or short- PUBLIC FOREST.-LU~U~~~O.
pointed a t both ends, straight or finely wavy- RANGE.-Known only from Puerto Rico.
toothed on edges, slightly thickened, the upper Recorded long ago from St. Thomas.
surface shiny green and hairless, with long OTHERCOMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ . - p h n d ucimarrona
la
curved side veins, and the lower surface densely ( Puerto Rico).
679. Cap5 rosa Callicarpa ampla Schauer
Fruiting twig (above), flowers (lower right), two-thirds natural size.
857
VERBENA FAMILY (VERBENACEAE)

680. Susanna Citharexylum epinosltm L.

This tree is recorded as wild and planted in RANGE.-St. Croix, St. Thomas, Lesser An-
St. Croix, St. Thomas, and Puerto Rico. It is tilles from Saba to Barbados, Trinidad and
distinguished by: (1) twigs 4-angled, hairless Tobago. Also Venezuela to French Guiana.
(not spiny) ; (2) opposite elliptic to oblong The range extended by planting and escaping
leaves mostly large and thin, densely net-veined through the West Indies to Cuba and Jamaica
when dry; (3) long narrow clusters of small and north to Bermuda, also California, Hawaii,
white flowers nearly 3/8 inch across the 6 and the Old World tropics.
slightly unequal corolla lobes, on stalks s0-'/8 OTHER COMMON NAMES.-susanna (Virgin
inch long; and (4) elliptic shiny black fruits Islands) ;fiddlewood (Virgin Islands, English) ;
:% inch long. c6telette (Grenada) ; bois catelette (Dominica,
An evergreen medium-sized tree, reported to Martinique, St. Lucia) ;bois guitare, bois de fer
reach 66 feet in height, not spiny, as the sci- blanc (Guadeloupe) ; susanna-berry (Dutch
entific name erroneously suggests. The opposite Antilles).
leaves have [Link] a/,-1 inch long. The An apparent natural hybrid with No. 226,
blades are 2%-8 inches long and 94-4 inches pbndula de sierra, Citharexylum caudatum L.,
wide, long-pointed, short-pointed, or blunt a t having intermediate characters (C. gerkinsii
apex and short-pointed a t base, not toothed on Moldenke), has been found in Cerro de Punta,
edges (except rarely on young shoots), hairless Puerto Rico.
on upper surface, the lower surface with tufts Excluded species : Citharexylum tristachytcm
of hairs in vein angles. Turcz. This species of Cuba and Jamaica, not
Flower clusters (racemes) terminal or lat- listed by Britton and Wilson ( l o ) , has been
eral, to 1 foot long, narrow and drooping. recorded from St. Thomas on the basis of a
Flowers many, fragrant, the cup-shaped calyx very old specimen. A small tree to 16 feet high,
more than y8 inch long, hairless and slightly identified by : (1) twigs 4-angled, hairless ; (2)
5-toothed ;corolla white, with tube inch long, opposite, elliptic to oblong leaves 2-6 inches
hairy a t throat; 4 stamens in pairs inserted in long, long-pointed a t apex, short-pointed at
corolla tube; and pistil with 4-celled ovary, base, not toothed on edges, the upper surface
style, and &-lobed stigma. The fruits (drupes) hairless or nearly so, the lower surface with
are red when immature, turning black, have hairs in vein angles, the petiole without glands;
enlarged cup-shaped calyx at base, and contain (3) long narrow clusters of almost stalkless
2 nutlets, each 2-seeded. small yellow flowers about 1/4, inch long, the
Recorded from forests in St. Croix, St. calyx 5-toothed, the corolla tubular with 5
Thomas, and Puerto Rico but very rare. Planted slightly unequal lobes, on stalks % 6 inch long;
for ornament and shade there and elsewhere in and (4) fruits (drupes) rounded, black, sJ,o
the tropics and indoors northward. Not col- inch in diameter, with cuplike calyx a t base, the
lected by the authors. stone 2-celled.
680. Susanna Cithrezylunr spittosum L.
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.
VERBENA FAMILY (VERBENACEAE)

681. Eecambr6n blnneo, haggarbugh Clerodendrum acuEenrum ( L. ) Schleeht,

This vinelike spiny climbing shrub sometimes shiny black, slightly broader than long, 4-
becomes treelike. It is distinguished by: (1) grooved, slightly juicy, and contains 4 brown
the long slender twigs with 2 or 3 curved spines nutlets less than % inch long, united in pairs.
a t each node; (2) the elliptic leaves 1-2 inches With flowers and fruits throughout the year.
long and 3/8-1 inch broad, paired or 3 a t a Sometimes grown as a hedge plant and climb-
node; (3) the clustered flowers about % inch ing on walls at St. Thomas and elsewhere. It
long, with white corolla in very narrow tube is reported that a poultice in home remedies
with 6 short lobes; and (4) fruits blackish, is made from the leaves. This species is host
juicy, l/p-3/8 inch in diameter. of one of the largest leafhopper insects in
Usually a shrub with vinelike branches climb- Puerto Rico (Ggpona portoricensis Caldwell) .
ing on trees, to 30 feet long and 1 inch in Locally common in. moist and dry coastal
diameter, sometimes treelike and to 20 feet thickets and forests and tidal areas near sea
high and 6 inches in trunk diameter. Bark light level in Puerto Rico from Fajardo to Cabo
gray, thick, rough, furrowed. The slender light Rojo. Also, islands eastward, including Icacos,
brown twigs are covered with minute hairs and Piiieros, Culebra, Vieques, St. Croix, St.
bear 2 or 3 stout sharp curved spines %-% Thomas, St. John, Jost Van Dyke, Tortola,
inch long a t each node, the spine from the Virgin Gorda, and Anegada.
basal part of the petiole. PUBLIC FORESTS AND PARKS.-Aguirre, Gu6-
The leaves are opposite or sometimes whorled, nica; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands.
attached on the upper side of a spine near RANGE.-W~~~ Indies from Bahamas through
the tip, and have slender petioles less than Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles from St.
l/p inch long. Blades are rounded or short- Martin and St. B a r b south t o St. Lucia and
pointed a t apex, short-pointed a t base, not Barbados. Planted in Trinidad and Tobago and
toothed on edges, thin, hairless, covered with naturalized in Bermuda. Also Veracruz, Mex-
minute translucent dots, the upper surface dull ico, and along the coast from Venezuela to
green, and the lower surface dull light green. French Guiana. Introduced in Hawaii. Widely
Flower clusters (cymes) are terminal and grown in tropical regions as a hedge plant and
lateral, 1-2 inches across, consisting of several sand-dune binder along seashores.
slightly fragrant flowers on slender branched OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ E S . - b o t 6 nde oro,
stalks. The slightly irregular flower is com- descamisador (Puerto Rico) ;haggarbush (Jost
posed of bell-shaped calyx 4/8 inch long, green, Van Dyke) ; uiia de gato, coraz6n de paloma
hairy, 6-lobed; the white corolla with very (Dominican Republic) ; prickly-myrtle, crab-
narrow tube about
spreading lobes
v8 inch long and 5 elliptic
inch long; 4 threadlike prickle (English) ; privet (Tortola, St. Vin-
whitish t o purplish stamens about % inch long cent) ; prickly wild-coff ee, coff ee-fence (Barba-
in unequal pairs, attached inside tube and dos) ; privi-fence (The Grenadines) ; hague-
widely spreading; and pistil with minute ovary, bush (Dutch Antilles).
threadlike purplish style about 1%inches long, BOTANICAL s ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ . - V o t k a r n aculeata
eria
and 2-forked stigma. The fruit (drupe) is L.
681. Escambr6n blanco, haggarbush Clerodendrutn aclileatum (L.) Schlecht.
Natural size.

861
VERBENA FAMILY (VERBENACEAE)

682. Nigua Cornrctia obovata Urban

This rare small tree known only from Puerto lobe largest and with yellow spot a t base inside ;
Rico is recognized by : (1) the 4-angled twigs, stamens 2 and 2 sterile (staminodes) on corolla ;
branches of flower clusters, flowers, and lower and pistil with Ccelled hairy ovary and 2-lobed
leaf surfaces minutely hairy; (2) opposite style. Fruits (drupes) recorded as violet are
obovate leaves blunt or rounded a t apex, the finely hairy, have enlarged calyx at base, and
lower surface light green with a coat of fine contain a =-celled stone with 4 or fewer seeds.
hairs; (3) many flowers %l inch long, with Collected with flowers from June to August,
purplish corolla tubular and irregularly &-lobed, with fruits in September-October.
in showy erect narrow clusters; and (4) The wood is light brown and hard.
rounded finely hairy fruits
calyx a t base.
x0 inch long, with These purple-flowered plants might make
attractive ornamentals.
A small evergreen tree 25 feet high and 5 Rare and local in moist limestone and
inches in trunk diameter, recorded to 33 feet Cordillera forests a t 1,000-3,000 feet altitude
in height. Bark light gray, rough with many in central mountains of Puerto Rico. Discovered
long fissures, the inner bark light brown, by Sintenis in 1886 on Monte Torrecillo near
slightly fibrous, and almost tasteless. Twigs Barranquitas and found there afterwards by
4-angled, light brown, minutely hairy. one of the authors. Rediscovered in 1938 a t
The opposite leaves have petioles v8+/[Link] Rio Abajo Forest and near San Sebastian. One
long. Blades are obovate, 2v2-6 inches long tree was found in Guajataca Forest in 1940
and 1q2-4inches wide, blunt or rounded a t and later years.
apex, short-pointed a t base, edges slightly PUBLIC m ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - G u a j a t a cRio
a , Abajo.
turned under, slightly thickened, the upper RANGE.-Known only from Puerto Rico.
surface green and becoming hairless, and the OTHER COMMON NAMES.-pa10 de nigua,
lower surface light green with a coat of fine capir jigiierilla (Puerto Rico) .
hairs. This species known only from Puerto Rico is
Flower clusters (panicled cymes) are erect, related to No. 683, Cornutia pyramidata L.,
terminal, and narrow, 3-10 inches long, only widespread but also rare in Puerto Rico and
1y2-2 inches wide. Flowers have stalks about mentioned here. That species differs in having
'/lo inch long; calyx bell-shaped, less than v8 ovate short- to long-pointed leaves less hairy
inch long, 4-lobed, finely hairy ;corolla purplish, beneath, and smaller flowers with calyx scarcely
finely hairy, tubular and Clobed, the lowest lobed.

Cornutia pyramidata L.

A very rare shrub or small tree to I 6 feet the authors in Barceloneta. Indians elsewhere
high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, with obtained a blue-black dye from the fruits.
light gray furrowed bark. It is identified by : RANGE.-Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico,
(1) the 4-angled twigs, branches of flower Lesser Antilles from Guadeloupe to Grenada;
clusters, flowers, and lower surfaces of leaves also Mexico, Guatemala, and British Honduras
with fine dense white hairs; (2) opposite, to Nicaragua.
ovate to elliptic leaves 1q2--4v2inches long, OTHER COMMON N A M E s . - ~ Z U ~ ~ ~ O , palo de
short-pointed a t both ends, thin, with petioles vidrio (Dominican Republic) ; salvilla (Cuba) ;
less than ri/u inch long; (3) flowers about 8/ln panpoge (Mexico) ;flor lila (Guatemala) ;hoja
inch long, with blue-purple corolla tubular and de zope (Guatemala, Honduras) ; zapilote (El
irregularly Clobed, in terminal clusters often
long, with slender branches; and (4) finely Salvador) ; zapilote morado (Nicaragua) ;
hairy fruits (drupes) about y8 inch in diameter. tzultesnuk, matasano (British Honduras) ;bois
Collected in Luquillo Mountains with flowers coral (Martinique) ; bos cassave (St. Lucia,
in June 1881 and found afterwards by one of Dominica) ;bois pou-poule (Grenada).
682. N i y a Co,-nactia obovata 1Jrban
Fruits (upper left), flowering twig (right), natural size.

863
VERBENA FAMILY (VERBENACEAE)
684.. Cuenta de oro, ekyflower

This shrubby species, which sometimes is Often planted as an ornamental shrub and
vinelike or a small tree, grows wild in dry or spreading from cultivation, such as along road-
open areas and is planted as an ornamental sides. Propagated by seeds and cuttings. Else-
for its showy light blue flowers and many where the leaves have served in home remedies.
yellowish fruits. Recognized by: (1) the long, I t is reported that the fruits are poisonous to
slender, unbranched, gray twigs, often with humans.
slender straight gray spines paired or single a t Uncommon and scattered in dry limestone
nodes; (2) paired small elliptic leaves mostly forest from sea level to 400 feet altitude on
3/8-1 inch long and x-J/z inch wide, often with coastal hills of southwestern Puerto Rico and
few shallow teeth toward rounded or short- islands eastward, including Desecheo, Muertos,
pointed apex ; (3) many small light blue i r r e p Palominos, and Vieques. Also St. Croix and
lar tubular flowers 3/8 inch long; and (4) many Buck Island Reef, St. Thomas, St. John, and
elliptic or rounded yellow fruits nearly 1/12 inch Virgin Gorda.
long. PUBLICFORESTS AND ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - G u i r n i c a ,
Evergreen shrub with many stems, or vine- Estate Thomas; Buck Island Reef, Virgin
like or sometimes a small tree to 15 feet high Islands.
and 3 inches in trunk diameter. The bark RANGE.-Widespread through tropical and
is light gray, becoming rough and fissured. subtropical America from Bermuda, West
Inner bark is light gray and slightly bitter. Indies, and southern Florida and Mexico south
The opposite leaves have short finely hairy to Argentina, the range extended by cultiva-
leafstalks 1/1 a inch long. Blades are sometimes tion. Grown for ornament also in southern
1% inches long, and 7/8 inch wide, short-pointed Texas and southern California and in the Old
a t base, hairless, thin, with few veins, dull light World and escaping from cultivation.
green on both surfaces. OTHER COMMON NAMES.-a~~ta-~ab&Ilo,Ma,
The flowers are short-stalked in narrow curv- lluvia (Puerto Rico) ; garbancillo, adonis
ing unbranched clusters (racemes) 2-6 inches (Spanish) ; fruta de paloma (Dominican
long a t ends or sides of twigs. The flower about Republic) ; no-me-olvides, violetina, fruta de
3/8 inch long is composed of tubular 5-toothed iguana, celosa (Cuba) ; espina blanca, capoco-
calyx ; light blue corolla with cylindric tube and che (Mexico) ; heliotropio, chulada (El Sal-
5 unequal spreading lobes 3/0 inch across; 4 vador); heliotropo morado, pensamiento
stamens in pairs inside corolla tube; and pistil (Nicaragua) ; varita de San Josb, lora (Pan-
with ovary partly 8-celled, short style, and ama) ; espino negro, adonis morado (Colom-
enlarged stigma. bia) ; fruta de paloma, melero (Venezuela) ;
pigeon-berry (English) ; golden-dewdrop, sky-
The fruits (drupes) are covered by the flower (United States) ;angels-whisper, poison
yellow calyx with slightly 5-lobed point a t apex. macca (Jamaica) ; vanilla (St. Barts) ; adonis,
Inside the thin yellow bitter flesh is a n elliptic Persian lilac (Dutch Antilles) ; gr60 de galo
yellow stone or 4 nutlets. Flowering and fruit- (Brazil) ; bois jambette, rnai's bouilli (Haiti).
ing mostly in spring and summer. BOTANICAL s ~ N o ~ ~ ~ s . - D u r a nerecta
ta L.,
The wood is light brown and hard. D. plumien' Jacq.

685. Sauyatilio, chaete-tree

This tall shrub or small tree to 25 feet high terminal cylindric clusters (panicled spikes)
and 4 inches in trunk diameter is planted for to 6 inches long, composed of bell-shaped white
ornament in gardens of Puerto Rico and the hairy 5-toothed calyx, pale blue tubular hairy
Virgin Islands (St. Croix, St. Thomas). It is corolla irregularly 2-lipped and 5-lobed, 4 sta-
recognized by : (1) strong spicy odor of sage ; mens attached within tube but protruding, and
(2) twigs 4-angled; (3) opposite palmately pistil with 4-celled ovary and protruding 2-
compound (digitate) leaves 3-5 inches long, forked style; and (5) fruits (drupes) rounded,
composed of petiole of 1-2 inches and 6-7 4/8 inch long, with calyx a t base, containing a
narrowly lanceolate thin leaflets 1 - 4 inches large stone. Flowering and fruiting through-
long and 8/1a-V4 inch wide, very long-pointed out the year. Elsewhere the fruits and seeds
at apex, long-pointed and almost stalkless a t have been used in home remedies, and the
base, dull green and hairless above, and beneath fragrant leaves as a spice. Native of Mediter-
whitish green and covered with minute hairs; ranean region from southern Europe and
(4) many fragrant small flowers about y8 inch Morocco to western Asia including Turkey,
long, crowded and nearly stalkless in erect Iraq, and Pakistan, but widely planted for
684. Cuenta de oro, skyflower
Natural size.
ornament and escrfping from cultivation and OTHER COMMON NAMES.-chencherenche,
naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions palo santo (Puerto Rico) ; incienso japonb
including West Indies. Also southeastern (Cuba) ; malagueta (Dominican Republic) ;
United States from Florida to Texas and Cali- chaste-tree, hemptree, monks peppertree, sage-
fornia and north to New York City and beyond, tree (English) ; mala di suerte, yerba Louisa
where the plants are killed to the ground in (Dutch Antilles).
winter.

NIGHTSHADE FAMILY (SOLANACEAE)

Herbs, shrubs, vines, and sometimes trees on corolla alternate with lobes, disk generally
mostly small, known by: (1) leaves alternate present, and pistil with superior ovary usually
mostly simple, sometimes lobed, often with 2-celled with axial placentation and many
star-shaped hairs, without stipules; (2) flowers ovules, style, and 2-lobed stigma; and (3) fruit
in cymes, bisexual, regular, with 6-lobed per- a berry or capsule with many seeds. Also vol. 1,
sistent calyx, corolla tubular with 6 lobes often p. 488.
spreading and star-shaped, 6 stamens inserted
Key to species
A. Flowers with corolla widely spreading and star-shaped, white or bluish.-Solanum.
B. Twigs with spines or prickles.
C. Leaves with border lobed or wavy, ovate to elliptic.-699. Solanum lomum.
CC. Leaves with border straight, not toothed or lobed.
D. Leaves oblong to ovate, 1W-6 inches lon short-pointed.498. Solanum polygamum.
DD. Leaves narrowly oblong to lanceolate, %-B inches long, long-pointed.--696. Solonurn d m o -
ahiturn
BB. Twigs not Giny.
E. Leaves o posite but very unequal, elliptic, hairless o r nearly so.495. Solatrutn antillartcm.
EE. Leaves afternate, with minute star-shaped hairs.
F. Leoves sli htly rough, with hairs inconspicuous.-231. Tabacin, Solanum rugostctn Dunal.
FF. h a v e s so& hairy, the under surface whitish with dense star-shaped hairs.497. Solanurn eri-
anthum.
AA. Flowers with corolla in narrow tube, mostly funnel-shaped.
G. Flowers with 6-lobed oran e corolla, nearly 4 inch long.494. Goetxea elegans.
GG. Flowers with 6-lobed corolfa white o r yellow~sh.
H. Flowers less +an 1 inch long, several to many along sides of twigs.
I. Flowers wlth bell-shaped corolla % inch long, mostly back of leaves.-686. Acrtiettre arborescens.
11. Flowers with very narrow funnel-shaped or aalverfonn corolla.
J. Flowers few, % inch long, short-etalked at leaf baees and back of leaves.492. Ceatnim
maerophyllum.
JJ. Flowers several to man a t end of long stalk.
K. Flowers %-# incK long in clusters about a s long a s the shortpointed leaves; berries
purplish black.--691. Ceetncm diunlum.*
KK. Flowers about 1 inch long in large clusters longer than the long-pointed leaves; berries
white.493. Cestrum noctumutn.*
HH. Flowers 2 or more inches long, single or sometimes few, mostly a t ends of h i .-BrunfeIsia.
L. Leaves very narrow, mostly less than Y inch \vide; flowers very long a n E a r r o w , 4 4 % inches
long.-688. Brunfelsics densifolia.
LL. Leaves broad, more than W inch wide; flowers 23.4 inches long.
bf. Leaves broadest toward abruptly ahort-pointed apex, tapering to base; flowers 4 inches
long.490. Brunfe&ia portoncenab.
MM. Leaves broadest near middle.
N. Leaves thick and leathery; flowers 3-4 inches long,--689. B r u n f e M lactea.
NN. Leaves only slightly thickened; flowers 2 inches long.487. B m f e l s i a umericana.

686. Gallinero Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schlecht.

This shrub or small tree of openings in moist An evergreen shrub or small tree becoming
areas is characterized by: (1) elliptic leaves 20 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter,
3-6 inches long and 1%-3inches wide, some- with crown of open branches. The light brown
times larger, mostly long-pointed a t both ends; or gray bark is finely fissured, the inner bark
(2) many whitish bell-shaped flowers about whitish and bitter. The long stout twigs a r e
J!/R inch long, clustered along the twigs mostly light gray or brown and finely hairy.
back of leaves; and (3) many shiny yellow or The alternate leaves have light green petioles
orange berries l/g,a/l, inch in diameter along !YL-l inch long. The blades are thin or slightly
the twigs. thickened, not toothed on edges, the upper
686. Gallinero Acnistue arbwsucens (L)Schlecht.
Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (right), natural size.
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY (SOLANACEAE)
surface dull light green and hairless, and the clearings in upper Luquillo and upper Cordillera
lower surface paler and sometimes hairy. forests a t 1,50043,000 feet altitude in moun-
Flower clusters (like umbels) up to 2 inches tains of eastern and central Puerto Rico. Also
across consist of many fragrant flowers spread- in St. Thomas and Tortola.
ing on slender nearly equal stalks inch PUBLICFORESTS AND PARK.-Carite, Guaja-
long. Each flower has a whitish cugshaped taca, Guilarte, Luquillo, Rio Abaj o, Toro Negro ;
calyx y8 inch long, 6-toothed a t apex; whitish Sage Mountain.
tubular bell-shaped corolla nearly 1% inch long, R A N G E . - ~ u ~Jamaica,
~, Hispaniola, Puerto
with 6 spreading pointed lobes; 6 stamens Rico and Virgin Islands, and through Lesser
borne near base of tube and slightly longer ; and Antilles from Saba and Montaerrat to Grenada
slender pistil with green 2-celled ovary and and Trinidad and Tobago. Also from Mexico
long slender style. and Guatemala to Peru and Brazil.
The fruits (berries) with calyx persistent a t OTHERCOMMON NAM~S.-galan arb6re0, palo
base are 2-celled and contain many light yellow de gallina (Puerto Rico) ; mata gallina (Do-
seeds about '/la inch long. The juicy pulp is minican Republic) ; tabaco de monte (Nic-
almost tasteless or slightly bitter and not edible, aragua) ; giiitite (Costa Rica) ; tomatoquina,
though eaten by birds. With flowers in spring tabalgue, fruto gallino (Colombia) ; nigiiito,
and with fruits in spring and summer. uvito (Venezuela) ; cojojo (Ecuador) ; quiebra
The wood is light brown and hard. ollas, macapaqui, toque (Peru) ; wild tobacco
Elsewhere the shrubs have served in hedges (Trinidad and Tobago) ; sureau (Martinique) ;
and living fence posts. Chickens eat the fruits. marianeira, mariana, mixito, fruta de sabia
However, according to an old report, the fruits (Brazil).
can cause death. BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-DU~Z arborescens
~~
Uncommon and scattered in openings and (L.) Sleumer.

687. Aguacero Brunjelsia americana L.

Aguacero, a shrub or small tree of eastern Uncommon locally in moist coastal forest and
mountains of Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, lower Cordillera (Coamo) from sea level to
is often planted in gardens as an ornamental. 1,800 feet altitude in eastern and central Puerto
It is distinguished by: (1) elliptic to obovate Rico. Also in Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas,
leaves 1y2--4 inches long, slightly thickened; St. John, Tortola and Virgin Gorda.
(2) narrow flowers mostly single a t twig ends, Planted for many years in gardens through
the corolla about 2 inches long with 6 spreading Puerto Rico and probably elsewhere in West
rounded lobes, white with purplish center, turn- Indies, also in southern Florida, Colombia and
ing to yellow; and (3) round yellow fruits Venezuela. The berries reportedly are poison-
t1/8-1 inch in diameter. From the 3 related tree ous.
species of'this genus described and illustrated PUBLICFOREST AND PARKS.-LU~U~~~O ;Virgin
here, this species differs in its smaller flowers Islands, Gorda Peak.
and fruits. RANGE.-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Virgin
An evergreen shrub 3-10 feet high or a small Islands, also Lesser Antilles from St. Martin,
tree to 16 feet. The twigs are hairless or often Saba, and St. Eustatius to Dominica. Also
hairy. Martinique, perhaps introduced.
The alternate leaves are crowded on short OTHER COMMON ~ A M ~ ~ . - - a l efalso,
li trom-
side twigs and have petioles mostly less than peta de irngel, tuliptin sencillo (Puerto Rico) ;
1/ inch long. Blades are abruptly short-pointed, aguacero, dama de noche (Dominican Repub-
bfunt, or notched a t apex, short-pointed or blunt lic) ;fleur trompette (Martinique) ;galin, lady-
a t base, slightly turned under a t edges, the of-the-night (Dutch Antilles) ; rain-tree, em-
upper surface shiny and almost hairless, and poisonneur (Dominica).
the lower surface paler and often finely hairy. This species native also in several other
The solitary fragrant flowers have stalks less islands apparently is the original immigrant of
than j/e inch long; a bell-shaped calyx % inch its genus to Puerto Rico. Two closely related
long, finely hairy with 6 rounded lobes; corolla species endemic in eastern mountains of Puerto
about 2 inches long with narrow tube about Rico may have been derived from the first.
s/,, inch wide and 6 rounded spreading lobes They are No. 689, vega blanca, B. lactea Krug
about 1% inches across. The berry fruits with & Urban, and No. 690, B. portorieensia Krug &
calyx at base contain many elliptic brown seeds Urban, both described and illustrated here. The
more than % inch long. Flowering in spring generic name honors Otto Brunfels (1488-
and fruiting in summer. 1534), German physician and botanist.
687. Aguacero Bncnfeleia america~taL.
Fruit (upper left), flowering twig, and flower (lower left), natural size.
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY (SOLANACEAE)

Brunfebia densifolia Krug & Urban

This distinctive small tree known only from Flowers are borne singly on stalks of 3/s
mountain forests . of western Puerto Rico is inch or less. The narrowly bell-shaped calyx
identified by: (1) very narrow shiny leathery about j/s inch long has 5 short rounded lobes;
leaves clustered a t ends of twigs ; (2) very long the corolla My2 inches long has a cylindric
narrow flowers single at twig ends with corolla tube slightly more than Y8 inch in diameter,
M y 2 inches long and about ?/a inch in diameter ending abruptly in 5 widely spreading rounded
of tube, with 5 spreading lobes, white, turning lobes almost y2 inch long and nearly 1 inch
to yellow; and (3) rounded ball-like fleshy across, white when fresh but turning to yellow;
fruits 1inch or more in diameter, turning from stamens within the tube, 2 fertile and 2 sterile ;
green to yellow. and pistil with 2-celled ovary containing many
A small evergreen tree 16-30 feet high and ovules, long threadlike style, and 2-lobed stigma.
5 inches in trunk diameter, with several main The berry fruits surrounded by longer Ieaves
stems and many branches, hairless. The gray have enlarged split calyx a t base and hard walls
bark is smoothish with few warts, becoming that do not split open. There are many brown
slightly furrowed, the light brown inner bark elliptic seeds more than v8 inch long. With
slightly bitter. Twigs are light brown, slender. flowers in spring and summer and fruits in
Leaves alternate but crowded mostly on short summer and fall.
side twigs. The linear to linear-oblanceolate The wood is light brown and hard.
'blades are 2 4 inches long and mostly less than Uncommon in upper Cordillera forest at
% inch wide, short-pointed or blunt a t apex, higher altitudes (2,000-2,700 feet) on serpen-
mostly widest beyond middle, not toothed on tine bedrock in western Puerto Rico.
edges, and tapering gradually to the short
slender petiole mostly less than 1/4, inch long. PUBLIC FOREST.-Mari-0.
The upper surface is shiny green, with fine RA~G~.-weStern Puerto Rico.
raised side veins, almost parallel with midvein, This species is so distinct in flowers and
and the lower surface is yellow green with foliage that it was considered as possibly rep-
raised veins. resenting a separate genus.
 B ~ u t zelsia
f densifolia. Krug & Urban
Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (right), natural size.

871
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY (SOLANACEAE)

689. Vega blanca Brunfelsia lactea Krug & Urban

A shrub or small tree known only from high bell-shaped calyx nearly Y2 inch long has 5
mountains of eastern Puerto Rico, distin-. short rounded lobes; the corolla 3-4 inches
guished by: (1) elliptic leathery leaves 2-6 long has a tube less than inch in diameter
inches long and 1-2% inches wide, with edges and 5 rounded lobes about 3 inches across,
turned under; (2) large very fragrant flowers nearly as broad as length of tube, pale yellow
single a t twig ends, 3-4 inches long with nar- or whitish or becoming pink tinged; stamens
row tube and 5 rounded lobes 3 inches across, within the tube, 2 fertile and 2 sterile; and
pale yellow or whitish or becoming pink tinged ; pistil with 2-celled ovary containing many
and (3) round fleshy fruits %-I inch in diam- ovules, long threadlike style, and 2-lobed stigma.
eter, turning from green to orange brown. The berry fruits with calyx a t base and hard
Evergreen shrub 3-10 feet high, or a small walls do not open. Seeds many, elliptic, brown,
tree to 20 feet high and 4 inches in trunk diam- about y8 inch long. With flowers and fruits
eter, recorded to 40 feet, hairless throughout. through the year.
Bark light brown, slightly fissured, covered The wood is hard and light brown.
with mosses and liverworts, the inner bark This shrub with large very fragrant flowers
whitish and almost tasteless. Twigs light might be suitable as an ornamental. The com-
brown, with narrow ridges. mon name jazmfn del monte was suggested.
Leaves alternate, scattered or clustered a t Rare and local in dwarf forest to summits of
ends of short side twigs, on petioles inch eastern mountains a t 3,0004,600 feet altitude,
long. Blades varying from long-pointed to blunt including Luquillo Mountains and Monte Torito
a t both ends, leathery, green on both surfaces near Cayey.
with network of many fine raised veins, slightly PUBLIC m ~ ~ s ~ s . - C a r i t eLuquillo.
,
shiny above. R~Nc~.-Known only from high mountains
The large flowers are borne singly on stalks of eastern Puerto Rico.
about a/8 inch long a t ends of twigs but some- OTHERCOMMON N ~ ~ ~ . - j a z r n i ndel monte
times appearing lateral on short twigs. The ( Puerto Rico) .
689. Vega blanca Brunfelsia lactea Krug & Urban
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY (SOLANACEAE)

This handsome rare shrub of Luquillo Moun- twigs on short stalks of less than y2 inch. The
tains seldom reaches tree size. It is easily
recognized by: (1) obovate to oblanceolate
tubular cylindric calyx l%-lx inches long
splits irregularly to middle on 1 aide or into 2
leaves abruptly short-pointed a t apex; (2) large lobes ; the corolla tube 2%-34j inches long and
flowers few or single, about 4 inches long, the only Va-%a inch in diameter, finely hairy, with
white corolla with narrow cylindric tube and 5 spreading lobes about 1inch long; stamens 4
5 large rounded lobes about 2442 inches across ; in pairs inside corolla tube; and pistil with 2-
and (3) yellow rounded fruits 1-ll/s inches in celled ovary, long slender style, and stigma
diameter. slightly &lobed. The berrylike fruit has calyx
An evergreen shrub 3-10 feet high, rarely a a t base, and thick wall. There are many elliptic
small tree to 15 feet high and 3 inches in trunk ' brown seeds inch long. With flowers in
diameter, hairless throughout. Twigs stout, spring and summer and with mature fruits in
brown, fissured. summer.
Leaves alternate, sometimes crowded, with This species might make a n attractive orna-
stout petioles 1/4. inch long. Blades are 3-6 mental in cultivation for its large white flowers
inches long and 7/8-2 inches wide, broadest be- and shiny foliage.
yond middle and tapering to long-pointed base,
not toothed on edges, slightly thick and leathery, Rare in lower Luquillo forest a t 1,500-1,800
the upper surface shiny green with sunken mid- feet altitude in Luquillo Mountains only.
vein and many fine side veins a t about 45" PUBLIC FOREST.-LU~U~~~O.
angle, and the lower surface dull light green. RANCE.-K~OW~ only from Luquillo Moun-
Flowers few or single, a t ends or sides of tains of eastern Puerto Rico.
 Bncnfeleia portoricensis Krug & Urban
Flowering twig (above), fruit (below), natural size.

875
NIGHTSHADE FAICIILY (SOLANACEAE)

691. Dama de dia, day cestrum Catrum diurnum L.*

This common introduced shrub or rarely juicy berries, whitish before maturity, have
small tree of gardens, roadsides, and pastures calyx a t base and contain several brown angled
is identified by: (1)oblong leaves 2x4 inches seeds 4/8 inch long. Flowering and fruiting
long and 1-11/2 inches wide, shiny Ween to probably irregularly through the year.
yellow green above and dull whitish green be- The wood is whitish and hard.
neath ; (2) several to many flowers clustered a t Very common in gardens, roadsides, and
bases of uppermost leaves, lh-ii/R inch long, the along fences a t low to middle altitudes in moist
white corolla with narrow tube and 5 short areas of Puerto Rico. Apparently introduced
blunt lobes turned back; and (3) elliptic purp- for ornament and spread by birds along fences
lish black berries inch long. and roadsides. Also planted in gardens in Vir-
An evergreen shrub or rarely small tree 15 gin Islands. Propagated by seeds and cuttings.
feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter. The RANGE.-Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Cayman
bark is smoothish gray, the inner bark yellow Islands, and Hispaniola, and introduced in
brown and slightly bitter. Twigs are slender Puerto Rico and elsewhere in West Indies.
and greenish gray, often with fine pressed Also in continental tropical America from
hairs. Mexico to Honduras and southward, the range
The alternate leaves have light green petioles spread by cultivation to South America. Intro-
l/g--lh inch long. Leaf blades are short-pointed duced into southern Florida and escaping from
a t apex, short- or blunt-pointed a t base, not cultivation.
toothed on edges, slightly thickened, and hair- OTHER COMMON N A M E S . - ~ U ~ ~ ~(Domini-
II~
less or hairy on veins beneath. can Republic) ; galan de dia (Cuba) ; Juan de
The slightly fragrant white flowers are in noche (Mexico) ; sadco tint6reo (Colombia) ;
almost stalkless groups near the ends of slender dama de noche (Venezuela) ; day cestrum, day
stalks of 1,&21,4 inches. The whitish green jessamine (English) ; wild jasmine, ink-bush
calyx is bell-shaped and 5-toothed; the white
corolla has narrow tube and 5 short blunt lobes
(Jamaica) .
As the scientific, Spanish, and English names
turned back; the 5 stamens with short straight indicate, this species has open flowers in the
stalks are within corolla tube near mouth and daylight hours. In contrast, the related species
alternate with lobes; and the pistil has a No. 693, dama de noche, lady-of-the-night,
rounded Bcelled ovary with several ovules, Cestmm nocturnum La,* is night-flowering and
slender style, and exposed flat stigma. The very fragrant a t that time.
691. Dama de dia, day cestrum Cestlum diurnum L.*
Natural size.
877
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY (SOLANACEAE)

692. Galsin del monte Cestrum macrophyllum Verrt.

Shrub or small tree of moist forests to high yellow; 5 alternate stamens on and within co-
altitudes in mountains. Distinguishing char- rolla tube; and pistil with 2-celled ovary,
acters are: (1) dull green broadly elliptic threadlike style and dot stigma. The berries
leaves 2%-7 inches long and l1/!A inches wide, with green calyx a t base have green tasteless
with stout leafstalks; (2) few narrowly tubu- flesh and 6-3 narrow blackish brown seeds 3/la
lar flowers 1/C2 inch long at leaf bases and back inch long. Flowering and fruiting throughout
of leaves ; and (3) shiny purplish black elliptic the year.
to rounded fleshy fruits more than 3/8 inch long, The wood is light brown or whitish and
like a small eggplant. slightly soft.
Evergreen shrub or vinelike small tree 16- Elsewhere the plants are grown as orna-
20 feet high and 3 inches i n trunk diameter, mentals.
widely spreading, hairless. The bark is gray, Common in lower and upper Luquillo and
smoothish. Inner bark light brown, streaked, Cordillera and moist limestone forests, also
with taste like raw potato. The light gray twigs dwarf forest, at 8003,800 feet altitude
have slightly raised half-round leaf scars. throughout mountains of Puerto Rico.
The alternate leaves have stout leafstalks 1,- PUBLICF O R E S T S . - ~ ~ ~ Guilarte,
~~~, Guaja-
1 inch long. The blades are short-pointed at taca, Luquillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Toro Negro.
both ends, slightly turned under a t edges, RANGE.-Hispaniola and Puerto Rico.
slightly thickened, with few curved side veins,
the lower surface light green. OTHERCOMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ . - r u f i a(Dominican
na
The short-stalked slightly fragrant flowers Republic).
have a bell-shaped 5-toothed green calyx l/s This species was named in 1803 from plants
inch long with narrow funnel-shaped tube and in gardens of Paris, the seeds of which were
6 rounded lobes, cream-colored, turning pale from Puerto Rico.

693. Dama de noche, ladysf-the-night Cedrum nocturnum I,.*

An ornamental evergreen shrub or sometimes ters of oblong white berries about y8 inch long,
a small tree occasionally planted for the clusters with calyx a t base, the whitish pulp containing
of small night-blooming flowers, with several 3-4 dark brown seeds. Often planted in Puerto
stems from base and long slender twigs, hair- Rico and Virgin Islands in gardens, hedges, and
less throughout. Distinguishing characters are : around houses and escaping from cultivation.
(1) alternate lanceolate or narrowly ovate thin R A N G E . - ~ u ~ Jamaica,
~, and Hispaniola, also
leaves 2Y2-6 inches long and 1-2 inches wide, from Mexico to Honduras. Recorded from
long-pointed at apex and rounded or short- Martinique but perhaps introduced. Planted
pointed a t base, dull green on both surfaces, for ornament through West Indies and north
with short petioles of inch; (2) usually to Florida and south to Brazil. OTHERCOMMON
many fragrant flowers in branched clusters NAMES.--dama de noche (Spanish) ; rufiana,
(panicles) 1-3 inches long mostly at leaf bases, jazmin de noche (Dominican Republic) ;
v8
short-stalked, composed of 6-lobed calyx ipch
long, narrow funnel-shaped yellow or greenish-
galSn de noche (Cuba) ; huele de noche (Mex-
ico, Central America) ; palo hediondo (El Sal-
yellow corolla %+ inch long with 6 short vador) ; zorillo (Costa Rica) ; nighf-blooming
lobes, 5 stamens within tube, and pistil with cestrum, night cestrum (English) ; jasmine
oblong ovary and long slender style; and (3) (Jamaica) ;sopillo (British Honduras) ;lilas de
fruits, reportedly poisonous, consisting of clus- nuit, jasmin de nuit (Haiti).
Fruiting twig (center), flowers (right), natural size.
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY (SOLANACEAE)

Goetlrea efegans Wydler

Matabuey is one of the most distinctive of The wood is whitish and hard.
the rare endemic trees of Puerto Rico, even Worthy of cultivation as an ornamental with
having been made the type of a new small plant shiny leaves, showy orange flowers, and orange
family. It is characterized by: (1) elliptic fruit, as the name meaning elegant suggests.
shiny leaves with many straight parallel raised However, the plant, perhaps the fruit, was re-
side veins; (2) funnel-shaped orange flowers ported long ago to be poisonous.
nearly 1inch long, with 6-lobed corolla, usually Very rare and local, known only from a few
borne singly a t leaf bases; and (3) orange places in the moist limestone and moist coastal
rounded or elliptic berries vh inch long.
An evergreen small tree 20-30 feet high and
forests a t 200-600 feet altitude on north coast
of Puerto Rico only. Collected near Aguadilla,
6 inches in trunk diameter. Bark brown, be- Guajataca Gorge near Quebradillas, Guajataca,
coming rough and much fissured, the inner bark and Cambalache, and by H. F. A. Eggers in
whitish and almost tasteless. The slender twigs 1883 at Jimenez near Rio Grande, north of
and petioles are brown and minutely hairy. Luquillo Mountains.
Leaves alternate, with petioles 4$-% inch PUBLIC FORESTS.-Cambalache, Guajataca.
long. Blades elliptic, 1-4 inches long and Y2-2
inches wide, short-pointed a t both ends, not R A ~ ~ ~ . - p u e r tRico
o only.
toothed on edges, slightly thickened, with many OTHERCOMMON NAME.-manzanilla (Puerto
straight parallel side veins raised on both sur- Rico).
faces, the upper surface shiny green and hair- The genus Goetzea, honoring Johann Eph-
less, and the lower surface light green and raim Goetze (1731-1793), German theologian,
minutely hairy. was named for this species in 1830 by Heinrich
Flowers are borne singly a t leaf bases on Wydler (1800-1883), from Switzerland, who
slender brown hairy stalks $&-y2 inch long, collected the type specimen in 1827. About a
sometimes few in terminal clusters (cymes). century later, in 1929, a second species, G. elc-
The flower is composed of a bell-shaped calyx manii 0.E. Schulz, was named as a shrub from
1/ inch long, finely brown hairy, with 6 pointed Hispaniola. In 1966 the plant family Goetzea-
lobea; funnel-shaped orange minutely hairy co- ceae was proposed for a small group of 5 ge-
rolla inch long and v8+, inch across the 6 nera and 7 species of Mexico and the West
rolled back blunt lobes ;6 slender stamens borne Indies.
near base of corolla and projecting beyond; and
pistil with hairy 2-celled ovary bearing few This species was not found by Britton and
ovules, slender style, and 2-lobed stigma. The Wilson ( l o ) , who remarked that it was not re-
berries are finely hairy, thick-walled, and bear cently observed by botanists. I t was rediscov-
persistent calyx a t base. Seeds elliptic, l/s inch ered by foresters in 1936 in northern foothills
long. Collected with flowers and fruits from of the Luquillo Mountains and again a t Camba-
May to August. lache Experimental Forest in 1960.
694. Matabuey Goetzea elegans Wydler
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (lower right), two-thirds natural size.

881
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY (SOLANACEAE)

Solanum antillarum 0. E. Schulz

This shrub or small tree is widely distributed composed of bell-shaped green calyx l/s inch
in Puerto Rico, especially in higher mountains, long with 5 short blunt lobes; star-shaped co-
but was not listed until recent years. It is easily rolla with 6 widespreading turned back lobes
distinguished from related species by: (1) more than 3/8 inch across, white with purple
spines absent and hairs almost lacking; (2) streak on outside of each lobe ; 6 yellow stamens
leaves in pairs but very unequal in size, elliptic, 4/8 inch long; and pistil with hairless ovary and
the larger 3-6 inches long and 1%-2 inches slender style. Berries round, with enlarged
wide or larger; (3) flowers several on slender calyx a t base, turning from green to orange,
stalks opposite the leaves, more than 8/8 inch with many seeds more than Xo inch long. With
across the white 6-lobed star-shaped corolla; flowers and fruits througliout the year.
and (4) round orange berries 5/10 inch in diam- The wood is whitish or light brown and hard.
eter. Rare in upper mountain forests including
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet high understory, openings, and cutover areas. At
and 4 inches in trunk diameter, sometimes with altitudes mostly 1,600-3,500 feet in high moun-
several trunks, much branched, with spreading tains of eastern and central Puerto Rico but as
crown. The bark is smoothish, brown or gray, low as 300 feet in moist limestone forest.
with many small warts (lenticels), the inner PUBLIC~ o ~ ~ s ~ s . - G u i l a r t eLuquillo,
, rtfo
bark whitish and slightly bitter. Twigs are Abajo, Toro Negro.
green, minutely hairy when young, sometimes R A N G E . - ~ u ~Jamaica,
~, Hispaniola, Puerto
zigzag. Rico, and Lesser Antilles south to St. Vincent
The opposite leaves are long-pointed a t apex, and Grenada.
short-pointed a t base and tapering into the nar- OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . - a rmantequita ito,
rowly winged slender petiole v4-v2 inch long,
with straight or slightly wavy margins, the
(Dominican Republic) ; ajicillo, tabaco cima-
rr6n (Cuba).
upper surface dull green with veins slightly This species not mentioned by Britton and
sunken, and the lower surface light green with Wilson (10) had been collected earlier on the
raised veins and tufts of hairs in vein angles other three of the Greater Antilles as well as
along midvein. The smaller leaf of the pair is the Lesser Antilles. Following its discovery
1-214 inches long and Y2-ll,4, inches wide. in Puerto Rico in 1960 by the U.S. Forest Serv-
Flower clusters (short racemes like umbels) ice, it has been found in the four public forests
1-1% inches long bear few to several flowers listed above.
on slender stalks Y2-% inch long. The flower is

696. Erubia Solanum drymophilum 0. E. Schulz

A very rare shrub or small tree 10-20 feet hairy calyx less than 4/8 inch long, white 6-
high and to 3 inches in trunk diameter, distin- lobed star-shaped hairy corolla 8/s inch broad,
guished by: (1) straight yellow spines or 6 stamens on corolla and united by stalks, with
prickles to s/s inch long, on twigs and sometimes long yellow anthers, and pistil with round ovary
midveins of lower leaf surfaces; (2) star- and slender style; and (6) round shiny black
shaped hairs on twigs, flower clusters, and berries nearly I/ inch in diameter. With flow-
leaves, especially petioles and lower leaf sur- ers and fruits tirough the year. Known only
faces; (3) narrow oblong to lanceolate thin from upper Cordillera forest of eastern and
leaves 3-8 inches long and 1/2-ly4 inches wide, central mountains (Luquillo to Cayey and Ad-
long-pointed at apex, unequal and blunt or juntas) in Puerto Rico a t middle and high alti-
notched a t base, not toothed on edges, the short tudes (2,600 feet). PUBLICm ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - C a r i t e ,
petioles less than y8 inch long; (4) several to Luquillo, Toro Negro. RANGE.-Puerto Rico
many flowers along a slender axis (raceme) on only.
very slender stalks of lA-y2 inch, with 6-lobed
695. Solanum antillakm 0. E. Schulz
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size.
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY (SOLANACEAE)

697. Berenjena de paloma, wild tobacco, mullein nightshade Solanum eriunthum D. Don
Berenjena de paloma, a large shrub some- diameter. With flowers and fruits through the
times becoming a small tree, is recognized by: year.
(1) whitish green star-shaped hairs on twigs, The wood is light brown and hard.
leaves, flowers, and fruits; (2) ovate to elliptic Uncommon but widespread in open areas,
leaves 4-8 inches long and 1y2-4 inches wide, clearings, waste places, and thickets in dry and
sometimes larger, the lower surface whitish moist limestone forests from sea level to 300
green and soft, covered with dense star-shaped feet altitude in western Puerto Rico. Also in
hairs; (3) star-shaped flowers with 6-lobed Mona, Muertos, Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas,
spreading white corolla y2-% inch wide; and St. John, and Tortola.
(4) rounded yellow berries 1/2-3/ inch in diam- PUBLICFOREST AND pA~~.-Guttnica ; Virgin
eter. Further distinguished from some related Islands.
species by the absence of spines. R A ~ ~ ~ . - w i d e l ydistributed through West
An evergreen shrub 3-10 feet high, some- Indies from Bahamas southeastward. From
times a small tree to 15 feet high and 3 inches northern Mexico south through Central Amer-
in trunk diameter. Bark greenish gray, smooth- ica and northern South America to Peru. Ap-
ish with scattered raised dots (lenticels), the parently native in Florida Keys. Naturalized
inner bark light gray and slightly bitter. The in southern Florida and perhaps elsewhere be-
twigs are whitish with dense star-shaped hairs. yond the natural range. Also in Old World
The alternate leaves have petioles y2-2 inches tropics.
long, sometimes larger, covered with star- OTHER COMMON ~~MES.-tabac6n afelpado
shaped hairs. Blades mostly long-pointed at (Puerto Rico) ; wild tobacco, turkey-berry
apex, rounded or short-pointed a t base, the (Virgin Islands) ; tabacdn, tabacuelo, friega-
edges straight or very slightly wavy, thin, the platos (Dominican Republic, Central Amer-
upper surface green and finely hairy, and the ica) ; pendejera, pendejera macho, pendejera
lower surface whitish green and covered with hedionda, tabaco cimarr6n (Cuba) ; berenjena
dense star-shaped hairs. (Mexico) ; hediondilla, tabaco bob0 (Guate-
The erect terminal branched flower clusters mala) ; tapalayote (El Salvador) ; hoja blanca
(cymes) 3-4 inches long bear several to many (Honduras) ; zorillo (Costa Rica) ; mullein
flowers on stout hairy stalks l/g--Y2 inch long. nightshade, potato-tree (United States) ; mul-
The flower consists of light green calyx about lein-leaved solanum, wild tobacco, salve-bush
l/k inch long, densely hairy, with 6 pointed (Bahamas) ; amourette, tabac marron, zamor-
lobes; white corolla with short tube and 5 ette male, zamorette marron (Haiti).
widely spreading pointed lobes ;6 stamens with BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Sohnum uerbasc&
long yellow anthers inserted on throat of co- f olium Jacq., not L.
rolla; and pistil with hairy 2-celled ovary and The common name friega-platos, meaning
slender style. The berries have calyx persistent plate-scrubber, refers to the use of the hairy
a t base, turn from green to yellow, and contain leaves of this and related species for cleaning
many small brownish seeds about l/loinch in greasy dishes.
697. Berenjena de paloma, wild tobacco, mullein nightshade Solunum erianthum D. Don
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (lower left), two-thirds natural size.

885
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY (SOLANACEAE)

Sotunurn polygamum Vahl

This spiny shrub of dry areas rarely reaches surface green, and lower surface yellowish-
tree size. Distinguishing characters are : (1) gray hairy.
very slender sharp yellowish spines Y8-ya inch Male flowers are in clusters of 1-20, com-
long on twigs and sometimes midveins of posed of hairy 4-6 lobed calyx, corolla with 4
leaves ; (2) minute grayish star-shaped hairs or 5 narrow pointed spreading lobes, and 4-5
forming dense mostly yellowish-gray cover on stamens alternate with lobes. Bisexual flowers
twigs, petioles, and the oblong to ovate leaf borne singly are slightly larger and have parts
blades; (3) flowers partly male and bisexual mostly 6-7 and pistil with densely hairy
(polygamous), about 3/16--1inch across the 4-7 rounded ovary, slender style, and enlarged
spreading purplish or whitish corolla lobes ;and stigma. The berries with enlarged spiny calyx
at base are hairy and contain many brownish
(4) round orange or red berries about a/s inch seeds Y8 inch in diameter. Flowering and fruit-
in diameter, with spiny enlarged calyx. ing from late winter (February) to summer.
A shrub 3-10 feet high, rarely a small tree to Uncommon in dry limestone forests near sea
15 feet and 3 inches in trunk diameter. The level, collected in Puerto Rico between Punta
alternate leaves have petioles of %-4/2 inch (to Diablo and Salinas. Also in Vieques, St. Croix,
1%inches) in length. Leaf blades are mostly St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, and Virgin
l$!-4 inches (to 6% inches) long and 8/-ly4 Gorda.
inches wide, short-pointed or blunt a t apex, PUBLIC ~ ~ ~ Gorda Peak.
P A R K s . - V ~ ~Islands,
blunt, rounded, or unequal a t base, straight or RANGE.-Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands.
wavy along edges, slightly thickened, the upper Recorded also from Hispaniola and Guadeloupe.
 Solanun polygamum Vahl
Flowering twig, natural size.
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY (SOLANACEAE)

699. Berenjena cimarrona, turkey-berry Solunum torvum Sw.

A common shrub widespread through moist and 5 narrow pointed lobes; the white corolla
areas of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands has a very short tube and 6 long-pointed lobes
sometimes becoming treelike. Its distinguish- about 1/2 inch long, spreading in form of a star;
ing characters are : (1) young twigs, petioles, 5 stamens with large yellow anthers, inserted
lower leaf surfaces, and branches of flower between the corolla lobes; and pistil with 2-
clusters with gray-green cover of star-shaped celled ovary and slender style. The fruits, 1or
hairs ; (2) sharp green to brown straight spines 2, hang down from stout stalks, have calyx at
or prickles to l/a inch long scattered along base, and are 2-celled. There are many rounded
twigs, sometimes also on petiole and midvein flat brown seeds l/lo inch long. With flowers
beneath; (3) mostly paired, ovate to elliptic and fruits through the year.
leaves with border often wavy or with as many The wood is pale yellow or whitish and soft.
as 7 lobes, the upper surface slightly rough The roots and fruits have served in home
hairy and lower surface soft hairy; (4) star- remedies. Also the plants have served as stocks
shaped flowers more than y4 inch across the for grafting cultivated eggplant or berenjena
5-lobed white corolla; and (5) round berries
y8-5/8 inch in diameter, green to yellow.
(Solanurn rnelongena L.) .
Abundant in open areas and thickets of all
An evergreen shrub 3-10 feet high, some- forest types except high peaks, a weed in waste
times a small tree 15 feet high and 3 inches in places, from sea level to 3,000 feet altitude.
trunk diameter, spreading and much branched. Throughout moist areas of Puerto Rico and
Bark light gray, smooth with raised dots (lenti- smaller islands eastward. Also Vieques, Cu-
.
cels) The inner bark is whitish within a light lebra, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola,
green outer layer, slightly bitter. The stout and Virgin Gorda.
gray-green twigs are soft hairy, spiny, and PUBLICFORESTS AND PARKS.-Probably all
widely forking. forests; Virgin Islands, Gorda Peak.
Leaves opposite or sometimes 1 a t a node, R ~ ~ ~ ~ . - T h r o uWest
g h Indies. Also Florida
with stout round hairy petioles v2-2 inches and from Mexico through Central America and
long. Blades are 3-8 inches long and 1%-7 northern South America to Venezuela. Also in
inches wide, short-pointed a t apex, unequal and the Old World tropics.
notched or rounded a t base, the borders with as OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-turkey-berry (Vir-
many as 7 short-pointed lobes or none, thin, the gin Islands) ;shoo-shoo-bush (Tortola) ;beren-
upper surface dull yellow green, and the lower jena cimarrona, berenjena de gallina, tabacdn
surface gray green with prominent network of (Dominican Republic) ; pendejera (Cuba) ; to-
veins. matillo (Guatemala) ; berengena, berengena
Flower clusters (cymes) are lateral, 1-3 silvestre, berenjena cimarrona (Dominican Re-
inches long, bearing several to many flowers on public, Costa Rica) ; friega-platos (Colombia) ;
slender gland hairy stalks about 1/4, inch long tall red trubba (Barbados) ;zamorette (Haiti) ;
on 1side of curving branches, 1or 2 opening at bdtard belonghe (Dominica).
a time and soon shedding. The green gland BOTANICALS Y N O N Y M . - Sf O i d~
f 0~E~h~~~
hairy calyx about s/lo inch long has a short tube Ort.

BIGNONIA FAMILY (BIGNONIACEAE)

Mostly woody vines, also shrubs and trees funnel- or bell-shaped, with 5 unequal lobes
often large, rarely herbs, known by: (1) leaves sometimes in 2 lips, stamens usually 4 large in
mostly opposite, sometimes alternate, pal- pairs and 1staminode inserted in tube, and on
mately or pinnately compound or bipinnate, disk the pistil with superior 2-celled ovary con-
sometimes simple, without stipules ; (2) flowers taining many ovules, long thin style, and 2
generally large, showy, in cymes and racemes, stigmas; and (3) fruit usually a 2-parted cap-
bisexual, slightly irregulai*, with tubular 5- sule often long like a pod, with many winged
toothed or 6-lobed calyx, large t~?bularcorolla, seeds or a berry. Also vol. 1,p. 490.
colored and commonly yellow, pink, or whitish,
699. Berenjena cimarrona, turkey-belly Solatturn totmcrn Sw.
Flowers, fruits, and leaf, two-thirds natural size.
BIGNOMA FAMILY (BIGNONIACEAE)
Key to species
A. Leaves simple.
B. Leaves mostly crowded in clusters of 3-5 or more along stout twigs; fruits gourdlike, rounded or elliptic.-
Crescentia.
C. Leaves spoon-shaped, broadest beyond middle, blunt or short-pointed a t apex.
D. Leaves thin; fruit round, 4-12 inches in diameter.-232. Higiiero, calabash-tree, common cala-
bash-tree, Crescentia cujete L.
DD. Leaves thick and stiff; fruit cylindric, pointed, 3-4 inches long.-702. Crescentia portoricensis.
CC. Leaves very narrow, stiff, long-pointed and often spiny tipped; fruit rounded or elliptic, 1%-2 inches
long.-701. Crescentia lineanfolia.
BB. Leaves otherwise.
E. Leaves alternate, broadly elliptic to obovate, thick and leathery; fruit gourdlike, egg-shaped or ellip-
tic, 2 s - 4 inches long.-703. Enallagma latifolia.
EE. Leaves opposite or partly in 3's.
F. Leaves artly in 3% (whorled), oblong to lanceolate, with light green spot a t base of blade above,
slightfy th~ckened,slightly wavy a t edges; pod very long and narrow like wire.-700. Catalpa
longiesima.*
FF. Leaves opposite stiff and leathery, with edges turned under; fruit a cigarlike capsule.
G. Leaves e11:~tic to ovate, broadest near middle.-237. Roble de sierra, Tabebuia .rigida
Urban.
GG. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, broadest beyond middle.-7%). Tabebuia schumnniana.
AA. Leaves compound.
H. Leaves digitate (palmately compound) with mostly 5 or 3 leaflets.
I. Leaflets 3, with petiole narrowly winged. fruit cylindric, fleshy, not splitting open.-Pamentiera.
J. Spines 2 (sometimes 1 ) a t some nodes; fruit 4-6 inches long, angled, like a large pickle.-705.
Parmentiera edulis.*
JJ. Spines none; fruit 1-2 feet long, like a candle.-704. Parmentiera cerifeva."
11. Leaflets mostly 5 or sometimes fewer (7 in No. 706) ;petiole not winged; fruit a cigarlike capsule.
K. Flowers with yellow corolla; introduced trees.
L. Leaflets 6, obovate to elliptic, ending in long narrow point.-707. Tabebuia slomerata.*
LL. Leaflets 7, elliptic, short- or long-pointed.-706. Roseodendron donnell-smithii."
KK. Flowers with pink or red corolla; native trees (except No. 708).
M. Corolla pink or sometimes urplish.
N. Leaflets 5 or fewer ~ometimesonly I ) , elliptic, 139-6 inches long, blunbpointed a t
both ends.-236. Roble blanco, "white-cedar", Tabebuia hsterophglla (DC.) Britton.
NN. Leaflets 5, ovate to elliptic, 4-8 inches long, l o n g or short-pointed a t apex.-708.
Tabebuia roses."
MM. Corolla dark red; leaflets 6 or 3, elliptic.-235. Roble cirnarrbn, Tabebuia haemantha
(Bert.) DC.
HH. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate.
[Link] pinnate.
P. Leaflets 5-13, lance-shaped to elli tic, saw-toothed, long-pointed; pod cigarlike but narrow, 4-8
inches long.-238. Roble amarifio, ginger-thomas, T e e o m stuns (L.) H.B.K.
PP. Leaflets mostly 11-17, elliptic, not toothed, abruptly short-pointed; pod lance-shaped or boat-
shaped, 5-10 inches long.-234. Tuliphn africano, African tuliptree, Spathodea campanufata
Beauv."
00. Leaves bipinnate, fernlike, pod round flattened, 2 inches long.-233. Jacaranda, Jacaranda mimosi-
folia D. Don.*

700. Roble dominicano, Haiti catalpa Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Sirnet*

This uncommon ornamental and shade tree is drooping branches form a narrow crown. Bark
distinguished by its very long narrow pods 1- gray, rough, furrowed into narrow ridges, the
1%feet long but less than y8 inch in diameter, inner bark light brown and bitter. The twigs
which hang down in large numbers like wires. are light green, becoming greenish gray, with
Other characters for identification are : (1) raised light brown corky dots (lenticels).
leaves 2-3 a t a node, oblong to lanceolate, with Young twigs and young leaves have minute
a light green spot a t the base of the blade above ; whitish or brown dotlike scales visible with a
and (2) the irregular flowers in spreading ter- lens. The bud is formed by minute young leaves.
minal clusters, opening 1 or 2 a t a time, the The opposite and whorled leaves have slender
corolla whitish with narrowly bell-shaped tube light green petioles 1-1y2 inches long, slightly
and 5 unequal spreading rounded wavy-mar-
gined lobes 1inch across. enlarged a t base. Blades are 2y2-6 inches long
A large evergreen planted tree to 70 feet high and 1-2 inches wide, blunt or short-pointed a t
and 2 feet in trunk diameter, perhaps larger in apex, rounded or blunt a t base with a light green
age. The trunk becomes slightly broad or but- spot above, slightly thickened, slightly wavy at
tressed a t base and slightly angled and con- edges, the upper surface shiny green to dark
tinues as a straight axis. Horizontal to slightly green with few slightly sunken veins, and the
700. Roble dominicano, Haiti catalpa Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Sims*
Flowering twig and fruit, two-thirds natural size.

891
BIGNONIA FAMILY (BIGNONIACEAE)
lower surface dull light green with few promi- inch long. With flowers and fruits through the
nent veins. year.
Flower clusters (panicles) are terminal, 3-4 The wood is light to pinkish brown with
inches long with slender spreading forks 2 darker lines, heavy, easily worked, and du-
inches across. Many flowers are produced, 1 or rable. Local uses where the trees are native in-
2 opening a t a time, not fragrant, the corollas clude carpentry, flooring furniture, boatbuild-
shedding promptly and giving a whitish tinge ing, and general construction.
to the ground beneath. A flower is composed Rare as an introduced ornamental, shade, and
of 2 half-round concave minutely pointed light forest tree in Puerto Rico and St. Thomas. In
green sepals inch long, which split apart forestry, tested and promising on lower slopes
from a rounded bud; irregular corolla with of Luquillo Forest,
narrowly bell-shaped light yellow tube l/z inch PUBLICFOREST.-Luquil10.
long, 2-lipped with 6 unequal whitish lobes; RANGE.-Native of Hispaniola and Jamaica.
stamens 2 inside tube and inserted near base; Introduced in Lesser Antilles, southern Florida,
and pistil with narrow 2-celled ovary, long and other tropical areas.
style, and 2-lobed stigma. OTHER COMMON N A M E S . - ~ O ~ ~roble
~ , de olor
One fruit is formed from a flower cluster. (Dominican Republic) ; Haiti catalpa (United
The wire-shaped pods (capsules) are dull green States) ; Jamaica-oak, French-oak, mastwood,
and straight; a t maturity they become brown yokewood (Jamaica) ; chdne, chdne noir, bois
and in drying split longitudinally into 2 curving chene (Haiti) ; radegonde, ch6ne d'herique,
parts. There are many small brown seeds with chdne noir, poix doux marron (Martinique).
2 long narrow hairy wings totaling a/s inch BOTANICAL s~N~N~~.-i'kfacroca talpa longis-
long, bordered by whitish hairs more than Y2 sinta (Jacq.) Britton.

701. Higiierito Crescentia linenrijolia Miere

Higiierito, a small tree of dry coastal areas, is into 2-3 lobes; corolla tubular, irregularly bell-
recognized by: (1) many slender straight shaped, enlarged near base, 1%-2 inches long
spreading wandlike branches ; (2) leaves and ending in 6 wavy lobes 1v2 inches across,
crowded a t nodes, very narrow, shiny, stiff, green with narrow brown stripes; 4 stamens
long-pointed and often spiny tipped; (3) green- inserted in corolla tube in pairs ;and pistil with
ish irregularly bell-shaped flowers 1y2-2inches 1-celled ovary, very slender style, and broad 2-
long, the tubular corolla with 6 wavy lobes ;and lobed stigma. The flowers have an odor like
(4) brown rounded or elliptic gourdlike fruits rotten cabbage. The brown dry hard gourdlike
1%-2 inches long. fruits, which do not open, bear many seeds in
A small deciduous tree or shrub to 23 feet the pulp. Flowering and fruiting irregularly
high and 8 inches in trunk diameter, with through the year.
spreading thin crown of many slender straight Scattered and locally common in dry coastal
spreading wandlike branches, hairless through- forest to 200 feet altitude, mainly in southern
out. Bark light gray, rough and fissured, the coastal Puerto Rico from Boquer6n east to
inner bark light brown, fibrous, and tasteless. Salinas, also Cabezas de San Juan a t the north-
Twigs light gray brown, slender when young, east corner and Piiieros near east end. Also St.
becoming $444inch in diameter, with enlarged Croix, St. Thomas and St. John.
nodes. PUBLIC FOREST AND ~~It~.-GuAnica;Virgin
Leaves clustered a t enlarged nodes, very nar- Islands.
row, linear to oblanceolate, 3/-4 inches long RANGE.-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Vir-
and mostly y8-3/8 inch wide, sometimes to 1 gin Islands.
inch, gradually narrowed and long tapering to OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-higiierita (Puerto
very short petiole at base, not toothed on edges, Rico) ; higiierito (Dominican Republic) ; cale-
slightly thickened, the upper surface green, and basse marron (Haiti).
the lower surface light green. Higiierito is closely related to No. 232, the
Flowers single or few a t upper nodes on short cultivated higiiero or calabash-tree, Crescentia
stalks less than 3 j inch long, the flower buds cujete L., which has very large rounded fruits
green and rounded, y8 inch in diameter. The 4-12 inches in diameter.
calyx is about 3/8 inch long, deeply splitting
 Crescentia linearifolia Miers
Twig with flower and fruit, natural size.
893
BIGNONIA FAMILY (BIGNONIACEAE)

702. Crescentkt portoricensis Britton

This rare vinelike shrub known only from on edges, with prominent network of small
western Puerto Rico sometimes becomes a small veins. The upper surface is shiny green and
tree. It is distinguished by: (1) oblanceolate the lower surface dull and paler.
to narrowly elliptic, shiny, stiff and leathery Flowers single on slender stalks Va8-a/, inch
leaves mostly clustered a t nodes; (2) tubular long. The calyx is rj/a inch long, deeply 2-lobed,
irregularly bell-shaped yellowish white flowers the corolla tubular, irregularly bell-shaped, net-
1$4,-1v2inches long, borne singly; and (3) veined, with 5 broad entire lobes about % as
fruit cylindric, pointed, 3-4 inches long and 1- long as tube. The hard dry fruit is straight at
lV4 inches in diameter. base and does not split open.
Evergreen vinelike shrub or sometimes a Rare in lower Cordillera forest at 800-2,500
small tree to 20 feet high and 3 inches in trunk feet altitude in foothills of southwestern Puerto
diameter, hairless. Bark light may. Branches Rico.
long and slender, light gray, with enlarged PUBLIC FORESTS.-~\~~~~CBO, Susba.
nodes, becoming fissured. RANGE.-Known only from western Puerto
Leaves clustered a t enlarged nodes or alter- Rico.
nate, 2 6 inches long and 0/!3 inches wide, Named by Nathaniel L. Britton in 1916 from
blunt to abruptly long-pointed a t apex, tapering his collection in 1913.
a t base to petiole s-s/,inch long, not toothed
Twig with fruit, natural size.
BIGNONIA FAMILY (BIGNONIACEAE)

703. Higiierita, black-calabash Enalltagma latijolio (Mill.) Small

This small tree of lowlands near coasts re- The wood is moderately hard and heavy, light
sembles No. 232, higiiero or calabash-tree, brown or pinkish with orange tinge on ex-
Crescenttia cujete, L., in its flowers and fruits. posure. Elsewhere it has been used for tool
It is characterized by: (1) leaves broadly el- handles and plows.
liptic to obovate, 3v2-6 inches long and 21/23 Sometimes planted in Puerto Rico as an
inches wide, thick and leathery, the apex ornamental and for the seeds. The edible seeds
rounded with abrupt short point; (2) large are eaten and used like cacao or cocoa in a
tubular light green flowers 1%-2 inches long beverage, hence the local name cocoa. Else-
and % inch broad, borne singly; and (3) dark where the pulp of the fruits has served in home
green fruits hard and egg-shaped or elliptic, remedies. The gourdlike fruits apparently are
21h-4 inches long and 1?k2-24/2inches in diam- distributed along shores by ocean currents.
eter. Uncommon in coastal swamps and moist for-
An evergreen small tree to 40 feet high and ests at low altitudes near coasts back of man-
1 foot in trunk diameter, hairless throughout. groves and along streams a t sea level around
Bark gray, rough and furrowed, the inner bark Puerto Rico. At base of sand dunes between
light brown and slightly bitter. Twigs greenish Arecibo and Barceloneta. Also these and per-
to light gray, stout. haps other smaller islands : Vieques, St. Croix,
The alternate leaves with short petioles l/s St. Thomas, and St. John.
inch or less in length are sometimes crowded on PUBLIC FORESTS AND PARK.-Guajataca,
short side twigs. The blades are commonly GuBnica ;Virgin Islands.
broadest beyond the middle, short-pointed at
base, not toothed on edges, the upper surface RANGE.-Widespread in tropical America in-
dark green, slightly shiny, with veins sunken, duding Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, Guade-
and the lower surface dull light green with lupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Vincent, and
raised veins. Trinidad. Also southern Florida and from
The few flowers are solitary a t leaf bases on southern Mexico south to Ecuador and Vene-
slender stalks about 1 inch long. The slightly zuela.
fleshy green calyx covers the bud and splits into OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - h i g u e r i l l cocoa
o,
a bell-shaped tube y4 inch long and 2 or 3 ir- (Puerto Rico) ;higuero galidn, gtiira cimarrona,
regular lobes s/8 inch long; the tubular bell- higiiero jamo, higiierillo (Dominican Repub-
shaped corolla 1%-2 inches long, light green lic) ; maguira, giiira de olor (Cuba) ; cacao
with 2-lipped wavy and iregularly toothed pink silvestre, calabasillo de la playa (Costa Rica) ;
border, also a side fold ;4 stamens about 1inch toturnito, totumillo, wild-calabash (Panama) ;
long in pairs and 1shorter sterile stamen (sta- taparito, camuro (Venezuela) ; matesillo (Co-
minode) inserted within the tube; and on a disk lombia) ; calabasillo (Colombia, Ecuador) ;
the whitish pistil with 1-celled ovary, long
slender curved style, and 2-lobed stigma. The black-calabash (United States) ; calabash
fruit (berry) resembles a small calabash or (Trinidad) ;wild calabash, morito de rlo (Brit-
gourd, smooth, thin-walled, and fragile. The ish Honduras) ; calebasse zombie, calebasse
whitish pulp contains many blackish heart- marron (Haiti) ; calebasse ronde, calebasse,
shaped flattened seeds about r;/, inch long, black-calabash (Dominica).
brownish within. Flowering irregularly during BOTANICAL s ~ N o ~ ~ ~ s . - E n a U a g rcucurbi-
na
the year. tina (L.) Baill., Crescentiu cucurbitina L.
703. Higiierita, black-colabash Enallagma latifolia (Mill.) Small
Twig with flower and fruit, two-thirds natural size.
897
-

BIGNONIA FAMILY (BIGNONIACEAE)

704. Arbol de vela, candle-tree Parmentiera cerifera Seem."

Arbol de vela, or candle-tree, is a rare intro- green, the lower surface paler and with tufts of
duced ornamental tree with many cylindric hairs in vein angles along midvein.
white to yellow fruits resembling candles, hang- The flowers are borne mostly along trunk and
ing down from trunk and large branches. Other larger branches. The brownish calyx about 1
characteristics for identification are: (1) inch long splits to base on 1 side; the corolla
leaves opposite, with 3 leaflets and narrowly tubular, irregularly bell-shaped, about 2%
winged petiole; (2) large flowers irregularly inches long, whitish with pink streaks, with 6
bell-shaped, about 2% inches long, borne mostly large rounded lobes; 4 stamens in pairs in-
along trunk and larger branches, the tubular serted near base of tube ;and pistil with 2-celled
corolla whitish with pink streaks. No. 705, the ovary, many ovules, long style, and 2-lobed
related cuajilote, Pamntiera edulis DC., has stigma.
similar foliage and flowers but has 2 (some- The distinctive white to yellow candlelike
times 1 ) short spines a t some nodes and flowers fruits are 1-2 feet or more in length and 3/ 1
borne mostly a t ends of twigs, also shorter inch in diameter, smooth, fleshy, with odor h i e
and broader fruits yellowish green to pinkish that of apples berrylike and not splitting open.
brown. Seeds roundeh, flat, less than inch in diam-
Small to medium-sized deciduous cultivated eter. Flowering and fruiting through the year.
tree, reaching 30 feet in height and often with Fruits of wild trees are recorded as gener-
several trunks from the base to 6 inches in ally 2 3 feet, not infrequently 4 feet long.
diameter, hairless. Twigs light gray, slender, These fruits have been used to fatten cattle. It
ending in bud 1/,6 inch long composed of several is reported that cattle strip and eat the bark
narrow scales. The bark is gray, smoothish to also.
scaly and slightly fissured. Rare as an ornamental tree in Puerto Rico,
Leaves opposite or sometimes 3 or more on for example, the Rfo Piedras area. Also planted
very short side twigs a t nodes. Leaves 2-6 in south Florida and elsewhere in the tropics,
inches long, consisting of slender winged light especially in botanical gardens.
RANGE.-Native of Panama, including Canal
green petiole $4-2 inches long and 3 stalkless Zone.
leaflets 1-3 inches long and l/z-1 inch wide, the O T H COMMON
~ N A M E S . - ~ ~ ~ Ode vela, Brbol
central nearly twice as long as the 2 lateral. de cera (Puerto Rico) ;palo de vela, palo de cera
Leaflets obovate to elliptic, long-pointed a t both (Spanish) ; wild calabash (Panama) ; candle-
ends, often toothed on edges, thin, dull light tree, Panama candle-tree (United States).
704. Arb01 de vela, candle-tree Parmentiera cerifera Seem.*
Leafy twig, fruit, and flowers, two-thirds natural size.
BIGNONIA FAMILY (BIGNOMACEAE)

705, Cuajilote Parmentiera edulis DC.*

Cuajilote, sometimes planted as an orna- +$$-11/41 incheslong, irregularly split to base on

mental, is easily recognized by: (1) 2 (some- 1 side ; corolla tubular, irregularly bell-shaped,
times 1 ) short spines at some nodes; (2) leaves 1%-2% inches long, greenish with purple
opposite, with 3 leaflets and narrowly winged streaks, with 5 large rounded lobes slightly un-
petiole ; (3) large irregularly bell-shaped, flow- equal; 4 paired stamens and 1 sterile stamen
ers 1y4-21/2 inches long, mostly single a t ends inserted near base of tube; and on a disk the
of twigs, the tubular corolla greenish with pistil with 2-celled ovary, many ovules, long
purple streaks; and (4) fruit a cylindric berry style, and 2-lobed stigma. Berries hanging
4-6 inches long and 1%-2 inches broad, with down, heavy, slightly flattened, 2-celled, with
many angles and grooves, yellowish green to thick fibrous yellowish wall and many rounded
pinkish brown, suggesting a large pickle. flat yellowish seeds $48 inch in diameter. Flow-
Small deciduous cultivated tree 16 feet high ering irregularly through the year.
and 3 inches in trunk diameter, elsewhere The scientific name indicates that the fruits
larger, with broad crown and many spreading are edible. Where the trees are native and be-
branches, hairless. Trunk sometimes angled, come common in pastures, livestock eat the
with scaly, fissured light gray bark. Inner bark fruits. The raw fruits seem inferior, being
pink to brown, fibrous. Twigs light gray with slightly bitter as well as fibrous. Elsewhere,
raised dots (lenticela), enlarged below leaf they have been boiled or roasted or made into
bases, ending in bud 1/16 inch long composed of pickles or preserves.
several narrow scales. Some nodes have 2 The wood is described as whitish to pink and
(sometimes 1) slender straight sharp gray hard.
spines about y8 inch long. Introduced in recent years as an ornamental
Leaves opposite or sometimes appearing clus- and not listed in Britton and Wilson (10). Rare
tered or whorled on very short side twigs at in residential areas throughout Puerto Rico.
nodes, 2-6 inches long, composed of slender Occasionally planted in tropical countries for
winged light green petiole 1/2-2 inches long and ornament and shade, also shade and food for
3 stalkless leaflets 8/-3 inches long and y8-lx livestock, and becoming naturalized. Grown
inches wide, the central nearly twice as long as in southern Florida. The fruits, leaves, and
the 2 lateral. Leaflets obovate to elliptic, short- roots have served also in home remedies.
pointed a t apex and short- to long-pointed a t RANGE.-N~~~v~ from Mexico to Guatemala
base, not toothed on edges, thin, the upper sur- and El Salvador.
face dull light green, and the lower surface dull OTHERCOMMON N A M E s . - - - c u ~ ~guajilote
~~o~~,
lighter gTeen, with minute holes and tufts of (Mexico, Central America) ; chote, chachi, pe-
hairs in vein angles along midvein. pino de irrbol (Mexico) ; food candle-tree
Flowers mostly single a t ends of twigs on (United States) ;cow-okra (British Honduras).
stalks 3/e-11k2 inches long. The green calyx is
 Parmentiera edulia DC.*
Fruit (left), flowering twig (right), natural size.

901
BIGNONIA FAMILY (BIGNOMACEAE)
706. Primavera Roseodendron donnell-smithii (Rose) Miranda *
Primavera is one of the most spectacular about 1inch wide, rough, finely hairy, and with
ornamental large trees because of its masses of 10-12 longitudinal ridges, flattened, 2-celled,
large golden-yellow flowers which cover the containing many flattened seeds bordered by a
spreading trees when leafless. Distinguishing circular papery wing 3/a inch long. The light
characters are : (1) opposite palmately com- yellow or whitish wood, known as primavera in
pound (digitate) leaves with 5-7 (mostly 7) international commerce, is used especially for
long-stalked ovate or elliptic leaflets 2-10 inches veneering, cabinetwork, furniture, and flooring.
long and %-5 inches wide, long-pointed a t apex Introduced into Puerto Rico in recent years and
and slightly notched a t base, often wavy- still relatively uncommon, flowering in winter.
toothed on edges, with sunken veins, becoming RANGE.-Native of southern Mexico, Guate-
nearly hairless, a t the end of a long petiole; (2) mala, El Salvador, and Honduras, but intro-
masses of large yellow flowers in crowded hairy duced in other tropical areas. OTHER COMMON
clusters (panicles) to 8 inches long a t ends of NAMES.-primavera (Puerto Rico, Spanish,
leafless stout twigs, deeply 2-lobed thin hairy English) ; palo blanco (Mexico, Guatemala) ;
calyx 5/8 inch long, with bell-shaped bright yel- copal (Guatemala) ; cortez, cortbs, cortez
low corolla about 2 inches long ending in 5 blanco .(El Salvador). BOTANICAL SYNONYMS.
rounded slightly unequal spreading lobes; and -Tabebuia donneU-smithii Rose, Cgbistax
(3) seed capsules mostly 10-18 inches long and donnell-smithii (Rose) Seibert.

707. Rohle amarillo, yellow poui Tabebuia glomerata urban*

This introduced ornamental tree is noted for rounded to slightly notched, thin, and slightly
its solid masses of yellow tubular 5-lobed flow- wavy a t edges. The upper surface is green, dull
ers about 2 inches long and broad, borne in to slightly shiny, almost hairless, with midvein
winter when leafless. Other characters for and the curved side veins sunken. The lower
recognition are: (1) opposite palmately com- surface is dull light green, with the prominent
pound leaves with 5 obovate to elliptic leaflets light yellow veins bearing minute star-shaped
ending in a long narrow point; and (2) the hairs.
narrow dark brown pods about 1foot long and Flower clusters are headlike a t ends of twigs.
y8 inch wide, which split into 2 parts and curve Flowers many on stalks less than inch long,
irregularly, remaining on the tree. composed of cylindric rusty hairy calyx 3/8-%
Deciduous planted tree 30 feet high and 1 inch long, unequally 5-lobed; corolla yellow fun-
foot in trunk diameter, probably becoming nel-shaped, about 2 inches long, with 5 unequal
larger, with spreading crown. The trunk has spreading rounded wavy lobes 2 inches across ;
light brownish gray bark, with thin fissures, stamens 4 in pairs and 1 sterile within corolla
and the branches are gray and becoming fis- tube near base; and on a disk the pistil with 2-
sured. Inner bark is light brown, fibrous, and celled ovary, slender style, and 2-lobed stigma.
bitter. Young twigs, petioles, and buds are cov- The short-stalked pods have minute star-shaped
ered with minute yellow-brown star-shaped hairs and thin walls. There are many thin light
hairs. The twigs are often flattened in last in- brown seeds with 2 whitish papery wings
ternode and become light gray and slightly fis- nearly 1 inch across. Flowering in February
sured. Buds are formed by minute paired and other winter months.
leaves, without scales or stipules. Some twigs The wood is light brown and soft.
end in a rounded cluster of many brown hairy Uncommon and occasionally planted for orna-
flower buds 4/8 inch high and s/8 inch across. ment in residential areas throughout Puerto
Leaves are opposite and palmately compound, Rico. The trees are very showy covered with
without stipules. The slender rounded petioles golden flowers while leafless or nearly so.
are 2y2-6 inches long, rounded and enlarged a t R A ~ ~ E . h T a t i vofe the southern West Indies
base. The 5 spreading leaflets have slender from Grenada and St. Vincent to Trinidad and
stalks inches long, grooved above. Tobago.
Blades of the leaflets are 2-7 inches long and OTHERCOMMON NAME.-Y~~~ow poui (Trini-
1-3 inches wide, the 2 outer smallest and the dad).
middle one longest, the base varying from
707. Roble amarillo, yellow poui Tabebuia g l m e r a t u Urban*
Flowers and leaf, two-thirds natural size.
BIGNONIA FAMILY (BIGNONIACEAE)

708. Roble venezolano, pink trumpet-tree Tabebuia rorea (Bertol.) DC."

This handsome ornamental tree native of The yellowish or whitish sapwood turns pale
continental America has been introduced into brown on exposure. The heartwood is pale
Puerto Rico in recent years for its abundant brown with fine dark lines. The wood is of
large showy tubular flowers more than 2 inches medium weight (specific gravity 0.45-0.60),
long, pale pink or reddish purple, produced slightly soft, of medium texture to rough. It is
usually in late spring when leaves are absent. easy to work, moderately durable, and takes a
Other characters are: (1) opposite palmately good polish. Locally it is used for posts and
compound (digitate) leaves with long petiole poles. Where this species is native, the wood is
and 5 elliptic to ovate leaflets 4 8 inches long widely used for carpentry, furniture, interiors,
and 11/2-2% inches wide; and (2) narrow pod- flooring, doors and frames, construction, boat-
like brown fruits 8-12 inches long and l/z inch building, tool handles, and boxes. It is reported
in diameter. that the bark is high in tannin content, also
A large deciduous planted tree 70 feet high used in home remedies.
and 1% feet in diameter, becoming somewhat A popular ornamental and shade tree in
larger in its native forests, with short erect cities of tropical America north to southern
trunk, slight buttresses, and rounded crown. Florida. Planted also in the Old World tropics.
The bark is gray or brown, thick, rough and Classed a s a honey plant. This species is the
deeply furrowed, the inner bark chocolate- national tree of El Salvador.
colored. Twigs are stout and light gray. Uncommon a s a planted ornamental tree in
The opposite leaves have petioles about 5 residential areas of Puerto Rico, becoming nat-
inches long, slightly flattened, light yellow uralized locally. A relatively recent introduc-
green. The 6 slightly thickened leaflets with tion to Puerto Rico and not listed by Britton
stalks 1h-2 inches long have short or long point and Wilson (10).
a t apex, the base rounded or short-pointed, the RANGE.-Native from Mexico and Central
borders not toothed, and minute scales on both America to Venezuela and Ecuador. Cultivated
surfaces, the upper green and slightly shiny, through the tropics.
the lower dull light green. OTHER COMMON NAMES.-roble (commerce,
Flower clusters (corymbs) are terminal, Spanish) ;roble blanco (Dominican Republic) ;
branched, and spreading, and bear several to macuil, maculiz prieto, palo de rosa, palo yugo,
many flowers on short stalks. The calyx s/ inch rosa morada, amapa rosa (Mexico) ; maculizo,
long is bell-shaped with 4 teeth or 2 lobes, mano de le6n (Guatemala, Honduras) ; corth,
brownish green and minutely scaly; the corolla roble blanco (Honduras) ; maculigua, maculez,
with shape of funnel or bell is pale pink or red- macuills (El Salvador) ;maculizo (Nicaragua) ;
dish purple, the tube whitish and yellow within, roble de eabana, roble blanco, guayadn (Costa
with 5 slightly unequal rounded lobes widely Rica) ; roble de sabana (Panama) ; apamate,
spreading 2-2v2 inches across; 4 stamens in ocobo, roble morado (Colombia) ; apamate,
pairs and 1shorter sterile stamen (staminode) roble negro (Venezuela) ; tabebuia, trumpet-
inserted within the tube; and on a disk the yel- tree, pink trumpet-tree (English) ; mayflower,
low-green pistil with 2-celled ovary, slender maqueliz, macuelizo (British Honduras) ; pink
style, and 2-lobed stigma. The pods (capsules) poui (Trinidad).
split open along 2 lines. There are many flat- BOTANICAL SYNONYMS.-Tabebuh penta-
tened seeds about 1%inches across the 2 broad phylla auth., Tecoma pentapicylla auth.
whitish wings. Flowering in late spring.
Two-thirds natural size.
 -- -

BIGNONIA FAMILY (BIGNONIACEAE)

709. Roble colorado Tabebuia schumanninna Urban

Roble colorado, known only from high moun- attached near base of corolla ;and pistil on disk
tains of Puerto Rico, is distinguished by: (1) composed of 2-celled ovary, slender style, and
opposite simple leathery leaves %6Y2 inches 2-lobed stigma. The pods (capsules) with many
long and 94-294 inches wide, broadest beyond dotlike scales split lengthwise in 2 parts. There
middle (obovate or oblanceolate) , with edges are numerous thin brown elliptic seeds 1-1%
curved under, crowded on twigs; (2) few inches long including the 2 whitish wings.
showy, slightly irregular flowers 1y2-2 inches Flowering and fruiting throughout the year.
long, the bright red tubular corolla with 5 The wood is light brown, hard, and heavy
slightly unequal lobes; and (3) dark brown (specific gravity 0.9).
cigarlike pods 3y2-7 inches long and y4-a/8 inch Common locally in dwarf and upper Cordi-
in diameter. llera forests a t 2,8004,390 feet altitude on
A small evergreen tree to 40 feet high and 1 peaks of western and central mountains of
foot in trunk diameter. The bark is gray, fis- Puerto Rico east to Carite. Ascends to near
sured and becoming rough, slightly corky and summit of Cerro de Punta, the highest peak.
soft, the inner bark whitish and bitter. Twigs PUBLIC F O R E S T S . - ~ ~ ~Guilarte,
~~~, Maricao,
are stout, slightly angled, green when young Toro Negro.
but becoming light brown, with tiny dark RANGE.-Known only from Puerto Rican
brown dotlike scales. mountains.
The crowded opposite simple leaves have OTHER COMMON N A M E S . - ~ O ~ ~ ~de sierra,
short stout petioles inch long. Blades
are rounded or short-pointed a t apex, gradually
roble cimarr6n (Puerto Rico) .
The specific name honors Karl Moritz Schu-
narrowed to the short-pointed or rounded base, mann (1851-1904), German botanist.
edges curved under, with minute dark brown This species is closely related t o No. 237,
dotlike scales, above dark green with incon- roble de sierra, Tabebuia rigida Urban, which is
spicuous veins, and beneath pale yellow green. known only from the Luquillo Mountains. Both
Few to several flowers, sometimes 1, are have simple leaves and red flowers, while most
borne at end of twigs on slender stalks 1 / 2 4 species of this genus have palmately compound
inches long. The tubular calyx is a/,-% inch leaves with 3-6 leaflets. Another species, No.
long, unequally 2- or 3-lobed, dark red, densely 235, roble cimarr6n, T. haemantha (Bert.) DC.,
covered with brown dotlike scales; the bright is confined to southern foothills and western
red tubular corolla 1y2-2 inches long has 5 un- mountains of Puerto Rico and is intermediate,
equal rounded lobes spreading 1-1y2 inches having red flowers and palmately compound
across; stamens 4 in 2 pairs of different length, leaves.
709. Roble colorado Tabebtcia sck~cmannianaUrban
'
Flowering twig (above), fruit (below), natural size.
 GESNERIA FAMILY (GESNERIACEAE)
Herbs and shrubs, rarely trees, known by: stamens 4 in pairs or 2 inserted within corolla,
(1) leaves alternate or opposite, often leathery and pistil with superior or inferior ovary 1-
or hairy, often toothed; (2) flowers showy, celled with 2 parietal placentas and many
solitary or clustered a t leaf bases or terminal, ovules, slender curved style, and stigma often
bisexual, irregular, composed of 6-lobed calyx, 2-lobed; and (3) fruit usually a capsule with
5-lobed tubular corolla bell-shaped, funnel- many minute seeds. One native tree species.
shaped, or wheel-shaped, mostly 2-lipped,

710. Arb01 de navidad Gesneria pedunculosa (DC.) Fritsch

The gesneria family is a tropical group of face dark green, and the lower surface light
herbs and shrubs, including several ornamen- yellow green.
tals, such as African-violet (Saintpadia). The The flowers borne a t the end of a very long
occurrence of a species of large shrub some- stalk are composed of greenish conical base
times reaching the size of a small tree and (hypanthium) inch long, which bears 5
confined to Puerto Rico is unexpected. This narrow greenish calyx lobes %-s/8 inch long
unusual tree is recognized by: (1) shiny dark and the other parts; the irregular 2-lipped
green elliptic leaves 2--4y2 inches long and bell-shaped corolla 3/ inch long including 6
%-1%inches wide, the edges often with minute unequal blunt lobes, the 2 upper largest, whitish,
wavy teeth; (2) flowers 14 more than 1 inch yellowish, greenish, or mottled and purplish ;
long a t the end of a very long slender erect 4 threadlike curved stamens about 1y2inches
stalk of 3y2-7 inches, the irregular bell-shaped long, attached a t base of corolla and extending
whitish corolla with 5 unequal blunt lobes, the beyond; and pistil with inferior 1-celled ovary,
2 upper largest, and with 4 long stamens; and many ovules, long curved style, and enlarged
(3) bell-shaped brown to gray seed capsules blackish stigma. The capsules split along 4
about $4, inch long and broad, with 6 long nar- lines and contain many very small reddish
row calyx lobes pointed upward. brown seeds. Flowering and maturing fruits
An evergreen shrub mostly 10-16 feet high, nearly through the year. Pollinated probably
with several spreading stems from base mostly by bats that feed upon the flowers.
1 inch in diameter, sometimes a small tree. The wood is light brown and hard.
The light gray or brown bark is much fur- Scattered but widely distributed in moist
rowed and rough, the inner bark light brown, and dry forests a t low and middle altitudes in
fibrous, and tasteless. Twigs are greenish to Puerto Rico.
gray, slender, hairless. PUBLICFOREST.-SUS~.
The leaves are alternate but crowded a t ends RANGE.-Known only from Puerto Rico.
of twigs, hairless, with petioles %-5/d inch
long. Blades are thin or slightly thickened, BOTANICALs ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ s . - G e s n ealbiflora
ria
short- or long-pointed a t apex, short-pointed (Decne.) Kuntze, Pentarhaphia dbiflora Decne.
a t base, the edges slightly turned under and The generic name honors the Swiss naturalist
often with minute wavy teeth, the upper sur- and physician Conrad Gesner (1516-1666).
710. Arb61 de navidad Gesneria pedu,iculosu (DC.)Fritsch
Natural size.

909
 MYOPORUM FAMILY (MYOPORACEAE)
Shrubs or sometimes trees, mostly Old World, serted inside tube, and pistil composed of
represented by Bonticc, known by : (1) leaves superior ovary &celled or sometimes 3-10-celled
alternate or opposite, simple, entire, without by false partition with 2-8 ovules in each cell,
stipules; (2) flowers solitary or in clusters slender style, and stigma; and (4) fruit a
(cymes) a t leaf bases, bisexual, irregular, con- berry or drupe with few seeds. One tree
sisting of 5-lobed persistent calyx, 5-lobed 2- species.
lipped tubular corolla, stamens 4 in pairs in-
711. Mangle bobo, white-alling Bontia daphnoides L.
This shrub or small tree local on shores heavy, fine-textured, with fairly straight grain,
is sometimes found with mangroves and known and with faint spicy odor, without special use.
by the corresponding Spanish name mangle. Plants are grown for ornament, in hedges,
It is recognized by: (1) large dark green gland and as windbreaks. Being tolerant of salt, they
dots on young twigs, foliage, flowers, and fruits, are common around houses on sandy shores of
giving an odor when crushed; (2) numerous Guyana. Cultivated also a t higher altitudes to
crowded lance-shaped or narrowly oblong 5,000 feet or more in the northern Andes of
leaves slightly thick and fleshy, without visible Venezuela. Also escaping from cultivation and
side veins; (3) curved irregular tubular flowers becoming naturalized.
%-y8 inch long, the light yellow corolla with In coastal forests, shores, and salty flats a t
purplish spots; and (4) egg-shaped pointed sea level, mostly local, uncommon, and
stone fruit 6;/8 inch long and 342 inch across, scattered, but spread by planting. With man-
resembling an olive. groves and No. 28, uva de playa, seagrape,
Evergreen shrub or small tree 10-20 feet Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. In Puerto Rico
high and to 6 inches in trunk diameter, nearly known from the dry southern and southwestern
hairless throughout. The bark is light brown, part, for example, between Salinas and Santa
thick, rough, and furrowed. Inner bark is light Isabel, at Playa El Tuque and Cabo Rojo, and
brown, bitter and pungent. The light green Palominos Island at the northeastern end. Also
twigs, becoming brown, end in a very narrow Vieques, St. Thomas, St. John, and Tortola, and
pointed bud 94, inch long, composed of rolled reported long ago from St. Croix.
young leaves without stipules. PUBLIC PARK.-Virgin Islands.
The numerous alternate crowded leaves have RANGE.-Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto
broad petioles g-'/z inch long. Blades are Rico, and Virgin Islands. Through Lesser An-
2-3y2 inches long and Va8--7/8 inch wide, long- tilles from St. Martin, Barbuda, and Antigua
pointed a t both ends, not toothed on edges, dull to Grenada, Barbados, and Trinidad. Also
pale green on both surfaces, with many gland native or introduced along northern coast of
dots mostly small but few large, visible against South America from Aruba, Curacao, and Bon-
the light with a lens. aire and Venezuela to Guyana. Planted and .
Curved irregular flowers are borne singly a t becoming naturalized beyond.
leaf bases on slender stalks y2-y4 inch long, OTHERCOMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - m a n z a n i lmangle
la,
enlarged a t apex. The calyx 1/8 inch long has (Puerto Rico) ; white-alling, alling (Virgin
5 narrow-pointed hairy-edged teeth ; the tubu- Islands) ; aceituna americana, olivo bastardo
lar corolla $4,-y8inch long has a cylindric tube (Cuba) ; aceituno (Dominican Republic) ;
and 2 unequal lips or lobes purplish hairy olivo (Dominican Republic, Venezuela) ; Bar-
within, the lower lip shorter and much rolled bados-olive, olive (Bahamas) ; wild olive
backward; stamens 4, inserted in pairs near (Barbados); olivier batiird, mang blanc
base of tube and extending beyond; and pistil (Haiti) ; olivier bord de mer (Martinique) ;
consists of conic green ovary, 2-celled with 4 oliba, olijfi (Dutch Antilles).
ovules in each cell, and threadlike long style. This species has special botanical interest as
The stone fruits (drupes) turning from the only New World representative of a small
yellow green t o light green a t maturity, have Old World family of 5 genera and about 100
calyx remaining a t base and short point at apex species, mostly shrubs and few trees. The
from base of style, thin yellow slightly bitter center of distribution is Australia and nearby
flesh, a large whitish thick-walled stone, and islands. Hawaii has 1tree species. It has been
few whitish seeds less than l/s inch long. Flow- suggested that Bontia possibly might have been
ering and fruiting through the year. introduced long ago.
The wood is light gray brown, hard and
711. Mangle bobo, white-alling Bontiu daphnoides L.
Natural size.

911
 MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)
Shrubs and trees sometimes large, also herbs 5-4-lobed, generally colored and often showy,
and vines, known by: (1) leaves opposite, stamens 6-4 alternate and inserted in tube, and
sometimes whorled, simple, entire with paired pistil with inferior ovary commonly 2-celled
stipules that form bud and leave ring scars and containing many ovules (to I), style, and
a t nodes; (2) flowers generally many in cymes, 2 stigmas ; and (3) fruit a capsule or berry,
small to large, bisexual, regular, with 6-4-lobed sometimes a drupe. Also vol. 1, p. 504.
calyx often persistent, tubular corolla usually
Key to species
A. Plants spiny or sticky (viscid).
B. Plants spiny.
C. T m g s with spines, mostly paired.
D. Leaves and spines paned; leaves %-I% inches long; side twigs short in 4 rows-247. Tintillo,
box-briar, Randia aculeata L.
DD. Leaves and spines partly in 3's; leaves %-94 inch long; twigs long and slender-733. Machuonia
portoricenitis.
CC. Spines a t end of stiff leaves-729. Guettarda pungens.
BB. Plants sticky (viscid) or resinous.
E. Buds not resinous-713. Antirhea acutata.
EE. Buds in resin drop.
F. Flowers in terminal clusters-719. Chione senzinervis.
FF. Flowers in lateral clusters.
G. Flowers crowded on 2 forks a t end of long lateral stalk-249. AquilBn, Terebraria resinosa
(Vahl) Sprague.
GG. Flowers crowded a t leaf bases and back of leaves.
H. Leaves %-I % inches long-740. Phialantluls myrtilloides.
HH. Leaves 1 3 % inches long-739. Phialanthus grandifoliua.
AA. Plants not spiny or sticky (viscid).
I. Flowers many in compact white terminal clusters 2-4 inches across, suggesting a snowball or with rounded
stalked white lobes to 1%inches in diameter; introduced ornamentals.
J. Flower clusters suggesting a snowball-732. Zzora thwaitesii.*
JJ. Flower clusters with rounded stalked lobes--7!8. Cal2/cophyllum candidissintum.*
11. Flowers not suggesting a snowball, if wvhite-then in smaller clusters.
K. Fruit o capsule with man seeds, splitt~ngopen.
L. Flowers large, with c n g narrow tube and lobes from bud more than 1%inches long.
M. Leaves 4 4 % inches long.-724. Ezostema sanctae-luciae.
MM. Leaves less than 3% inches long.
N. Flowers many in terminal clusters-723. Ezostema ellipticum.
NN. Flowers single a t leaf bases--241. Albarillo, Caribbean princewood, Exostema cari-
baeum (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.
LL. Flowers small, less than % inch long.
[Link] 3-7 inches long; flowers several to many in branched lateral cluster+248. Juan
tomds, Rondeletia portorice~zaisKrug & Urban.
00. Leaves small, mostly less than 3 inches long; flowers few or 1on short stalks a t leaf base.
P. Twigs and lower leaf surfaces with lonq soft hairs-747. Rondeletia pilosa.
PP. Twigs and lower leaf surfaces slightly halry or nearly hairless-746. Rondeletia inemis.
KK. Fruits dry or fleshy, not splitting o en.
Q. Fruits (drupes) becoming h a r t and dry.
R. F r u ~ t shairless, black, rounded but broader than lon 1-seeded; flowers on slender stalks;
leaves becoming blackish upon drymg-242. ~ a f e k o false-coffee,
, Fammea occidentab
(L.) A. Rich.
RR. Frults finely hairy, green, red, or black, rounded, with several seeds; flowers several clus-
tered erect on forks a t end of long stalk-Guettarda.
S. Leaves rough on upper surface-244. Palo de cucubano, "greenheart," roughleaf velvet-
seed, Guettarda scabra (L.) Vent.
SS. Leaves smooth and hairless on upper surface.
T. Leaves hairy on lower surface.
U. Leaves thick, the lower surfnce soft hairy with network of raised veins-726.
Guettarda krugii.
UU. Leaves thin, the surface with minute pressed hairs-726. Guettarda elliptica.
 MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)
TT. Leaves hairless or nearly so on lower surface.
V. Leaves with deeply sunken side veins-727. Guettarda ovalifolia.
VV. Leaves with side veins not or slight1 sunken.
W. Leaves 136-5 inches long. -. dulf dark green--730. Guettarda valenzue-
lana.
WW. Leaves W-2% inches long, shiny yellow green-728. Cuettarda pami-
.--
QQ. Fruits fleshy berries or drupes.
flora.
- --

X. Fruits comaound, from many flowers crowded in ball-like head; leaves large, - elliptic,
- . mostly
6-12 indies long.
Y. Flowers orange, in balls 1%-1% inches across-712. Anthocephalus chittensis.*
YY. Flowers white, in balls 1 inch across-246. Morinda, painkiller, Morinda citrifolia L.*
XX. Fruits simple, each from a flower; leaves mostly smaller.
2. Seeds 2ew to many.
a. Fruits large, more than 1 inch wide.
b. Fruit elliptic, 334-434 inches long, with bluish dye, sour; leaves drying dark
bluish green-243. J a v a genipa, Chpa a d c a n a L.
bb. Fruit round, 1% inches In diameter-748. Vangueria madaga~carienrris.~
[Link] less than # inch long.
c. Berry elliptic, dark red to blackish; flowers orange red to red; leaves mostly in
3'+731. Hamelia patene.
cc. Berry or drupe black; Aowers whitish; leaves opposite.
d. Flowers and f r u ~ t sseveral to many,.shorbstalked a t ends of branching
clusters; fruits round, inch in diameter, with 5-10 grooves and nut-
lets-722. Erithalb frtiticosa.
dd. Flowers and fruits clustered erect on forks a t end of long stalk; fruits ellip-
tic or oblong, about 96 inch long, the stone with 2-6 cells and seeds--
Antirhea. - -
e. Leaves oblong to lanceolate, 3-4 times as long as wide-717. Antirhea
sintenisii.
ee. Leaves mostly elliptic or ovate, mostly 2-3 times aslong as wide.
f. Leaves shiny green above, the lower surface m t h several t ~ n y ~ h o l e s
in an le between side veins and midvein-715. Antirhea lucula.
ff. Leaves $1111 green, slightly thickened.
g. Leaves almost stalkless, rounded to heart-shaped a t base-239.
Quina, Antirhea obtusifolia Urban.
gg. Leaves with short petiole, blunt or short- ointed a t base.
h. Petiole W-% inch long; fruit wit{ %seeded stone-714.
Antirltea coriacea.
hh. Petiole inch long, stout; fruit with &celled stone-
716. Antirhea portoricenaur.
ZZ. Seeds or nutlets 2, from 2-celled ovary.
i. Flowers clustered a t leaf baees and nodes back of leaves, shorhtalked.
j. Flowers more than 1 inch across the 5-7 spreading white corolla lobes; ellip-
tic red berries with 2 large brown seeds (coffee beans)-Cofea.
k. +es: 3-7 inches long; corolla 5-lobed-240. Cafe, coffee, Coffea arabica
L.-
kk. Leaves 6 1 4 inches long; corolla 5-7-lobed-721. Coffeadewsvrei.*
jj. Flowers % inch long the corolla with very narrow reddish or ink tube and
4-5 short white l o b s ; rounded red or pink berriee245. &enlo. Izon
fewea (Jacq.) Benth.
ii. Flowers in terminal branched clusters.
1. Flower clusters with whitish axis. fruit (drupe) oblong, 3 6 4 inch long,
shiny purplish black with 2-celied stone; stipules shedding early-720.
Chione-v&ea.
11. Flower clusters with greenish or r e d d i axis; fruit (drupe) rounded, about
36 inch long, black, bluish, or red, m t h 2 nutlets; paired pointed &pules
present.
m. Corolla with long tube %-94 inch. long, slightly curved and swollen a t
base. mostly- yellow
. or red; axis orange or reddish; fruits black-
Palicourea.
n. Stipules deciduous; flowers nearly stalkless in clusters of 3, corolla
white or pinkish-757. Palicourea domingensis.
nn. Stipules persistent; flowers se arate on slender stalks.
o. Leaves less thnn 4 inches Pang; corolla yellow, turning to pale
purple-734. Palicourea atpima.
oo. h i v & mostly 4-10 inches long.
p. Corolla white--735. Palicourea barbinervia.
pp. Corolla yellow or red.
q. Corolla ellow; flowers on orange-red branches of clus-
ters atout a s broad as long, often more or less hori-
zontal. leaves with small tufts of hairs where side
veins join midvein beneath-738. Palicourea oiparia.
qq. Corolla red; flowers on yellow or orange branches of
erect clusters longer than wide. leaves minutely hairy
along midvein beneath-786. fialicourea crocea.
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)
mm. Corolla with short straight tube less than 96 inch long, mostly white;
axis greenish; fruits black or red-Psychotria.
r. Leaves thin, with straight edges.
s. Leaves long- or short-pointed at apex, mostly more than 4
inches long.
t. Leaves obovate or broadly oblanceolate, widest beyond mid-
dle, mostly 8-13 inches lon 742. Psychotria gm~lCli8.
tt. Leaves elliptic, widest a t mid8G 8-8 inches long-741. Ply-
chotria berteriana.
5s. Leaves blunt- or short-pointed a t apex, less than 4 inches long;
Mona Ialand only-745. Psychotria nutans.
rr. Leaves slightly thickened and turned under a t edges.
u. Leaves ell1 tic to obovate, broadest near blunt-pointed apex and
narrowel to long-pointed base; foliage without odor-744.
Ps~cirotridmaricaensis.
uu. Leaves oblong, widest near middle, long- or short-pointed at both
ends; foliage with bad odor-743. Psychotr5a maleolena.

712. Kadam Anthocephalus chinensis (Lam,) A. Rich. ex Walp.*

Kadarn, a rapidly growing introduced timber elliptic lobes inch across; 5 stalkless stamens
tree, is being tested experimentally in forestry on throat of corolla and alternate with lobes;
plots in Puerto Rico. It is distinguished by: and pistil with inferior 2-celled ovary, long
(1) opposite large elliptic yellow-green leaves threadlike style, and enlarged stigma.
with many sunken curved side veins; (2) Fruits compound (multiple), composed of
orange flowers crowded in large balls or heads numerous crowded fruits pressed together in a
1%-1% inches in diameter; and (3) fleshy fleshy ball around the central whitish base
fruits in balls about 2 inches in diameter. nearly 1 inch across. Each individual fruit
A large evergreen introduced forest tree be- about v8 inch long and Vs inch wide has 6 or
coming a t maturity 100 feet tall and 2% feet sometimes 4 short brownish lobes 1/,, inch long
in trunk diameter, with straight axis and widely from a fleshy base and inferior ovary. There
spreading nearly horizontal branches. Bark are 4 or fewer light brown seeds more than '/ro
gray, smoothish to slightly fissured. The inner inch long. Flowering in spring and summer,
bark is light yellow with a thin green outer maturing fruits in summer and autumn.
layer, fibrous, and bitter. Twigs stout, hairless, The wood is light in color and workable,
with ringed nodes, green when young, becoming suited especially for veneers and cabinetwork.
brown. Buds very narrow and long-pointed, I t has not yet been used locally,
y8 inch long, covered by paired stipules, which Kadam is uncommon in Puerto Rico. This
shed early. promising, very fast growing tree is planted
Leaves opposite, hairless, with stout light mainly for timber but sometimes for ornament
green petioles ly4-1Y4 inches long. Blades are such as in plazas.
6-12 inches long and 3x4 inches wide, PUBLICM]RESTS.-LU~U~~~O, Maricao, Rio
abruptly short-pointed a t apex, rounded a t base, Abajo.
not toothed on edges, slightly thickened and R A N G E . - N ~ ~ ~ofv ~southeast Asia to East
leathery, the upper surface yellow green and Indies and Philippines but planted a s a forest
slightly shiny, the midvein and curved side tree and in botanical gardens in other tropical
veins light yellow and sunken, and the lower countries.
surface dull light green with raised veins. OTHER COMMON NAMES.-kadam (com-
Flowers numerous, fragrant, consisting of merce) ; laran (Malay).
tubular base (hypanthium) 4/8 inch long, which BOTANICALs ~ N o N Y ~ . - A n t J t o c e p i u ~ ~ uca-
8
bears the 6-lobed calyx and other pa* ;corolla damba (Roxb.) Miq. t
a/8 inch long, narrowly funnel-shaped with 5
712. Kadam Anthoceplmlus chinensis (Lam.)A. Rich. ex Walp.*
Flowering twigs (left), fruiting twig (right), two-thirds natural size.
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

713. Quina Antirhen ncutatn (DC.) Urban

This shrub or small tree is easily recognized Flower clusters (cymes) bear few nearly
by its small sticky or viscid, shiny yellow-green stalkless fragrant flowers erect on one side of
leaves. Other characters for identification in- the end of a slender stalk l/e-1 inch long, which
clude : (1) erect long slender wiry gray twigs, arises a t base of a leaf. The flower is composed
mostly paired, with many crowded, slightly of short tubular yellow-green calyx inch
raised, half-round to round leaf scars; (2) long, with 6 long teeth; white corolla a/88,v8
leaves opposite and crowded at ends of twigs, inch long, with very narrow tube and 5 spread-
elliptic to oblong, mostly inches long ing lobes 8/10-1/4, inch across; 6 stamens inside
and 8/8-5/8 inch wide; (3) few very fragrant throat of tube and alternate with lobes; and
small white narrowly tubular flowers 3/ s/8 pistil with inferior 4-6-celled ovary and slender
inch long borne erect in a line at end of s l i r t style. The fruits (drupes) bear the calyx a t
stalk from leaf base; and (4) small elliptic apex and contain few seeds within the 4-6celled
black fleshy fruits %a inch long. stone. With flowers and fruits through the
Evergreen much branched shrub or small tree year.
to 16 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, The wood is light brown, slightly hard.
reported to reach 25 feet, often with several Common in dry limestone and lower Cordil-
trunks from base. The bark is blackish gray, lera forests, also shrub thickets along beaches,
smoothish, becoming thick, rough and shaggy, from sea level to 800 feet altitude, from Gua-
with short scaly plates. Inner bark is pinkish yanilla west to the southwestern corner of
brown and bitter. The twigs, finely hairy when Puerto Rico. Also Mona, Muertos, and Vieques.
young, have faint rings a t nodes. Older twigs PUBLIC ~o~~sTs.-Boquer6n,GuBnica, SusBa.
have corky outgrowths. RANGE.-Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles from
The leaves have light yellow finely hairy leaf- Anguilla, St. Barts, and Barbuda to Guadeloupe
stalks 1/1a-V8 inch long and blades sometimes and Marie Galante, and Bonaire, Curacao, and
to 2 inches long and inch wide. Paired nar- Aruba.
row pointed brown stipules y8 inch or more OTHER COMMON ~~MEs.-boje, manglillo
in length leave a faint ring scar but persist (Puerto Rico) ; cuchara, placa chiquita, stani-
sometimes on twigs after leaves fall. Blades are bari (Dutch Antilles).
sticky or viscid, shiny yellow green, paler be- BOTANICALS Y N O N Y M . A ~ ~ ~ O ~a ~c uOt e? ~ U ~
neath, thin or slightly thickened, short-pointed tum DC.
a t apex, short-pointed or rounded a t base, The generic name has been spelled also
slightly turned under a t edges, hairless. Antirrhoea.
713. Quina Aatirltea acritata (DC.)Urban
Natural size.

917
 - -

MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

714. Quina Antirhea corbcea (Vahl) Urban

This tree, scattered in moist mountains and with lobes; and pistil with inferior 2-celled
along the north coast of Puerto Rico, has: (1) ovary and threadlike style. The fruit (drupe)
opposite elliptic or ovate leaves 2-6 inches long has a 2-seeded stone. Bearing flowers in spring
and ll/g-2Y2 inches wide, slightly thickened, and fruits in summer.
dull green ; (2) several to many flowers a/8 inch The wood is described as yellowish, hard,
long, the white corolla with slender tube and 4 heavy, and durable. Elsewhere it has served
short lobes, erect in few-branched clusters ; and for posts and construction and the bitter bark
(3) oblong or elliptic black fruit s/B inch long. in home remedies.
Evergreen tree to 40 feet tall and 8 inches Scattered and uncommon in moist coast, lime-
in trunk diameter. Twigs hairless, with rings stone, and lower Cordillera forests at 200-2,500
a t nodes. feet altitude on moist mountains and along the
The opposite hairless leaves have leafstalks north coast of Puerto Rico.
l/g--b/8 inch long. The paired oblong stipules PUBLICFo~~STS.-carite, Luquillo, Maricao,
are inch long. Blades are slightly Rio Abajo.
thickened, the apex blunt or abruptly long- RANGE.--Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Montserrat,
pointed, the base blunt or short-pointed, with Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, and St.
5-6 pairs of side veins, prominent on under Vincent.
surf ace. OTHER COMMON NAMES.-boje (Puerto
Flower stalks (cymes) arising from leaf Rico) ; pegwood (Jamaica) ; mapou noire
base have slender stalk and few branches 1%-2 (Guadeloupe, Martinique) ;bois jaune (Guade-
inches long, shorter than leaves. The fragrant loupe, Dominica) ; bois nigresse (Guadeloupe) ;
flowers have a short tubular calyx %a inch long acouquoi (Dominica).
with 4 very short teeth; corolla %a inch long, BOTANICALSYNoN~M.~tenostomurn coria-
the narrow tube much longer than the 4 lobes ; ceum (Vahl) Griseb.
4 stamens inside throat of tube and alternate
714. Quina
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (below), natural size.

919
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

Antirhea Eucida (Sw.) Benth. & Hook. f.

Palo llor6n is distinguished by: (1) opposite closing the inferior 2-celled ovary; green tubu-
leaves with faint lateral veins not distinct near lar calyx '/lo inch long, minutely &&lobed at
margins, 1or 2 pairs a t end of light gray twig; apex; light yellow corolla with tube about 48
(2) flower cluster (cyme) 3-5 inches long, inch long and 5-4 spreading lobes nearly l/s
consisting of 2 nearly horizontal, curved very inch across, the tube bearing as many minute
slender, light green branches bearing on upper brown stamens as lobes; and light yellow style
side many small erect stalkless light yellow and nearly s/la inch long with 2-lobed stigma. The
greenish tubular flowers nearly l/s inch long; 2-seeded fruit retains calyx at apex. With
and (3) oblong fruit (drupe) l,-Y8 inch in flowers in spring and fruits in summer.
length, red to black. The wood is light brown and hard.
A small deciduous tree 16-30 feet tall and Common locally in dry limestone, moist
8 inches in trunk diameter, with spreading coastal, and moist limestone forests from sea
crown of smooth light gray branches, or a level to 800 feet altitude in southwestern Puerto
shrub, hairless almost throughout. The light Rico near Guayanilla, Guhnica, and Parguera
bark is smooth with many dots (lenticels). and east along north coast to Toa Baja. Also
Inner bark is light brown, turning darker on islands eastward to St, Thomas and St. Croix.
exposure, slightly bitter. Twigs are light gray, P~BLIC FORESTS AND pA~~.-Guhnica, S U S; ~
with faint rings a t nodes. Young tips of twigs Buck Island Reef.
are green with a pointed bud about 1/ inch RANGE.-Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, His-
long formed by stipules, which are % inci long, paniola, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, Lesser
long-pointed, and shed very early. Antilles in St. BarthBlemy, Guadeloupe, St.
The opposite leaves have leafstalks Lucia, and Trinidad, and Dutch West Indies
inch long and blades 3-6 inches long and (Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao).
11/2-2% inches wide. Blades are short-pointed OTHERCOMMON ~ A ~ E S . - - a g ~ a ~ apalot i l lde
~,
a t base, short-pointed or rounded a t apex, shiny cuello, palo de gallina (Dominican Republic) ;
green above and beneath light green and less
shiny. On lower surface several tiny depres- llorbn, raiz6, almorrana, almorrana amarilla
sions or holes are formed in the angle between (Cuba) ; avocat marron, bois patate (Haiti) ;
a lateral vein and midrib. koetsjaara, plaaka sjikietoe (Dutch Antilles).
Each small flower has a green basal tube BOTANICAL ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ . - S t e n o slucidum
tornum
(hypanthium) inch long and broad, en- (Sw.) Gaertn. f.
715. Pa10 llor6n Antirhea lucida (Sw.) Benth. & Hook. f.
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size.
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)
716. Antirhen portoricensis (Britton & Wile.) Stand].

This rare small tree 20-30 feet high and 4 in diameter, 4-celled. Rare in moist limestone
inches in trunk diameter is distinguished from forest a t 200-400 feet altitude in northern
related species by: (1) opposite elliptic leaves Puerto Rico.
By2-Fi inches long and 1-2'/iL inches wide, dull BOTANICALSYNONYM.-Stenostomum por-
and slightly thickened, with stout petiolev8-%'/la toricense Britton & Wils. Named in 1930 from
inch long; (2) flower clusters (cymes) with a specimen collected the year before by N. L.
slender branches v8-13/8 inches long; and (3) Britton a t Candelaria, west of Bayam6n. A
elliptic fruit (drupe) %a inch long and inch poorly known species meriting further study.

717. Quina Antirhea sinteniaii Urban

A tree confined to moist parts of Puerto era1 stalkless flowers. The flowers are composed
Rico and characterized by: (1) opposite oblong of short tubular calyx '/la inch long with 4
to lanceolate leaves 24% inches long and ya- short broad teeth; cream-colored hairy corolla
1% inches wide; (2) several flowers nearly inch long, the tube much longer than the
% inch long, the cream-colored corolla with 4 lobes; 4 stamens inside throat of tube and
narrow tube and 4 short lobes, stalkless along alternate with lobes; and pistil with inferior
the end of a short stalk from base of leaves; ovary, threadlike style, and 2-lobed stigma. The
and (3) elliptic fruit 3/8 inch long. fruit (drupe) is black at maturity. Collected
Everg~eentree reported to reach 50 feet in with flowers and fruits in January.
height. Twigs slender, brown or gray brown, The wood is described as yellowish,
hairless, with rings a t nodes. Rare in moist forest at lower and middle
The opposite hairless leaves have leafstalks altitudes in Puerto Rico. Collected near Utuado,
3/1,-3/R inch long and paired ovate stipules % Manati, and Guajataca. Not found by the
inch long. Blades are slightly thickened, the
apex blunt, rounded, or short-pointed, the base authors.
mostly short-pointed, the midvein prominent RANGE.-K~OW~ only from Puerto Rico.
but side veins very obscure. BOTANICAL S Y N O N Y M . - ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ sin-~ O ~ U ~
Flower clusters (cymes) from base of leaf tenisii (Urban) Britton & Wils.
have branches inches long bearing sev- This species honors its discoverer, [Link].
717. Quina Antivhea sintenisii Urban
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (below), natural size.

923
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

718. DBgame, degame Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl) DC.*

Degame, a recent introduction, is a handsome rounded or broadly ovate long-stalked thin

ornamental and produces a useful wood. Dur- white lobe or blade, which makes the display of
ing the long flowering period, the trees are color. The 2-celled capsules contain many
covered with white. Distinguishing characters minute winged brown seeds. Flowering in
are: (1) paired elliptic leaves mostly 24 winter, the whitish lobes long persistent into
inches long and 3/-1y2 inches wide; (2) clus- spring.
ters of many small white flowers only about The heartwood is gray brown and the sap-
yuinch long and broad, a few with an enlarged wood pale yellow. The wood is hard, heavy
rounded long-stalked white lobe or blade Y2-l$4 (specific gravity 0.660.70), with growth rings,
inches in diameter formed from calyx; and fine-textured, strong, and takes a good polish.
(3) small cylindric slightly flattened blackish Principal uses elsewhere include construction,
hairy capsules %-a/8 inch long. carpentry, cabinetwork, agricultural imple-
An evergreen small planted tree 30 feet high ments, turned articles, and tool handles. Spe-
and 5 inches in trunk diameter, attaining large cial uses are archery bows, fishing rods, and
size in age and in the forest. The bark is gray fine-toothed combs.
or reddish brown, smoothish, becoming fissured Uncommon as a n ornamental in Puerto Rico.
and scaly with thin plates. The twigs are brown Grown also in Hawaii. Where native, classed
and hairless or nearly so, ringed at nodes. as an important honey plant. The trees merit
The opposite leaves have slender petioles wider cultivation for the long-persistent showy
inch long and at base a pair of scales white flowers and useful wood.
(stipules) to s/8 inch long. Leaf blades are RANGE.-Southern Mexico to Colombia and
long- or short-pointed a t both ends, not toothed Venezuela, also Cuba. Occasionally introduced
on edges, thin, becoming hairless or nearly so, beyond as a n ornamental.
shiny green on upper surface and paler beneath. OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . - - d i g(Cuba)
a r n e;
The flowers are in large branched, flattened camar6n (Mexico) ; salamo, madroiio (Central
clusters (corymbs) a t ends of twigs, mostly America) ; guayabillo, palo de peine, ealan
stalkless in 3's from narrow pointed buds. The (Guatemala) ; calan, colorado, solano, urraco
hairy cylindric base bears a minute calyx and (Honduras) ; salamo (El Salvador) ; surri,
white corolla with short tube and 4 spreading conejo (Costa Rica) ;alazano, guayabo alazano,
lobes; 4 short stamens attached on the hairy harino (Panama) ; alazano, guayabo, guayabo
end of tube and alternate with lobes ;and pistil colorado, guayabo joveroso (Colombia) ; ara-
with inferior 2-celled ovary, slender style, and guato, betiin, guatagire, guayabo (Venezuela) ;
2-forked stigma. A few flowers in a large degame, lemonwood, lancewood (English).
cluster produce from the calyx an enlarged
 Calycophyllum catldidiesimrcm (Vahl) DC.*
Flowering twig, natural size.

925
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)
Chione seminervis Urban & Ekman

This shrub or small tree to 20 feet high and turned under a t edges, hairless, shiny dark
4 inches in trunk diameter was found in 1962 green above, paler beneath, with petiole of 1/8
near the summit of Cerro de Punta by Alain inch; and (3) flower clusters terminal with 3
Liogier. Distinguishing characteristics are : nearly stalkless flowers a/8 inch long, composed
(1) slender ringed twigs minutely hairy when of 5-toothed calyx, white funnel-shaped corolla
young, with resin deposits and ending in resin- with 6 rounded lobes, 5 stamens within tube,
ous bud j/la inch long; (2) opposite obovate to and pistil with inferior ovary and style. Rare
elliptic leaves yS-ll/s inches long and O/8-!i~ in upper Cordillera forest on Cerro de Punta
inch wide, sometimes larger, blunt or rounded at 4,000 feet altitude, Toro Negro Forest.
a t apex, short-pointed at base, leathery and RANGE.-Hispaniola and Puerto Rico.

720. Martin Aviln Chione venosa (Sw.) Urban

This rare small tree is characterized by: (1) inch long and yu inch in diameter, faintly pink
opposite narrowly elliptic leathery leaves, short- tinged in bud, has 5 rounded spreading lobes
pointed a t both ends and turned under a t edges, nearly yuinch long; 5 white stamens more than
with few side veins; (2) erect terminal flower v8inch long, with narrow orange anthers, are
cluster with whitish axis and branches bearing attached near base of corolla tube; and the pistil
several to many fragrant tubular whitish
flowers about y2 inch long, with 5 rounded
vu
has a white style inch long. The minute calyx
lobes remain a t apex of the fruit (drupe), which
corolla lobes; and (3) shiny purplish black has slightly bitter flesh and a grooved stone
oblong fleshy fruits y2-O/4inch long. containing 2 narrow seeds. With flowers and
Evergreen tree 20-60 feet in height, with fruitd in spring and summer.
smooth dark trunk 6-14 inches in diameter and Rare in moist limestone and lower Luquillo
with dense crown of foliage, hairless through- forests from sea level to 1,600 feet altitude in
out. Twigs are gray, green when young, ringed northern limestone and eastern foothills of
a t nodes. Puerto Rico. Also recorded long ago from St.
The yellow-green slightly flattened leafstalks Croix, St. Thomas, and Tortola.
are %-3/q, inch long. Blades are 2y2-4y2 inches PUBLICFORESTS.-LU~U~~~O, Rfo Abajo.
long and 3/-1y2 inches wide, above dark green RANGE.-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Virgin
and slightly shiny and beneath dull light green. Islands, and through Lesser Antilles from St.
The erect whitish flower cluster (cyme) is Kitts and Montserrat to Grenada and Tobago,
2-3 inches broad and 4-6 inches long including Also in Guyana.
stalk, slightly flattened a t top. The whitish OTHER COMMON N A M E S . - S ~Olalla,
~ ~ ~ palo
basal tube (hypanthium) enclosing the inferior blanco (Puerto Rico) ;fat-pork (Montserrat) ;
2-celled ovary is 3/10 inch long, bearing 6 minute violette (Grenada).
calyx lobes at apex; the white corolla tube
720. Martin Avila I Chione venosa (Sw.) Urban
Flowering twig and fruits (lower left), natural size.

927
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

721. Cafh excelea, Dewevre coffee Coflea dewevrei Wildem. & T. Dur.'$
Cafe excelsa or Dewevre or Liberian coffee less than 1/8 inch long and broad; the white
is uncommonly planted in mountains of Puerto corolla has a narrow cylindric tube a/8 inch
Rico. It is distinguished from the common long and 6-7 widespreading lobes 34 inch long,
caf6 or coffee, No. 240, Coffea arabica L.,* by: narrow and blunt-pointed; 6-7 stamens in-
(1) larger size, a small tree 20-30 feet high serted in mouth of corolla tube; and pistil with
unless pruned back, with a definite trunk 4-6 2-celled inferior ovary and long threadlike 2-
inches in diameter; (2) larger opposite elliptic forked style. The elliptic fleshy fruits on stalks
leaves 6-14 inches long and 3-6 inches wide, 4/8 inch long have thin pulp and usually 2 large
slightly thick and leathery; (3) white fragrant elliptic seeds or beans, flattened on the side
flowers clustered a t leaf bases and nodes back where they join. Flowering and fruiting
of leaves, the corolla with 6-7 (instead of 5 throughout the year.
only) widespreading lobes 1% inches across ; The wood is whitish and hard.
and (4) slightly larger elliptic dark red or The seeds of the species of coffee (genus
reddish yellow berries li/8-3/ inch long and Coffea) contain caffein and when roasted and
%-5/8 inch broad. ground produce the well known beverage. The
An evergreen small cultivated tree, hairless tree coffee is sometimes planted in the moun-
throughout. The bark is gray and much fis- tains of Puerto Rico but is nowhere common.
sured, the inner bark whitish and bitter. Twigs It belongs to the Liberian group and is regarded
are stout, shiny, with enlarged ringed nodes also as a variety of Liberian coffee (Coffea
and much raised large half-round leaf scars. liberica Hiern.") in a broad sense. This species
The paired leaves have 2 broad short-pointed is attacked by the coffee leafminer (Leucoptera
stipules 3/lc inch long, persistent a t the base of coffeelh), the worst insect pest of coffee in
the stout petioles l/z-3/ inch long. The large Puerto Rico.
thick, leathery blades are blunt a t apex, short- PUBLIC~ o ~ ~ s ~ s . - G u i l a r Toro
t e , Negro.
pointed a t base, and not toothed on edges, with R~Nc~.-Native of West Africa but widely
relatively few curved side veins, the upper planted and escaping through the tropics.
surface shiny green to dark green, and the OTHER COMMON N A M E S . - - C ~ ~ excelsa,
~ caf6
lower surface pale yellow green. lib6rico (Spanish) ; Dewevre coffee, Liberian
The flowers almost stalkless a t nodes have a coffee (English).
calyx of hairy teeth on the base (hypanthium)
721. Caf6 excelsa, Dewevre coffee Cofea dewevrei Wildem. & T. Dur.*
One-half natural size.
 MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

722. Jayajabico, black torch

This shrub common near beaches and in Fruits (drupes) light green, becoming black,
openings of lowland forests sometimes becomes have calyx persistent in ring a t apex, as many
a small tree. It is recognized by: (1) compact longitudinal grooves as cells, and contain 5-10
rounded masses of dark green foliage, the narrow nutlets. Flowering and fruiting through
paired leaves broadly elliptic or nearly round, the year.
mostly inches long and 1-2 inches wide, The light brown wood has dark streaks in
slightly leathery, the stipules forming a narrow heartwood. It is very hard, heavy, and fine-
, ring around twig and leaving a ring scar; (2) textured. It could be used for articles of turn-
terminal clusters of small tubular white fra- ery but is available only in small sizes. Else-
grant flowers W inch long and broad, with where the durable wood has served for piles
6-7 corolla lobes ;and (3) black rounded fleshy and posts. The resinous wood when split has
fruits 3{ /1, inch in diameter. been bound into torches.
Evergreen compact shrub commonly less than Common near beaches and in openings of
6 feet high, sometimes a large shrub or small dry limestone, moist limestone, moist coastal,
tree to 30 feet high and 4 inches in trunk and lower Cordillera forests from sea level to
diameter, hairless throughout. Bark dark gray, 400 feet altitude. Also in moist coasts round
smoothish, often warty, the inner bark light Puerto Rico and nearly all adjacent islands.
yellow, bitter. Twigs light green, with rings Also Mona, Desecheo, Muertos, Icacos, Culebra,
a t nodes, becoming gray. Stipules forming Vieques, St. Croix, Buck Island, St. Thomas,
slightly pointed bud '/lo inch long, afterwards St. John, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, and Anegada.
a narrow ring 1/,, inch high a t each node. PUBLICFORESTS AND PARKS.-Cambalache,
Leaves opposite, with light green leafstalk GuBnica, Maricao, San Juan, Susiia; Buck
x-1 inch long. In exposed areas, the leaves Island Reef, Virgin Islands, Gorda Peak.
are reduced to only 1 inch long and inch RANGE.--Southern Florida and through West
wide. Blades blunt or rounded at apex, gradu- Indies from Bahamas to Grenada, Barbados,
ally narrowed to base, not toothed on edges, and Trinidad. From Isla de Margarita and
with few inconspicuous veins, the upper surface other islands of northern Venezuela west to
dark green and slightly shiny, the lower surface Bonaire, Curacao, and Aruba. Also in Quin-
dull green. tana Roo, Mexico.
Flower clusters (panicles) are terminal and OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-^ (Puerto Rico) ;
lateral, erect, 2-3 inches long on a long stalk, cuaba prieta, vibona, jayajabico, rompe machete
with several to many short-stalked flowers. (Cuba) ; black torch, pigeon-berry (Bahamas) ;
Each flower consists of tubular light green parrot-apple !Tobago) ; bois chandelle, bois
calyx 6-7-toothed ;white corolla with short tube chandelle now (Guadeloupe, Martinique) ;
and 5-7 narrow spreading lobes ;white stamens flambeau, lumbra blancu (Dutch Antilles) ;
as many as corolla lobes, alternate and inserted black torch, bois chandelle, bois flambeau (Do-
near base; and pistil with inferior rounded minica).
light green ovary 6-10-celled with 1 ovule in This is a variable species with races differing-
each cell, slender white style, and lobed stigma. in leaves, flowers, and-fruits.
722. Jayajabico, black torch
Natural size.
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

723. Plateado Exostema ellipticum Griseb.

This small tree is rare in central and western stalks %-:% inch long, the flower buds 1%-
mountains of Puerto Rico. Distinwished by : 21% inches long and less than % inch wide,
(1) opposite elliptic leaves 11&342inches long cream colored. The narrow tubular base (hy-
and %-I% inches wide, with 2 blunt-pointed panthium) % inch long bears the short calyx
stipules Vs inch long; (2) large flowers 2y2 with 5 teeth xo inch long; the corolla has a nar-
inch long, the corolla with narrow tube and 6 row cylindric tube 1-1% inches long and less
very narrow lobes, changing color from white than J/8 inch wide, and 5 very narrow spreading
and pink t o dark red ;and (3) cylindric brown
seed capsules inches long.
lobes 1% inches long and xc inch wide; 6
threadlike stamens united in a tube to base of
An evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet corolla and extending 1% inches beyond; and
high and 4 inches in trunk diameter. The bark pistil with 2-celled inferior ovary, very long
is gray, smoothish, becoming fissured and threadlike style about 2% inches long, and en-
rough, the inner bark pink and bitter. The larged stigma. The cylindric seed capsules have
hairless twigs are green when young, becoming calyx teeth a t apex, are hard-walled, and split
light brown, ringed at nodes. into 2 parts. Flowering in spring and summer
The opposite leaves have a t base 2 blunt- and with fruits from summer to winter.
pointed stipules 4/8 inch long, green, turning The wood is light brown and hard. Else-
brown, and short petioles l/s-% inch long. where reported to be of good quality and used
Blades are mostly short-pointed a t both ends, in rural carpentry.
not toothed on edges, thick, leathery, and Rare in lower Cordillera forest at 1,5003,000
slightly succulent, the upper suface slightly feet altitude in central and western mountains
shiny dark green and hairless, and the lower of Puerto Rico.
PUBLIC FORESTS.-Maricao, Tor0 Negro.
surface green, sometimes with tufts of minute R A N G E . - ~ u ~Hispaniola,
~, and Puerto Rico.
hairs in angles of side veins with midvein. OTHER COMMON NAMES.-dayateje, plateado,
Flower clusters (panicles like corymbs) are vigueta, lirio santana, chinchona (Cuba) ; lirio
terminal, slightly flattened, to 6 inches broad. bobo, piiii-pifii, guina criolla (Dominican Re-
The flowers borne on widely forking slender public).

Exostema sanctae-luciae (Kentish) Britten

A rare shrub or small tree to 26 feet high tain forest near Maricao nearly a century ago.
identified by: (1) opposite oblong to elliptic Sterile specimens were collected by Alain Lio-
leaves inches long and 24 inches wide, gier in Luquillo Mountains a t 3,300 feet alti-
long-pointed a t apex, slightly thickened, shiny tude in 1963 and in limestone hills near Baya-
and hairless on upper surface, dull and with m6n at 300 feet in 1964. RANGE.-Hispaniola,
tufts of minute hairs in angles of side veins Puerto Rico, and Lesser Antilles in Guadeloupe,
with midvein beneath, with stout petioles less Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, and St. Vin-
than 1/2 inch long: (2) flower clusters (panicles cent. OTHERCOMMON NAMES.-pifii-pifii, quina
like corymbs) terminal and flattened, to 6 criolla (Dominican Republic) ; quina (St.
inches broad, the many flowers on stalks %-% Lucia) ; bois tabac, quinquina caralbe, quin-
inch long, composed of tubular base (hypan-
thium) % inch long, calyx with 6 pointed teeth quina-piton (Martinique) ; quina (Dominica).
inch long, and pink to dark red corolla with BOTANICAL SYNONYM.-Exostema floribundum
tube 1-1% inches long and 6 very narrow lobes (Sw.) Roem. & Schult. Elsewhere the wood has
of 1inch; and (3) cylindric seed capsule y8-y4 served for canoe paddles and the bark in home
inch long, with faint ridges. Collected in moun- remedies.
725. Plateado Ezostema ellipticum Griseb.
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (lower right), natural size.

933
-- -

MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

725. Cucuhano lieo, velvetseed Guettarda eUiptica Sw.

Characters for recognition of this shrub or The flowers consist of a cup-shaped hairy
small tree are: (1) paired short side twigs calyx v8 inch long; yellowish or whitish silky
with crowded raised half-round leaf s e r a ; (2) hairy corolla j/g, inch long with narrow tube
small elliptic to ovate leaves x-2 inches long and 4 lobes; 4 stamens in throat of tube alter-
and inches wide, opposite and crowded nate with lobes; and pistil with minute inferior
a t ends of short side twigs; (3) few flowers a t 4-celled ovary, slender style, and dotlike stigma.
the end of a stalk lh-1 inch long a t leaf base,
about v8 inch long, the yellowish or whitish Fruits (drupes) finely hairy, slightly fleshy,
with calyx a t apex, large stone, and few seeds.
corolla with narrow tube and 4 lobes; and (4)
round fruit v4 inch in diameter, turning to Bearing flowers in spring and fruits in summer.
red and black. The wood is light brown, hard, heavy (spe-
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet high cific gravity 0.83), and fine-textured.
and 4 inches in trunk diameter, reportedly Uncommon in dry coast and limestone forests
larger. The bark is slaty gray or gray brown, a t 100-400 feet altitude along south coast of
smooth, with minute dots or lines, sometimes Puerto Rico. Also Mona, Desecheo, Muertos,
mottled and peeling off in thin flakes. Inner and St. Thomas.
bark is gray brown or pinkish and slightly bit-
ter. The gray slender twigs are hairy when PUBLIC m~~s~.-GuAnica.
young, with whitish dots (lenticels) and rings RANGE.-Southern Florida including Florida
a t nodes. Keys, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and St.
The opposite leaves have slender hairy leaf- Thomas. Also Mexico including Tres Marias
stalks %-% inch long and paired long-pointed and Revillagigedo Islands, British Honduras,
hairy stipules ? inch
la long, which form the bud Guatemala, Panama, Venezuela, and Guyana.
and shed early. The thin blades silky hairy OTHER COMMON NAMES.--cigiiilla, cuero de
when young have a rounded apex with minute
point, short-pointed or rounded base, edges not sabana (Cuba) ; crucillo; crucecilla, guayabillo
toothed, few curved side veins, upper surface prieto (Mexico) ; cabrito, cruceto negro, pun-
dull green and almost hairless, the lower sur- teral (Venezuela) ;velvetaeed (English) ;Ever-
face light green with fine, pressed silky hairs, glades velvetseed (United States) ;pickle-wood
especially on veins. (British Honduras).
725. Cucubano liso, velvetseed
Fruiting twig (left), flowering twig (right), natural size.
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

726. Cucubano Guettarda krugii Urhan

Shrub or small tree of southwestern Puerto nearly round or obovate, blunt or short-pointed
Rico, identified by : (1) paired stout gray twigs at apex, rounded or slightly notched a t base, the
with raised half-round to round leaf scars ; (2) upper surface almost hairless with several pairs
opposite small mostly elliptic leaves 1-4 inches of nearly straight side veins, the lower surface
long and v2-2v2inches wide with finely wavy paler and yellowish green, with raised veins
edges turned under, thick and stiff, beneath soft and soft hairy.
hairy with prominent network of fine raised The fragrant flowers have a brown hairy tu-
veins; (3) flowers 1 to few on short stalks at
leaf base or end of twig, y4-1j4inches long, the
bular calyx x inch long; densely white hairy
corolla Vh-1 inch long with narrow tube and
white densely hairy corolla with narrow tube 6-8 narrow spreading lobes more than inch
and 6-8 lobes; and (4) round or pear-shaped across; stamens in throat of corolla tube, as
densely hairy yellow or reddish fleshy fruits many as lobes and alternate; and pistil with
54-1 inch long. minute inferior Pcelled ovary, long slender
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet high style, and dotlike stigma. Fruits (drupes) are
and 3 inches in trunk diameter, reportedly to greenish when immature, narrowed a t base,
30 feet tall, with few slender branches ending have calyx at apex, almost tasteless pulp, large
in clusters of leaves and without a definite stone, and few seeds. Flowering and fruiting
crown. Bark gray, smooth, with few thin flakes from spring to fall.
peeling off and exposing green patches beneath. Wood light brown, hard and brittle.
Inner bark light brown, tasteless. The twigs Uncommon in dry coastal and limestone for-
are densely brown hairy when young, becoming ests at 100-500 feet altitude in southwestern
gray and hairless, stout with ringed nodes and Puerto Rico from near Ponce to Cabo Rojo.
both long and short internodes. PUBLIC FOREST.-GU~~~C~.
Leaves have densely hairy leafstalks g-r;/, R ~ ~ ~ ~ . - p u eRico
r t o and Bahamas.
inch long and paired brown hairy ovate pointed OTHER COMMON NAMES.-velvetseed, frog-
stipules x-342 inch long, which form the bud wood (Bahamas).
and shed early. Blades are mostly elliptic, also
726. Cucubano Guettarda krugii Urban
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size.

937
 - -
-

MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

727. Cucubano Cuettarda ooalijolia Urban

This small tree is recognized by: (1) its upper surface dull green and hairless, and the
paired crowded elliptic leaves with finely wavy lower surface dull light green and finely hairy
edges and deeply sunken curved side veins ; (2) on the raised light yellow veins.
flowers v' inch long, several crowded a t end of The flowers consist of cuplike hairy calyx V8
slender stalk 2-6 inches long, white, pink, or inch long; white or light purple finely hairy
light purple, tubular with 6-6 lobes; and (3) corolla with narrow tube about ri/o inch long and
rounded finely hairy fruits I/e inch in diameter. 6-6 spreading lobes y8 inch across ;6-6 stamens
Evergreen small tree 30 feet high and 4 in throat of tube and alternate with lobes; and
inches in trunk diameter. The bark is gray pistil with minute 4-6-celled inferior ovary,
and smooth, slightly warty or becoming slightly slender style, and dotlike stigma. The fruits
fiesured, the inner bark light pink and slightly (drupes) finely hairy, slightly fleshy, with large
aatringent. The twigs are brownish, hairy when stone and few seeds. Flowering from spring to
young, with rings a t nodes. fall and with fruits in summer and fall.
The opposite leaves crowded near apex of Wood light brown and hard.
twig have hairy leafstalks inch long and Uncommon in moist limestone and lower Cor-
paired very narrow pointed hairy stipules l/s dillera forests a t 300-2,800 feet altitude in
inch long. The blades vary in size, 11/24inches western mountains of Puerto Rico.
long and 3/e-2V2 inches wide rounded with PUBLICFORESTS.-Guajataca, Maricao, Rio
minute point a t apex and short-pointed or Abajo, Susba.
rounded a t base, thin or slightly thickened, the RANGE.-Puerto Rico and Hispaniola.
727. Cucubano Guettardo ovalifolia Urban
Flowering twig (above), fruits (below), natural size.

939
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

728. Cucubano de Viequee, blackberry Guettarda pamiflora Vahl

Distinguishing characters of this shrub or tube and 4-6 unequal spreading lobes more than
small tree are: (1) paired slender twigs with Ys inch across; stamens in throat of corolla
ringed nodes formed by scalelike pointed stip- tube, as many as lobes and alternate ;and pistil
ules; (2) leaves opposite and crowded, oblong with as many ovules as cells in ovary, slender
to elliptic or obovate, y4-Z1/4, inches long and style and dotlike ~[Link] (drupes) finely
v8-8-1inch wide, upper surface shiny yellow hairy, slightly fleshy, with large stone and few
green; (3) flowers 1-3 on short stalk a t leaf seeds. Noted with flowers in spring and with
base, nearly 3/8 inch long, the pinkish corolla fruits nearly through the year.
with narrow tube and 4-6 unequal lobes; and The wood is light brown and hard.
(4) round black fruit 1/4, inch in diameter. Scattered and uncommon in moist coastal
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 26 feet in forest from sea level to 700 feet altitude in east-
height, with 1to several trunks to 5 inches in ern and southeastern Puerto Rico. Also islands
diameter. The bark is gray and smooth to eastward including Palominos, Vieques, St.
scaly, the inner bark light brown and tasteless. Croix and Buck Island, St. Thomas, St. John,
Twigs are slender, gray or brown, finely hairy Jost Van Dyke, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda.
when young, with whitish dots (lenticels) . PUBLIC PARKS.-Buck Island Reef, Virgin Is-
The leaves have hairy brown petioles about lands.
4/8 inch long and paired scalelike brown stipules RANGE.-Puerto Rico and Virdn Islands,
less than I/lc inch long, pointed and hairy, through Lesser Antilles from St. Martin and
which form the bud and shed early. Blades are St. Barts to Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago,
short-pointed or blunt at apex, rounded a t bese, and Venezuela.
not toothed on edges, thin, upper surface shiny OTHERCOMMON NAMES.--blackberry (Vir-
yellow green and hairless, lower surface dull gin Islands) ; punteral, punteral negro, punta
light green and slightly hairy. real blanca (Venezuela) ; bois guette (St.
Flowers are composed of tubular hairy calyx Lucia) ; bois puant, bois de fer blanc. (Marti-
soinch long on short 46-celled inferior ovary; nique) ;wild cherry (Dutch Antilles).
pinkish hairy corolla 1/4, inch long with narrow
728. Cucubano de Vieques, blackberry Cuettarda parviflora Vahl
Twig with flower buds (above), fruiting twig (lower left), natural size.

941
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)
/

Guettarda pungens Urban

The paired small stiff elliptic leaves ending in The flowers are single and almost stalkless a t
a sharp slender yellowish spine 4/8 inch long base of leaves. The calyx is less than 4/8 inch
distinguish this shrub, sometimes a small tree, long and slightly &lobed ;the corolla is white to
of mountains in western Puerto Rico. Other pinkish, finely hairy, with narrow tube more
characters for identification are: (1) white than y2 inch long and 6-6 narrow lobes 8/8-1/2
flowers r;/li-lJ!I. inch long, single a t leaf bases, the inch across; 6-6 stamens in throat of tube and
white to pinkish corolla with narrow tube and alternate with lobes; and pistil with minute in-
5-6 spreading lobes ;and (2) round finely hairy ferior 4-6-celled oyary, slender style, and dot-
fruit I/s, inch in diameter, blackish or violet. like stigma. Fruits (drupes) finely hairy,
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet high slightly fleshy, with large stone and few seeds.
and 4 inches in trunk diameter, often with sev- Flowering from spring to fall, with fruits in
eral branches from base. The bark is gray and fall.
smooth or becoming scaly, the inner bark The wood is light brown and hard.
slightly bitter. Twigs are paired, gray, finely Locally common in lower Cordillera forest a t
hairy when young, with ringed nodes. 1,000-2,700 feet altitude including serpentine
The opposite, often crowded leaves have slopes, in western mountains of Puerto Rico.
short finely-hairy leafstalks 4/8 inch long and PUBLIC ~ o ~ ~ s ~ s . - M a r i c a Rio
o , Abajo, Su-
paired very narrow pointed stipules about 4/8 sda.
inch long. Blades are %-1% inches long and R ~ ~ c ~ . - P u e r tRico
o and Hispaniola.
v8-7/8inch wide, short-pointed at base, stiff and OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ s l - e n c i n ipalo l l o ,de
leathery, becoming hairless, the upper surface cruz, yaya (Dominican Republic).
green, and the lower surface paler.
 Cuettarda pungens Urban
Natural size.
943
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

730. Cucubano de monte Guertarda valeruruelana A. Rich.

This small to medium-sized tree of eastern and the heartwood golden brown, often with
mountains of Puerto Rico is identified by : (1) darker streaks. The attractive wood has good
opposite ovate to elliptic or obovate leaves 11h- luster, fine texture, and generally straight
6 inches long and Y8-2% inches wide, slightly grain. It is moderately hard, strong, heavy
thickened, with stout leafstalks v8-%
long, opposite and crowded a t ends of twigs;
inch (specific gravity 0.66), and takes a good polish.
Tests of the wood have been made in Puerto
(2) few flowers clustered at end of slender Rico. Cucubano wood seasons a t a moderate
stalk 1y2--4y2 inches long a t leaf base, ?A!!-1 rate with a moderate amount of degrade. It
inch long, the whitish and pinkish hairy corolla rated excellent in turning, good in planing,
with narrow tube and 6 7 lobes; and (3) and shaping, and mortising, fair in boring and
round fruit %-94,-, inch in diameter. sanding, and poor in screw splitting. It is very
Evergreen small to medium-sized tree to 66 susceptible to attack by dry-wood termites and
feet high and 1 foot in trunk diameter. Bark probably is not durable in the ground.
gray, smooth to slightly fissured. The twigs are Cucubano wood is seldom used in Puerto
brownish gray, hairy when young, with rings Rico except for fence posts and is available gen-
at nodes, with both long and short internodes, erally in small logs. It probably is suitable for
and with raised half-round leaf acars. tool handles, fancy boxes, brush backs, turnery
The leaves have paired hairy pointed green parts, furniture, cabinetwork, farm imple-
stipules 1/ inch long, which form the bud and ments, interior trim, paneling, novelty items,
shed ear&. Blades are rounded a t apex, construction, and bridges. Elsewhere i t is used
rounded or short-pointed a t base, curved under in rural construction.
at edges, becoming hairless except for minute Common locally in lower Luquillo forest a t
hairs on veins beneath, the upper surface dull 1,600-2,000 feet altitude in eastern mountains
dark green with several pairs of nearly straight of Puerto Rico.
slightly sunken side veins, and the lower sur- PUBLIC FOREST.-LU~U~~~O,
face light green. RANGE.-Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico.
The fragrant flowers have cuplike minutely OTHER COMMON NAMES.-hueso, vigueta,
hairy calyx 4/8 inch long, whitish and pinkish icaquillo, naranjito (Cuba).
hairy corolla nearly % inch long with 6-7 BOTANICALs ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ s . - I * - u e t t a rhe&
du
spreading lobes J/z inch across ; 6-7 stamens in Urban.
throat of tube and alternate with lobes; and Under the name Guettardu laevis given in
pistil with minute 2-3-celled ovary, long slender 1899,this species was considered t o be confined
style, and rounded stigma. Fruits (drupes) to Puerto Rico. However, the local species has
are light green, finely hairy, with brown ring been united recently with the older one from
of calyx a t apex. Flowering and fruiting from Cuba and Hispaniola. The name honors Jose
spring to fall. Maria Valenzuela, who collected plants in Cuba
The sapwood is cream t o very light brown, in 1833.
730. Cucubano de monte Gtiettarda vale?mtelana A. Rich.
Flowering twig (upper loft) and fruiting twig, natural size.

945
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

731. Bilaamo, ecarletbueh Hamelin patens Jacq.

BIlsamo is a handsome shrub of open areas long are erect, nearly stalkless, juicy, 6-celled,
sometimes attaining the size of a small tree. It and bear ring of calyx at apex. There are many
is easily recognized by: (1) reddish or pinkish minute brown seeds. Flowering and fruiting
tinge on various parts, including twigs, petioles, throughout the year.
midvein, branches of flower clusters, flowers, The wood is light brown and hard.
and fruits; (2) elliptic leaves mostly in 3's, Elsewhere the plants are grown as orna-
with long curved side veins; (3) narrow tu- mentals for the showy flowers, often borne
bular orange-red to scarlet flowers a/s-7/8 inch when less than 2 feet high. The fruits and
long, erect and nearly stalkless on top side of leaves have served for home remedies in some
widely forking branches, with successively countries. It is reported that the sour fruits are
smaller flower buds toward end; and (4) fruit edible as well a s medicinal. The stems and
a n elliptic juicy berry, dark red t o purple or leaves have been used in tanning leather. Pro-
blackish. pagated by seeds and cuttings.
Commonly a shrub 6-10 feet high, often flow- BIlsamo is uncommon in open areas and
ering when smaller, sometimes becoming a thickets in the moist limestone and lower foot-
small tree 16 feet high and 3 inches in trunk hills of Cordillera from sea level to 2,000 feet
diameter, evergreen, Bark gray, smooth, the altitude throughout moist areas of Puerto Rico.
inner bark light green and almost tasteless. Also in St. Croix and reported long ago from St.
Twigs purplish tinged, angled, minutely hairy, Thomas and St. John.
ending in bud of narrow pointed stipules ?Is PUBLIC FORESTS.-Cambalache, Guajataca,
inch long, and becoming ringed from scars of Rio Abajo, Susda.
leaves and stipules. RA~~E.-common and widespread through
Leaves mostly 3 a t a node, sometimes 2 or 4 tropical America, including southern Florida,
(whorled), joined a t base by stipules. Petioles Bermuda, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Virgin
34-2 inches long, slender, slightly grooved Islands, Lesser Antilles from St. Kitta to Guade-
above, dark red, minutely hairy. Leaf blades loupe, Dominica, Martinique, St, Vincent, and
elliptic, 2-6 inches long and 1-3 inches wide, Trinidad and Tobago. Also from Mexico south
mostly ahorbpointed a t both ends, not toothed through Central America and South America to
on edges, thin. The upper surface is slightly Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina.
hairy or nearly hairless, dull green with dark OTHER COMMON N A M E S . - ~ ~ ~ S ~colorado,
~O
red midvein and the side veins long curved and pata de pajaro (Puerto Rico) coralillo (Span-
slightly sunken, and the lower surface finely ish) ; buzunuvo, desyerba conuco, buzunuco
hairy (densely hairy in dry areas), dull light (Dominican Republic) ; ponasi, coralillo, palo
green with prominent pink midvein and raised coral (Cuba) ; chacloco, kanan (Mexico) ; chi-
pinkish side veins. chipin (Guatemala, Honduras) ; canudo, cla-
Flower clusters (cymes) terminal, 2-4 inches vito, flor de cang~ejo,hierba de erisipela, hierba
long and broad, flattened, composed of widely- de dncer, ixcanan amarillo (Guatemala) ; chi-
forking reddish finely-hairy branches, with chipince, zambumbia, sancocho, doncella, flor
fruits and oldest flowers a t center and youngest de baiio (El Salvador) ; achiotillo colorado,
buds toward sides. Flower buds narrowly tu- coral, coloradillo (Honduras) ; estirnina, cani-
bular, orange red. The minute 6-toothed calyx lla de venado (Nicaragua) ; aiiileto, azulillo,
above inferior ovary is persistent on fruit. The palo camar6n, zorillo, zorillo real (Costa Rica) ;
cylindric corolla almost inch long and 4/8 inch uvero, red berry (Panama) ; bencenuco, leon-
wide changes color from orange red to scarlet, cito, cresta de gallo, recadito (Colombia) ; cora-
is finely hairy, slightly fleshy and stiff, &angled lito (Venezuela) ; scarletbush, scarlet hamelia,
and ending in 6 lobes '/lainch long, and sheds firebush (United States) ;corail (Haiti).
soon after opening. Stamens 6, 8/8 inch long, BOTANICAL s ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ . - H a merecta
e l i a Jacq.
very narrow, within and inserted on corolla The Spanish common name coralillo refers to
tube. The pistil consists of inferior rounded the resemblance of the cluster of flowers to a
red ovary 4/8 inch long, 6-celled, with several coral necklace. Britton and Wilson (10) re-
ovules in each cell, and threadlike reddish style ported a yellow-flowered race from near Aibo-
Y8 inch long. The elliptic berries inch nito.
781. Bklsamo, scarletbush Hamelia patem Jacq.
Flowering twig (above), f n i t s (lower left), natural size.
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

732. Bola de nieve, white ixora lxora thwaitesii Hook. f.*

Bola de nieve (snowball) is a shrub or some- corolla with very narrow greenish-white tube
times small tree planted in gardens for its large 11,4-l?/2 inches long and less than '/lo inch in
clusters of white flowers. Distinguishing char- diameter and 4 (or 6) widely spreading lobes
acters include : (1) opposite large narrowly more than y2 inch across; 4 (or 5) short sta-
elliptic to oblong leathery leaves; and (2) mens in throat of corolla and bending down be-
showy white flowers lj/e-l% inches long with tween the lobes; and pistil with inferior 2-
very narrow tube and 4 (or 6) spreading lobes celled ovary with 1ovule in each cell, very long
more than inch across, in many-flowered slender style, and 2-forked stigma. Fruits (ber-
compact terminal clusters 2-4 inches across, ries) not observed, described a s rounded and
suggesting a snowball. [Link] in diameter, containing 2 nutlets. Flow-
A tall evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 erlng throughout the year.
feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, hair- The wood is light brown and hard.
less. Bark gray, smoothish, with corky warts Uncommon in cultivation for ornament in
(lenticels), becoming divided into small scales. residential areas and gardens of Puerto Rico
The inner bark is whitish with orange streaks, and St. Thomas. Probably also in other islands
slightly bitter. Twigs finely hairy and green nearby.
when young, becoming gray, ringed a t nodes. RA~c~.-Native of Ceylon but long culti-
Leaves opposite, with petioles %Yz inch vated in through the tropica including Greater
long. Stipules paired, 4/8 inch long, pointed and and Lesser Antilles.
sheathing twig a t node. Blades are 2-7 inches OTHER COMMON ~ A ~ ~ s . - n e v a d o(Puerto
long and 94-2 inches wide, blunt to long- Rico) ; bola de nieve, bouquet de novia (Span-
pointed a t apex, short- to long-pointed a t base, ish) ; corona de reina (El Salvador, Nica-
not toothed on edges, the upper surface slightly ragua) ; Thwaites ixora (United States) ; rice-
shiny or dull green with few side veins, and the flower (St. Barts) ;buque de noiva (Brazil).
lower surface dull light green. Cultivated plants apparently of the same
Flower clusters (corymbs) bear many fra- species are known elsewhere also as Zxom fin-
grant white flowers nearly stalkless and laysoniana Wall. That species is native of
crowded at ends of branches. Flowers are com- Thailand, China, and perhaps elsewhere in
posed of red-brown base (hypanthium) bearing southeast Asia. Further check of the names is
4 4 light green calyx lobes nearly inch long; desired.
 Ixora thwaitesii Hook. f.*
Flowering twig, natural size.

949
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

733. Alfilerillo
Alfilerillo is a much-branched spiny shrub or
sometimes small tree known only from south-
western Puerto Rico. Its distinguishing char-
I
Flower clusters (panicles) are terminal, a4-2
inches long and broad, erect and short-sta ked
a t ends of slender twigs. The crowded, almost
acters are: (1)2 or 3 slender spreading spines stalkless flowers are composed of cylindric
l/e-1 inch long a t most nodes; (2) small elliptic hairy base (hypanthium) 4/,, inch long, which
or nearly round leaves $4,-v8inch long and %a- encloses the inferior ovary and bears the 4
Yu inch wide, 2 or 3 almost stalkless a t a node; shorter hairy calyx lobes and other parts; the
(3) many small hairy flowers 4/8 inch long and white corolla has a short tube gc-V8inch long
broad with tubular 4-lobed white corolla, and 4 spreading rounded lobes N6 inch long; 4
crowded in small terminal clusters; and (4) short stamens on throat of corolla; and pistil
top-shaped brown seed capsules inch long. with inferior 2-celled ovary and slender style.
A deciduous, large, much-branched shrub The seed capsules are top-shaped (obovoid) ,
with several sterna from base, sometimes a flattened, brown, and hairy, bear the calyx
small tree to 20 feet high and 3 inches in trunk
diameter. The bark is gray, smooth, becoming lobes a t apex, split into 2 parts from base up-
fissured, with a few spines remaining, the inner ward, and contain 2 brown seeds 4 8 inch long.
bark whitish or light green and slightly bitter. Flowering and fruiting irregularly through the
Twigs brown, long and slender, finely hairy, year.
bearing a t the ringed nodes 2 or 3 spines each The wood is light brown and hard.
above a leaf and representing a branch and Common locally, often forming thickets, in
sometimes bearing minute leaves. dry limestone and lower Cordillera forests a t
Leaves opposite or whorled, with minute 200-1,600 feet altitude in southwestern foot-
pointed hairy stipules and very short hairy hills of Puerto Rico from Ponce westward.
petioles about +42 inch long, blunt or rounded
a t apex, short-pointed or blunt a t base, not PUBLIC FORESTS.-GU&~~~~, Maricao, Suslia.
toothed on edges, thin, with side veins incon- R~~cE.-Known only from southwestern
spicuous, the upper surface green and hairless, Puerto Rico.
and the lower surface light green with midvein OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ E . - r o s e t a (Puerto
often slightly hairy. Rico).
733. Alfilerillo MacJuwnia p o r t d c e m i a Baill.
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size.
 -

MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

Palicourea alpina (Sw.) DC.

This shrub or small tree of dwarf forests of pink branches. Flowers many, opening few at
summits of mountains in Puerto Rico is identi- a time and spreading horizontally, composed of
fied by: (1) opposite elliptic leaves lY2-4 pale yellow base (hypanthium) y8 inch long
inches long and v8-lv2 inches wide, slightly
thickened and leathery, with narrow pointed
bearing 5-toothed calyx; corolla with cylindric
tube v8 inch long and 5 spreading lobes y8inch
2-lobed stipules y8-% inch long persistent a t a across, slightly succulent and swollen a t base,
node; (2) flowers about 94,inch long, with tu- changing color from pale yellow to purple; sta-
bular 5-lobed corolla pale yellow, turning to mens 6, inserted within corolla tube; and pistil
pale purple, many on slender red to orange-red with inferior ovary and long style. The fruits
or pink branches in terminal clusters; and (3) are green with lighter ridges when immature,
black berries nearly 3/8 inch long, egg-shaped turning black, slightly angled when dry, with
and slightly flattened. calyx persistent at apex, %celled with 2 nut-
An evergreen shrub 12 feet high or small lets. Flowering and fruiting throughout the
tree to 20 feet high and 5 inches in trunk diam- year.
eter. The bark is gray and smoothish or slightly The wood is light brown and hard.
fissured, the inner bark whitish and almost Common locally in dwarf forest a t 3,000-
tasteless. The twigs are green, hairless with 4,390 feet altitude on high peaks and ridges of
persistent stipules a t the enlarged ringed, 2- the central mountains of Puerto Rico. To the
angled nodes. summit of Cerro de Punta, the island's highest
The opposite leaves have petioles %q2 inch peak.
long. Blades are long-pointed a t apex, long- or PUBLIC M I R E S T S . - - G UToro
~ ~ ~ Negro.
~~,
short-pointed a t base, not toothed on edges, the
upper surface green to dark green with curved RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto
sunken side veins, slightly shiny, hairless, and Rico, Guadeloupe, and Dominica.
the lower surface light green and often hairy OTHER COMMON ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . - t a f e cafetirn,
t&n,
on the midvein and raised side veins. cenizoso cimarr6n (Dominican Republic) ; tapa
Flower clusters (panicles) 2--4 inches long camino (Cuba) ;bois cabrit montagne (Guade-
have a dark red axis and red to orange-red or loupe).
 Palicorcrea dpittta (Sw.) DC.
Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (lower left), natural size.

953
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

735. BBleamo real, showy palicourea Palicourea bsrbineroia DC.

This rare shrub or small tree is identified by : Flower clusters (panicles) 4-6 inches long,
(1) opposite elliptic large leaves 4-10 inches terminal on long stalks of 3-4 inches with many
long and 2-6 inches wide, short-petioled, with yellow or reddish branches. Flowers many, with
persistent 2-lobed stipules; (2) flowers about green base (hypanthium) s8inch long bearing
:% inch long, with white tubular 6-lobed co- 6 short rounded hairy-margined calyx lobes;
rolla, finely hairy, many on slender yellow or corolla with cylindric tube %a inch long swollen
reddish branches in large long-stalked erect a t base and with 6 short lobes, finely hairy; 6
clusters; and (8) egg-shaped berry %a inch stamens inserted within corolla tube ;and pistil
long.
An evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet with inferior 2-celled ovary, long slender style,
high and 3 inches in trunk diameter. Bark and 2-lobed stigma. Flowefing and fruiting
brown gray, smooth to slightly fissured. The throughout the year.
inner bark is light yellow with a green outer The wood is light brown and hard.
layer, bitter. Twigs stout, slightly flattened Rare on moist limestone, moist coastal, and
when young, green, ringed a t nodes, hairless, lower Cordillera forests a t 300-2,000 feet alti-
ending in rounded flat green bud of inch tude. Scattered throughout moist areas of
formed by stipules. Puerto Rico.
Leaves opposite, with paired 2-lobed mem- PUBLIC ~0RESTS.-carite, Maricao, Rio
branous stipules to s/la inch long and short Abajo.
petioles Y8-y! inch long. Blades are long-
pointed a t both ends, not toothed on edges, RA~c~.-Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Jamaica,
slightly thickened, slightly shiny, the upper and Cuba. Also Trinidad.
surface green and hairless with many curved OTHER COMMON ~AME~.-tafethn (Puerto
much sunken side veins, and the lower surface Rico) ; flor de soldado, bleo cimarrdn (Cuba) ;
light jgeen with very raised veins and minutely ahoguey blanco, tafetan (Dominican Repub-
hairy on midvein. lic ;showy palicourea (English).
 elvia DC.
Fruiting twig (above), flowers (lower right), natural size.
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

736. Cachimbo, red palicourca Palicourea crocea (Sw.) Roem, & Schult.
This large shrub sometimes treelike is com- on 1 side. Flowers are short-stalked, composed
mon in understory of moist forests. Its dis- of short yellow calyx, corolla with cylindric red
tinguishing characters are: (1) paired elliptic tube and 5 short lobes, 5 stamens within tube,
leaves 2y2-8 inches long and l-2v4 inches wide, and pistil with inferior ovary, style, and 2-
with paired very slender scales (stipules) form- forked stigma. The drupes contain nutlets with
ing sheath a t base and curved back; (2) many points a t apex. Probably flowering and fruiting
tubular red flowers a/8 inch long from slender irregularly through the year.
yellow or orange stalks and branches of much- Common in understory of moist forest includ-
branched terminal clusters longer than wide; ing lower and upper Luquillo and Cordillera
and (3) elliptic red to dark brown or black forests from sea level to 3,300 feet altitude in
drupes less than 344, inch long. Puerto Rico.
An evergreen shrub sometimes treelike and PUBLIC FO~~s~S.-Guilarte,Luquillo, Mari-
15 feet high with slender trunk to 2 inches in cao, Toro Negro.
diameter. The twigs are hairless and rounded RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto
or slightly angled, ringed a t nodes. Rico, and Lesser Antilles from Guadeloupe to
Leaves are opposite, connected a t base by
paired 2-forked persistent scales (stipules) S/ Grenada and Trinidad. Also northern South
inch long and have slender petioles of %-I inch. America in Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador.
The blades are mostly long-pointed a t both ends, OTHER COMMON NAMES.-tapa camino, po-
thin, with many fine curved side veins, hairless nasi (Cuba) ; bois de Pencore, bois cabrit, bois
except for minute hairs along midvein beneath. fou-fou (Martinique) .
The flower clusters (panicles) erect and BOTANICALS Y N O N Y M . - P ~ ~ ~ C O U T ~brevG
~
longer than wide, with many branches mostly thyrsa Britton & Stand].
736. Cachimbo, red palicoulrn Palicn~creacrocea (Sw.) Roem. & Schult.
Flowering twig (above), fruits (right), natural size.

957
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

Palicourea domingemb (Jacq,) DC.

This understory shrub or sometimes small at a time. Flowers consist of greenish basal
tree of moist forests is identified by: (1)twigs cup (hypanthium) , greenish 6-toothed calyx,
with ringed nodes formed by scars of minute corolla narrowly tubular with 6 short narrow
scales (stipules) that shed early; (2) opposite lobes, 5 stamens within tube, and pistil with 2-
narrowly elliptic leaves 2-8 inches long, and celled ovary, slender style, and 2-forked stigma.
1-2% inches wide, long-pointed at both ends, The juicy fruit contains a stone with 5 points
thin and hairless; (3) flowers in 3's nearly toward apex. Flowering in spring and summer,
stalkless in terminal branched clusters, about fruiting in summar and fall.
inch long, the white or pinkish corolla with It has been auggested that this species might
narrow tube and 5 narrow lobes; and (4) fruit become an ornamental for its white flowers
(drupe) rounded, shiny black, about inch and wandlike appearance.
long. Uncommon in understory of moist forests a t
Evergreen shrub or small tree to 16 feet low and middle altitudes in Puerto Rico. Also
high, with trunk to 3 inches in diameter, hair- in St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, and Tortola.
less throughout. Twigs slender, green, ringed
and enlarged a t nodes. PUBLIC FOREST AND PARK.-Carite ; Sage
The opposite leaves have petioles 4/g-3/ inch Mountain. +
long. Blades are not toothed on edges and have RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto
curved side veins, the upper surface dark green, Rico and Virgin Islands, and Lesser Antilles
and the lower surface paler. from Saba, St. Eustatius, and Antigua to
Flower clusters (panicles) terminal and Guadeloupe.
erect, about 23 inches long and broad, with OTHER COMMON NAMES.-taburete (Cuba) ;
several flowers in groups of 3, opening 1 or 2 cheakyberry (Saba) .
 Palicotirea do7ningensis (Jacq.) DC.
Flowering twig (above), f ruib (lower right), natural size.
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

738. Cachimbo, yellow palicourea Palicourea riparia Benth.

Abundant in the understory of moist foreats, :%-?L2 inch long and 4/8 inch broad, slightly
this shrub or small tree is recognized by: (1) swollen at base, has 5 shorlipointed, slightly
the opposite dark green, narrowly elliptic leaves hairy lobes 4/4, inch across; the 5 stamens are
long-pointed a t both ends, thin or only slightly attached inside the corolla tube; and the pistil
thickened, with small tufts of hairs where side is composed of inferior 2-celled ovary, slender
veins join midrib beneath and 2 pairs of erect style, and 2-forked stigma.
bristlelike scales (stipules) at base; (2) the The rounded, slightly flattened fruits
many light yellow narrowly tubular flowers (drupes) have juicy, almost tasteless, dark pur-
about y2 inch long in terminal flower clusters plish flesh. There are 2 brown nutlets y8-%
about as broad as long, with bright orange-red inch or less in length, with ridges. In flower and
branches turning to purple, often more or less fruit throughout the year.
horizontal ;and (3) the blackish, nearly round, The wood is light brown, hard, and light-
fleshy fruita r/a-Y8 inch long and broad on weight.
branches which have turned red or purple. Abundant in understory of moist coastal,
Evergreen shrub 10 feet high or sometimes a moist limestone, Luquillo, and Cordillera for-
small tree to 15 feet and 3 inches in trunk ests from sea level to 2,500 feet altitude
diameter. The bark is gray and smoothish to throughout moist areas of Puerto Rico. Also in
finely fissured. Inner bark is light green, Tortola.
slightly bitter and astringent. The twigs are PUBLICFORESTS AND PARK.-Xarite, Guaja-
dark gfeen and hairless, with slightly enlarged taca, Guilarte, Luquillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo,
ringed nodes. Paired very narrow pointed stip- Susha, Toro Negro, Vega ;Sage Mountain.
ules s/la inch long form the bud. RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and
The 2 leaves at a node are connected by 2 Tortola, and through Lesser Antilles from St.
pairs of bristlelike scales (stipules) inch K i t h and Montserrat to Grenada and Trini-
long, which remain attached to twig after the dad. Also from Central America (Costa Rica)
leaves fall. Petioles are %-% inch long. Leaf to Bolivia, Brazil, and Guianas.
blades are 3-8 inches long and 1%-2% inches
broad, the edges not toothed, the upper surface OTHER COMMON NAMES.-~~IOde cachimbo
dark green, slightly shiny, with the curved (Puerto Rico) ; yellow-cedar (Tortola) ; caf6
lateral veins sunken, and the lower surface pale de monte, amargoso (Venezuela) ; yellow pali-
green, slightly shiny. The leaves darken on courea (English) ; bois puce (St. Lucia).
drying. This species is closely related to No. 736,
Flower clusters (panicles) with s reading cachimbo, red palicourea, Pdicourea crocea
f
orange-red branches are 1 3 inches ong and
broad beyond the purplish red main stalk 1%-6
(Sw.) Roem. & Schult., and has been considered
a variety or synonym of that earlier named spe-
inches long. The many shorlistalked flowers cies of broader distribution. The latter differs
open a few a t a time. The yellowish tubular in having the paired stipules very slender and
base (hypanthium) about so inch long and curved back, the flower clusters taller than
broad bears the reddish-tinged Globed calyx broad, and the smaller red flowers 3/8 inch long
nearly as long; the light yellow tubular corolla from yellow or orange stalks.
738. Cachirnbo, yellow palicourea Palicourea riparia Benth.
Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (below), natural size.

961
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

Phialanthus pandifolius Alain

This resinous shrub or small tree rare in and slightly shiny, the lower surface yellow
western mountains is identified by : (1) foliage green with prominent midvein.
resinous or sticky, the opposite leaves narrowly The flowers have a small funnel-shaped tu-
elliptic, lay2 inches long and y8-1 inch wide, bular base (hypanthium) 3, inch long, which
slightly thickened and leathery; (2) buds and bears the calyx with 4 long spoon-shaped papery
young leaves in a drop of whitish wax or resin ; lobes more than 1/,, inch long and other parts;
and (3) very small white and almost stalkless the 4-lobed corolla shorter than calyx; 4 short
flowers crowded a t leaf bases and nodes back of stamens inserted on corolla; and pistil with
leaves, 4/8 inch long, with 4 long spoon-shaped inferior 2-celled ovary and slender style. The
papery calyx lobes, persistent on the top-shaped fruit (drupelike) has at apex the 4 enlarged
fruit. papery light brown calyx lobes $48 inch long.
An evergreen resinous shrub 8-12 feet high, Flowering and fruiting probably through the
rarely a small tree 16-26 feet and 3 inches in year.
trunk diameter, with paired nearly horizontal The wood is light brown and hard.
branches. The bark is gray and smooth, the The drops of wax or resin in which the buds
inner bark whitish and slightly bitter. The and young leaves develop can be chewed but
twigs a r e green, with minute hairs, and have are tasteless.
stipules in form of sheath % inch high a t the Rare in upper montane shrub on dry ridges
enlarged ringed nodes, braneking in pairs, the a t 1,000-2,600 feet altitude in western Puerto
side twigs short with nodes only y8-3/8 inch Rico. On serpentine barrens.
apart. Buds develop within a round drop of PUBLIC ~o~~sT.-Maricao.
whitish or cream-colored wax or resin l/l0-Y8
inch long, and young leaves to l/z inch long are RANGE.-Known only from western Puerto
within a larger wax or resin covering. Rico.
The opposite leaves have very short petioles This species named as new in 1966 is closely
x0-4/8 inch long, with minute hairs. The blades related to the next and may not be distinct. The
genus Phialanthus has about 12 species, mostly
are blunt a t apex, short-pointed at base, turned
under at edges, hairless, with midrib but with- in Cuba, but extends to Jamaica and Bahamas
out. visible side veins, the upper surface green as well as Puerto Rico.

740. Phiahnthua rnyrtiUoidea Grbeb.

Thia shrub or small tree to 16 feet high and on serpentine barrens a t 1,000-l,300 feet alti-
3 inches in trunk diameter, much branched and tude, Susda Forest, collected first in 1960 by
resinous, is distinguished by smaller narrowly one of the authors. RANGE.-Bahamas, Cuba,
oblong .thickened leaves %&-I% inches long and Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. OTHER COMMON
l/e-% inch wide, few flowers more than 4/8 inch NAME.--candlewood (Bahamas).
long, and cylindric fruits '/lo inch long. Rare
 Phialattthue grandifolitcs Alain
Natural size.
963
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

741. Caehimho comlin Peychorria berreriana DC.

The most common of the shrubby species of 5 short stamens in notches of corolla ;and pistil
cachimbo reaching tree size, also one of the with inferior ovary and threadlike 2-forked
largest. It is distinguished by: (1) opposite style.
elliptic thin leaves 3-8 inches long and ly -43% Fruits many in grapelike clusters, slightly
inches wide, long-pointed at both ends ancfwith broader than long, with calyx a t apex, green
many curved sunken side veins; (2) flowers when immature, very juicy, dark purple within,
about inch long and broad, with 5-lobed pale slightly bitter. The 2 nutlets are y8 inch long,
yellow to whitish corolla, many in large erect angled and with raised points at top. With
terminal clusters; and (3) many round black flowers and fruits throughout the year.
berries nearly inch in diameter. The wood is whitish and hard.
An evergreen understory shrub or small tree Abundant in understory of mountain forests
to 20 feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter. including dwarf forest a t 1,500-4,000 deet alti-
The bark is gray and smooth, the inner bark tude in eastern, central, and western mountains
whitish and almost tasteless. Twigs are green, of Puerto Rico.
sometimes finely hairy, often slightly Langled, PUBLICFORESTS.-C~~~~~, Guilarte, Luquillo,
becoming enlarged a t the ringed nodes. Maricao, Toro Negro.
The opposite leaves have paired light green RANGE.-Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and
2-pointed stipules y8 inch long and slender Puerto Rico. Also through Lesser Antilles from
petioles y2-2 inches long. Blades are not St. Kitts and Nevis to Grenada and Trinidad.
toothed on edges, green and hairless or nearly Also Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Co-
so on upper surface, light green and sometimes lombia.
slightly hairy on the raised veins on lower sur- OTHER COMMON NAMES.--cafetiin, escob6n
face. (Dominican Republic) ; uva blanca (Nica-
Flower clusters (panicles 3-7 inches long, ragua) ; caf6 marron (Guadeloupe) ; caf6 bois
b
long-stalked, with greenish ranches. Flowers
many, opening few at a time, short-stalked or
(Guadeloupe, Martinique) ;bois cabrit (Haiti).
Carlo Guiseppe Bertero (1789-1851), Italian
stalkless, consisting of very short hairy yellow- scientist, discovered this species in Puerto Rico
green base (hypanthium) less than I/lo inch and the Dominican Republic in 1818. After-
long with 5 calyx lobes; tubular corolla %o inch wards it was found to have a wider distribu-
long with 5 short lobes, which sheds promptly; tion through the Antilles and on the continent.
741. Cachimbo comiin Psyckotria berteriawa DC.
Flowering twig and fruita (upper right), natural size.
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

742. Cachimbo grande Psychorria grandb Sw.

This rare understory tree or shrub is dis- 4-6 inches long on a long stalk. Flowers are
tinguished by : (1)op osite large leaves mostly composed of short hairy tubular base (hy-
!'
8-13 inches long and 2 h-6 inches wide, obovate panthium) less than inch long with 5-
or broadly oblanceolate, thin, almost stalkleas; toothed calyx; tubular white corolla
(2) flowers less than $& inch long, with tubular inch long with 5 short lobes; 5 short stamens in
S-lobed white corolla, many, crowded, almost notches of corolla; and pistil with inferior 2-
stalkless on short side branches of erect long- celled ovary, slender style, and 2-forked stigma.
stalked clusters; and (3) round red berries The fleshy fruits (drupes) are slightly grooved,
nearly y4inch in diameter. containing 2 rounded light brown nutlets flat-
An evergreen small tree or shrub 20 feet tened on 1side. Flowering and fruiting through
high, rarely to 35 feet and 5 inches in trunk the year.
diameter. The brown or gray bark is smoothish, The whitish wood is hard and brittle.
slightly fissured, the inner bark whitish. The A rare understory tree of lower and upper
twigs are green, stout, slightly angled, with Luquillo and Cordillera forests a t 3005,000
ringed nodes, hairless. feet altitude in moist mountains and wet lime-
The opposite hairless leaves have paired stone hills of Puerto Rico.
large united, keeled long-pointed stipules about PUBLIC ~o~ES~s.-Carite,Luquillo, Maricao,
1% inch long, which shed before the leaves. Leaf
blades are long- or short-pointed a t apex, not Toro Negro.
toothed on edges, widest beyond middle, and RANGE.-CU~~, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and
tapering gradually to the almost stalkless base, Puerto Rico. Also from Guatemala and British
blackening upon drying. The upper surface is Honduras to Costa Rica and Panama and in
shiny green with many curved side veins, and Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador.
the lower surface dull green with prominent OTHER COMMON N A M E S . - ~ ~moro
~ O (Puerto
veins. Rico) ; tapa camino (Cuba) ; perlilla (Ecua-
Flower clusters (panicles) terminal, large, dor) ; balsarno, wild-coffee (English).
 I Sw.
Fruits a t left, and flowering twig, two-thirds natural size.

967
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

743. Cachimho de gato Psychorria maleolena Urban

A shrub, rarely becoming a small tree in and pistil with inferior ovary, slender style, and
Maricao Forest, easily recognized by the bad 2-forked stigma. The fleshy fruits have calyx
odor of the foliage, especially strong and skunk- a t apex and a r e 10-ribbed when dry. There is 1
like when crushed. Other characters are: (1) brown nutlet %/,, inch long. Flowering and
opposite oblong leaves 1 3 % inches long and fruiting through the year.
%-11, inches wide, slightly thickened and stiff, Wood light brown, hard.
with edges rolled under; (2) few small flowers Locally common as an understory shrub in
% inch long and broad, with tubular 6-lobed lower and upper Luquillo and Cordillera for-
white corolla; and (3) elliptic red berries 8/s ests and dwarf forest a t 1,8004,000 feet alti-
inch long. tude in upper mountains of Puerto Rico.
An evergreen shrub 3-10 feet high, rarely in PUBLIC F o ~ ~ ~ ~ s . - - C a r i tGuilarte,
e, Luquillo,
Maricao Forest becoming a small tree to 16 feet Maricao, Toro Negro.
high and 3 inches in trunk diameter; however, R ~ ~ o ~ . - K n o wonly
n from Puerto Rico.
reported to reach 33 feet. The bark is gray and The appropriate scientific name refers to the
smooth. The twigs are green and finely hairy bad odor.
when young, becoming gray, with ringed nodes
formed by the pointed sheathing stipules which Aroma (Lasianthwr lanceolutua (Griseb.)
shed early. G. Maza; synonym L. muralesii (Griseb.) C.
The opposite hairleas leaves have short peti- Wright), is a similar, related ill-smelling
oles Ye-% inch long. Blades are long- or short- understory shrub of mountains in Puerto Rico
pointed at both ends, the upper surface shiny but not reaching tree size. It differs in its
dark green, and the lower surface dull light leaves often slightly larger with deeply sunken
green. prominent curved side veins and network of
Flower clusters (panicles) terminal with few veins, also longer petioles, flowers borne a t
v8
flowers on short stalks of less than inch. The stalkless base of leaves, the tubular white co-
minute base (hypanthium) No inch long bears rolla with 4 widely spreading narrow lobes, and
the 6-toothed calyx, white corolla about 8/10 inch round white berries. Also in Hispaniola and
long, 6 minute stamens in notches of corolla, Cuba.
743. Cachimbo de gato Psychotria maleoletu Urban
Natural size.
969
 -

MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

744.. Cachimbo de Maricao Peychoirin maricaensiu Urban

This shrub or small tree named for Maricao petiole of 4/s-VL inch, slightly thickened, shiny
is found only in mountains of western Puerto green above and paler beneath.
Rico. It is distinguished by: (1) paired el- The flowers stalkleas a t ends of branched
liptic to obovate leaves 134-294 inches long and clusters (panicles) 1-2 inches long consist of
:j&-l;YL inches wide, slightly thickened and cuplike base with wavy border of calyx, white
turned under a t edges, with paired scales (stip- tubular corolla with 5 spreading lobes, 6 sta-
ules) forming sheath at base ; (2) several stalk- mens within tube, and pistil with inferior 2-
less small white flowers l/s inch long in erect celled ovary, slender style, and 2-forked stigma.
terminal clusters; and (3) fruit an elliptic red- The berries with rim of calyx a t apex contain a
dish drupe % inch long. nutlet nearly 3/lq inch long with ridges and
An evergreen shrub or sometimes a small grooves. Flowering and fruiting irregularly
tree to 20 feet high and 4 inches in trunk diam- through the year.
eter, with many slender gray branches, hairless The wood is whitish and hard.
throughout. The bark is smooth and gray, the Uncommon in understory a t middle and
inner bark whitish and almost tasteless. Twim higher altitudes of about 1,000-2,500 feet in
are green, becoming gray. upper Cordillera forest, especially on serpen-
The opposite leaves have at base paired scales tine bedrock, in western Puerto Rico.
(stipules) to s/s inch high, which shed early, PUBLIC FO~~~~s.-Maricao, Sus6a.
leaving ring scar around tmg. Blades are blunt RANGE.-Known only from western Puerto
at apex and narrowed to long-pointed base and Rico.
744. Cachimbo de Maricao Psychotria nmricaatsis Urban
Twig with flowers and fruits (left), natural size; fruiting twig (lower right), twice natural size.
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

745. Cachimho de Mona

This small tree rare a t Mona Island is recog- than 2 inches long, with few slender branches.
nized by: (1) opposite oblanceolate or nar- Flowers few, composed of minute base (hy-
rowly elliptic thin leaves blunt or short-pointed panthium), 6-toothed calyx, white tubular
a t apex and tapering to long-pointed base; (2)
small flowers less than s/s inch long with white
corollax inch long with 6 lobes ; 6 minute sta-
mens in notches of corolla; and pistil with in-
tubular 6-lobed corolla; and (3) red elliptic ber- ferior ovary and slender style. The berries have
ries about l/g inch long. calyx teeth a t apex and are often ribbed. Col-
A small evergreen tree to 16 feet high and lected with flowers and fruits in August.
6 inches in trunk diameter, with spreading The wood is light yellow and hard.
crown. The bark is very thick, with light brown Rare a t Bajura de 10s Cerezos in dry forest
corky ridges and deep furrows. The twigs have a t 160 feet altitude on Mona Island.
minute hairs when young, paired stipules '/la RANGE.-Cuba, Hispaniola, Mona, and An-
inch long, which form the ringed nodes, and tigua.
become light gray. OTHER COMMON NAMES.*^^ cimarrhn,
The opposite leaves have slender petioles Y4-
Y8 inch long. Blades are 1x4 inches long and penda, brilloso, cabra blanca, cabra santa (Do-
Y2-1% inches wide, not toothed on edges, the minican Republic) ; bois laitelle (Haiti).
upper surface dull dark green and hairless, While most related species are shrubs in the
with midvein and many curved side veins understory of wet forests, this species is a small
slightly sunken, and the lower surface light tree in the dry forest. First collected on Mona
green with raised finely hairy brownish veins. Island in 1944. Not found in Puerto Rico but
The Aower clusters (panicles) terminal, less recorded eastward a t Antigua.
745. Cachimbo de Mona Psychotria qtutans Sw.
Flowering twig (upper left), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size.
 .-

MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

746. Cordobancillo RondeIetia inerrniu (Spreng,) Krug & Urban

Cordobancillo is a shrub or small tree widely oblong and obovate, mostly y4-3 inches long
distributed through Puerto Rico, with races and y8-ly2inches wide, thin or slightly thick-
differing in leaf shape and in hairiness. Dis- ened, nearly hairless, short-pointed a t base, not
tinguishing characters are : (1)paired, slender toothed on edgew The upper surface is green
finely hairy twigs with ringed nodes formed by and slightly shiny, and the lower surface dull
short-pointed stipules and with both long and light green.
short internodes; (2) opposite small, mostly el- The fragrant flowers have a n inferior
liptic leaves ending in abrupt point, with few rounded 2-celled hairy ovary ]/la inch long,
curved side veins slightly sunken; (3) flowers which bears the other parts, including calyx
xa-v8 inch long, 1 to few on short stalks a t
leaf bases, the hairy corolla with narrow tube
with 4 whitish green hairy lobes nearly
long; hairy corolla about
inch
inch long, pinkish
and 4 rounded spreading lobes, whitish to yel- in bud, with very narrow tube and 4 rounded
low, pinkish, purple, or brown; and (4) seed spreading lobes of varying and changing color ;
capsule rounded, y8 inch in diameter, gray, 4 stamens in throat of corolla tube; and pistil
finely hairy, with 4 long calyx lobes persistent with slender style and 2-lobed stigma. The
a t apex. fruit is a rounded seed capsule with calyx lobes
Evergreen shrub or sometimes a small tree bent back at apex, containing many minute
to 15 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, seeds and persisting on old twigs. Flowering
infrequently vinelike. Bark gray, smoothish the and fruiting through the year.
inner bark light yellow, almost tasteless. The The wood is light brown and hard.
twigs are light green when young, becoming
gray or light brown, usually finely hairy but Uncommon but widely distributed through
often hairless. Paired pointed hairy stipulea Puerto Rico in moist limestone forest, both
1/,? inch long, green but turning brown, form a north and south, and in central mountains a t
pointed bud and ringed nodes. 20043,600 feet altitude. Also in Muertos.
The opposite leaves have finely hairy petioles PUBLICFORESTS.-Cambalache, Guajataca,
4/8-4/9 inch long. Blades are mostly elliptic but Guinica, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Susiia, Vega.
vary greatly in shape and size from linear to R A N G E . - ~ u ~Rico
~ ~ oand Muertos only.
746. Cordobancillo Rottdeleth i n e m i s (Spreng.) Krug & Urban
Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size.
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

747. Cordobancillo peludo Rondeletia pilora Sw.

This shrub or small tree of lowland forests is the lower surface light green and densely soft
characterized by: (1) young twigs and under hairy with long hairs and prominent side veins.
surfaces of leaves soft hairy; (2) opposite el- Flowers usually 3 a t a leaf base a t end of a
liptic leaves 1y24 inches long and Y2-2Y2 long stalk ?4-2v2 inches long, consisting of very
inches wide, with few long curved sunken side hairy cuplike base (hypanthiurn) s, inch long
veins ; (3) usually 3 lateral flowers r;/s inch long which bears the other parts, including hairy
a t end of long stalk, the hairy calyx with 4 long green calyx with 4 narrow red-tipped lobes l/e-
narrow lobes, and the hairy corolla with very 1h inch long; hairy 4-lobed corolla nearly 6/8
narrow gray tube and 4 rounded dark red inch long; 4 stamens in throat of corolla tube;
lobes ; and (4) seed capsule rounded,
sistent a t apex.
t6
in diameter, hairy, with 4 long calyx lo es inchper-
and pistil with inferior 2-celled ovary contain-
ing many ovules, slender style, and 2-lobed
stigma. The rounded seed capsules are 2-celled
Evergreen shrub or amall tree to 15 feet high. and contain many minute brown seeds. Flower-
Bark gray, smooth. Twigs long, slender, fork- ing and fruiting probably through the year.
ing, with dense long hairs when young, ringed Uncommon in coastal thickets, roadsides, and
a t nodes. lowland forests of eastern and southern Puerto
Leaves opposite, with hairy petioles 4/s-'/s Rico, for exam le, near Fajardo and at Playa
a
inch long and paired triangular ointed hairy
stipules about 8/R inch long. Bla es are short-
1
de Naguabo. lso St. Croix, St. Thomas, St.
John, Tortola and Virgin Gorda,
or long-pointed at apex, short-pointed to notched PUBLICpA~~s.-Virgin Island?, Gorda Peak.
at base, not toothed a t edges, slightly thickened, R ~ ~ c ~ . - P u e r tRico
o and Virmn Islands. Re-
the upper surface green with pressed hairs, and corded also from Montserrat.
 Rondeletia piloea Sw.
747. Cordobancillo peludo
Natuial size.
977
MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)

This shrub or small tree with edible fruits is throat, and pistil with inferior 4-&celled ovary,
a rare introduction in Puerto Rico. Characters long style, and enlarged stigma. The fruit has
for recognition are: (1) opposite ovate or el- 6 pointed calyx lobes a t apex and contains
liptic leaves 5-9 inches long and 2s--4y2inches brownish sour pulp and 5 or fewer large stones.
wide, rounded a t base and short-pointed a t Collected with flowers in spring.
apex; (2) many small greenish flowers about The slightly sour fruits suggesting a green
% inch long and wide, clustered and short- apple are eaten raw or stewed. If not picked
stalked on twigs back of new leaves; and (3) when mature, they shrivel and become brown-
round smooth fruits (drupes) lJ/e-ly4inches ish and have a flavor like tamarind or tama-
in diameter, green with white dota. r i n d ~ ,No. 80, Tamarindw indica L.*
A deciduous planted shrub or tree 20 feet or Rarely cultivated a t low altitudes in Puerto
more in height and 6 inches in trunk diameter. Rico, scattered on southern coast, also in Virgin
Bark brown gray, smoothish. Twigs a r e gray, Islands. A few trees a t Youngham Park, Baya-
with ringed nodes and sheath formed by green- m6n.
ish pointed stipules % inch long. RANGE.-Native of tropical Africa and
The opposite leaves have petioles $$ inch Madagascar but occasionally grown elsewhere
long. Blades are thin, hairless, with midrib in the tropics for the edible fruits. Recorded as
and curved side veins slightly sunken, the up- naturalized at Guadeloupe.
per surface dull green, and the lower surface OTHER COMMON NAMES.-tamarind0 ameri-
light green. cano, tamarind0 forastero (Puerto Rico) ;
The flower clusters (panicles) are about 2 Spanish tamarind (English) ; tamarinier des
inches long. Flowers are composed of minute
basal cup (hypanthium), 5 calyx lobes, bell-
Indes (Guadeloupe) .
BOTANICAL s ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ . - - V a n g u e redulis
iiz
shaped greenish corolla hairy in throat with 5 Vahl.
starlike lobes, 6 alternate stamens inserted in The generic name is from the common name.
 748. Vor-vanga Vangiteria sladagaecaristlsis J . [Link].*
. Leafy hvig (above), flowering twig (lower Icft) , two-thirds natural size.
1
979
 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY (CAPRIFOLIACEAE*)
Shrubs, sometimes woody vines and small of 6 (4) teeth or lobes, tubular corolla of 6 (4)
trees, rarely herbs, known by: (1) leaves op- lobes, stamens 6 (4) alternate and inserted in
posite, usually simple (pinnate in Sambucw), tube, and pistil with inferior ovary of 1-6 cells
stipules none or minute; (2) flowers usually each with 1 ovule, style, and stigma to 5 lobes;
small, sometimes showy, often in cymes, bi- and (3) fruit a berry or drupe. One introduced
sexual, regular or irregular, with minute calyx tree species.

749. Safico, Florida elder Sambucue simpsonii Rehd.*

SaBco, a shrub or small tree uncommonly whitish green 4-6-lobed calyx; white corolla
planted in gardens and around rural homes in with very short tube and 4-5 spreading elliptic
mountains, is recognized by: (1) stout angled lobes; 4-6 short stamens inserted on corolla
twigs ringed a t nodes, with large white pith; between lobes; and pistil with half inferior
(2) opposite pinnately compound leaves with ovary 44-celled with 1 ovule in each cell and
3-7 elliptic finely toothed leaflets or partly twice broad stigma. Flowering through the year.
pinnate with up to 13 leaflets; (3) large flat- The fruits are round black berries, with calyx
topped terminal clusters of many small white a t apex, juicy and containing 6 or fewer 1-
flowers l/g-%'/loinch wide, 4-6-parted; and (4) seeded nutlets, rarely formed in Puerto Rico.
many small black berries % inch in diameter, Britton and Wilson (10; 6 :269) reported that
rarely produced in Puerto Rico. they did not And this species fruiting in the
Evergreen spreading shrub mostly less than West Indies. However, a specimen from Rio
10 feet high, sometimes 12-16 feet and 2-4 Abajo Forest has fruits, and a fruiting tree
inches in trunk diameter and treelike. Bark was seen near Isabel Segunda, Vieques.
light brown with raised dots (lenticels) and The wood is light brown and soft.
ringed nodes, smooth or becoming fissured and Planted for ornament and home medicine in
rough. Inner bark is white and tasteless. The gardens and around rural homes in mountains
twigs are light green, purplish a t the ringed of Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands but uncom-
nodes, older twigs with light dots (lenticels), mon. In Tortola occasionally cultivated and
hairless. Buds are composed of minute leaves long persistent. Rarely setting seed and thus
and paired stipules. not native or naturalized. .
The paired leaves 6-9 inches long are pin- PUBLIC M)BESTS.-LU~U~~~O, Rio Abajo.
nately compound, their stout yellow-green axes RA~~~.--Coastal plain of southeastern
enlarged a t base to form a ring around twig. United States from Florida to Louisiana. Intro-
The leaflets are paired except a t end, or the duced in Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles
lower replaced by 2 or 3 in a short axis (bipin- and Central America.
.
nate) Leaflets elliptic, 1%-4% inches long, OTHER COMMON NAMES.-sabco (Spanish) ;
95-2 inches wide, short-stalked, finely toothed, elder (English) ; sabco blanco (Dominican Re-
ending in a long narrow point, short-pointed at public, Cuba) ; Florida elder, Gulf elder,
base, thin, the upper surface shiny green and southern elder (United States) ; West Indian
hairless, the lower surface dull light green with elder (Babados) ; fleur sureau (Haiti) ; elder,
minute hairs along midvein. sureau (Dominica).
Flower clusters (panicles or coryrnbs) are This elder is closely related to American elder
erect at end of twig, flat-topped, much (Sambucw, canadensia L.), a species of wide
branched, 4-8 inches across. Flowers many, distribution in eastern United States, and has
small, fragrant, shedding early, consisting of been treated also a s a variety of the latter.
749. SaQco,Florida elder
Flowering twig, two-thirds natural size.
 COMPOSITE FAMILY (COMPOSITAE)
Herbs and few shrubs, in the tropics some- 1 or 2 kinds, regular with 6 teeth (disk flower)
times small to medium-sized trees, known by : or irregular with ray or ligule (ray flower), 5
(1) leaves generally alternate, sometimes op- stamens inserted in tube and united by anthers,
posite, simple, thin, often toothed or lobed, with- and pistil with inferior 1-celled ovary contain-
out stipules; (2) flowers crowded in heads ing 1 ovule and with 2-forked style; and (3)
bordered by green persistent scales (bracts), fruit an akene, often flattened, with hairs or
small, bisexual or unisexual, with calyx reduced scales (pappus) a t apex. Also vol. 1,p. 626.
to hairs or scales (pappus), corolla tubular of
.
Key to species
A. Leaves broadly ovate, with irregular long and short teeth, with mostly long petioles of 1-4 inches-250. Car-
ruzo, Clibadium eT08U~8(Sw.) DC.
AA. Leaves narrowly elliptic or ovate, finely saw-toothed, with short petioles less than 49. inch long-750. Eupato-
rium portoricense.

750. Guerrero Eupatorium portoricense Urban

This handsome large shrub or small tree is scales, and contain 6 or fewer regular (disk)
distinguished by : (1) opposite narrowly el- flowers. The narrow white flowers about l/s inch
liptic or ovate leaves, finely saw-toothed, with long consist of inferior ovary bearing a t apex a
many gland dots and dashes, fragrant; (2) ring of white hairs, tubular white corolla 6-
many small stalkless heads about v4
inch long, toothed a t apex, 5 stamens inside tube and
each with 5 or fewer white flowers in large united by anthers, and 2-forked protruding
erect terminal clusters; and (3) many dark style. The seedlike fruits (akenes) are angled
gray seedlike fruits (akenes) y8 inch long, with and finely hairy and have a t apex a ring of
ring of white hairs a t apex. white spreading hairs inch long. Flowering
A large evergreen aromatic shrub or small mainly from November to February and matur-
tree to 20 feet in height and 3-6 inches in trunk ing fruits in winter.
diameter. Bark gray, smoothish, the thin inner The wood is whitish and hard.
bark greenish and slightly bitter. Twigs green, Sometimes planted for the fragrant foliage.
hairless, slightly angled, becoming light brown, Common in moist limestone and lower and
with rings a t nodes. upper Cordillera forests a t 2003,000 feet alti-
Leaves opposite, hairless, with petioles less tude in moist mountains throughout Puerto
than v8 inch long. Blades 3-6 inches long and
1-2% inches wide, mostly long-pointed a t apex
Rico. Also Vieques.
and short-pointed a t base, finely saw-toothed or
PUBLIC FORESTS,-Cambalache, Carite, Gua-
wavy-toothed on edges, thin, green on both sur- jataca, Luquillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Vega.
faces, with many gland dots and dashes visible R~Nc~.-Puerto Rico and Vieques only.
against the light with naked eye or hand lens. BOTANICAL S Y N O N Y M . - ~ ~ ~ ~portoricen-
O~~~
Flower heads clustered and stalkless a t ends sis (Urban) Britton &Wilson.
of branches of ereCt terminal clusters (cor- This Puerto Rican species and about 30
ymbs) ,spreading and slightly flattened and 6-9 others mostly from the West Indies, Mexico,
inches or more across. The heads are narrowly and Central America have been placed also in
cylindric, about inch long and less than l/s the genus Critonia. That segregate is recop
inch wide, bordered by several overlapping nized by the gland dots and dashes in the leaves.
750. Guerrero Eupatorium po~toricenseUrban
Flowering twig (above), flower heads (lower left), fruits (lower right), natural size.

983
 SUPPLEMENT TO "COMMON TREES OF PUERTO RICO
AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS" (VOLUME 1)
Additional notes about many species in the Carite, Guajataca, Guilarte, Luquillo, Maricao,
first volume have been assembled here to bring Rio Abajo, Sus~ia,Toro Negro, Vega.
i t up-to-date and comparable with the second. 4. Corozo, prickly palm, Puerto Rico acro-
Also, other details have been compiled, and comia, Acrocomia meditl 0. F. Cook. Additional
errors have been corrected. The species are in public forest.-Guajataca.
numerical order with the same number (1-250) 5. Palma de coyor, Aiphanes acanthophglla
followed by the common and scientific names. (Mart.) Burret. Additional public forests.-
Several changes in accepted scientific names Guajataca, Luquillo.
have been made below and in the keys t o con- 6. Palma de coco, coconut, Cocos nueifera L.*
form to current usage. References have been Additional islands.--Jost Van Dyke, Virgin
cited in the Introduction under Work by Others. Gorda, Anegada. Public forests and parks.-
It was impractical to revise the nomenclature Aguirre, Boquerbn, Cambalache, Guhnica, Lu-
during the long interval between preparation quillo, San Juan, Susda; Buck Island Reef, Vir-
of the manuscript and appearance of the edi- gin Islands.
tions in English and Spanish, while the book 7. Palma de sierra, sierra palm, Prestoea
was delayed and partly set in type. Also cer- montana (R. Grah.) Nichols. Replaces Ewterpe
tain proposals to amend the International Code globosa Gaertn.
of Botanical Nomenclature were pending. A 8. Palma de lluvia, Gawsia attenuata (0. F.
few recent transfers in generic names based Cook) Beccari. Additional public forest,-
upon taxonomic judgment have not been Vega.
adopted but have been cited a s botanical syno- 9. Palma real, royalpalm, Puerto Rico royal-
nyms. In the list below, any changed scientific palm, Roystonea borinquena 0. F. Cook. Ad-
name precedes the replaced name appearing in ditional public forest.-Rio Abajo.
the first volume. A few other common names in 10. Palma de sombrero, Puerto Rico pal-
Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands have been metto, Sabd causiarum (0. F. Cook) Beccari.
noted. Public forest.-Cambalache. 270, Hispaniola
Larger maximum sizes, both height and palmetto, Sabal domingensis Beccari,' replaces
trunk diameter, of trees in Puerto Rico and the Bermuda palmetto or bulltyre, Sabal bermu-
Virgin Islands have been taken from the field dana Bailey,*- formerly referred to S. bkck-
observations by Woodbury. burnianum Glazebrook.
Much new information on geographic distri- 11. Casuarina, Australian beefwood, horse-
bution within Puerto Rico and the Virgin Is-
lands has been compiled from field work and
recent publications. Additional island records, Luquillo, Maricao, Rfo Abajo, Susha; Virgin Is-
mostly of smaller islands, have been cited. The lands.
species lists for additional public forests have 12. Higuillo, Piper aduncum L. Small tree t o
been enlarged by field work. Estate Thomas 30 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter.
Experimental Forest, a new research area on 13. Azafrtm, Hedyosmum arborescens Sw.
St. Croix, has been included. Also, distribution Additional public forest.-Toro Negro.
is given for the four national parks in the Vir- 16. Guacimilla, false jacocalalu, Florida
gin Islands, all of which were established after trema, Trema micrantha (L.) Blume. Addi-
the first volume was prepared. tional islands.--Jost Van Dyke, Virgin Gorda.
1. Helecho gigante, tree-fern, Cpathea Additional public forests and parks.-Camba-
arborea (L.) J . E. Smith. [Link].-Sage lache, Guajataca, Guilarte, Maricao, Rio Abajo,
Mountain. t Suslia; Virgin Islands, Sage Mountain.
2. Caobilla, podocarp, Podocarpw coriaceus ' 20. Yagrumo hembra, trumpet-tree, Cecropia
L. C. Rich. This genus is now placed in the deltata L. Corrected spelling. Public park.-
podocarp family (Podocarpaceae) ; described Virgin Islands.
briefly on page 54. 21. Palo de goma, India-rubber fig, F i m
3. Bamb6, common bamboo, Bambzssa vud elastica Roxb. ex Hornem.* Change in author
garis Schrad.* Public forests.-Cambalache, citation.
 22. Jagiiey blanco, shortleaf fig, Ficzcs citri- Additional [Link] Van Dyke. Public
folia Mill. Replaces F. Zaevigata Vahl. Addi- forest and park.-Estate Thomas; Virgin Is-
tional islands.-Desecheo, Muertos, Palominos, lands. Other common name.-apple (Jost Van
Jost Van Dyke, Virgin Gorda. Public parks.- Dyke).
Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands, Sage Moun- 42. Guajdn, Beitschmiedia penduIa (Sw.)
tain. Benth. & Hook. f. Large tree to 90 feet high and
23. Laurel de la India, India-laurel fig, Ficus 4 feet in trunk diameter. Additional public for-
microcarpa L. f.* Replaces F. retusa L.* Pub- est.-Toro Negro.
lic forest.-Gulnica. 43. Canelilla, Licaria salicifolia (Sw.) Kos-
24. Jagiiey, colorado, Ficus perf orata L. Re- term. Public parks.-Virgin Islands, Sage
places F. sintenisii Warb. Mountain.
26. Uvilla, doveplum, Coccoloba diversifolia 44. Palo de misanteco, Gulf licaria, Licariu
Jacq. Medium-sized tree to 60 feet high and 2 triundra (Sw.) Kosterm. Additional public
feet in trunk diameter. Public forests.-Gui- forests.-Cambalache, Susiia.
larte, Rio Abajo. 46. Laurel avispillo, Jamaica nectandra,
27. Orteg6n, Coccoloba swartzii Meisn. Med- Nectandra coriacea (Sw.) Griseb. Additional
ium-sized tree to 60 feet high and 2 feet in islands.-Jost Van Dyke, Virgin Gorda. Public
trunk diameter. Public parks.-Virgin Islands, parks.-Virgin Islands, Sage Mountain, Gorda
Gorda Peak. Peak.
28. Uva de playa, seagrape, Coccoloba uvi- 46. Canelbn, Ocotea cuneata (Griseb.)
f era (L.) L. Additional islands.-Palominos, Urban. Additional public forest.-Vega.
Jost Van Dyke. Public forests and parks.- 47. Laurel espada, Ocotea floribundu (Sw.)
Aguirre, Boquer6n, GuPnica, Luquillo, San Mez. Public park,-Virgin Islands.
Juan; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands. Other 51. Aguacate, avocado, Persea americana
common name.-grape-tree (Jost Van Dyke). Mill." Additional island.-Jost Van Dyke. Pub-
29. Calambreiia, chicory-grape, Coccoloba lic forests and park.-Cambalache, Carite, Gua-
venosa L. Additional island.--Jost Van Dyke. jataca, Luquillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo, San Juan,
Public park.-Virgin Islands. Susda ;Virgin Islands.
30. Triplaris, anttree, Triplaria cumingiana 63. Burro prieto, Jamaica caper, Cappbds
Fisch. & Mey.* Replaces T. americana L.* as c~nophallophoraL. Additional idand.-Virgin
the common introduced species in Puerto Rico. Gorda. Additional public forests and parks.-
32. Corcho blanco, water mampoo, Pisonia Cambalache, Maricao, Sustia ; Buck Island
slcbcordata Sw. Additional islands.-Jost Van Reef, Virgin Islands, Gorda Peak.
Dyke, Virgin Gorda. Additional public forests 66. Palo bobo, BruneUia comocladifolia
and parks.-Cambalache, Luquillo, Suslfa; Humb. & Bonpl. Additional public forest.-
Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands, Gorda Peak. Guajataca.
33. Corcho, black mampoo, Guapira fragrans 66. Oreganillo, Weinmannia pinnata L. Ad-
(Durn.-Cours.) Little. Replaces Tmrubia fra- ditional public forest.-Maricao.
gram (Durn.-Cours.) Standley. Large tree to 68. Aroma, sweet acacia, Acacia farnesiana
80 feet high. Additional island.-Desecheo. (L.) Willd.* Additional island.-Jost Van
Additional public forests and parks.-Carite, Dyke. Additional public forest and park.-
Guhnica, Maricao, Susiia, Estate Thomas ;Buck Estate Thomas ;Virgin Islands. Other common
Island Reef, Virgin Islands, Sage Mountain. name.-casha-tree (Jost Van Dyke).
315, Barrehorno, Gu&pira discolor (Spreng.) 60. Acacia amarilla, tibet, lebbek, Albizia
Little, replaces Tormcbia discolor (Spreng.) lebbeck (L.) Benth.* Change in spelling. Pub-
Britton. lic forests and park.-Luquillo, Maricao, Suslfa,
36. Laurel sabino, Magnolia splendens Estate Thomas ;Virgin Islands.
Urban. Large tree to 95 feet high and 6 feet in 62. Guam&, "sweetpea," Inga fagifolia (L.)
trunk diameter. Willd. Relaces I. hurina (Sw.) Willd. Public
36. Guanirbana cimarrona, wild soursop, A? parks.-Virgin Islands, Sage Mountain.
nona montana Macfadyen. Also from Quebradl-
llas to Aguadills and Lower Rio Blanco. 65. Zarcilla, tantan, leadtree, Leucaena ku-
37. GuanGbana, soursop, Anruma muricata cocephah (Lam.) de Wit. Replaces L. glauca
L.* Additional island.--Jost Van Dyke. Public (L.) Benth. Though deciduous in dry areas,
forests and park.-Cambalache, Guajataca, Lu- this species is evergreen in the Virgin Islands.
quillo, Rio Abajo, San Juan, Susiia, Estate Additional islands.-Muertos. Jost Van Dyke.
Thomas ;Virgin Islands. Additional public forest and parks.-Estate
38. Coraz6n, custard-apple, Annona reticu- Thomas; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands.
lata L.* Additional island.-Virgin Gorda. Ad- 66. Cojbbana, Piptadenia p e r e g k (L.)
ditional public forest and park.-Maricao ; Vir- Benth. Perhaps introduced by prehistoric
gin Islands. Indians. Additional botanical synonym.-Am-
39. Anbn, sugar-apple, Annona squamosa L.* denanthera peregrina (L.) Speg.
 68. Guami americano, guamuchil, Pithecello- H.B.K. Large tree t o 70 feet high and 1foot in
bium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.* The favorite host trunk diameter. Additional public forest.-
of the introduced treehopper or membracid Maricao.
(Umbonb crassicornis) commonly known as 87. Palo de matos, Ormosia krugii Urban.
chinche espinosa or thornbug. Additional public forests.-Guajataca, Maricao.
69. Samin, raintree, Pithecellobium saman 88. Tachueio, fustic, Pictetia aculeata
(Jacq.) Benth.* Public forest and park.- (Vahl) Urban. Additional islands.-Palomi-
Aguirre ;Virgin Islands. nos, Jost Van Dyke.
70. Bayahonda, mesquite, Prosopis juliflora 92. Indio, Ergthroxylum areohtum L.
(Sw.) DC.* Additional public forests.- Changed spelling. Additional public forests.-
Boquerbn, Cambalache. Cambalache, Maricao, Susda.
71. Mariposa, butterfly bauhinia, Bauhinia 93. Guayadn, common lignumvitae, Guaia-
monundra Kurz.* Public forests and park.- cum [Link] L. A tree to 3 feet in trunk diam-
Cambalache, Suslia ;Virgin Islands. eter.
72. Caiiafistula, golden-shower, Cmsia fis- 95. Tea, sea amyris, Amy?+ elemifera L. Ad-
tula L.* Public forest and park.-Susda; Vir- ditional islands.-Jost Van Dyke, Virgin Gorda.
gin Islands. Additional forests and parks.-Cambalache,
74. Casia de Siam, Siamese cassia, Cassia Maricao; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands,
siamea Lam.* Public forests and park.-Guaja- Gorda Peak.
taca, Guhnica, Luquillo, Rio Abajo; Virgin Is- 96. Lim6n agrio, lime, C i t m aurantifolia
lands. (L.) Swingle.' Additional island.-Virgin
76. Flamboyin, flamboyant-tree, Delonix Gorda. Public forests and parks.-Cambalache,
regh (Bojer) Raf.* Additional islands.--Jest Guajataca, Guinica, Luquillo, Rio Abajo,
Van Dyke, Virgin Gorda. Public forests and Susba ;Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands.
park.-Cambalache, Guajataca, Guhnica, Lu- 97. Naranja agria, sour orange, Citrus
quillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Susba; V i r a n Is- az~rantiumL.* Additional public forests.-Gui-
lands. larte, Maricao, Susba.
76. Algarrobo, West-Indian-locust, courbaril, 98. Lim6n de cabro, lemon, Citrus limon (L.)
Hymenaea courbad L, Additional island.- Burm. f.* Additional public forests.-Guaja-
Virgin Gorda. Public parks.-Virgin Islands, taca, Suslia.
Gorda Peak. 99. Toronja, grapefruit, Citrua paradhi
77. Palo de rayo, Jerusalem-thorn, Parkin- Macfadyen.' Public forests.-Cambalache,
sonia wuleata L.* Additional island.--Sost Guajataca, Rio Abajo, Susda.
Van Dyke. 100. China, sweet orange, Citrus sinemis
78. Flamboyin amarillo, yellow flamboyant, Osbeck.' Additional public forest.-Suslia.
Peltophorum inerme (Roxb.) Naves.* Public 102. Espino rubial, white-prickle, Marti-
f orest-Luquillo. nique prickly-ash, Zanthoxylum martiniceme
79. C6bana negra, Stahlia monosperma (Lam.) DC. Large tree to 90 feet high. Public
(Tul.) Urban. Additional public forests.- parks.-Virgin Islands, Sage Mountain.
GuBnica, Susda. 103. Palo rubio, yellow-prickle, yellow
80. Tamarindo, tamarind, Tamarindus in- prickly-ash, Zarzthoxylum monophyllum (Lam.)
dica L.* Additional islands.-Muertos, Virgin P. Wilson. Additional islands.-Palominos,
Gorda. Additional public forests and parks.- Jost Van Dyke. Public park.-Virgin Islands.
Guinica, Susba, Estate Thomas; Buck Island 104. Guarema, bitterbush, Picramnia pen-
Reef, Virgin Islands. tundra Sw. Also Coama area, Additional public
Faboideae. Replaces Lotoideae. forest and park.-Guajataca, Sage Mountain.
81. Moca, cabbage angelin, Andira inemis 105. AlmBcigo, turpentine-tree, gumbo-
(W. Wright) DC. Change in author citation. limbo, Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Large tree
Large tree to 100 feet high and 2 feet in trunk to 70 feet high and 3 feet in trunk diameter.
diameter. Public parks.-Virgin Islands, Sage Additional islands.-Muertos, Palominos, Jost
Mountain. Van Dyke, Virgin Gorda. Additional public
83. Bucare, swamp immortelle, Erpthdna forest and parks.-Estate Thomas; Buck Is-
fusca Lour.' Replaces E. g h a Willd.* land Reef, Virgin Islands.
84. Bucayo gigante, mountain immortelle, 107. Masa, Tetragastr@ balsamifera (Sw.)
E~ythrinapoeppigimm (Walp.) 0. F. Cook.' Oken. Change in author citation. Additional
Public forests.-Maricao, Rio Abajo, Susba. island.-Tortola. Public park.--Sage Moun-
85. Mata-rat6n, mother-of-cocoa, Gliricidia tain.
sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Griseb.' Change in 108. Cedro hembra, Spanish-cedar, Cedreh
author citation. Additional island.-Virgin odorata L. Large tree to 5 feet in trunk diam-
Gorda. eter. Additional public forest.-Luquillo.*
86. Retama, Lonchocarpus pentaphpUua 109. Guaraguao, American muskwood,
(Poir.) DC. Replaces L. Eatifolius (Willd.) Guurea gzcidonia (L.) Sleumer. Replaces G.
trichilioides L. Additional public forest.-Su- Additional public forests.-Guajataca, Mari-
sba. cao.
110. Alelaila, chinaberry, Melia azedarach 130. Pajuil, cashew, Anucardium occidentde
L.* Public forests and park.-Guinica, Susca, L. Small tree t o 40 feet high and 1foot in trunk
Estate Thomas ;Virgin Islands. diameter. Additional island.-dost Van Dyke.*
111. Caoba hondureiia, Honduras mahogany, 131. Mango, Mangifera indica L.*Additional
Swietenia macrophylla King.* Additional pub- islands.--Jost Van Dyke, Virgin Gorda. Public
lic forest and park.-Estate Thomas; Sage forests.-Cambalache, Carite, Guajataca, Lu-
Mountain. quillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Sus6a.
112. Caoba dominicana, Dominican mahog- 132. Papayo, Florida poisontree, Metopium
any, West Indies mahogany, Swietenia maha- toxife~um(L.) Krug & Urban. Additional pub-
goni Jacq.* Additional public forests and parks. lic forest.-Guajataca.
-Vega, Estate Thomas; Virgin Islands, Sage 133. Jobo de la India, ambarella, Spondias
Mountain. dulcis Parkinson.' A tree to 70 feet high.
113. Tinacio, broomstick, Trichilia hirta L. 134. Jobo, hogplum, yellow mombin, S p a -
Additional public forests and park.-Guajataca, dias mombin L. Additional islands.-Jost Van
Luquillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Vega ;Virgin Is- Dyke, Virgin Gorda. Public parks.-Virgin Is-
lands. lands, Gorda Peak. Other common name.-
114. Gaeta, Trichilia pallida Sw. Medium- plum (Jost Van Dyke).
sized tree to 40 feet high and 8 inches in trunk 135. Ciruela del pais, purple mombin, Spon-
diameter. Additional public forests.-Camba- dias purpurea L.*Additional island.--Jost Van
lache, Guajataca, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Vega. Dyke. Public forest and park.-Rio Abajo; Vir-
115. Maricao, Byrsonima coriucea (Sw.) DC. gin Islands.
Additional island.-Virgin Gorda. Additional 136. Palo colorado, swamp cyrilla, Cyrilla
public forests and parks.-Guajataca, GuBnica, racemiflora L. A giant tree near El Verde in
Rio Abajo, Vega; Virgin Islands, Sage Moun- the northwestern part of Luquillo Mountains
tain. Other common names.-maricao amarillo, has a trunk approximately 8 feet 7 inches in
maricao colorado (Puerto Rico) . diameter.
116. Maricao cimarrbn, Byrsonima rassi- 137. Sauco cimarrh, Turpinia paniculuta
folia (L.)H.B.K. Additional public forests.- Vent. Rare near Bayamdn and Dorado. Addi-
Carite, Maricao. tional public forest and park.-Sus6a; Sage
117. Violeta, violet-tree, Polygala coweUii Mountain.
(Britton) Blake. Additional public forests.- 138. Guara, Cupania americana L. Large
Cambalache, Guajataca, Maricao, Rio Abajo, tree to 90 feet high and 14 inches in trunk diam-
Susca. eter. Additional island.-Tortola. Public park.
118. Achiotillo, Alchornea latifolia Sw. -Sage Mountain.
Large tree to 70 feet high. Additional public 140. Quenepa, kinep, Spanish-lime, Melicoc-
forests.-Guajataca, Sus6a. cw bijugatus Jacq.' Additional islands.--Jest
119. Palo de galina, Alchomzeopsis portori- Van Dyke, Virgin Gorda. Public forests and
censis Urban. Additional public forest.-Mari- parks.--Guinica, Estate Thomas; Virgin Is-
ao. lands, Buck Island Reef.
122. Rascaso, Euphorbia petiolaris Sims. 143. Ceboruquillo, Thouinkt striata Radlk.
Additional island.--Jost Van Dyke. Public Additional public forests.-Guiinica, Vega.
park.-Virgin Islands. 144. Ayacatillo, Meliosma herbertii Rolfe.
123. Yaiti, oysterwood, Gymnanthes lucida Additional public forest.-Maricao.
Sw. The sap is watery rather than white. Ad- 145. Abeyuelo, coffee colubrina, Colubrina
ditional island.-Jost Van Dyke. Additional arborescem (Mill.) Sarg. Medium-sized tree to
public forest and parks.-San Juan; Buck Is- 45 feet high and 8 inches in trunk diameter.
land Reef, Virgin Islands. Additional islands.-Muertos, Jost Van Dyke.
124. Manzanillo, manchineel, Hippomane Additional public forests and park.-Carite,
maneinella L. Additional islands.-Muertos, Maricao, Estate Thomas; Virgin Islands.
Palominos, Anegada. Public parks.-Buck Is- 146. Mabi, soldierwood, Colubrina elliptica
land Reef, Virgin Islands. (Sw.) Briz. & Stern. Replaces C. reclinata
128. Millo, Margaritaria nobilis L. f. Re- (L'H6r.) Brongn. Additional islands.-Dese-
places Phallanthus nobilis (L.f.) Muel1.-Arg. cheq Jost Van Dyke, Virgin Gorda. Public
A medium-sized tree to 60 feet high and 2Y2 parks.-Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands.
feet in trunk diameter. Additional island.- 147. Bariaco, "ironwood," leadwood, Krugio-
Virgin Gorda. Additional public forests and dendron f eveum (Vahl) Urban. Medium-sized
parks.-Carite, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Vega; Vir- tree to 40 feet high and 1 foot in trunk diam-
gin Islands, Gorda Peak. eter. Additional islands.--Jost Van Dyke, Vir-
129. Tabaiba, Sapium laurocerasw Desf. gin Gorda. Additional public forests and parks.
-Cambalache, Rio Abajo, Susda, Vega; Buck 172. Cafeillo, Casearia sylvestris Sw. Addi-
Island Reef, Virgin Islands. tional public forest and parks.-Maricao; Vir-
148. Cascarroya, Ziziphus reticdata (Vahl) gin Islands, Sage Mountain. Other common
DC. Replaces Sarcomphalus reticdatus (Vahl) name.-palo de cotorro (Puerto Rico) .
Urban. Medium-sized tree to 60 feet high and 174. Lechosa, papaya, Carica papaya L.*
1 foot in trunk diameter. 491,Ziziphus rignonii Additional islands.--Jost Van Dyke, Virgin
Delponte, replaces Sarcomphalwr domingensis Gorda. Public forest.-Sustia.
(Spreng,) Krug & Urban. 492, Ziziphua tay- 176. Sebucrin, dildo, Cephalocezeus ro21enii
lo?% (Britton) M. C. Johnst., replaces Sarcom- (L.) Britton & Rose. Additional island.-Jost
pitalus taylo?ii Britton. Van Dyke. Public parks.-Buck Island Reef,
150. Emajagua, sea hibiscus, Hibiscus tilia- Virgin Islands. Additional botanical synonym.
ceus L.* Additional public forests and park.- -Pilosocereus royenii (L.) Byles & Rowley.
Maricao, Sustia ; Virgin Islands. 176. Tuna de petate, pricklypear, Opuntia
161. Maga, Montezuma speciosissima S e s d ~rtbescensSalm-Dyck. Public parks.-Buck Is-
& Moc. Additional public forest.-Guilarte.' land Reef, Virgin Islands.
162. Emajagiiilla, otaheita, portiatree, Thes- 177. Majagua brava, Daphnopsis philippiana
pesia populnea (L.) Soland.* Additional is- Krug & Urban. Additional public forest.-
lands.-Palominos, Jost Van Dyke. Public for- Maricao.
ests and parks.-Aguirre, Gtianica, San Juan; 178. Reina de las flores, queen-of-flowers,
Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands. Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.* Public for-
163. Ceiba, silk-cotton-tree, Ceiba pentandra ests.-Luquillo, Rlo Abajo.
(L.) Gaertn. Additional islands.--Jost Van 179. Mangle colorado, mangrove, Rhizopltora
Dyke, Virgin Gorda. Additional public forest mangle L. Additional islands.-Jost Van Dyke,
and park.-Gurinica; Virgin Islands. Virgin Gorda. Public park.-Virgin Islands.
164. Guano, balsa, Ochroma pyramidale 180. Granadillo, Buchenavia capitata (Vahl)
(Cav.) Urban. Additional public forests.-Gui- Eichl. A large tree to 90 feet high and 6 feet in
larte, Maricao, Toro Nergo. trunk diameter. Additional public forest and
166. Garrocho, Quararibea turbinuta (Sw.) park.-Cambalache ;Sage Mountain.
Poir. Corrected spelling. Medium-sized tree to 181. Ucar, gregre, oxhorn bucida, Bucida
40 feet high and 10 inches in trunk diameter. bzcceras L. A large tree to 90 feet high and 6
Public park.-Virgin Islands. feet in trunk diameter. Additional island.-
156. Guhcima, jacocalalu, Guazuma &mi- Jost Van Dyke. Additional public forest and
folk Lam. Medium-sized tree to 70 feet high. park.-Vega ;Virgin Islands.
Public parks.-Virgin Islands, Sage Mountain. 182. Mangle b o t h , button-mangrove, Cono-
168. Cacao, chocolate-tree, Theobroma cacao carpus erectus L. Additional islands.-Muertos,
L.* Public forests.-Luquillo, Rfo Abajo. Desecheo, Palominos. Public parks.-Buck Is-
161. Maria, santa-maria, Catophyllum calaba land Reef, Virgin Islands.
L. Replaces C. brasiliense Camb. Medium-sized 183. Mangle blanco, white-mangrove, Lagun-
tree with trunk to 3 feet in diameter, the bark cularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f. Additional is-
becoming deeply fissured. Additional public lands.-Jost Van Dyke, Virgin Gorda. Public
forest.-San Juan.' parks.-Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands.
162; Cupeillo, Clzcsia grisebachiana (Planch. 184. Almendra, Indian-almond, Termintclia
& Triana) Alain. Replaces C. kmgiana Urban. catappa L.* Public forests and park.-Luquillo,
163. Cupey, wild-mammee, copey clusia, Maricao, Rio Abajo, San Juan, Susda; Virgin
Clusia rosea Jacq. Additional islands.-Jost Islands.
Van Dyke, Virgin Gorda. Public park.-Virgin 186. Eucalipto, beakpod eucalyptus, Euca-
Islands. lyptus robuata J. E . Smith.* Additional public
164. Mamey, mammee-apple, Mammea forests.-San Juan, Susda. Other common
americana L. Public forests.-Cambalache, Lu- names.-robusta eucalyptus, swamp-mahogany
quillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo. eucalyptus (Hawaii).
166. Achiote, anatto, BGa orellana L.* Pub- 187. Guasiibara, Eugenia domingensis Berg.
lic forests and park.-Guajataca, Rio Abajo, Replaces E. aemginea DC.
Sustla ;Virgin Islands. 188. Pomarrosa, rose-apple, Eugenia jambos
170. Tostado, wild honey-tree, Casearia de- L.' Public parks.-Virgin Islands, Sage Moun-
candra Jacq. Public park.-Virgin Islands.
628, Talantr61-1, Laetia procera (Poepp. & tain.
Endl.) Eichl., replaces Casearia bicolor Urban. . 189. Manzana malaya, Malay-apple, Eugenia
171. Palo blanco, wild-coffee, Casearia gui- malaccensis L.* Public forest.-Maricao.
anemis (Aubl.) Urban. Mediurn-sized tree to 190. Hoja menuda, spiceberry eugenia,
60 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter. Eugenia rhombea (Berg) Krug & Urban, Addi-
Additional public forests and park.-Guaja- tional public forest and parks.-Estate Thomas ;
taca, Maricao, Rio Abajo; Virgin Islands. Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands. 572,Anguila,
boxleaf eugenia, Eugenia foetida Poir., re- Public park.-Sage Mountain. Botanical syno-
places E. myrtoides Poir. 587, GuayabactSn, nym.-Myrsine guianensis (Aubl.) Kuntze.
M~rciattthes fragrana (Sw.) McVaugh, re- 205. Lechecillo Chqpophyllum argenteum
places Eugenia fragrans (Sw.) Willd. 588, Jacq. ~dditionafpublic foresta and park.-
Mirto, guavaberry, Mgrciaria floribunda Cambalache, Carite, Maricao; Sage Mountain.
(West) Berg, replaces Eugenia floribunda 206. Caimito, star-apple, Chrgsoph~llum
West. cainito L. Public forests.-Guajataca, Luquillo.
191. Guayabota, Eugenia stahlii (Kiaersk.) 208. Sanguinaria, wild mespel willow bustic,
Krug & Urban. Additional public forest.- Dipholis salicifolia (L.) DC. Medium-sized tree
Maricao. to 3 feet in trunk diameter. Additional public
192. Cieneguillo, Myrcia deflexa (Poir.) DC. forests.-Rio Abajo, Susda, Vega. Botanical
Additional public forest.-Susda. 585, Hoja synonym.-Bumelia salicifolia (L.) Sw.
menuda, Bfyrcia fallax (A. Rich.) DC. replaces 209. Ausubo, balata, Manilkara bidedata
M. berberis DC. (A. DC.) Chev. Large tree to 5 feet or more in
193. Hoja menuda, Myrcia splendena (Sw.) trunk diameter. Additional public forest and
DC. Medium-sized tree to 60 feet high and 8 parks.-San Juan ; Virgin Islands, Sage Moun-
inches in trunk diameter. Additional public tain.
forests and park.-Guajataca, Rio Abajo, Su- 210. Nispero, sapodilla, Manilkara zapota
slia, Toro Negro ;Sage Mountain. (L.) v. Royen.' Public forest.-Estate Thomas.
194. Malagueta, bay-rum-tree, Pimenta race- Botanical synonym.-M. achras (Mill.) Fos-
mosa (Mill.) J. W . Moore, Medium-sized tree berg.
to 65 feet high and 14 inches in trunk diameter. 212. Caimitillo verde, Micropholis garcinii-
Additional island.-Virgin Gorda. Additional folia Pierre. Change in spelling. Additional pub-
public forest and parks.-Guilarte; Sage Moun- lic forest.-Susda.
tain, Gorda Peak. 213. Jticana, Pouteriu multiflora (A. DC.)
195. Guayaba, common guava, Psidium gua- Eyma. Additional public forest.-Guajataca.
java L.* Additional islands.--Jost Van Dyke, 214. Tortugo amarillo, false-mastic, Sider-
Virgin Gorda. Public forests and park.- oxylon foetidissimum Jacq. A large tree to 100
Aguirre, Cambalache, Carite, Guajataca, Lu- feet high and 6 feet in trunk diameter. Addi-
quillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo, San Juan, Susda, tional public forests and park.-Gulnica, Lu-
Vega ;Virgin Islands. quillo, Vega ;Virgin Islands. ,
198. Carnasey, Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC. 215. Aceituna blanca, candlewood, Sgmplo-
Additional public forests and park.-Guaja- cos martinice& Jacq. Public forests and park.
taca, Maricao; Sage Mountain. 599, Camasey, -Cambalache, Guajataca, Luquillo, Maricao,
Micmtia afinis DC., replaces M. microcarpa DC. Rio Abajo; Sage Mountain.
199. Verdiseco, Tetrazygia elaeagnoides 216. Hueso blanco, Linociera domingensis
(Sw.) DC. Additional island.-Virgin Gorda. (Lam.) Knobl. Additional public forests,
Additional public forests and park.-Luquillo, Guajataca, RIo Abajo.
Susda ;Virgin Islands. 217. Aleli, milktree, Plumeriu alba L. Me-
200. Pollo, Dendropanax arboreus (L.) dium-sized tree to 50 feet high and 1 foot in
Decne. & Planch. Medium-sized tree to 60 feet trunk diameter. Additional islands.-Palo-
high and 1 foot in trunk diameter. Public minos, Jost Van Dyke. Additional public forest
park.-Sage Mountain. Other common name.- and parks.-Vega; Buck Island Reef, Virgin
palo blanco (Puerto Rico).
201. Yagrumo macho, matchwood, Didymo-
Islands.
218. Frangipani, Plumeria rubra L.* Public
panax morototoni (Aubl.) Decne. & Planch. forest.-Luquillo,
Public parks.-Virgin Islands, Sage Mountain. 219. Palo amargo, bitter-ash, Rauvolfia
202. Mameyuelo, Ardisia obovata Desv. nitida Jacq. Additional public forests and park.
Medium-sized tree to 55 feet high and 6 inches -Aguirre, Rfo Abajo, San Juan, Susda, Vega;
in trunk diameter. Additional island.-Jost Virgin Islands.
Van Dyke. Additional public forests and parks. 220. Palo de vaca, pigeon-berry, Bourreria
-Carite,Guilarte, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Toro succulenta Jacq. Medium-sized tree to 50 feet
Negro; Virgini Islands, Sage Mountain, Gorda feet high and 1 foot in trunk diameter. Addi-
tional islands.-Desecheo, Muertos, Palominos,
Peak. Other common name.-breakbill (St. Jost Van Dyke. Additional public forests and
John). parks.-Carite, Guajataca, Maricao, RIo Abajo,
203. Mantequero, Rapanea coriacea (Sw.) Vega, Estate Thomas; Buck Island Reef, Vir-
Mez. Replaces R. ferruginea (Ruiz & Pav.) gin Islands.
Mez. Botanical synonym.-Myrsine coriacea 221. Capi prieto, capa, Cordia alliodora
(Sw.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken. Additional islands.-Jost
204. Bhdula, Guiana rapanea, Rapattea gui- Van Dyke, Virgin Gorda. Additional public for-
anensis Aubl. Medium-sized tree to 50 feet high. est and park.-Maricao; Virgin Islands.
 2221 Muiieco, Cordh borinquensis Urban. forests and parks.-San Juan, Estate Thomas;
Other common name.-palo de muiieco (Puerto Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands, Sage Moun-
Rico) .
223. Cap6 colorado, red manjack, Cordia
tain.
238. Roble amarillo, ginger-thomas, Tecoma
nitida Vahl. Public park.-Virgin Islands. stam (L.) H.B.K. Additional i~lands.-Jost
224. Moral, white manjack, Cordia sulcata Van Dyke, Virgin Gorda. Public forest and
DC. Additional island.4ost Van Dyke. Pub- park.-Estate Thomas ;Virgin Islands.
lic parks.-Virgin Islands, Sage Mountain. 239. Quina, Antirhea o b t d f o l i a Urban. Ad-
225. Mangle prieto, black-mangrove, Avicen- ditional public forest.-Guilarte.
nia germinana (L.) L. Replaces A. nitida Jacq. 240. Cafd, coffee, Cofea arabica L.* There
Additional islands.--Jost Van Dyke, Virgin are about 2,200 to 3,000 coffee beans to a pound.
Gorda. Public parks.-Virgin Islands, Buck Public forests.-Carite, Guajataca, Guilarte,
Island Reef. Other common name.--salt-pond- Luquillo, Maricao, Susba, Toro Negro.
tree (Jost Van Dyke). 242. Cafefllo, false-coffee, Faramea occiden-
226. PBndula de sierra, Citharexylum caude tal& (L.) A. Rich. Public parks.-Virgin Is-
turn L. Additional public forest.-Toro Negro. lands, Sage Mountain.
227. PBndula, pasture fiddlewood, Florida 244. Palo de cucubano, "greenheart," rough-
fiddlewood, Citharexylum fruticosum L. Addi- leaf velvetseed, Guettarda acabra (L.) Vent.
tional islands.-Muertos, Palominos, Jost Van Medium-sized tree to 40 feet high and 6 inches
Dyke, Anegada. Additional public forests and in trunk diameter. Public parks.-Virgin Is-
parks.-San Juan, Vega, Estate Thomas ;Buck lands, Sage Mountain, Gorda Peak. 730, Cucu-
Island Reef, Virgin Islands, Sage Mountain, bano, Guettarda valenzuelanu A. Rich., replaces
Gorda Peak. Botanical synonym.-Citharexy- G. Zuevis Urban.
2um pentandrum Vent.
229. Teca, teak, Tectona grandis L. f.* Ad- 245. Cafeillo, Zxora f errea (Jacq.) Benth.
ditional public forests.-Susha, Estate Thomas. Additional island.-Virgin Gorda. Additional
230. Higiierillo, white fiddlewood, Vitex di- public forests and parks.-Cambalache, Mari-
varicata Sw. Additional public forest and cao, SusGa; Virgin Islands, Sage Mountain,
parks.-Vega ; Virgin Islands, Sage Mountain. Gorda Peak. Other common name.-palo de
231. Tabac6n, Solanurn rugosurn Dunal. clavo (Puerto Rico) .
Small tree to 30 feet high and 5 inches in trunk 246. Morinda, painkiller, MorindcG citrifolia
diameter. L." Public forest.-Luquillo.
232. HigUero, calabash-tree, common cala- 247. Tintillo, box-briar, Ran& aculeata L.
bash-tree, Crescentia cujete L. Additional is- Additional islands.-Palominos, Jost Van
lands.-Jost Van Dyke, Virgin Gorda. Public Dyke, Virgin Gorda. Additional public forests
forests and park.-Cambalache, Guinica, Su- and park.-Boquer6n, Maricao, Rio Abajo, San
sGa ;Virgin Islands. Juan, Vega, Estate Thomas ;Virgin Islands.
234. Tulipin africano, African tuliptree, 248. Juan tomhs, Rondeletb portoricenais
Spathodea campantdata Beauv.* Public forest. Krug & Urban. Additional public forests.-
-Luquillo. Carite, Guinica, Susda.
236. Roble blanco, "white-cedar," Tabebuia 249. Aquil6n, Terebraria resinosa (Vahl)
lreterophylla (DC.) Britton. Additional islands. Sprague. Medium-sized tree to 60 feet high and
-Palominos, Jost Van Dyke. Additional public 1foot in trunk diameter.
 INDEX OF COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES IN BOTH VOLUMES

The index follows the plan of "Common Trees heavy (boldface) type, the scientific names in
of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands" ( 5 1 ) . heavy (boldface) italics. Other common names
However, page numbers in that volume, the appear in ordinary (roman) type. Common
first, are in ordinary (roman) type. Page num- names in the English language are indexed
bers in this volume, the second, are in italics. under the last word. Other scientific names, in-
Common and scientific names adopted in cluding synonyms, are in italics. Family names,
headings for the 750 numbered species and the common and scientific, are shown in capitals,
page numbers where descriptions begin are in the scientific also in italics.
abacate, 128 acajli, 244 Aeschrion ezcelsa, 850
abacateiro, 128 acana, 444 ; 786, 788 afta colorada, 58
abey, 160,240 acana blanca, 786 agallo, 870
abey amnrillo, 544 accordia, scarlet, 848 Agathis brownii, 56
abey hembra, 160,240 acebo de sicrra. 448 Aaathie robuata. 54
abeyuelo, 316; 987 aceite de cayeph, 680 agati, 208
abeyuelo amarillo, 544 aceite de marla, 350 Agati grandifiora, 208
abeyuelo perfumado, 544 aceitillo, 13,228; 330,352 agati sesbania, 208
abr~cdde macaco, 618 aeeitlllo c i m a d n , 352 a gu a de irrrea, 576
abric6 do P a d , 354 aceitillo f also, 352 aguacate, 128; 985
abricot, 354 aceituna, 866 a y a c a t e cimarrbn, 110
abricot de Saint-Domin y e , 354 aceituna americana, 910 aguaeatillo, 110, 116, 180, 264, 314;
abricot de singe, 618 aceituno blanca, 456; 802,989 192,210,228,980,987
abricot des Antilles, 364 aceituna cimarrona, 456 aguacero, 868
abricot pays, 354 aceitunilla, 802 ayacillo, 208
abricoteiro, 354 aceitunillo, 110,456 a y a n o , 250
abricotier, 354 aceituno, 910 aguedita, 234
abricotier d'Amhrinue, 354 acero, 320 agiiijote, 160
abricotier maudit, 352 acerola, $73, 380 ahoguey blanco, 954
aburridero, 426 acerolata, 372 ahouay, 884
A butilon virginianum, 522 acetillo.
- ~ - - - ~570
- -- - - . ahuejote, 194
acacia, 144,148, 150, 156, 176, 180;
244 252
acacia amarilIa, 146,148; 985
acacia, Anegada, 144; 242
Acacia onegadensis, 144; 16, 17,
achetillo, 118
aehiot, 358
achiote, 358; 568. 988
nchiotillo, 262,264 ; 987
achiotillo colorado. 966
-
ahuijote, 194
AILANTHUS FAMILY, 234; 346
Aiphanes acunthophylla, 13, 34, 3 6 ;
19,21,984
aisegerina, 58
242 achote, 358 aitd. 272
Acacia arabica 248 Achras emaminata, 446 : 788 ajicho, 882
acacia de agiiijbte, 180 Achras zapota, 446 ajo, 468
acacia de Catarina, 168 rAcnistus arboracens, 866 ajorca-jibaro, 488
acacia de 10s masones, 180 acoma, 454 ajuela ciruelo, 296
Acacia farnaiana, 142; 985 acoma batard, 454 ajunado. 190
.acacia, long-spined, 244 acoma blanc, 372 ajurli, 232
Acacia Iutea, 344 acoma franc, 372,454 akasee. 252
Acacia macrocantha, 144;244 acoma hgtre, 372 nkee, 486
Acacia mumacanthoides, 144; 244 acomat, 372,454 akee de Africa, 486
Acacia muricata, 144; 246 acomat biltard, 282,442 akee-tree, 486
acacia, night-flowering, 256 acomat c6te-lette, 466 aki, 486
Acucia nilotica, 144; 248 acornat rouge, 442 akira, 392
acacia nudosa, 144; 246 aeouquoi, 918 A klema cotinif olia, 408
acacia odorant, 144 Acrocomia amleata, 34 Aklema cotinoides, 408
acacia palida, 156 t Acrocomia media, 13,34; 17,19,21, Aklema petiolare, 270
acacia, piquant, 244 984 61amo,330: 120
Acacia polyacantha, 250 acmeomia, Puerto Rico, 34; 19, 984 ilamo blanco, 330
acacia puertoriqueiia, 256 Acrodklidium jamukenae, 114 Qamo extranjero, 72
acacia rosada, 172 Acrodiclidium salicifolium, 112 alas de dngel, 170
acacia saline, 248 A crodklidiunn triandtum, 114 alatrique, 842
ncacia, spineless, 144; 246 acrot, 388 alazano, 924
acacia, steel, 144; 244 acuapar, 278 albarillo, 508
Acacia suma, 144;250 acuruco, 512 albarillo del campo, 146
acacia, sweet, 142,144: 985 acurutfi, 200 albizia, 148
Acacia tortuosa, 144;252 Adansonia Jigitata, 524 Albisia carbonaria, 254
acacia, twisted, 144; 252 adclfo, 828 Albizia lebbeck, 985
acacia-bush, B52 Adelia bernardia, 890 albizia, lebbek, 148
acajou, 244,250,288 Addia ricinella, 386 AlbiJia lebbek, 15,142,146
aCaJOU muebles, 244 -Adenanthera pavonina, 142,144 Albizia malacoca a, 254
acajou ir pomme, 288 Adenoropium multifidum, 420 Albizia procera, 1%.148
acajou amer, 244 adonis, 864 albizia, toll, 148,150
acajou AmBrique, 250 adonis morado, 864 Alibizzia, see Afbizia, 146
acajou de Saint Domingue, 252 odormidera, 398 albo kn, 62
acajou du Honduras, 250 adorna patio, 412 albuEto, 468
acajou pays, 244 advocaat, 128 nlcanfor, 186
acajou rouge, 244 Aegiphila murtinicensb, 854 alcanfor del Japbn, 186
acajou senti, 244 Aeschriotr antillana, 348 alcaparro, 274
rAlchornea latijolia, 14, 262, 264; amancay, 884 Annona cherimolia, 170
99, S87 amancayo, 462 ANNONA FAMILY, 98; 170
Alchorneopris portoricenris, 14, amanda, 394 Annona alabm. 98 : 172
262.264: . 23.987
. amnndelboom, 394 Annona koniahh, 98i 985
alciba; 94 amandier, 394 ; 238 ~Annonamuricara, 98,100; 985
alcornoque, 394 amandier 8 grandes feuilles, 288 Annona palust&, 172
alcoan, 93 amandier 8 petites feuilles, 936 ,Annono wticulaia, 98,102; 985
olelaila, 246 248,460; 987 amandier de Cayenne, 394 Annona .quamoau, 98,104; 985
aleti, 248, d o , 462; 828,989 amandier des bois, a 6 ANNONACEAE, 98; 170
aleli blanco, 460 amandier des Indes, 394 antn, 102, IF;180,985
aleli c i m o d n , 460; 830 amandier tropical, 394 anon dmnrron, 180
alelf de la Mona, 830 amandier-pays, 394 a n b de a d c a r , 104
alelf extranjero, 898 amnnsa guapo, 428,464,474 an6n de majagua, 300
alelf falso, 868 amansa potranca, 484 an6n de puerco, 1 7 ~
alelf montuno. 830 amapa rosa, 904 an6n de rio, 179,300
aleli rojo, 462 amapola, 196, 328, 462, 492; 392, an6n dom6stico,104
alelfa,. 880 298,520 anon liso 179
Aleuntes fordii, 388 amarat, 146 an6n peldn, 102
Aleuriies moluccana, 388 a m a m s o , 960 anona, 102; 17g
alfabeto chino, 414 amarguillo, 104 Anona see Annotta, 98
alfiler, 228; 340 amarillo, 386; 108 anona b~anca,179
atfileriflo 950 amarillo boj, 386 anona colorada, 102
algarrobi\lo, 982,284 amaaisa, 194,196 anona de Guatemala, 104
dgarrobo, 164, 168, 178, 180; 986 amate, 68; 118 anona de redecilla, 102
algarrobo de las Antillas, 180 amatillo, 432 anona del campo, 171
algarrobo de olor, 148 ambarella, 292; 987 anona oshte, 172
algarrobo de orejas 858 ambay-yani, 428 anonciio, 300
algarrobo del ~ r a s i i168
, ameixa de espinho, 146 anonillo, 94,100,428; 172
algarrobo del pafs, 164 amendoeira, 394 antena, 414
algodbn, 336; 516 Amomia caryophullata. 414 Antkoceph&lus cadamba, 914
algod6n de Barbados, 518 Amomis grieea, 414 Anthocephalua cI+nensis, 914
algod6n de monte, 330; 516 amor fino, 618 Antirhea acututa, 604; 916
algodbn do eeda, 836 amor plabjnico, 148 Antirhea eoriacea 504; 9.28
algodbn del pais, 518 amortly a d o , 282 Antirlwa lucida, d04; 920
algod6n extran jero, 836 amourette, 246,884 Aniirhea obtu*ijolia, 504i 19, 990
algod6n ailvestre, 518 amyris, balsam, 321 ,Antirhea porioricensb, 506; 16, 922
algadoncillo, 326 Amflu balaamijera, 216; 321 Antirhea reainoaa, 624
algodonero, 518 Amyrb elemijem, 13, 216; 21, 986 Antirhea rintenisii, 504; 16,922
alheli, 828
alilaila, 248
alligator-apple, 172
~ ~ z 7
amyris, sea, 216; 986
216
to,340s 538,868
anac uita, 848
Antirrlwea, see Antirhea, 504; 916
ants-wood %?6
anttree, 8d; 985
alligator-pear, 128 anttree, long-john, 86
allin 910 ANACARDIACEAE, 286: 436 apamate, 600: 904
* ~ l l o ~ y craasinervb,
lw 482 Anaemdiurn occidentale, 286; 987 aperta ruiio, 60
AUophylus occidentdis, 484 anachahuita. 340 apes-earring, 162
8 AUophylun racemorw, 484 anaconda, 470; 848 apesearring, catclaw, 262
allspice, 414 Anadenanthem peregrina, 985 apijo, 583
almieigo, 236; 986 Anamomis fragram, 400: 686 APOCYNACEAE, 462; 826
a l h c i g o blanco, 236 annttm 358; 568,988 apomo panaco, 360
alm6circo colorado, 236 ANATTO FAMILY, 358; 568 appelroos, 402
almendm, 15,394; 988 anatto-tree, 358 apple, 985
nlmendrillo. 254. 256. 442: 236. anauca, 196 apple-bush, 104
368,582 anauca immortelle. 196 apra, 438
almendrilo, 1298 anauco. 194 apricot, 128, 354
almendrito, 286,238 Andira inermb, 13, 14, 188; 21, g2, oprin, 506
almendro, 190, 254, 394; 808, 2-86, 986 aque del chiquito 410
238 Atultra jamaicensis, 190 A Q ~ L I A C E A E , 449
almendro americano, 394 anesita, 248 aquilbn, 524; 990
almendro cimarrbn, 190 angela, 134 aquilbn prieto, 962
almendro de la India, 394 angelica, frosted, 758 arabo, 210
almendro de rlo, 190 anwelica-tree, 426 arabo cnrbonero, 210
almendro macho, 190 angelim, 190 arabo jiba, 210
almendro monGs, 190 angelim da varzea, 190 arabo real, 210
almendro real, 190 angelim morcequeira, 190 araguato, 994
almendro silvestre, 442; 786 angelin, 190 ARALZACEAE, 426; 758
almendrbn, 290,394,442; 238 angelin, cabbage, 188,100; 886 aralie, 352
almendr6n membrillo, g88 angelin palmiate, 10 aralie grande feuille, 352
nlmez, 504 angelito, 279 araiio, 142,464
almira. 610 angels-whisper, 864 aroiia gato, 776,778
almond, 394 angouchi des sables, 386 arasaloe, 512
almond, dog, 846 nngaila, 660,988 amticum, 180
almorrana, 920 anguilla, 400 araticum apd. 98
almorrana amarilla, 020 Anlba bracteata, 184 araticum do brejo, 172
alpargata, GO2 aiiileto, 946 araticum pitayti, 180
Alsophifa, 28 anisette, 92 amncaria, 5 6
Alsophila aquilina, 48 aniaillo, 50; 92,104 A m u a r i a ezeelsa, 56
Abophilo bryophiln, 17,SO annatto, 358 ARAUCARIA FAMILY. 54
amacey, 240 A n w l i a caraauana, 956 Amuearia heterophylla, 5 6
amamor, 338 Annsslia portim'cett8iu. 256 ARAUCARZACEAE. 54
 araz.4- uitai, 416 Bactris acanthophylla, 96
drbol aio. 468 astromera; 610' - bdculo, 208
drbol de cerh, 98.898 astromero, 610 badana, 428
drbol de fueco, 176 astronbmica, 610 Badiera pcntaea, 889
Brbol de Indias, 888 asubillo, 336 Badiera ortoricensia, 882
Brbol de las orejas, 458 ata, 104 bhduln, 840,432,434: 989
drbol de naddad, 520; 908 atabaiba. 880 ba 6,178
Brbol de orejas 358 atadijo, 58 baL, 198
Brbol de pan, 64 ataiba rosada, 462 bala de caiiin, 618
Brbol de sal 478 atapio, 246 balata, 444; 089
Brbol de seda, 886 atauba, 246 balata chien, 436
irbol de vela, 898 a%e, 842 balata franc, 444
Brbol de vida, 64 ateje amarillo, 840,844 balata rouge, 444
Brbol de violeta, 260 ateje americano, 844 balate, 444
drbol del fuego, 176 a w e cimarr6n, 472,474 balo, 198 =,
drbol del hule, 64 ateje de costa, 466,472 bnlsa, 66,334,336; 988
irbol del via ero, 8 6
i
arborvitae, siatic, 64
arborvitae, Chinese, 64
ateje hembra. 842
ateie macho, 474
atejillo, 472
balsam, 896
balsam, yellow, 308
balsamito, 304
arborvitae, oricn~al,64 athel, 568 bilsamo, 480; 130, 660, 946, 966
arbre Q bombes, 618 athel, desert, 568 bdlsamo colorado, 046
arbre B corail, 298 athel, evergreen, 568 bBlsamo de a y e ut, 680
arbre B graines dglisse, 146
arbre Q pain, 62
athel tamarisk, 568
atta, 358
bdleamo real, &
balsam-tree, 238, 352
arbre B pluie, 166 attrane-sot, 599 balsa-wood, 336
arbre B rbglisse, 146 aturid, 804 balso, 336
arbre au diable, 278 auguey, 678,712,728 bambarat, 704
arbre de Saint-Jean, 428 aumey blanco, 678 bamboe, 34
arbre fricassb, 486 au ey prieto, 678 bamboo, 32,34
arbre soie, 886 ~ u % n y r c i antrifolia, 6g6.989 bamboo, common, 32, 34; 68, 984
arbre vbritable, 62 Aulomyrcia leptoclada, 626, 089 bamboo, feathery 34,
arco, 304 auquey, 720 Bambo~,see ~ a m b u e a34 ,
Ardisia wetrulata, 779 auquey bobo, 720 bambou, 34
Ardbla glauciflora, 480; 766 auroreira, 108 bambti, 32,34; 68,984
A d i s i a guadalupensie, 430 ausobbn, 766 bambua, 34
Ardbia luquillenris, 768 Australian-pine, 48; 88, 00 bambulo, 206
~Ardisiaobocata, 430; 989 Australian-pine, Cunningham, 90 Barnbura trul aria, 3 2 1 68, 984
areca, 72 ausb, 414 BANANA P ~ M I L Y 86 ,
Areca lutescens, 72 ausuba, 788 Banara portoricenuis, 572
areeiro, 278 ausubo, 12,444; 980 Banara vanderbiltii, 16,574
arenillo, 138,190 ausubo machuelo, 788 banso, 590
arepo 806 avati-timbati, 370 ban an, wild, 70
arguchoco, 974 avellano, 988 bnogab, 524
arito, 882 avellano eriollo, 848 baran6,270
arneau, 542 aveloz, 414 baranoa, 270
aroeira, 440 Averrhaa carambola, 312 barazbn,234
aroeira da praia, 440 Avicennia genninana. 478: 900 barba de barata, 27%
ameira ne-, 440 Avicennia nitida, 12,476; 990 barba de caballero. 148
aroma, 142,144,148; &44,968, 085 avinje, 108 barba de jolote, 160; 974
aroma amarilla, 144 aviaplllo, 116, 282, 458; 218, 214, barba de l d n , 156
aroma americana, 168 ~ 2 n barba di junkuman, 148
aroma blanca, 156 av-ho,I28; 985 barba jolote, 160
aroma boba, 156 avocado. false. 122 Barbados-cherry, 380
aroma francesa. 148 avocad&pear,-128 Barbados-flower, 272
aroma manea, 156 avacat, 128 Barbados-nut, 416
aromo, 144,168; 244,253 avocat marron, 980 Barbadosslive, 010
a r r a i j h , 412; 08,658 avoeatier, 128 Barbados- pride, 279
arraijsln blanco, 688 awacati, 128 barbaquois, 794
armyhn, 406,432; 98, 699, 644, 654, axemaster, 320 barbosco, 362; 806,762,764
658,669, 604,674,686,688 a*a, 230 barbasco amarillo, 306
arrayin bobo, 432 aucia amarilla. 230 barbasquillo, 604
arraydn colorado lobo, G64 Azadirachta indica, 858 barbbn.-~
-
272
- ,
~

ardte-boeuf, 180 a z a f r h , 52; 94,984 barbona roja, 97s

arriero, 428 azahar, 828 barla, 850
arroyo, 314; 498 azahar de jardin, 888 barinco, 254,320; 362,987
~ArtocarpmaltIlin, 60 azeitona brava, 432 barillo, 350
Artocarz,us comnt~inb.62 azeitona do matto, 432 bark. whitewood. 362
Artoccrrpur heterophyllur, 62 azota criollo, 402 barka-locust, 256
Artocarpue incisua, 62 azota-caballo, 864 bark-tree, Caribee, 608
Artoarpus integer, 62 azlicares, 762 barrabbs, 408
integrifoliue, 62 amceno. 894 barredera, 370
~ , " o " ~ ~ m a c a c618o, azuceno de la Habana, 888 barrehomo, 92; 162,085
Brvore de natal, 610 azufaito, 322 barriguda, 548
ASCLEPIADACEA El 836 azulejo, 282; 862 barril, 298
ash, evergreen, 810 amlillo, 946 barringtonin, 616
assacti, 278 Barringtonia aiatica, 616
assad-rana, 194 babar4.794 BARRINGTONIA FAMILY, 618
Askrandm gra~zdifolicr,280; 420 baboso. 840 bamngtonia, showy, 616
osh, mpical, 810 bacona, 264 Barringtoxia upecioaa, 618
BARRINGTONIACEAE, 618 Beuveria, see Bouweria, 466; 840 bois blanc B flambeau, 842
basra ko ie, 582 Beurreria, see Bourreria, 840 bois bleu, 456
bast, cutan, 540 beyacca, 426 bois bouis, 436
bastard-cedar 340 bi, 512 bois bourrique, 222
batard belonghe, 888 bien me sabe, 486 bois br6.474
batoko-plum, 580 bien vestida, 198 bois briilant, 426
batseed, 190 bietahoedoe, 372 bois cabrit, 856, 956, 904
bauhinia, 168,170 bigi boesie, 428 bois cabrit montagne, 952
bauhinia, Buddhist, 170; 268 BIGNONIA FAMILY, 490; bois cabrite, 274
bauhinia, buuerflt-, 168, 170; 986 BIGNONIACEAE, 490; 19, bois cac8, 132
Bauhinia kappten, 170 bija, 358 bois cafQ,268: 364
Bauhinia m o ~ n d m 168;
, 986 bijpguara, 316 bois caiman 800
bauhinia, pink, 170 [Link], 118 bois camp8&e, 286
bauhinia, purple, 266 bilibili, 246 bois canelle, 362
Bauhinia purpurea, 266 binorama, 144 bois canon, 68
Bauhinia variegata, 170; 268 Biota orientalis, 64 bois capable, 474
bauiinia, 170 birch, 238 bois c a ~ rbgtard,
i 466
b a u d . 306 birch white, 454 bois caraibe, 502
bav" boom.
- - - - - - 414
---
birchbeny, 412; 658 bois cassava, 764
bayahon, 168 birch-gum, 238 bois cassave. 862
bnyahonda, 15 166,168; 986 birds-cherry, 662 bois cassave sylvestre, 164
bayahonde rouge, 252 birdseed, 478 bois cendre, 714
bayarone. 168 birijagua, 316 bois chandelle, 216, 608; 821, 342,
bajrberry; 98 biriji, 400; 662 980
bayberry, southern, 9 8 bjritac, 50 bois chandelle blanc, 216; 338
bayberry. West Indian, 414 binete de obispo, 618 bois chandelle noir, 930
bayberry-tree, 414 biscuitwood, 366 bois chene, 892
baycedar, 340; 354 bissy, 532 bois chique, 112: 840
bay-cedar, wild, 58 bitter-ash, 464; 348, 989 bois citron, 454, 468
bayeto antioqueiio, 854 bitter-bark, 348 bois cochon, 240
bayito. 458 bitterbush, 234,464; 986 bois codine, 216
bayleaf, 414 bitterbush, Florida, 234 bois coral, 862
bayonet, Spanish, 82,84 bitters, 316 bois cctelette, 402, 406, 716, 744,
bayoneta, 82,84 BITTERSWEET FAMILY, 858
ba yonette, 82 bitterwood, 350 b o k Eoton, 334
bay-rum-tree. 414; 989 nDixa orelfana, 358; 568,988 bois cotte, 716
b a ~ a230 , BIXACEAE, 358; 568 bois couch6,298
bead-tree, 248 black-apple, 794 bois crapaud, 264,516
bead-tree, manmove, 266 blackbead, 162; 962 bois cr&cr6. 716
beadtree, sandal, 146 blackbead, catclaw, 162; 962 bois cr6ole, 212; 663
beautyleaf. 560 blackbead-tree, 316 bois d'ail, 620
beauty-leaf, Brazil, 350 blackberry, 658, 940 bois d'ar nt, 132
bebQ. 206 black-birch, 412 bois d ~ 6 ne,
b F 850
bebk hoedoe, 206 black-calabash, 896 bois d'Inde, 414; 686,
beef-feed, 276 black-cedar, 122 bois d'lnde Francais.
beefsteak, 26% blnck-cherry, 658,662 bois d'Inde mar&, 840,554
beefwood, 48.92 black-ebony, 148 bois d'oranger, 220
beefwood, Auetralian, 48; 90, 984 black-ironwood, 320 bois d'orme, 340; 512
beefwood, horsetail, 48 black-mangrove, 476,478; 9s bois d'ortie, 482
beefwood, white, 142 black-olive, 388 bois de citronnier. 82%
beera, 214 black-plum, 190 bois de coq, 216 -
beetwood. 298 black-willow, 132 bois de fer, 316, 318, 320; 626,
Beilechntiedia pendula, 14, 110; 22, blackwood, Bombay. 174 85i6
985 blackwood-bush, 478 bois de fer blanc, 820, 858, 940
beiuco de cupey, 562 BLADDERNUT FAMILY, bois de fer rouge, 516
beiuco inglds, 132 A76 bois de hGtre, 340,372
bella. 96 bleo c i m a d n , 954 bols de houe, 450
bell;;ti,-340 Bliahia sapida, 486 bois de l'an, 178
ben, 134 blinds e-bush, 584 bois de l'eau, 52
ben oleifere, 134 blolly, {road-leaved, 164 bois de loencore,956
benboom. 134 bloodwood, 206,298 bois de lance, 176
bencenueb, 946 bloodwoad, swamp, 206 bois de lance bfitard, 178
benzolivier, 134 blueberry, 456 bois de li&e, 326
Bequia-plum, 294 bobbie, man ja, 290 bojs de mlche, 226
berengena, 888 bobwood. 172 b o ~ de
s Rhodes, 468
berenpna silvestre, 888 bocare, 194 bois de rose, 468
[Link], 884 Bocconio frutercens, 216 bois de satanier, 302
berenjena cimorrona, 888 boeloebarie, 214 bois de soie, 58: 424
berenjena de gallina, 888 bohun, 468 bois de soie marron, 512
bercnjena de pnlorna, 884 bois. 448 . . bois diable, 282
bergamot-lime, 534 bois B agouti, 486 bojs die, 620
berij8a. 514 bois B Qnivrer, 306 bola dous avocat, 192
Bernardia dichotoma, 390 bois B piano, 342 bois doux, 120
berraco, 58,136 bois agouti, 690 bois doux jaune, 122
berry, red, 946 bois amer, 348 bois doux nksresse, 116
beruqaillo, 690 bois arada, 254 bous doux noir, 116
beshi di juana, 262 bois bale, 246 bois doux piment, 122
be-still-tree, 834 bois band6, 764 bois du diable, 278
betfin, 984 bois blanc, 456; 330 bois Bnivrant, 526
 bulltyre, 46; 084 cabrilla, 56 cafk marron, 466. 478. 510. 616:
bully-mastic, 454 cabrita, 366 964
bully-tree, 388,442,444,452 cabrito, 984 caf6 silvestre, 370
bully-tree, savannah, 452 caca rat, 456 cafecillo, 510; 474,840
bullyrvood, 388 cacagua, 198 cafecillo de danta, 610
- bumatell, 196 caca ycmce, 198 cafdier, 506
Bumelia bellotib, 784 cacapillo, 340 cnfeillo, 268, 368, 370, 516; 366,
bBumelia ctcbmtsis, 786 caca uanance, 198 402,474,988, 990
Bumelia kmgii, 17.176 cacahuananche, 198 cafeillo c i m a r r b , 370
Bumelia obovata. 7 7 8 cacaillo, 122,314,324; 496 caf6-marron, 402
Bunelia salieifoiia, 089 cacaito, 340 cafean, 952. 964
bun, 328 cacalojoche, 462 cafetillo, 368,510,516
Bundoria glandulifera, 3&4 cacalostichil, 462 cafetillo de monte, 510
sBundoria glandulora, 364 cacaloxochitl, 462 cafeto, 506
Butrchosia nitida, 366 cacno, 194,198,342; 988 cagalero, 146
bundari, 304 cacao bobo, 314; 406 caguairiin, 180
buque de noiva, 948 cacao cimarr6n, 914,324
burachi. 380 cacao de Grande Terre, 554 ::K;;::::G
buriogre, 842 cacao de montagne, 554 caymite, 438,448
buriogre amarillo, 472 cacao macho, 1 DO caimite acoma, 454
buriogre de montaiia, 472 cacao mico, 298 caymite marron, 440
Burma-rosewood, 204 cacao motillo, 324 caYmitier, 438
burn-nose, 604 cacao rojo, 322 cai'mitier bois. 436,448
burro, 132; 818, 220, 222. 224, 326 cacao roseta, 324 cahitillo, 436, 440, 448, 460; 738,
burro blnnco, 132; 2 1 8 cacao silvestre, 806 780
burro mauricio. 94 cacaotillo, 324 ca6itillo cimarr6n. 450 I
b ~ m prieto,
r 132 cacaoyer, 342 cnimitillo de perm, 440
BURSERA FAMILY, 236; 354, cacapul, 890 cnimitillo verde, 450; 10
985 caca-ravet, 800 caimito, 438,440; 980
Bursera gttmmifera, 238 cacateiro, 342 caimito blanco cimarr6n, 436
Bursera ovalifolia, 238 cacheo, 70 ca!mito cima&n, 440: 58P, 780
,Burrera rimaruba 13, 236; 21, 986 cachicamo, 360 carmito cocuyo, 436
BURSERACEAI~, 236 ; 354 cachimiin. 180 caimito de monte, 146
bush, St. Patrick, 398 cachiman cannelle, 104 caimito de perro, 440; 782
bush, St. Thomas, 836 cachiman coeur boeuf, 102 caimito verde. 436; 989
bust~c.442 cachirnan coeur-de-boeuf, 102 calmo. 438
bastic, willow, 442; 989 cachiman grand bois, 174 caimo'mo&do, 438 1
butona, 618 cachiman la Chine, 172 cainit, 438
batterboa h, 4 9 2 cachiman morveux, 180 cninit, wild, 440; 7 8 0
butterfly-%ower, 170 cachimbo, 196, 464, 526; 306, 956, cainito, 438
butter-pear, 128 960 cajtuco, 358
buttonbush, 390 cacMmbo comlin, 964 catuciira, 488
button-mnngrove, 390; 988 cnchimbo de gato, 968 ~ajfi~294.296
buttonwood. 390 cochhbo de Marlcao, 970 cajh manga, 292
buttonwood, white, 392 cachimbo de Mona, 9 7 2 caj4 seira, 294
BUXACEAE. 482 cachimbo grande, 9 6 6 cyfi-mirim, 294
Buxua citrifolia, 499 cachimolivo, 834 . cajeput-tree, 680
Bnxm lamigala, 432 cachito, 832 cajeta. 300
Buxus vahlii, 1 6 , 1 7 , 4 3 4 cachito de aromo, 144
b u m u c o , 946 cacho de novillo, 588
buzunuvo, 946 CACTACEAE, 376; 598 cajoba,'l60; 246
Byrsonima coriacoa, 14, 256; 82, cacto, 410 c a p , 288
987 cacto cohmnar, GOO cn ueiro, 288
~ y r i o n i n i a crorsifolia, 256, 258; cactus, 376 cajuil, 288
987 CACTUS FAMILY, 376; 598 cajuilito sulimiin, 404
Byrsonima aineata, 256; 366 cactus, ipe-organ, 376 cakalnka-bey, 886
Byraonima lwtneana, 256: 366 cactus iurinam, 410 calaba. 350
byrsonima, Lo Key, 366 cactus, tree, 378 calabacero, 490
Byrsonimo IucTa. 256: 366 cac6.206 calabasa, 490
By+sottimcr onhiticola, 256: 366 cadmia, 106 calabnsh, 492: 896
Byrsmtima spicata, 256 Caeualpinia coriaria, 2 7 0 calabash, wild, 896,898
Bymonima wadaoorthii, 256 ; 17, Caesalpinia ferninittea, 182 eohbash-tree, 490,492; 090
368 Caesalpinia inermis, 182 cnlabaeh-tree, common, 490, 492;
Caesalpinia pulchorrln~a,2 7 2 090
caball6n, 834 CAESALPINIACEAE, 168; 264 calabasillo de la playa, 8Q6
cobnlonga, 894 CAFSALPINIOIDEAE, 168; 264 calabazo, 492
cabalongo, 420 cofe, 506; 990 cnlaburn, 513
cabbage-bark, 190 cafi5 bois. 901 cnlombreiia, 84; 985
cabellos de bngel, 148 caf6 c i m a d n , 368, 478, 480, 510, calan, 994
cabimbo, 246 516.520: 972 calbfis, 492
cabiio, 246.302 caf6 de gallina, 368 calbiis rondo, 492
cabirma, 246 caf6 de la India.
India, 898 calder6n. 216
cabinna santa, 246 cafk de monte. 860 calebnsse, 492; 896
cabo de chivo, 088 caf6 exeelsa, 606 : 928 calebasse colin, 618
cabo de hacha, 254 cai&falso, 364 calebasse marron, 892,896
cabra, 68,136; 866,474 cnf&forastern, 364 calebassa ronde, 896
cabra blanca. 824,972 caf6 grand bois, 268,516 calebasse zombie, 896
cabra cimarrona, 474 caf6 jaune, 484 calebassier, 492
cabra santa, 972 caf6 IiMrico, 928 Calliandra earacaaana, 256
 Cdlia?tdTa portoricensis, 256 campanilla amarilla.. 834- caiiafistola cimarrona, 274.17'6
calliandm, Surinam, 256 campaiio, 164 cniiafietuh, 170; 276, 986
Calliandra surinarnensis. 256 campeche, 286 caiiafistula bobo, 282
calliandra, white, 256 ' camphier, 186 caiiafistula burrero, 276
CaUicarpo ampla, 856 Camphora camphors, 186 caiiafistula cimarrona. 172, : 276.
---,
Callisten~oncitrinus, 628 cnmphor-tree, 1 8 6 282
Callistmwn lanceolatus, 628 camphor-tree, Japanese, 186 caiiafistula grande, 276
Calocarp~cmmammosum, 792 camuro, 896 caiiaf istula m e s a , 276
Calocarpum sapota. 792 cana, 78 caiiafistula macho, 276,282
CalophyUum antillanum, 350 canalete, 254,468 caiiaflote, 276
9 Calophyllunk brasiliense, 12, 13, canalete de humo, 468 caiiamb& 34
348; 988 cananga, 106. caiiandonga, 276
, Calophyllum calaba, 350; 21, 988
Calophyllum inophyllum, 560
Cananga blaznii, 108
Cananga caribaea, 108; 174
caiiandonga de mass, 276
caiiaza, 34
CalophyUum jacgutnii, 350 Cananga odorata, 106 caoba, 250,252
Calophyllum lundum, 350 Cattangium odoratum, 106 caoba americana, 250
calotrope, 886 canasta mexicana, 256 caoba de Honduras, 250
calotrope, Faftan, 886 canchin, 182 caoba de Santo Domingo, 252
Calotropb procera, 836 candela 520 caoba del pais, 30
CALTROP FAMILY, 212; 818 candelabre, 410 cnoba dominicana, 250; 987
Calycogonium squamulosum, 14, candelada, 520 cnoba hondureiin, 248, 250; 987
418; 19.28 candclem, 410 caoba venezolana, 250
Calycophyllum candidlesimurn, 924 candelillo, 502; 282 caobilln, 14, 30, 252; 54, 984
Calyptraewdia alba, 470; 840 candilero, 840 caoutchouc, 68; 826

. Calyptranthes kiaorskovii, 396; 16,

1f , 630
Calyptranthes krugii, 14, 396; 19,
23
candle-berry; 98,366'
candlenut, 388
candle-tree, 898
candle-tree, food, 900
mpi, 468,470; 840,989
cap6 amarillo, 482
cap&blanca, 840
m p i blanco, 482
. Calyptmnthee luquillensis, 17, 630
Calyptranthee pallens, 396; 18, 632
Calyptranthee portoricemt, 398;
candle-tree, Panama, 898
candlewood, 216, 240, 456, 514;
802,962, 989
cap&cimarrbn, 470
capi colorado, 472, 990
cap6 de olor, 468
16,634 candlewvood, black, 120,516 cap6 de sabana, 468,482
Calyptranthes sinteniaii, 396 ;636 candlewood, yellow, 274 cap%jigiierilla, 862
Calyptranthes syzygium, 638 candlewood-tree, 302 cop6 prieto, 468; 989
Calyptranthes thomasiana, 398; 16, candongo, 180 cap6 rosa, 856
17,638 caneel. 362
- - -- - - - cap&rosado, 482
Calyptranthes susygium, 638 canefid6 172 cap6 sabanero, 482
Calyptrogyne ocndentalis, 70 cankficier, 172 cap6, wild, 472
Calyptrogy?e rivalis, 70 canela, 112,118,128,362: 188; 190, capaillo, 854
Calyptronoma rivalis, 16,7O 206.208 cap-berry, 198
Calypt?:ysidium sintenidi, 682 canela amarilla, 190 capo, 352
c a m a p ~ a,
l 432,434 canela blanca, 362 caper, 132
camajonduro, 340 canela da India, 188 caper, bay-leaved, 220
camajuni, 340 canela de Ceilhn, 188 caper, broadleaf. 132
camamgn, 604 canela de China, 186 ca er, dog, 220
camalbn, 28; 924 canela de la tierra, 362; 208 C ~ E R FAMILY, 132; 918
camaroncillo. 28; 234 canela del pais, 112 caper, Jamaica, 132
camaroncito, 372 canela lcgitimo, 188 caner, limber, 132: 220; 985
camaruca. 340 canelilla, 112, 362; 202, 206, 985 caperote, 720. .
--- conelillo, 112, 118, 126, 414; 184 caaertree, 132; 220
camasey, 422; 700, 702, 704, 706, canelito, 264 capirote blanco, 700
708, 710, 714, 716, 720, 722, canella, 362 ca ocoche, 864
726, 728, 730, 732, 734, 746, Canella alba, 362 C~PPARACEAE, 918
canella, cinnamon, 362 CAPPARZDACEAE, 132
camas& almendro. 706 [Link] FAMILY, 362; 570 Capparis amplissima, 218
camasejr blanco, 422 ;716 Canella winterana, 13,362 8 21 Capparis baducca, 132;222
camasey bobo, 700 CANELLACEAE, 362; 570 Capparis coccolobifolia, 132; 224
camasey cenizo, 424 canelle poiwee, 362 Capparh cynophallophora, 13,132;
camasey colorado, 712 canellier biitard, 362 21,220,985
camodey cuatrocu~les,716 canellier blanc, 362 Capparis jlexuosa, 132;220
camasey de costilla, 712, 716 caneldn, 118 434; 190, 206, 985 Capparia f rondoea, 222
comasey de paloma, 420; 700, 714 canelbn-puiti, 432 Capparis hastata, 224
camasey felpa, 724 caney, 458: 812 Capparis indica, 132: 226
camasey jusillo, 418 canforeiro, 186 Capparis jamaicensis, 132
camasey negro, 418 canilla de muerte, 50 Capparis portoricensw, 132; 218
camnsey peludo, 420; 19,700 canilla de mula, 720 CAPRZFOLZACEAE, 980
camasev racimoso, 718,724 canilla de venado, 480; 728, 946 capulamate, 118
camasejr simple, 700 . canillo, 726 capuli, 512
crrmasey tomaso, 736 canillo d e cerro, 726 capuli cimarrbn, 56,58
cambd-ac6.340 canjuro, 148 capulin, 58; 512
cambagui, 370 cannelle, 188 capulin blanco, 58; 512
enmbAn, 144, 168, 180, 520; g44, cannellier. 188 caaulin de comer. 512
304,576 cnnnonball-tree, 618 cahulin macho, 58
c ~ b u l o 194.196
. cansa caballo, 220 capulin montes. 58
came-marie, $50 cantagallo, 194 capulin negro, 58
camoruco, 340 canudo, 946 capulin, white, 58
camotillo, 216 caiia brava, 34 capulina, 512
campana, 520 caiia India, 34 capulincillo, 58
campanilla, 834 caiiafistola, 170; 276 capulincito, 604
capulineillo, 714 *Cosecrria d e d r a , 864,366; 988 *Cmtil& elaaricu, 64
cara de hombre, 818 rCaoemMaguianenria, 864, 368; 988 Castilkr lactiflu4 64
carabali, 164 Casearia p a m om, 370 CaatiUcr p a n a d 64
carabana, 436 Casearia rami&a, 368 Castilloa, see ~ a s t i l l b64
,
caracara 958 .Cweuria ~luertria,364, 370; 988 castor, 429
carachuche, 462 emha, 144; 948 casrorbean, 422
caracol. 790 casha, Creole, 244 castorail-plant, 428
caracol! 254 casha, Dutch, 856 casu, 288
eatacalillo, 254,3721 574 650 casha, French, 244 caenarina, 48; 88,984
c a r a d r e des h o m e s , 110 casha, Spanish, a44 casuarina cavalinha, BO
caracucha, 462 casha, stink, 844 Casuarina eriatata, 88
carago, 276 casha-tree, 985 Casnadnn, Cnnnin ham, 88
cara a, 976 cashaw, 144,168 Cauarirra cunning~arniana,88
cara&llo, 304 cashew, 286,288 : 987 Cauarina equbetifolia, 48
caramacate, 372 CASHEW FAMILY, 286; 486 CASUARINA FAMILY, 48; 88,
c a r h a n o , 276 cashew-ap le, 288 984
caramate negro, 634 cashew-nut), 288 caeunrina, horsetail, 48; 984
carnmboln 312 cashia, 144 C-m
t l t y i d ~ ~ h t o i88
o,
carambomba, 1 2 ~ .259,576 cashu, 288 casuarlna, nveroak, 90
caramio, 2-89 caeia, 174; 252 caenarinn, edybark, 88
carirngano, 974 casia amarilla, 148,174 CASUARINACEAE, 48; 88
caraiia, 236 easia de Siam, 174; 080 casuarine, 48
carao, 676 cash msadn, 172 catahua, 278
carapacho, 514 casia siamea, 174 catalpa, 380
carapate, 422 casita, 308 catal a, Haiti, 890
cararucha blanca, 462 Caspareopsis monandva, 170 ~ a t a c lon
a airno, 890
carate, 236 Casparsopsis purpurea, 866 datamericu$e, 860
caratero, 236 cassada, 442 catastres, 602
carb6n, 168,190 cassada, wild 442; 286 catAu&,278
carboncillo. 502 cassada-wood, 442 : 236 cntclaw, 162; 262
carbonera, 974 cassavehout, 428 catclaw, Florida 2612
mrbonero, 132, 246, 318; 254 casse, 172; 276 catecha-tree, 25d
carbonero blanco, 254 caase de Siam, 174 catoche, 100
carbonero de costa, 318; 498 casse espagnole, 976 catuche, 100
carbonero de sambria, g54 casse marron, 274,888 catzimec, 168
carbonero de sombrio. 148 casse-habitant, 172 cauchera, 64
cassia, 144 caneho, 64,68
careicillo, 806,824 cassia, apple-blossom, 172 caucho Benjamin, 110
c a q y de costa, 320,508 C w i a emarginata, 274 caucho de la India, 68
canaco.
- - - -,810
- Camfa filulo, 168,170; #86 caucho de Lagos, 8EO
m c a papayar 374; 598,988 caesia gkauca, 278 caucho negro, 64
CA RICACEAE, 374: 598 cassia, giaueou~,278 caujaro, 840,846
carillo, 282 Cmria ndir, 172; 276 caulote, 340
carito,. 258 c a s s i a ,orse,
r 276 cawara, 840
c a n e asada, 190 cassia, Javanese. 172 cawara di mondi coara, 840
c a n e de doncella, 866 Carria jauanica, 168, 172 cawara spaiio, 848
carnestolendas, 360 cassia, nodding, 172 caya amarilla, 454
caro, 268 Cassia mdosa, 172 caya colorada, 442
car0 hembra, 258 caeeia, pink, 172 caya de loma, 786
carob, 180 caeeia, pinkshower, 172; 976 cayateje, 932
carocaro, 958 Caaia planliliqua, 278 cayena, 590
carolina, 442; 530 Caa6ia polyphyllo, 280 cayena dobbel, 580
carrapateira, 4.98 cassia, purging, 172 Cayenne-cherry, 674
carrapeta, 254 Cauia aiamea, 168,174; 986 cayepon, 458
eorraaeo, 408,438 cassia, Siamese 174; 986 cayeput, 680
carreto, 164 Cmria rpectabiha, 282 cayepnti, 680
carrethn, 264 CASSIA SUBFAMILY, 168; 804 cayiera, 492
e a m u q 526
carta abierta, 520
c as ma mmttsnsts, 278 cayuco, 600,602
cassia, yellow, 174 cayur, 172
cartahar, 62 cassia-bark-tree, 186 cazablto, 254
carubio, 232 cassia-stick-tree, 172 cazuarina, 48
caruto, 512 cassie, 144; 848 cazuela, 836
caruto rebalsero, 512 cassie-flower, 144 cebito, 840
carvalho sedoso, 138 *Carsinexylocar a, 460 ceboruquillo, 312; 19,987
Caryophyllus jamboe, 402 Chsdpourea alga, 680 Cecropia asperrima, 68
carzam, 672 Caasipourea etliptica, 680 .Cecropia peltata, 14,668 98,984
cascahueso, 502 r Camipourea guianenaia, 620
cascalata, 316 castanha de macaco, 618 ceda, 108
cascalote, 270 castanheiro do Africa, 486 cedar, 244
camrilla, 322 castaiia, 62,394 ceder, 244
cascarita, 364 castaiieto. 278 :834 c a r a t , 892
e m c n m h , 502 castaiio, 62,340; 490,530 c*, 244
caecarroya, 322; 988 castaiio del Malabar, 62 a r e espagnol, 244
cascarudo, 582 castaiio purgante, 420 cedrela, cigarbox, 244
cascavel, 834 caetaiiola, 394 Cedrela mezicana, 244
casco de mulo, 170 Cartela erecra, 346 Cedrela odomra, 18,14,242; a,92,
C a w r i a aculeata, 364; 576 Castela nichobonii, 946 986
Corearia arborea, 14,364; 28 Castelaria erecta, 340 Cedrela mntmisii, 244
Casearia bicolw, 364; 589,988 Castelaria nichobonii, 346 Cedrela toona, 860
 cedrillo, 246, 254, 300; 888, 512 cerezo del pais, 472 cherrypalm, Florida, 74
cedro, 244,290; 60 cerillo, 508 cherrypalm, Sargent, 76
cedro amargo, 244 cerise de Cayenne, 674 chestnut, wild, 530
cedro amarillo, 244 cerise de St. Dominque, 880 chevalier, 502
cedro blanco, 244 cerisier, 380 chi, 258
cedro caoba, 244 cerisier montagne, 694 chicasquil, 894,420
cedro clavel, 244 cerilva, 58 chic-chica, 236
cedro colorado 244,254 ceropia peltata, 22 chichi, 340; 538
cedro de ~ a s t i i l a244
, cerrillo, 314; 496 chichti fedorento, 538
cedro de Himalaya, 360 cestrum, day, 876 chicharrb, 386; 514
cedro del pais, 244 Cestrum diurnum, 876 c h j c a d n 340; 436, 438, 508, 54%
cedro dulce, 244,246 Cestrum macrophyllum, 878 chichamin amarillo, 542
cedro espaiiol, 244 cestrum, night, 878 chicharrbn de monte, 514
cedro espino, 254 cestrum, night-blooming, 878 chichicaste, 182,184,394
cedro hembra, 242, 244, 300; 986 Cestrum nocturnum, 878 chichicaste cuyanigua, 182
cedro hernbra del pais, 244 ceuf de poule. 158 chichjcaste de flares roaadas, 134
cedro limbn, 822 Ceylon-gooseberry, 578 chich!caste de hormiga, 134
cedro macho, 110, 244, 246, 278; chabark, 160 chichlcasMn, 182,194
19 chaca, 236,238 chichjpin, 946
cedro mexicano, 244 chacachdc, 604 chich~pince,946
cedro oloroso, 244 chacalte. 250 chichita, 640
cedro prieto, 290 chhcara, 276 chicle, 446
cedro real, 244 chachd 148 chico, 298
cedro vermelho, 244 chachaiaco, 840 chicory-grape, M; 985
cedrohy, 246 chachi, 900 chicozapote, 446
cedlbn, 246: 576 chSchiga,442 chilamatillo, GO4
ceiba, 278,332,334; 536,988 chacloco, 946 chilca, 502; 884
Ceiba aeseulif~lia,526 chadbque, 224; 831 chile cordoncillo, 94
. Cgba anfractuosa, 334
celba blanca. 278
chagualito, 434
chaidra, 894
chilc perro, 874
chihllo, 216
Ceiba caribaea, 334 chaira, 894 chilindrbn, 834
ceiba de Ganbn, 334 chajada amarilla, 206 chimbn, 124
ceiba de lana, 334,336 Chalcaa exotica, 828 china, 220,226; 986
ceiba de leche, 278 Chalcaa paniculata, 328 china de Bakbn, 334
ceiba habillo, 278 Chamaesyce articulata, 392 china dulce, 226
Ceiba oceidentalis. 334 chamiso, 490,642 china forastera, 334
6Ceiba pentundra, 13, 332: 21, 988 chanamo, 490 chinaberry, 246,248; 987
ceibilla, 420 chancAn,162 chinaberry, umbrella, 248
cebillo, 526, 530 chancaro blanco, 428 China-box, 828
celbo, 194,196,334; 294 chandelle anglaise, 508 chinacahuite, 236
ceibo amarillo, 278 chandelle marron, 494 chinacuite, 236
ceib6n botija, 336 chany g o , 258 chinatree, 248
celandlne, 216 chaparro, 258 chinchona, 932
CELASTMCEAE, 458 c h a p a m de chinche, 256 Chinese-rose, 520
celedonia, 216 chaparro de sabana, 258 chininango, 162
celiduefia, 216 chaparro manteca, 258 chinitn, 334
celosa, 864 chaparro manteco, 258 chinks~vood,466
Cehis trineroia, 104 chap60 de sol. 394 chinkwood, 866
cen icero, 164 chapernillo, 150 chino, 236
cenizo, 230.424 :388, 748 chaperno, 190 chino dulce, 226
cenizoso, 422 chaquira, 316 Chione seminerob, 18,926
cenizoso cimarrbn, 952 chaquirillo, 282 Chione venosa, 926
Central-American-cedar, 244 chaquirio, 316 chioug, 238
Cephalocereus royenif, 13. 376; 21, chaste-tree, 864 chiquichique, 282
988 chataigne, 62: 530 chirai, 190
cera vegetal, 98 chataigne maron, 530 chirca, 834
Ceratania diqua, 180 chataigne, wild, 530 chirimo, 840
Cerbera thevetia, 884 chitaignier, 62,324 chi+moya, 102,104; 170,180
Cerdana alliodora, 468 chiitaignjer du pays, 62 chirlmoya cimarrona, 179
cerecillo, 466 chitaignier petit coco, 324 chiriquirin, SO4
cerecito, 872 chay, 394 chirlobirlos, 502
cereipo, 304 chaya, 358; 394 chjrqoya, 104
cerero, 9 8 chayo, 894 chirr~ador,512
Cerew hexagonus, 600 cheakyberry, 348, 958
Cereua hystnk, 602 checker-gra e, 84 chivato, 874
Cereus royenii, 376 chencherencke. 866 CHLORANTHACEAE, 52; 94
cereza, 280,372; 372,380,608 chdne, 892 CHLORANTHUS FAMILY, 52;
. cereza amarilla, 280: 848 ch6ne calebassier, 482 9L
cereza blanca 840; 844 chdne ca aro, 468 ~hlorophoratinctorla, 108
cereza colorada, 380 chgne d'lmerique, 892 cho, 360
cereza de Cayena, 674 ch6ne Guadeloupe, 394,478 choakyberry, 642
cereza de monte, 372 chdne noir, 892 chocho. 308
cereza de S u r i n h , 674 chenet, 306 CHOCOLATE FAMILY. 338: 532
cereza del pab, 879 cherimoya, 170 chocolatatree, 342; 988
cerezas blancas, 470 cherry, 288; 128,372,880,842 chocomico, 146
cerezo, 366, 472: 373, 380, 842 cherry, West Indian, 236 choky-apple, 452
cerezo agrio, 280 cherry, wild, 872, 842,940 cholkn, 502
cerezo de Castilla, 372 cherry-grape, 84 choncho, 208
cerezo de Cayena. 400 cherrypalm, 76 1 choriio, 54
 choriria, 528 Cluaia krugiana, 14, 348, 350; 988
chorisia, showy, 528 Clueia minor, 350; 562
Chorisia apeciosa, 528 Clusia roeea, 13, 348, 352, 21, 988
chorote, 308 Cnidoscolus aconitifoliuu, 394
chote, 264; 900 coabanilla, 184
chou palmiste, 42 cirio, 92 cobalonga, 884
Chdemae-be 440,442 ciroela, 294, 296 chbana, 184
~ h r i s t m a s - b u x488 cirouelle. 296 cdbnnn negra, 184; 986
Christmas-hope, 502 ciruela, 296 chbano, 244
Christmas-tree, 48, 520; 56, 488 ciruela amarilla, 294 cobreque, 208
Chryaalidocarpw lutescens, 72 ciruela campechana, 296 coby-wood, 494
Chryuobalanus icaw, 230 ciruela colorada, 296 coca, 210,344
0 Chryaophyllum argenteum, 4 3 6 ; ciruela de Guayana, 406 COCA FAMILY, 210; 314
989 ciruela de jobo, 294 cocaina falsa 210
ChrysophyUunr bicolor, 440; 780 ciruela de monte, 294 Coccoloba bafucmensis, 160
Chrysophyllum cainiio, 436, 438; ciruela de paie, 296,887 Coccoloba borinquensis, 80
989 ciruela dulce, 292 Coccoloba co~tata,7 8 ; 1 4 8
C h ~ u o p h y l l u meggersii, 440; 780
' ciruela morada, 296 Coceoloba diaereifolia, IS, 76; 21,
Chrysophylltim glabrum, 436 ciruela sanjuanera, 296 985
ChrysophylZum olivijonne, 436,440 ciruelillo, 386; 146 Coccoloba grandifotia, 78
Chryaophyllum paucijbrum, 436; ciruelo, 296 Coccoloba krugii, 80; 150
17,782 ciruelo colorado, 296 Coccoloba laurifolia, 76
chucaro, 282 cltara, 292 Coccoloba microstachya, 80; 152
chuchi copei, 352 Citharexyluna caudatum, 476, 478; Coccoloba nivea 84
chulada, 864 , 858.990 Coccoloba obtudfolia, 80; 152
chulita, 490 ~ i t h a ~ e > ~ l ufruticosum,
rn 13, CoccoIoba pubescens, 13, 76, 788 21
chuluiuste, 180 478,480; 21,990 Coccobba pyrifolia, 80; 154
chumbimbo. 308 Citharex~ltcmpentandrum, 900 Coccoloba rugoea, 78 ;156
chumbino, 308 Citharexylumx perkimii, 858 Coccoloba rupicola, 7 8 ; 150
chupacallos, 570 Citharexylum epinosum, 480; Coccoloba rinienieii, 7 6 ; 158
churrusco, 58 Citharexylum tristachuum. . . 858 CoccoIoba swandi, 76 ; 8 0 ; 985
chuun, 360 citroen, 322 Coccoloba tenuifolia, 160
c i a , 52 citroin marron, 508 Coccoloba usifeta, 12, 76, 8 2 ; 150,
cicadticea, 52 citron, 218; 322 985
Cicca acida, 280 citron commun, 218 ~ o c e o l o b avenoaa, 13, 76, 84; 21,
Cicca diaticha, 280 citron doux, 218 985
cidra, 218,222 ;322 citronnier, 222; 322,454 coecothrinax alto, 17, 7 4
cidreira, 822 citronnier blanc, 450,454 Coccothrinax argentea, 74
cidrero, 822 citrus, 218 Coccothrinax diacreta, 74
cidm, 322 Citrus aurantijolia, 216, 218 ; Coccothrinax egge~siana,,74
denaguillo, 650 Cifrue aurantiunt, 216, 220, Coccothrinnx sancti-thonursae, 74
illo, 400,410; 678,989 986 COCHLOSPERMACEAE, 360;
$ g e x - c e d a r , 244 Citrus biga~adia,220 569
clgua, 116 Citrus decumnna, 224 co~hiospermum,360; 568
c i y a amarilla, 110,116 Citrus grandis, 218, 222, 224; 321 COCHLOSPERMUM F A M I L Y ,
ciy a blanca, 116 Citrus lima, 218 360: 568
cigua boba, 122 Citrus limettu. 218 Cochlospermttm hibiscoides, 360
c i y a laurel, 122 Citrus limon, 216,222; 986 Cocliloapermunt aitifolium, 360;
cigua prieta, 114 Citrus limonia, 222 5C8
c i y a m o , 320 Citrus limonum, 222 coiilnara, 714
cjguarayo, 132 Citrus maxima. 222.224; 821 cocito, 360
"illa, 984 Citrus ntedica, 218; 322 cockspur, 296,592
:;&en& pepper, 116 C z t w nobilis, 218; 314 cock-tree, 194
cilliment, wild, 414 ,Ciirua paradisi, 216,224; 986 coco, 40,340
cilliment-bush, 362 Citrus reticulata, 218; 324 coco da India, 40
cina-cina, 180 Citrus sinensis, 216,226 ;986 coco de a j y a , 40
cincahuite. 392 Citrua vulgaris, 220 coco de Bahia, 40
cincho, 200 clammy-cherry, 840, 842, 844 coco de Cofreci, 618
Cinchona, 508 clammy-cherry, English, 840 coco de mar, 616
cinnamomo, 248 clammy-cherry, wlld, 474; 842 coco de mono, 618
C h n a m o m u m burmannii, 186 clamor, 330 coco macaco, 82
Cinnamomum camphora, 186 clavel, 520 cocoa, 342: 896
Cinnamomum cassza, 186 clavel japon68,520 cocoa, wild, 314
Cinnamomum elongatum, 912 clavelina, 272 cocoa-mamma, 196
Cinnamomum montanum, 214 clavellina, 298 ;272 cocoa-shade, Nicaragua, 198
Cinnamomum seylanicum, 188 clavellina colorado, 272 coco-carette, 688
cinnamon, 414; 188 clavellino, 176 cocochat, 284
cinnamon, Malay, 186 clavel6n. 520 cocoite, 198
cinnamon, pepper, 362 clavillo, 576 cocojoro, 130
cinnamon, white. b68 clavito, 946 coconut, 38,40; 984
cinnamon, wild, 862, 414 clawberm. 282 coconut-palm. 40
cinnamon-bark, 362 clembn, 330 coco-plum, 230,282
cinnamon-tree, 188 Clerodendrum aculeatum, 860 ' coco-plum, red, 232
cinnamon-tree, Indian, 188 Cleyera albopunctata, 548 coca-plum, white, 282
cipde, 48; 62, 64, 261 Clibadium erosum, 526 cocoplum, wild, 254
c i p d s de M k i c o , 60 Clidentia umbrosa, 698 cocops r i v a h , 70
c i p d s itnunno, 62 clusia, eopey, 352 cocos, 40
cipr6s mexicano, 60 Clusia grisebachiana, 28,988 Cocoa nucifera, 34.38; 984
cipr6s romano, 64 Cluaia gtindlachii, 350; 562 cocospalm, 40
 cocotero, 40 cop6n. 236 corosol grand bois, 174
cocotier, 40 copper, blue, 514 corossol, 100
cocoyer, 324 coqueiro de Bahia, 40 corossol marron, 172
cocu, 190 coquelicot, 146: 848 corossol zombi, 98
cocuyo, 320; 234, 790 coauemolle, 322; 508 corossolier, 100; 174
coeur de boeuf, 102 coquillo, 394, 416 corossolier montagne, 174
Cofiea arabica, 506 ;990 c o r a ~ l ode boi, 102 corotG, 258
Coffea dewevrei, 506; 928 coraqio de negro, 148 corozol 34 ;1 9
Coffea Iiberica, 928 coraelo de rainha, 100 cortn lingua, 370
coflee, 196,198,506; 990 coral], 946, tortes, 880,902,904,984
coffee, Arabian, 506 corail vbgetal, 146 cortez, 902
coffee colubrina, 987 coral, 146; $94, 996, 4.90, 462, 946 cortez blanco, 902
coffee, Dewevre, 506 ; 928 coral vegetal, 996 Cortmt rigidw, 1 7
coffee, Liberian, 998 coralbean, 192; 299 coscordn, 460
coffee, wild, 650,988 cornlbean, cockscomb, 294 coscorroncito, 464
coffee-f ence, 860 coralbean, common, 192; 292 costex, 316
coffee-mamma, 196 coralbean, Indian, 498 costilla de danto, 428
come-molle. 508 coral-cactus, 114 cijtelette, 858
cohoba, 158' coralillo, 146,192,370; 946 coto, 200
coil, 392 coralillo blanco, 604 coton, 518
cojoba, 158,160 coralin, 146 coton de France, 836
Cojoba arborea, 160 coralito, 946 coton fleurs, 336
coS6bana,158,160; 985 coralitos, 146 coton marron, 326
cojobanilla, 160 corallero, 520 coton xoie, 886
coiobiio. 158: 256 coralplant, 420 cotoncillo, 416
cojobo, 158 ' coral-shower, 876 cotorrelillo, 366
cojojo, 868 coraltree, 192; 292 cotorrcrillo, 582
coj6n. 350 coraltree, cockscomb, 294 eotorro, 386
cola, 532 coraltree, common, 294 cotton, 518
Cola acuminata, 532 coraltree, Indian, 298 cotton, Creole, 518
cola de Davo. 254 cornz6n, 102; 985 cotton, French, 836
Cola veGa. 532 comz6n cimnrdn, 98 ;172 cotton, long-staple, 518
coraz6n de paloma, 316, 372; 850, cotton, Sea Island, 518
colero, 532 860 cotton, tree, 518
colibri v6g6ta1, 208 corcho, 88, 90, 92, 336; 164, 172, eotton, wild, 326; 516,836
collarete. 478 985 cotton-tree, 334,336
collier, 160 conho blnnco, 88, 90; 164, 985 courasol, 172
coloradillo, 946 corcho bobo, 88 courasotte, 172
colorado, 298 ; 924,985 corcho prieto, 1 6 4 cou+aril, 178,180; 986
colorin, 226 Cordia alba, 470; 840 courlda, 478
mcolubrina arborercena, 13, 316; 91, Cordia alliodora, 14, 466, 468; 22, Couroupita guianenria, 618
987 DRD Cottroupita st.-croixianu, 618
colubrina, coffee, 316 , Cord>a blattcoi, 844 Colcrou ita surinameneia, 618
Colubniur colrtbrina, 316 Cordia borinquensb, 14, 446, 470; cowba& 156; 534
Colubena elliptica, 987 19.22, 990 cowee, 206
Colubn~urfemcgbwsia, 316 Cordia collococca. 472: 842 cowhage-eherry, 374
Colubrina reclinata, 316, 318; 987 conlia dentuta, 470 ; a 0 cow-heel, 886
COMBRETACEAE, 386: 622 Cordia glubra, 472 ; 841 cow-okra, 900
COMBRETUM FAMILY, 386; 629 Cordia nitida, 13, 466,472; 21, 990 cows-foot, 50
comecad, 400,412 Cordia obliqua, 844 cow-tomarind, 164
comida de culebra, 370 cordia, onion, 468 coxth, 316
* Comocladia dodortaea, 436 cordia, red, 848 coyora, 36
Comocladia glabra, 438 Cordia rickseckeri, 470; 17,846 coyore, 36
COMPOSITAE, 526: 982 cordia, scarlet, 848 coyur, 98; 172
COMPOSITE FAMILY, 526; 982 Cordia eebeeiena, 470; 848 coyure, 36
conacaste, 258 Cordia rulcata, 14,466,474; 22, 990 crabo, 258
concha de paneoue, 232 C o d a trem?cla, 844 craboo, 258
conejo, 234,924 cordobtin, 428; 700,706,712 craboo, wild, 258; 872
congo, 190 cordobanelllo, 522; 974 crab-prickle, 262,860
congo-pump, 68 cordoboncillo de arroyo, 714 crabwood, 272: 150,262
Conocarpus erectur, 12, 390; 988 cordobaneillo peludo, 976 crack-open, 370
Conostegia hotteanu, 17,698 cordbn santu, 413 cri~pcmyrtle,610
Consolea monilifortnh, 602 cordoncillo, 50; 92, 94 crapemyrtle, common, 382; 610
Consolea rubescens, 378 cordoncillo blanco, 50; 94 crapemyrtle, queen, 582
contamal, 340 cordoncillo negro, 94 crapemyrtle, tree, 382
contra ararfi, 994 coribee, 502 crapoo, 258
copaie, 612 corisia, 528 craw-wood, 514
copal, 180; 440, 902 cork-tree, 330 crkr6, 714, 716
copalche, 508 cork-tree, falae, 336 cre-cre blanc, 744
copapayo, 394 corkwood, 206,336; 172 crfcrE hoir, 714
copei, 562 corkwood-tree, Australian, 208 cremiin, 330
copeicillo, 562 cornier, 788 Crescentia cucurbitittu, 806
copeito, 561 Cornutia obooata, 862 Crescentia cajete, 490; 990
copete, 502 Cornutia pyramidata, 862 Creacentia linearifolio, 492; 892
copey, 552; 562 cornwood, 190 Creaceniia portoricensir, 894
copey chico, 662 corobore, 180 crespbn, 184
copey clusia, 988 corona de reina, 948 cresta de gallo, 208; 294, 514, 946
c o p y Vera, 548,554 corona di sumpiiia, 410 cr8te-de-coq, 694
copinol, 180 coronel, 320 crevajosa, 382
 crisse marine, 354 cuntich, 144 Dalkrgia eissoo, 290
Critonia portoriceneis, 626; 982 ~Cupania americana, 14, 3021 92, dalemarie, 350
croc, 146 #87 dam machu, 352
croc chien, 304 ,cuGnia triquetra, 302; 488 dama, 478
croc-&-chien,520 cupeillo, 350; 562,988 duma de din, 876
cmssopetalum, Florida, 462 cupeillo de altura, 360: 562 damn do noche, 868,876,878
*Crossopetalum rhawma, 462 cupey, 352; 562,988 dama di anochi, 600
Croton autroites, 396 cupey chiquito, 569 d a m a p , 350
Croton poecilanthus, 14, 262, 266; cupey de altura, 350; 562 d a m a j a y a 326
19.22 cueey de monte, 562 Damara robusta, 56
Croton rigidus, 398 cupey trepador, 350; 562 Daphnopsb americam, 380; 604
crucecilla, 934 cupeyeto, 562 Daphnopsis caribaea, 880; 604
crucete, 520 cu eyillo, 556 ( Daphnopuis hellerana, 380: 16, 606
cruceto, 520 C~PRESSACEAE, 60 Daphnopsia philippiana, 380; 19,
cruceto negro, 934 C u p r e a m benthumii, 60 988
crucilla, 520 Cupressus lindleui, GO date,-wild, 388
crucillo, 934 Cupressus Iusitanica, 6 0 degame, 924
crucita, 620 Cupressus sempervi-, 62 Delonix regia, 168,176; 986
cruda, 478 cura, 128 Dendropanax arboreus, 14, 426;
cuaba, 321 curabara, 122 22. 989
cuaba blanca, 321 curaboca, 466 Dendropanax Zaurifolius, 426; 756
cuaba de costa, 216 curame, 68.4 descamisador, 860
cuaba de ingenio, 494 curavara, 110 desyerba conuco, 946
cuaba de monte, 321 ccrbana, 362 deux jumelles, 170
cuaba prieta, 980 curbaril, 180 devils-ear, 258
cuabilla. 216; 321,354 Curcas nircoa, 416 devils-tree, 292
cuabilla de costa, 554 Curcas hernandiifolius, 418 diaballe, 26.9
cuairaje colorado, 654 curcas-bean, 416 Didymopanax gkaaonii, 758
cuajachote, 358 curtidor, 138 Didymopanax morototoni, 14, 68,
cuajani, 238 curuba, 158 426,428; 22,989
cuajanf hembra, 236 curumo, 226 diez mandamentu, 420
cuajani macho, 938 custard-npple, 102;172, 985 dildo, 376; 602.988
cuajanincillo, 286 cutlass, 466 dildo espaiiol, 600.
cuaiillo, 582 cutlass, jumby, 292 dildo, Spanish, 600
cunjilote, 900 ~ ~ ~ 4 , 4 786
42: dilenia, 344; 538
cuajo, 294 cuyus, 308 dillenia, 344
cuapaste, 200 Cyathea aquilina, 4 2 DILLENIA FAMILY, 344; 538
cuapinol, 180 Cyathea arborea, 14, 28; 22, 984 dillenia, India, 344; 538
Cuba-bark, 520 Cyathea brittoniana, 28; 44 DiIlenia indica, 344; 538
cuchara, 916 Cyathea escuquensis, 4 6 DILLENZACEAE, 344; 588
cucharo, 352,434,492; 354 Cyathea pubescens, 28; 50 dilly, 446
cucheme. 236 Cyathea tenera, 44 dind6,108
cuchiii, 352 Cyathea wilsonii, 46 dinner-bell, monkey, 278
cuchivin, 306 CYATHEACEAE, 28;..42 Diosp2/ros ebenaster, 794
CUCO, 604, 620 Cybistax donnell-mntthtz, 902 Diospyros' revolwa, 794
cucubano, 514; 936,938,990 evmd. 59 Diospyros rintenisii, 796-
cucubano do monte, 944 C Y ~ FAMILY,
A ~ 52 Dipholie bellonis, 442; 784
cucubnno de Vieques, 940 CYCADACEAE. 52 Dipholia cubensis, 442 ; 786
cucubnno liso, 934 Cvcas circinalir. 52 Dipholis salicijolia, 13, 442 ; 21,
cucuna, 488 cjcas, crozier, 5 2 989
cuentn de oro, 864 c cas, East Indian, 52 Dinholis sintenisiana, 442 : 786
cueriduro, 268; 406 &cas .revolula, 52 ditto, 400
cuerillo, 304 C2/nodendron bicolor, 780 Ditta myricoides, 400
cuernecillo. 534 Cynodendron pa~m~florum, 782 dividive, 270
cuerno de buey, 316: 492 Cynometra portoricensis, 284 dividivi, 270
cuero de puerco, 480,790 cyp, 468 dji-pois, 626
cuero de sabana, 934 cypre, 468 doctor-bar, 234
cuem dc sapo, 508; 450, 458, 468, cy ress 468 Dodonaea ehrenbergii, 490
582 C ~ P R E S S FAMILY, 60 Dodonaea viscosa. 490
CU& duro, 402 cypress, Italian, 62 dog-almond, 190
cuia de macaco, 618 cypress, Mexican, 60 DOGBANE FAMILY,
cuida, 168 cypress, Portuy e s e , 00 dog-plum, 190
cuilimbuca. 190 cyrilla; American, 298 dogwood, 200: 306,328,
cuirana, 618 C ~ r i l l aantillana, 298 dogwood, swamp, 200
cuit6,492 CYRILLA FAMILY, 298; 440 do~fiesirie,246
cufete, 490 Cyrilla racemiflora, 14, 298; 92, dombou, 254
cull, 168: 252 .. , D87
hh0. --- don tom-4s. 420
cujf aromo, 144 cyrilla, swamp, 298; 440,987 doncela, 258
cujf carora, 168 CYRZLLACEAE. 298; 440 doncella, 256, 304, 466; 366, 544,
c u ~eimarrbn,
i 144 cyyba, 334 966
c u ~extranjero,
i 180 dondequiera, 370
CUJInegro, 168 d'eau livre, 834 dope-cherry, 840
cuji torcido, 252 Dacryodes excelsa, 14, 238; 92 dormil6n, 148,164; 254,858
cuji yaque, 168 Dacryodes hezandra, 240 Doryalis, see Dovyalis, 578
cujinicuil. 150 digame, 924 dos caras, 712
culche, 244 dagger, Spanish, 82, 84 double-coconut, 38
culumate. 478 dahaon, 442 douleur, 518
CUNONIA FAMILY, 138; 230 dajao, 516 doveplum, 76; 985
CUNONIACEAE, 138; as0 dakara. 434 dove-wood, 264
 Dovyalis hebecarpa, 578 equipal, 58 eucalipto corntin, 398
down, wild, 836 ERICACEAE, 760 eucalipto de pantano, 398
downtree, 336 Eriobotrya pponica, 232 eucalipto del alcanfor, 398
draeaenn, 80 Erirhalis frutiwsa, 930 eucalipto medicinal, 640
Dmcaena fmgrans, 80 Eroteum alb unctatum, 548 eucalypt, 398; 640
dracaena, fragrant, 82 erubln, 58, 4 3 ; 882 eucalyptus, 398 ;640
d r a p , 206 Erythrina berteroana, 188,190 eneolyptas, beakpod, 398; 988
dreifi, 82 Erythrina corallodendrum, 192: Eueolyptun citriodom, 640
dreifi di laman, 82 292 eucalyptus, kino, 640
Drepanocarpus lunatus, 304 Erythrina crista-galll, 294 eucalyptus, k i n o y m , 640
druif, 82 Erythrina eggersii, 192; 17,296 eucalyptus, lemon, 640
drumstick-tree, 134 Erythrina fusca, 986 Etccalyptua multiflora, 398
dlrypeten alba, 268; 402 Erythrina glauca, 188,1928 986 eucalyptus, red-mahogany, 640
*Drypeten glauca, 14, 262. 268; 2B Erythrina horrida, 192; 296 Eucalyptur resinifera, 640
o Drypeter ilicijolia, 268; 404 Erythrina indica, 298 Eucalyptus robusta, 396, 3981 988
Dqrpetes lateriflm-a, 268 Erythrina microptmyz, 196 eucalyptus, MBffipnahogany, 988
Drypetes latiflora, 406 Erythrina poeppigiana, 16, 188, eugenia, 400
194: 986 Eugenia aeruglnw, 396,400
~ G i h r ; &marlegato, 298 Eugenia axillaris, 400; 642
duerme-lin a, 388 er hrine c&te-de-coq, 294 Eugenia bellonis, 400
Dunalia arrwescens, 868 E ~ ! Y T H R O ~ Y L A C E A E210 ; 314 Eugenia bijlora, 400; 644
dundathu-pine, 56 Erphroxylon, see also kwthrow- Eugenia boqueronenrl. 400:. 16..
dunk, 506 lum 6.56
dunks, 506 Erythroxylon areolatum, 13,210 Eugenia borinquenab, 14, 400; 92,
duppy-cherry, 840 Erythrozylon brevipes, 210 648
Duranta erecta, 864 Erythrozylon coca, 210 eugenin, boxleaf, 400; 660, 989
Duranta plumieri, 864 Erythrozylon rotundifolitmt, 210 Eugenia bmifolia, 400; 660
Duranta repena, 864 Erythrozylon rufum, 210 Eugenia confura, 400 ; 650
duraznero de monte, 286 erythroxylon, thin-leaf, 210 Eugenia wrdata, 400; 652, 670
Erythrozylum areolatum, 31,986 Eugenia (P) corosalensis, 400; 16,
earpod-tree, 258 Erythroxylum brevipes 814 652
eartree, 958 Erythroxylum rorundi)oliunn, 314 Eugenia dicrana, 686
East-Indian-walnut, 148 Erythrosylum rufum, 316 Eugenia dontiitgensiu, 400
Qbano,794.850 Erythroxylum urbanii, 318 Eugenia eggerrii, 400; 654
EBENACEAE, 794 eamrnbkn, 520; 304.386, 410, 576 Eugenia foetida, 660
Qb&ne,794,850 esuunbmn blanco 860 Eugenia fra ram, 400 ; 686.989
EBONY FAMILY, 794 escarnbr6n colorado, 162 Eugenia alatrata, 654
ebony, green, $30 escambr6n de madera, 108 Eugenia haematoearpa, 17,656
ebony, mountain, 316 escanjacote, 306 )Eugenia jambor, 16, 396, 402; 988
ebony, wild, 316 escoba. 304 Eugenia lancea, 400; 644
ecacs, 238 escobillo, 372, 688 Eugenia ligustrina, 400; 658
' Egy tian-privet, 612 escobo, 6&?,688 Eugenia malaccensb, 396,404; 988.
E L ~ E O C A R P A C E A E 324:
, 512 escobbn, 688,644,660,984 989
ELAEOCARPUS FAMILY, 324; eacob6n blanco 662 Eugenia maleolerta, 660
51% escob6n coloraAo, 643 Eugenia n~onricoIa,400: 662
~ G o d e n d r o nattenuatum, 460 escob6n de aguja, 658 Eugenia myrtoides, 400; 660, 989
Elaeodsndrott zyloca um, 460 escob6n de vara, 6.62 Eugenia pmera, 400; 664
Elaeoderulrum, see Zlaeodendron, escumilha, 610 Eugenia preudopridium, 400; 666
460 espadero, 432 Eugenia punctata, 686
laphrium simaruba, 238 espadillo, 84 eugenin, redberry, 400; 650
der, 50; 980 espatodea, 494 Eugenia rhombea, 396,406; 988
der, American, 980 eepejuelo, 320,442; 786,838 Eugenia soviaefolia, 626
der, Floridn, 980 espina blanca, 864 Eugenia serrasuela, 400 ; 16, 668
der, Gulf, 980 espina del demonio, 576 Eugenia aesrilijlora, 400; 16, 17,
der, southern, 980 espinal, 144 668
der, S anish, 50 espinero, 84 Eugenia sintenbii, 400: 648,670
der, J e s t Indian, 980 espinillo, 144,180,228; 386 eugenia, spiceberry, 406; 988
ephantear. 158 espino, 144, 162, 230, 232; 82, 244 Eugenia stahlii, 396, 408; 19, 989
equeme, 192 esoino blanco. 144.232 Eugenia rtecwrdsonii, 400; 672
la, S anish, 50 esbino cruz, 520 . eugenia, twinberry, 686
IS. 68 espino de brujo, 146 Eugenia underwoodii, 400
espino negro, 864 Eugenia unijlora, 400; 674
espino rubial, 228, 230, 232; 338, eugenia, white-stopper, 400; 642
e m a l a b a brava, 380 986 Eugenia xerophytica, 400; 17, 676
emaJama de sierra, 380: 604 espino ruco, 144 eugenio, 300
e m a j a b a excelsa, 520 . espinosa, 230 Eupatoriuni portoriceme, 526; 17,
emajagiiilla, 330; 988 esponjeira, 144 982
emhtico vegetal, b20 espuela de caballero, 850 Euphorbia articulata, 39%
emperatriz de la selva, 360 espuela de caballero de pinar, 764 Euphorbia cotini/olia, 408
empoisonneur, 868 espuela de gallo, 576 Euphwbia wtinoides, 408
cucurbititta, 896 espuelo de gallo, 296 euphorbii, hedge, 412
kf!i';G68 esqueleto, 414 Euphorbia lactea, 410
encinillo, 138; 404,943 esquelito, 414 euphorbia, milkstripe, 410
endurece maiz, 132; 296 e8quitill0, 484 euphorbia, monkey-puzzle, 410
Engallagma latifolia, 896 estirnina, 946 Euphorbia neriifolia, 412
Enivrsge, 806 estrella federal, 528 Euphorbia petiolaris, 262, 270i 987
enrubio, 232 estribo, 92 Euphorbia tirucalli, 414
Enterolobium cyclocarpum, 258 eucalipto, 398; 640, 988 EUPHORBIACEAE, 262; 19, 884
Enterolobium saman, 166 eucalipto achatado, 398 eureka, 72
 Euterpe globora, 14,34,40; 986 fiw !ira religiosa, 180
evergreen, Jamaican, 110 figu ha-da-India, 120 forestiera, buckthorn, 806
Exostema caribaeum, 504,508 fiw er, 70; 124,562 Foresfiem eagersfona, 8 0 4
Exoatemu ellipfieum, 508; 9 3 2 firm er banian, 70 forestiera, Florida, 808
Ezoetema jloribundum, 932 firm e r blanc 70; 118 Foreetiera ponrlosa, 808
Exostema aanetae-luciae, 508; 932 figu er grandes-feui~~es, 118 Forestiem rhamnifolia, 806
,Exothea aanieulata, 492 figu er marron, 352 Foresfiera regregata, 808
figu e r maudit, 70,952; 124,562 forestina, 148
flm e r maudit cimarron. 352 forteventura, 200
filao, 48 fortuga, caspi, 366
FABACEAE, 188; 288 filino, 110 FortuneUa hideii, 826
FABOIDEAE, 288 fingle-me-go, 348 Fortunella japoniea, 936
Fagara caribaea, 228; 398 fin igo, 342 Fortunelfa margarlra, 326
Fagara jlava, 228 firgush, 946 fountain-tree, 494
F a g a m martinicensis, 230 fishingrod, 520 FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY, 88;
Fagara mono hyUa, 232 Fishlockia anegadenris, 144; 242 162
F a g a m e 'nifiz, 842 Ashpoison-tree, YO6 frafianier 880
Fagara trma8iarta. 9.44 Ash oison-tree, Florida 806 frallecillo, 416
Fugara trifoliata, 228; 340 F L ~ C O U R T I A FAMILY, 364; frailejh, 416
faique, Bbb 570 framboyan, 176
faleebox, West Indies, 464 ~lo&urtiainerntia, 580 framboyhn azul, 492
false-boxwood. 464 FLACOURTIACEAE, 364; 570 francillade, 272
f a h f f e e , 510; 990 flambeau, 930 f rangepane, red, 462
false-grape, 84 flambeau caraibe, 830 frangepane, white, 460
false-mahogany, 190 flambeau-flower, 272 frangijaponie, 462
false-mamey, 350,352 flamboir noir, 880 frangiphn, 462
false-maetic, 454 1 989 flambollin amarillo, 174 frnngipnni, 460;. 462; 830, 989
fan-palm, 74 flamboyin, 176; 986 frangpani, Mexlcan, 462
Farameo occidentalis,504, 510; 990 flamb6yin amarillo, 182; 986 frangipani, nosegay, 462
Faramea odoratieaima. 510 flamboyiin azul, 492 frangipani, red, 462
fat-pork, 288. 926 flamboyhn blanco, 170 frangipani, white, 462
fern-tree, 492 flamboyhn colorado, 176 frangipanier, 462
feuille d o h , 448 flamboyiin cubano 170 frangipanier blanc, 462
feuillea enragbes, 132 flamboyiin extranjero, 170; 858 frangipanier rose, 462
Flars benjamina, 110 flamboytin orquldea, 468 frangipanier rouge, 462
Ficus brem olio, 70 flamboyhn roio, 176 f rangipanier sanvage, 460
F~CW dt&h, 70; 985 flamboyint, 176 f ranse bloem, 828
Ficua crasmnervia, 70; 124 flamboyant bleu, 492 fransi mope, 292
Ficus drupaeea, 112 flamboyant, yellow, 182; 986 fmnsman moppd, 146
Ficus elastica, 68; 984 flamboyant-tree, 176; 986 Fraxinue uhdei, 810
F h inuoluta, 118 flame-tree, 176 French-cashew, 404
9iars faevi~ata,70 :985 flamingo-bill, 208 French-oak, 892
Fiw lentiginoea, 70 fleur sureau, 980 f d n e , 850
Pieus lymta, 114 fleur trom e t h , 868 f d n e amer, 848
F h mkrocarpa, 985 fleur-papdon, 208 frescura, 330
FkU m#8~&, 118 flor amarilla, 502 fresnillo, 502
FiUM nekbuda. 116 flor barbona, 272 freeno, 502; 8 1 0
Ficus k t i d a , 72 flor blanca, 462 fresno amencano. 502
F i a obfusifolia,
~ 72; 118 fl8r da s&da.836 f reso. 23296
Pi- pandurata, 114 flor de tingel, 840 frieh-p1at.08, 726, 884,888
Ficue perforata, 74; 985 flor de baiio, 946 frliol, 132
Ficue po~ulnea,70 flor de camarbn, 272 friiol de monte. 220
Ficus rellgiosa. 120 flor de cangrejo, 946 frijolillo, 282,298,806
pi- refusa, 72 ;985 flor de cerro, 830 frijolillo amarillo., 200
--
-Ficus sinteniaii, 74; 985 flor de cuervo, 462 frogwood, 936
Fi- stahli*70 ;17,122 flor de ensarta, 462 f romager, 334
Fim td onata, 70; 124 flor de fuego, 176 fromager mapou, 336
Ficus ur%aniarur, 72; 118 flor de huimba. 580 fromagier, 518
ficus-lira, 114 flor de Jeric6,82 fructa piio, 62
flddlewood, 478, 480, 482, 486; 858 flor de la cruz, 462 fruit h pain, 62
flddlewood. black. 486 flor de la reina. 382 f ruta bomba, 376
fiddlewood, Florido, 480; 990 flor de mayo, 180.462 fruta de catey, 466
fiddlewood, paslure, 480: 900 flor de paraiso. 248 fruta de conde, 104
fiddlewood, racemose, 478 flor de pavo, 176 fruta de iguana, 864
fiddlewood, apicate, 480 flor de rayo, 180 fruta de loro, 246
Addlewood, tlmber, 486 flor de San Jos6,974 fruta de paloma, 76; 210;
fiddlewood. white..486.990 . flor de soldado, 954 fruta de pan, 62
fig, 72 flor de taro, 462 f r u h de sabla, 868
fig, Benjamin, 110 flor lila, 862 fruta paloma, 284,484
fig, fiddle-leaf, 114 Florida-boxwood, 474 f r u b gallino, 868
fig, India-lnarel, 728 985 Florida-cherry, 674
&, Indin-rubber, 68; 984 Florida-privet, 808 %E:Y'elle. 434
fig, lyrate-leaf, 114 floss-eilk-tree, 528 Funtumia elastica, 826
fig, Mysore, 112 flower, bird-of-paradise, 272 fustetc, 108
fig, shortleaf, 70; 085 flowel; scarlet, 848 fustie, 202; 108, 986
fig, shortleaf, wild, 70 flowerfence, 279 fustic, red, 108
flg, white, 70 flowerfence, Barbados, 279
fig, wild, 70; 124 foengobon, 52 goeta, 254; 987
fig,zulu, 116 foengoe-palm, 52 gageda de gallina, 104
 jpiac, 212 Cliricidia maculata, 198 panado. 614
gaiac blanc, 214 Cliricidia aepium, 188, 196; 986 I
gaiac femelle 214 gloria, 502 1b n a d i l l a : 658
gaiac franc, 412 glorybueh, 752 Igranodi,llo, 386; 490, 494, 714, 988
gaic mile, 212 glorytree, purple, 752 1granad~llobobo, 156,422
gaita, 492 plutrer. 4.24 Irranadillo de clavo. 372
g a j i y a , 254 epajiro, 180 iranadino, 156 .
galdn, 868 Epat-bush, $46 panado, 298: 614
galfin arbbreo, 868 e;oatwood, 620 panatapel, 614
galdn de dia, 876 pbiabiera, 416 p a n d mahot, 326
g a l h de noche, 878 Epeaana, 466 v a n d mapou, 474
galrin del monte, 8 7 8 Eyoeaazoema, 340 w n d sapotillier, 799
galba, 350 Epeajaaba, 416 granolino, 256
galba odorant. 350 Eroejaba, 416
galipee, 426 E[oesbelie, 280 w w ede
viiO , 8!Yl0*864
galle-galle, 502 (:oetrea elegans, 17, 880 p p e f r u i t , 224; 986
gallego, 7 5 8 Eyoiaba, 416 985
gallinazo, 954 Iplden-apple, 292 *AMILY, 32; 68
aallinero. 162: 866 srolden-dewdrop, 864 gravilea, 138
bllipeau, 496' roldenleaf, 438 m v i Q a , 100
jpllito, 192,194,208; 972 yolden-shower, 170; 986 wayumo hembra, 68
jpllito blanco, 208 :olondrinia, 216 pxnhenrt, 316,514; 988,990
gallito colorado, 208 romn, 64; 826,840 w e n h e a r t , Demerara, 514
gall-tree, 548 roma araibim, 2 4 8 VF,388
gamo de costa, 280 yoma ardbiga, 144 welfruta, 224
ga e, 352 Soma de acacia, 248 p n a d e , 614
gagancillo, 264; 864 coma eldstica, 68 grevilea, 138
Careinfa duicis, 564 coma elemi, 238 Creoillea robusto, 1 3 8
Carcinia mangortana, 566 combo-limbo, red, 238 grevillea, silk-oak, 138
gardenia hedionda, 618 Zomidenia lindeniana, 678 grignon, 388
gargofin, 428 :omme mombin, 238 gri-gri, 386, 388
garrocho, 336; 988 cornier, 236,238,240 grijze mangel, 390
garrote, 428 pnunier B canot, 240 grjmanso, 840
gatillo, 336 c o r n i e r barriiire, 238 518-grrs des montagnes, 388
g a b , 534 pmmier blanc, 238,240 n o s mahaut, 330
gat0 S O D , 534 commier, dry-land, 238 grosela de Mkico, 674
r Cauaia auenuda, 13. 34. 42; 19. c o r n i e r encens, 240 p a e l l a , 280; 380
21, 984 gommier maudit, 238 grosella blanca, 280
fc vildn, 428; 386
igelctme, 470; 848
gemberhout, 386
jommier montagne, 240
pmmier, peelinrr-bark, 238
gommier rouce, 238
grosella cimarrona,
grosella de Nicaragua, 280
gross grain, 314
&ne- as, 612 p m o blanco, 840 gross sapote, 792
gengigrillo, $16 ~ongoli,426: 454,756 guaba, 154,312,506
&nicem, 258 ron olin, 454 guaba del pals, 154
genip, 306, 512 goof-luck-tree, 854 guaba nativa, 154
genipa, 512 goora-nut, 532 guaba peluda, 860
'Cenipa americana, 13, 504, 512; 21 gooseberry, 280,282,444; 366 gnnba venecolana, 2 6 0
Cenipa camto, 512 gooseberry, false, 282 guacacoa, 604
genipap, 512 gooseberry, wild, 280 guacacoa baria, 604
genipapo, 512 gooseberry-tree, 280 guacal, 490
@nipayer, 512 gooseberry-tree, Otnheite, 280 guacamaya, 176; 973
geniptree, 512 gordolobo. 116 guacamaya monGs, 856
genizaro, 164 goric, 350 yncamayo, 176,190 ;216
geno, 200; 300,302 gorli, 586 yacardn, 492
geno-geno, 200 ; 300 gorli oncola, 5 8 6 guacharaco, 302
w,122 Gossypium arboreurn, 518 yachimol. 162
geo rojo, 192 Cossypium barbadenne, 516 guicima. 338- 988
Geofroya inenniu, 190 gouannegoul, 166 guficima boba. 512
geo-geot 122 gourka, 564 gudcima cereza, 512
Cesnerza albiflora, 908 goyave, 416 guficima cimarrona, 338
GESNERIA FAMILY, 908 goyavier. 410,416; 680 guircima de caballo, 338
4 Caneria dunculora, 908 goyavier B fruits. 416 gnacimilla, 58,468: 104, 984
GESNESACEAE, 908 govavier bEtard, 514 yacimilla boba, 58
gia mausa, 366 goyavier bois, 686 guncimilla cimarrona, 58
giant, 176 goyavier de montague, 666 guacimillo 340
giant-tree, 176 goyavier marron, 666 ydcimo, 338
eganthn, 276 goyavier queue-de-rat, 410 y d c j m o blanco, 340
@gualti, 512 pyavier+o!s, 666 guhclmo de ternero, 340
G+(be+z arbmea. 426 rafenrredm otto8chdzii, 718 guhcimo hembra, 512
G?lzbertra laurifolia, 756 m i n e canique, 308 guacoco,.226
s n e p , 306 graines bleues, 456 yaconeJo, 216; 391
ginep, wild, 492 graines vertes, 314 : 348,450 guacuco, 576
gingercthomne, 502; 990 graines Vertes pruneau, A48 guaguasf, 364
Ginoria rohrii, 608 grajnes violettes, 314 guaiaco, 50,212
GINSENG FAMILY, 426; 75% gralnes de lin pays, 160 Guaiacum guutemdenss, 214
gitarhn, 490 grajo, 400 ; 642 Cuaiacum oficinule, 18, 213; B1,
gitb, 246 GRAMZNEAE, 32; 68 986
diceridia, 198 Cranrmadenlrr ainlenlsli, 770 Cuaiacum nanctum, 13,2148 81
gliricidia, 198 granaatappel. 614 guaicaje, 282
 guaira'e, 406; 476, 6M, 660 guaranguay amarillo 602 guayacanejo, 76
wra{e blanco 660 guarangua blanco, 6'02 guayacanillo, 898
p i r a e coloratlo, 642 guirano, 3J2 guayaco, 212
guairaje macho, 862 guarapo, 84; 208 guayacte, 880
guaita, 264 guarataro 282 guayarote, 314; 460,480
guaitil, 612 rarda-soi, 394 guayava, 416
aitil blanco, 612 uarea g u m , 246 guayo blanco, 480
F m j m m . me ~ m . i a m m212, Guarea puidmtia, 02, 086 guayo prieto, 482
gua?anilla, 372 Cuarea ramiflora, 246 ;356 guayuyo, 60 i 02,94
y a j e 166,490 'Cuarea trichilioides, 14, 242, 244; guayuyo blanco, 60
gujitote, soo 986 guazatumba, 370
paaj6n. 110: 985 gunrema, 234; 986 azuma, 340
b a j u r f ~19%
gualbere, 840
, guaritoto, 182
guaritoto hembra, 194
tY
ucKttma guazuma, 340
Gucrncma tomentosa, 338,340
g a a d , 150,164,606; 800,498,885 guarmuche, 148 Cuasuma ulmifdia, 13, 338; 61,
p a d americano, 162$ g86 guarumo, 68 088
y a m 4 de costa, 200; 800 guasibara, 400; 654 guaiimilla, 954, 840
guamh de majagua, 800 gulsara, 400; 666 gu4gu6.388
y a m 4 de Puerto Rico, 160 guastivara, 798 ~ h n b p i e marron,
r 482
g u m 6 de aoga, 800 g u b i m a de pinares, 136 gu6p01~,626
guamii macho, 200 guasimilla, 56; 364; 588 guerrero, 626; 982
g u a r d peludo, 162 guarririano, 104 guest-tree, 536
guamii piiibn, 188 guaasatunga, 370 Cuettarda eUlptica, 614; 934
guama venezolana, 260 guatafer, 320 Cuettarda k-i, 614; 936
gunmi venetolano, 152 guatagire, 924 Guettcrrda laevis, 614.9&, 980
y a m 6 zapatero, 294 guatamare, 804 Cueuartia ovalifolia, 614; 938
guamac4,402 g u a t a p h , 870 Cuetrarda parvijlora, 614 ;940
guamacho, 162 guatapan4, 168; 244; 170 Cuettarda pungem, 942
guamo, 160 atapanare, 870 Cuettarda scabra, 13, 604, 614; 11,
guamo blanco, 162 #ateria bhinii, 14 108; e& 980
y a m 0 cajeto, 260 Cudreria caribaea, 108; 1 7 4 Cuetrarda valenoudana, 944, 090
guamo guark, 302 guauhuayo, 876 Guiana rapanea, 989
guamo matias, 302 guava, 272,416 Gnhnn-plum, 268; 406
y a m o eludo, 060 guava* common, 416 989 giiichere, 26%
g u a m u i e , 162 ;254 gunvn, moantnin, 694 guiliqueme 194
guamnehil, 162; 986 guava, serrette, 400 guina criolfa, 989
y a n a b a , 100 guava, small-leaved wild, 688 guinda, 280; 506,674
gnonibnna, 98,100; 17S1985 guava, wild, 412, 416, 614; 696, 666 guira, 490
guandbana cimarrona, 98; 176, 085 guavaberry, 688,089 fiira cimarrona, 896
guanibana de loma, 98 guave, 416 giiira de olor, 896
guanibana de perro, 98 guave wild, 500 giiire, 492
guanibana eilveetre, 172 waveberry, 688 giiiril, -308
guanabanilla, 54G guavo, 160 guisac~llo,104
guanabano, 100 gunyabn, 274,416; 888 guisanillo, 94
guanibano bobo, 179 guayaba cimarrona, 788 gujtarin, 854,490
y a n i b a n o cimarr6n, 172 guayaba perulera, 416 gultarrero, 428
guana-beny, 966 guayaba silvestre, 666 @ititel 868
guanacnde, 258 guayabacoa, 366 gum, Amrad, U8
guanacaste blanco 258 poyaba&n, 264, 400, 410;. 869, gum, ambic, 144; 248
guanacaste de oreja, 258 626, 654, 676, 686, 080 gum, lemon-scented, 640
guanandi, 360 guayabilla, 590 gum, lemon-scented s otted, 640
guanasa, 104 guayabilla de costa 406 gumblimbo, 236,2&; 888
guaney, 468 guayabillo, 316,376; 68e; 648, 686, gum-elemi, 238
guaney negro, 818 088, 024 y m t r e e 238; 4%4,486
guango 164,166 guayabillo blanco, 688 CUTTI~~ERAE,348, lo,' 558
guano, 334,336 ;888 guayabillo prieto, 834 guyaba, 416
guano de sierra, 78 guayabillo rebalaero, 644 Cyminda latlfolia, 464
guao, 458 guayabito, 370; 686,688 Cymnanthea luclda, 13, 262, 272;
guao de costa, 290 guayabito arrayin, 664 $1, 087
guapaste, 200 guayabo, 416; 024
guapinal, 180 guayabo alazano, 094 haba, 278
yapinol, 180 guayabo colorado, 024 habilla. 278
Cuaplra dircolor, 162,085 guayabo de mulo, 150 habillo; 278
Guapira fragrans, 985 guayabo duke, 416 Haen~atoxylumcampechianum, 286
oGuapira obtuaata, 164 guayabo joveroso, 834 Hasmocharia portoriceneis, 346
gunrn, 302, 304; 488, 987 guayabbn, 76; 626 Haenianthus obovatus, 819
gaara blanca, 302; 488 guayobota, 400, 408: 18, 648, 794, Haenlanthun rdicifoliur, 812
guara comiin, 302 980 haggarbush, 860
euaracabuya, 270 gaaynbota de sierra, 648 hapebush, 860
gaaragoadillo, 356 gonyabota nispero, 796 hslry-plum, 234
guaraguaillo, 246; 856 guayabote, 460 haitl-haiti, 330
gunragano, 2 386,388; 886 guoyadn, 212, 214. 904, 804, g86 haiti-haiti, ~ u r p l e328
,
"I,
guaraguao mac o, 246 ;858
guarin amarillo, 502
guoyadn blnnco, 16h, 212,214 Hamelia erectu, 046
guayac4n colombiano, 212 Hamelia patenr, 946
guirana, 302 guayactin congo, 190 hamelia, scarlet, 046
guirana hembra, 302 guayacin de playa, 212 harino, 024
gu6rana macho, 302 guayacin de Vera, 214 harkis, 398
guaranm, 2+4 guayacan negro, 212 ; 641 harklis, yellow, 232
guaranguaran, 602 guayacanciilo, 214; 882 hat-palm, Puerto Rico, 46
 haya, 108; 178 higiiero, 490; 482,990 huevo de gallo, 464
heye blanea, 108; 174,176 higuero blanco 422 huevo vegetal, 486
haya mala, 178 higuero coloraho, 492 Hufelandia pendula. 110
hnyn mioga, 108 higiiero pli6n, 896 huimba, 360
hayo vrieta, 1 7 6 higiiero jamo, 896 huingo, 492
hajru610,49b hlgtJllo, 50, 70. 282; 92, 94, IPO, huira-palto, 128
HEATH FAMILY, 760 98b huiril, 308
Heberri a cubenre, 298 hi&o de b 6 1 49 0 huisache, 144
hediont&a, 156; 280,884 higuillo hoja menuda, 50 huito, 512
Hedwigia balsamifera, 240 higuillo oloroao, 9s hukup, 238
Hedyormum arboreacenr, 521 94, higuillo prieto, 74 hule, 64.68
98 Hippomane maneinella, 262, 274; hura, 276,278
helecko, 28; 188 987 Hura cre lano 262 276
helecho Brbol, 28 hiquillo, 510 ~ u po$avda,
m 2 6
helecho arb6reo,28 Hirtella rugosa, 14, 140; 19, g2 hura-wood, 278
heleeha gignnte, 28; 42,44,46,984 Mirtella triandra, 140; 294 huria, 258
helecho gigante de la aierra, 50 hoba, 294 hutu, 618
helecho dgante espinoso, 4 8 hobada, 259 Hyeronima caribwa, 278
Heliaterea jamaicenoin, 534 hobo, 296 .Hyeroiiima clwioider.. 13.. 262.278;
.
heliotropio, 864 hobo colorado, 296 19, 21.
heliotro o morado, 864 hoe-stick-wood, 84 Hyewntma jamaieensis, 278
~emile&, 28 hogberry, 256 *Hymenaea courbaril, 18, 168, 178;
Hemitelia escuquensis, 46 hog-berry, bastard, 282 31,986
Hemitelia whonu, 46 hog-cabbage, 76 Hypelab trifoliata, 494
hemp-tree, 866 hogplum, 294,296; 146 987 ,Hyperbaena laurijolla, 168
henna, 612 hoqwood, 714
Henrieltea fascicularis, 700 ho'a blanca, 884 ibbi-banaru, 412
Henrbrtea macfadyenii, 702 hoja de pasmo, 712 ibo-ink, 512
Henrieltea membmnifolia, 704 hola de zope, 862 ICACINA FAMILY, 478
Henriellea trijlora, 704 hoja menuda, 400, 406, 412; 036, ZCACINACEAE, 478
Henhettelia fascicular& 700 686, 644, 658, 660, 669, 664,682, icaco, 282
Henriettalia mfad91en-i' 702 684, 694, 988,.989 icaco coco-plum, 9-89
Henriettelh membranif~ia,704 , hoja menuda roja, 626 icaco de aura, 984
HenristteUa tripom, 704 hoja tarnal, 130 icaco de costa, 332
Hercules, white, 838 hodancha, 78,122 icaco dulce, 289
Hercules ellow, 230 ho~ashn,279 icaco negro, 9-82?
H E R N A ~ D I * FAMILY. 130; 114 h o ~ i t alarga, 432 icaco rosado, 93s
Hernandta guuursnsrs, 130 holia. 256 Icacm-ea glaucipora, 430; 766
Hernandia mnora, 13, 130; El, 214
HERNANDIACEAE, 130; 914
hesito, 508
holl ,dahoon, 449
H O ~ L YFAMILY, 449
hollyhock, 256
isz
icaqne, 239
&%en&,
Jupensis, 430
768
,Rereratrielrum cymmum, 14, 418, Homulium hemistvlum, 372 icaque B poils, 2.94
420; 19,32 H d + leiopyum, 372 icaque B rarniera, &94
hetre pis, 340 Homulzum pietandrum, 372 icaque pendant, 234
h&trevert, 340 r Homalium racernorum, 14, 364, icaque poileur, 8.94
Hevea, 64,68 372; 2% Icaquillo, 140;19, 944
hibisc, 590 Honduras-cedar, 244 Ichythyomethia aeumanata, 806
hibiwo, 580 honeyberry, 674 Ichythyomethia pbcipula, 806
hibiscus, 520 hone -mangrove. 478 igarata, 68
hibbcus, Chinese, 328; 5 2 0 HO~EYSUCKLE FAMILY, 980 iguana-berry, 140
Hib&cur e l a m , 326; 518 honey-tree, wild, 366; 988 wuanero, 478
Hibiscua eecuhtua, 328 hooboo, 294 ilang-ilang, 106
hibiscus, linden, 326 hoo tree, 248 ilin-ilin, 106
hibiscus, red, 590 hopiLh, 490 Ilex cnaaine, 442
Rib&cua r o s a s i n e ~ &328;
, 520 hopahrub, 490 flex cookii, 444
hibbcun, sea, 326; 988 hori, 258 b Ilex pianensis, 446
Hibbcur tiliacem, 15,326; 988 hormiguero, 468 l k x macjadyenii, 448
hibiscus. tree, 326 horsebean, 180 Ilez montrma, 448
hiepco, 230,232 horseradish-tree, 134:e28 Ilex nirlda, 450
hicaquillo, 140 HORSERADISH-TREE FAMILY, Zlez obconiata, 456
hicha, 256 134; 238 Ilez panamensis 446
hierba de cancer 946 horsetail-tree, 48 Ilex rledloei, 4 5 i
hjerba de erislpe\a, 946 houx, 438,448 Jlex sideroxyioidea, 454
h ~ e r b amala, 408 huacamayo-chico, 164 llex rintenirii, 456
Hieronyna, see Hyeronima, 278 huampo, 336 allex urbaniana, 17,458
hieno negro, 210 imbuzeiro, 292,296
> higo, !10,124
higo clmarr6n, 110,124
kK3Ea:%2
hubu, 294
immortel, 299
immortel blanc, 194
h jguera, 68 huele de noche, 878 immortel &ranger, 494
higuera de las pagodas, 180 hueaillo, 458 immortel jaune, 196
higuereta, 422 h u a i b , 368,510; 372,626 immortelle, 298
higuerete. 428 1 hueso, 234,268,458,610; 104,402, immortelle, h a r e , 194
higuerilla colorada, 432 406, 812, 818, 830, 8P8, 824, 944 immortelle, bois, 194,196
higuerilla negra, Ut hueso blaneo, 458; 406, 806, 989 immortelle, mountain, 194, 196;
higiierillo, 486; 422,896,990 I hueso de costa, 494,599 986
higuerillo blanco. 422 hueso de monte, 406 immortelle, swamp, 192; 986
higuerillo rojo, 492 hueso de peacado, 258 immortelle, water, 194
hiHerita, 892,896 hueso de tortuga, 820; 696 immortelle, wild, 898
higUerito, 492; 422,892 hueso pdeto, 450,819,822 immortel-pays, 298
 incense-tree, 238 agua blanca 512
indenso, 84 agua colorado, 612
incienso ja nes, 866 agua de montaiia, 512
iadano, 25$ agua negra, 512
indano colorado, 266 aguay 162
Indian-almond, 394; 988 agiieidl~o,70
Indian, laurel, 72 aglieillo, 70
Indian-mulberry, 518 jagiierillo, 280; 420
indien nue, 288 jagiiey, 70, 72, 74; 118, 122, 124,
indigo-berry, 520 885
indfo, 2108 986 jagiiey blonco, 70; 124,985
jndio desnudo, 236, 270 lagiiey colorado, 74
indja, 168 4ngSiey macho, 70
-inga dulce, 162
Inga fagifolia, ee, #a5
jagiley prieto, 74
jogiiiuo, 94; 1 s
-
Ingu fa~tuora,162; 260
l n g a i~zga,154
.
J n g a krurfna, 14,152, 150,606; 985
Inga quaernata, 142,152
Inga r0~88olriana,152
I ~ g egeciosiseimu,
a 162 1
Ilnga rrera, 142, 154,506 [amaica-plum, 296
inkk ambeiro, 402, 404
ink-bz; %,876
inkwood, 499,494
ambo amarello, 402
jambo encamado, 404
j o b , 294,296; 987
lob0 blanco, 294
job0 colorado, 294
insira, 108 Jambos jumbos, 402 obo de castilla, 294
insira cas i, 108 Jambosa malaccensis, 404 jobo de indio, 292
irayol, 5 1 2 Jambos Jambos, 402 obo de lo India, 292; 586,987
irayol de loma, 612 ambosier, 402 obo de perro, 294
fE %s ; 468,
%, 608; 846, 489,
rrmelac, 404
ao-jao, 71g
job0 de puerco, 294
job0 francb, 296
650, 087
ironwood, pine-ridge, 458
ironwood, white, 8gO
aqueca, 330
laqueira, 62
jaquier, 62
~ rsanem*
o b o embra, 294
4obo
job0 jocote, 294
294
I ~ ~ t r d emcrrginuta,
~nu %74 baquitua, see Jacquinia, 762 job0 macho, 582
ishanga, 182,184 jarina, 258 jobo macho de tierra frla, 136
ishanga del agua, 184 aamfn, 474 job0 pelbn, 236
~ a h i r i146 asmln de estrella, 62,510 loho vano, 294
!stat&, 478 asmin de nuit, 878 obobbn, 294
~tabo,8.6
iumanasi, 840
ixcanan amarillo, 846
W r a ferrea, 604,516$980
IjZora fidbf/atntiana, $48
asmine, 460; 878
asmrne, red, 462
asmine, Spanish, 402
asmine, wild, 876
atico, 711
i1ocote, 294,, 296
ocote comun, 286
ccote de invierno, 296
'ocote de jobo, 294
ocote jobo, 296
ixora, Thwaites, $48 jatobh, 180 pcote maraiiiin, 288
Ixom thwaitaali, 948 datmphu aconaif oliu, 894 jocote montanero, 294
b r a , white, 948 Jatropha curcam, 416 dacotillo, 254
imte, 84 Jatropha divaPicata, 41 8 jocuma, 386, 454
, Jotroplta hemandlijolCrr, 418 jocuma amarilla, 454
jabpla, 278 jarropha muliijido, 420 jocuma blanca, 464
ab~Uaextranjera, 888 jau-jau, 790, 709 jocuma lechera, 454
avillo, 278 John-Bull-tree, 330
ayajabico, 318; 930 John-Crow-bush, 216
ayao, 650 jointwood, 172
azmfn de Arabia, 848 ojobsn, 254
m i n de noche, 878 1-joro,
a n f n de Persia, 328 orro jorro, 854
azmin del monte, 872 osefina, 176
azmin franc&, 134: 3e8 Jovero, 354
jebe, 200; 306 Juan de noche, 876
jele, 390
Jacavanda acutifolia, 492
1
enequite, 236
,Jacaranda mimoatjolia, 492 eneuna, 976
acare-fibs, 360 eretbn, 428
acatirb, 422 Jeruealem, 180
acinto 134,248 Jerusalem-date, 170
mk, 6s Jemlem-thorn, 180; 980
ackfruit, 62 essamine, 462
J
ucaril10, 386,388
ack-in-the-beanstalk, 208 essamine, day, 870 Gcaro, 388, 510
ack-in-the-box, 130 emie, black, 869 bcaro amarillo, 386
ti&-wd, 840 Jesuit-bark, Jamaica, 608 6cnro mastdero, 386
jaatuilsln, 330,840; 988 eucon, 684
ja&I~, f n b , 58 984 la, 386,576
Iaequinia mbono, 162 Za amarilla, 368 UCO, 68
Jacquinia barbasco, 769 jfa bhnca, 880 Judas-tree, ~ D A ?
Jacqtkinia berterfl, 764 jfa brava, 576 judio, 122
Jacquinia mvoluta, 764 jla colorada, 370 JUGLANDACEAE, 10s
bgpu19512 j fa msnzaniUa, 146 Jugla9w i d a r i s , 10s
jagua amarillo, 512 j h peluda, 576 juglam jamaiceMb, 17,102
 jrijamo, 510 koffle, 506 lata i-caspi, 246
jiijano, 510 koko, 148 bthterry, 652
jujube, 506 kola, 532 Laugerb dewiflora,524
jn@k, India, 506 kolanut, 583 Lattgenh. reeinosa, 524
lujubler, 506 konaparan, 434 LA URACEAE, 110; ID, l8!2
jujul, 336 konn~nppalm,7~ laurel, 72, 116, 118, 120, 122, 468;
July-tree, 176 konorrepie, 422 120, 1Q4, 196, 188, 200, 202, 204,
jumay, 254 kopijk, 352 214
jumbie-apple, 366 koraro, 190 laurel, Alexandrian; 560
jumbie-bead, 144,146; 292 krans-palm, 53 Isurel amarillo, 116; 200
jwnbie-bean, 156 he-kre, 424 laurel avhpillo, 116,118; 804,212,
Junco marino, 180 Krughdendron ferreum, 316, 320; 985
jungleplum, mastic, 454 g87 laurel blanco, 114, 120, 468; 182,
juniper, 512,514 kufa, 352 I@&, 200,828
jcplter, 372,GI0 kuigi, 168 laurel b o b , 192,212
~uravaina,298 kulimiro, %?i? laurel cambdn, 103
, jurema de espinho, 108 kumaka, 334 laurel canelbn, 116, 118; 194, 206
juru e, 308 kumquat, 326 laurel, Casa Maria, 190
insi 0, 418; 19 kumquat, Hongkong, 826 laurel ci a, 116
jnso, 850 kumquat largo, 326 laurel corrado, 828
jutahy, 180 kumquat, marumi, 896 laurel de Benjamina, 110
kumquat, napami, 840 Laurel de le Indh, 72 ; 985
kadam, 914 kumquat, oval, 826 laurel de loma, 114
kaddo bakkoe, 334 kumquat redondo, 326 laurel de palama, 118; 204
kairnit, 438 kumquat, round, 316 laurel eepada, 120; 985
kaimit, wild, 436 kunquat, 326 LAUREL FAMILY, 110; 189
kajanna mnnja, 290 kunquat de Hongkong, $86 Inure1 geo, 122; 200, $04
kalabarie, 228 kurana, 244 laurol geo colorado, 198
kalabassenboom, 492
kalebas, 492
b a n i , 560 .
kuruaum, G ~ G
l'bglise, 146
t : %."%
~ ~ ~ ~
laurel negro, 468
122;196
116,488 ; PO0
kanakuchiballi, 360 lbpine, 230 laurel prieto, 116, 468; 196
kanan, 946 l'epjne gomrnier, 230 laurel rosa, 838
kaneelappel, 104 lb6plneaux $42 laurel rosado, 828
kankantrie, 334 IUpjnet, 240 laurel roseta,116; 198
kapok, 334 lPCprneux,340 laurel aabino, 94,96; 19, 085
kapokboom, 334 1'Cpineux blanc, 888 laurelcherry, 2.96
kapokier, 334 l'epineux rouge, 840 laurelcherry, myrtle, 236
keraba-balli, 246 lo, I84 lrrttrelcherry, West Indies, 238
karohoro, 428 la glu, 424 laurelillo, 116; 196
karpata, 499 laal, 184 laurier, 122
kasabahoedoe, 428 laboue cochon, 409 laurier blanc, 116
kasjoe, 288 laburnum, Indian, 170 laurier bois, 184
kasjoema, 102 lody-of-thenight, 600, 868,878 laurier caca, 192
hod-tree, 174 h e t i a procent, 582,088 laurier canelle, 81 8
katoelirna, 386 lagarto, 232 laurier cypre, 468
katoenboom. 334 lagarto amarillo, 232 laurier de rose, 912
katoupo, 580 lagarto negro 232 laurier fine, 122
katuna di seda, 836 lagarto-caspi haneo, 360 laurier gland 192
katunbom, 334 Lagerstroemia flos-reginae, 382 laurier qrandes feuilles, 189
kaubaati, 232 Lagerstroedo indica, 882 ;610 laurier jaune, 114; 184
kauri, 54 hger8troern;ta- spoeloaa, 382; 988 lnurier madame, 110,122
kauri, Australia, 50 lagli, 494 laurier marbr6,116
kauri, Queeneland, 54 Lagos-rubber, 826 leurier noir, 122; 196
kauri-pine, 50 Luguncdaria raclentosa, 12, 386, laurier puant, 120
kaway, 206 392,476 ;888 laurier rose, 30; 214; 828
kawa swamp, 206 la nero, 206 laurier rouge, 184
ka y u k , 172 ) a Eimin, 134 laurier tropical, 8188
kayuwa, 326 lamoentsji, 222 Laurocerasus mvrtifolia, 1296
kel ki heel, 502 larnoentsji die Surinaam, 334 Latirocerasus occidentcrb, 988
kemeri, $88 lamoentsji sjimarbn, 834 Lalcrocerasus aphaerocarpa, 386
kenepa, 306 Iamunchi, 218 IavapCn, 62
kenepier, 306 lamunchi dushi, 222 Lawsonta inermb, 612
kerkpalm, 79 Inna, 336,512 laylay, 474
ketambilla, 578 lancewood, 116, 200; 176,178, 924 laylay, hairy, 474
kibihidan, 368 Iancewood, black, 176 leadtree, 1561 985
Kickzia e&8tica, 886 landi, 350 leadwood, 320; 987
kidneywood, 204 lanero, 336 leather-coat-tree, 78
Ynep, 306; 987 lanilla, 336 leatherwood, 298
k~ng-of-flowers.382 Laplaceu portoricenafa, 346 ;19 leathemood, southern, 298
kinnup-tree, 306 lam, 164 lebbek, 146,148: 985
kitembilla, 578 laraha, 220 lebisa, 114,116,120
klapperboom, 40 laraha zier, 220 leche prieta, 448
Kleinicwia hospita, 536 loran, 914 lechecillo, 284, 436, 440; 778, 780,
knippen, 500 laranja amarga, 220 089
koelarie, 360 laran jn da terra, 220 lechera, 408
koerahara, 360 Last'aztthu9 &z?u?eoZattc8,868 lecherillo, 832 '
koesoewee, 358 Lmia~tthziumoraledi, 088 lechero, J08,486
koetsjaara, 920 latapi, 246 lechero de cercas, bia
 lecher0 de lindero, 4 0 8 , ~ 0 , . 4 1 t lim6n de cnbro, 222; 086 Lucuma mammoea, 792
leehoeo, 374,376; 598,988 lim6n de JeruealBn, 834 L w m a multiflcwa, 462
lechu 486 l i m b dulce, 218 lumbra blancu, 090
LECBHIDACEAE.
leele, 620
616 limon france, 222
lim6n franc&, 222
Lunania buchii, 18,584
Lyonia rtrbiginora, 17,760
LEGUME FAMILY, 142; 240 lim6n real, 222 b o n k atahlii, 760
LECUMZNOSAE, 142; 240 lim6n sutil, 218 LYTHRACEAE, 382; 608
1
le lo, 104
le i. 244
lhonaria, 888
limoncaspi, 366
limoncilb, 210, 276, 306, 308, 868,
Waba sintenieii, 706
mabi, 318; 987
lemoen, 218 396, 414; 19, 166, 146, 898, 884, mahouya, 220, 924
lemon, 222; 086 474,576, psi?,636 maca colorado, 190
lemon, Canton, 222 limonclllo clmarr6n, 686 macaby, 146
lemon, myrtle, 334 limoncillo de playa, 146 maurdamh, 140
lemon, wld, 576 limoncillo del monte, 396, 410; Macadamia tarnifolla, 1 4 0
lemonario, 576 624; 636,989 macagua, 128,304
lemonwood, 024 limoncito, 384 mticaguete, 644
leiia amarga, 850 limonejo, 46& macagiiey, 164
lengua de mujer, 148 limonero, 222 macanabo, 436,440
lengua de vaca, 426; 486, 728 limpia batella. 688 macano, 108
lengua viperina, 148 limulana, 108 macao, 138,208
lent-tree, 202 linguom, 132; 226 macapaqui, 868
leoncito,0)6 Iino, 156 macaprein, 294
lt5pinb jaune, 230,232 lino criollo, 156 macarbie, 508
lhpineux jaune, 230 Linocbm ariUijlom, 468; 818 macata, 156
IBpuni jaune. 230,232 Unoeiera caribaea, 458; 820 macata blanca, 156
@Leucaena laucn, 156; 085 Wnociera domingerub, 14, 458; macayo, 190
~eucma%ucocqphala,156; 985 22,989 macca, poiaon, 864
leviza, 114 Linocdera holdridgii, 458; 17, 822 machacomo, 366
libertad, 134: 882 Linociera ligturrina, 18,824 Machaedum lunarum, 304
liberty-tree, 886 Hrio, 458,462; 409,8i?4,890 Machaonia poriorieenah, 950
libidibi, 270 lido bob, 982 machete, 192
Libidibia coriaricr, 870 lirio santana, 608; 082 machetillos, 192
-Llcmia brittonlna, 17,190 lirio tricolor, 462 mnchette, 190
liarla, Gulf, 114; 085 Ilagas de San Francisco, 834 Maclura tinctoria, 108
Licaria jamaicBf18i8.114 maco, 402
Licaria wlicifdia, 13. 110, 112 1 macoi, 330
Ilorasangre, 216 macoucoua, 446
. . llorbn, 282; 080 macoutouca, 42
licorice, 164 Ilorona, 298 macrioi, 718
lidflower, 396 Ilovima, 604 dfamocatdpa longissirnu, 882
lidflower, pole, 396; 632 Ilume-palm, Puerto Rico, 42 macuelizo, 904
lignum nephriticum, 204 lluvia, 864 macuil, 904
lignumvitae, 212,214 lluvia de oro, 180 macuilis, 904
lignumvihe, common, 212; 986 lluvia de plata, 758 maculez, 004
lignumvitae, false, 272 loblolly, 90 maculigua, 904
lignumvitae, holywood, 214 loblolly-tree, 840 maculiz prieto, 004
lignumvitae, roughbark, 214 locus, 180 maculizo, 904
Liguurum japonicum, 816 locust, 178, 180 macuriie, 304; 494
Liguatrum sinense, 814 locust-berry 256; 866 Madagnscn~polm,72
liia, 846 locust-tree, 856 madam naiz, 180
lila, 248: 864, Lodoicea maldiviea, 38 madam ass 180
lilac. 248
lilac, Persian, 864
Ionwood. 286
lo- ood; white, 506
MADDJR ~ A M I L Y ,504; 919
madera negra, 198
lilaila, 248 l o g , 180 madiera, 252
lilas, 248 Lonchocarpur domingenrb, Madras-thorn, 162
lilas de nuit, 878 200; 21,300 madre de cacao, 194,198
lilas des Indes, 248 Londocarpus glaucifoliua, madre de flecha, 162
lilas du pays, 248 302 madriado, 198
ljlas &ranger, 248 Lonchormpus latifoliua, 188, madrial, 198
Illayo, 248,300 086 madroiio, 024
LILIACEAE. 80 ~ o ~ h o c a pentaphytlus,
~ u o 986 madura, 198
LILY FAMILY,80 Lonchoca us een'cm, 800 maduraverde, 438
lima, 218 Ion -tom 7 8 0 mago, 130,328; 19,988
lima agria, 218 LO~SESITRIFE FAMILY, 982; maga colorada, 328
lima boba, 218 608 Maga qrandiflora. 328
lima chica, 218 loquat, 232,284 magenlel, black, 270
lime, 218; 986 lora, 864 MAGNOLIA FAMILY, 94; 168
lime, sweet, 218 lorencillo. 408 Magndia portorieetda, 14, 94; 19,
lime, West Indian, 218 lorito, 138 88
limeberry, 334 loro. 138 ~ & a o l irplendenn,
a 14, 94, 96; 19,
limeberry, trifoliate, 384 LOTOIDEAE, 188 22, OR6
lime-leaf-plant, 218 louro, 468 MAGNOLIACEAE, 94; lo, 168
limewood, 478 louro amarello, 468 mago, 130; 214
lim6n,218, 222 louvi, 580 maguey silvestre, 82
limb agrio, 218,222; 086 lovi-lovi, 580 m a N r a , 806
l i m b cedra 8g8 luck-seed, 834 mahajo, 370
lim6n cornfin, 222 luckybean-bush, 884 mahaudeme, 336
l i m b criollo, 218.222 lucky-nut, 834 mahault de Londres, 330
mahaut franc, 326 malcaconier, 202 mangel blancu, 390,478
mahaut iment, 56 malimbi, 08 mange1 tan, 384
moho, 3&, 330: 604 MALLOW FAMILY. 326: 516 mangeniel, 376
maho, beach, 330 maloko, 134 manggaboom, 290
maho noir, 174 BIal 'ghia angustifol' 376 manmel Cora, 320
mclhae, 326; 518,604 MA~PIGHIA FAMI%, 256; 968 manijjjo, 290
mahoe, black, 306 hhlpighia fucata, 370 ehfangijera India, 286, 288)
mahoe, blue 580 Matpighia glabrcr, 972 mangle, 384,394 392; 010
mahoe, bombast, 336 Malpighia infeathima, 374 mangle amarillo, 392
mahoe, mountain, 5%0 Malpighia linearb, 376 mangle blanc, 392,478
mahoe pimente, 604 Malpighia pallem 17,378 mangle blanco, 12, 392, 478
mahoe, seaside, 326,330 Malpighia pudci{olio, 380 mangle b o b , 392,478; 910
mahogany, 13,248,260,262 Ma1 igliip ahajeri, la, 17, 380 mangle botln, 12,390; 088
mahogany, bigleaf, 260
mahogany, Brazilian 260
MJ 'ghrcr thum sonii, 380
~?PICHIACEAE,
MA 266 ;361
mangle botoncillo. 390
mahogany, British fionduras, 250 maluco. 512 manile coIomdo; 12, 384) 088
mahogany, broadleaf, 250 MALVACEAE, 326; 10,516 mangle de chifle, 384
mahogany, Central American, 250 mamaja, 354 mangle garbancillo, 390
mahogany, Dominlcon, 17, 250; mamSio, 376 mangle gateador, 384
497 mamaya, 354 mangle Fris, 390
mih'&any du pays, 262 mambee, 318 mangle iguanero, 478
MAHOGANY FAMILY. 242; 356 mamee, 354 mangle injerto, 384
mahogany, Hondums, 248, 250; mamee sapote, 708 mangle jeli, 390
087 mamee-apple, 708 mangle Ilorom, 390
mahogany, mediumleaf, 260 mnmey, 354; 703,088 mangle mare uita, 390,392
mahogany, Peruvian. 260 mamey amarillo, 364 mangle medalle. 206
mahogany petites feuilles, 252 mamey colorado, 708 mangle nepo, 12,390,478
mahogany, small-leaf, 262 mamey de Carta ena 354 mangle now, 384
mahogany, S anish, 252 mamey de ~antoB$o&ngo,354 mangle piiiuelo, 390
mahogany, dnezuelan, 260 mamey de tiena, 798 mangle piquant, 804
mahogany, West Indies, 250, 252; mamey del cum, 556 i mnngle prlato, 390, 392, 476, 478;
987 mamey hediondo, 618 990
maho ny, WestrIndian, 252
mahor252
mahomo, 200
mamey rojo, 793
mnmey eapote, 792
mameycillo, 434
I manile rojo, 384
mangle rosado. 478
mangle rouge, -384
mahoni, 262 mameyuelo, 430, 434, 444; 740, mangle salado, 384,478
mahot, 326 766,768,788,080 mangle torcido, 390
mahot, blanc 840 mami, 354 mangle zapatero, 384
mahot bord-de-mer, 330 mamie 364 manglecito, 478
mahot gombo, 326 mamieboom, 364 manglier, 384, 390
ndes feuilles, 474 ,Mammea americana, 13, 348, 354t manglier blanc 392
p%k [Link], 174
mahot noir, 174
21,088
mammee sapota, 708
manglier chande~le,384
manglier @s, 390
mahot riviere, 838 mammee-apple, 354; 088 manglier noir, 478
mahot-h&tre, 340 mammi, 354 manglier rouae, 384
mahot-piment, 604 mammier, 178 manglillo, 432: 016
mahout, 380; 604 mamoeiro, 376 mango, 288 290; 087
mahout pimente, 604 mambn, 102 306,376 mango, wild, 448
mai das arvores, 334 m a m b de dartagena, 306 mangosttin, 564,566
mals bouilli, 864 m a m h de perro, 172 mangosteen, 564,566
maiz pelado, 458 mamoncillo, 306; 680 MANGOSTEEN FAMILY. 848;
maiz tostado, 520 ; 438 mamoncillo blanco, 620 .55R
majagua, 56, 92, 326; SIP, 530 memorana grande, 530 m a n b ~ t i n566
,
majagua aeul, 580 mampolo, 494 mangot! 290
mejogua brava, 380 ;10,088 mampoo, 90 mangotine 290
malagua colorada 58 mampoo, black, 92; 085 mangro, 384
majagua de ~ ~ o r i d330
a, mnm oo, water, 90; 985 mangrove, 384,476; 088
majagua de mona, 92 man[ 896,410 man ve black, 384
mojagw de sierra, 380; 604 nuanae, Puerto Rienn, 70 MA&?R~VE FAMILY, 384; 620
malagua de toro, 340 manacla, 42 mangrove, red, 384
malagua llina, 190 manax, 128 mangue, 290,390,392
malagua L b r a . 326 manca de torro, 604 mangue branco 390.392
majagua quemadora, 380 manca-caballo, 168 mangue de bodo, 390
majafiilla, 330 mancenillier, 290 mangue sapateiro, 384
majaflilla de costa, 584 manchineel, 274,276 ; 087 mangue vermelho, 384
ma 'agliillo, 511 manchioneel, 276 mangueira, 290
majagUito, 519 mancinillier, 276 m a n y e l , 394
majao, 326 mnncume, 604 manguier, 290
moji, 518 mancuno, 604 manhage, 848
ma oe, seaside, 326 mandari~n,8$4 mani kwaha, 360
makka pruirn, 296 mandadno, 218; 844 Manila-tamarind, 162
ma1 hombre, 134 mandarine, 324 Manilkara achras, 089
mala di suerte, 866 mandioque~ra,428 Manilkara albeacenr, 786
mala mujer, 188,164,304,408,464, mandobide-pau, 538 Ma?tilkctl.a balata, 444
592 manero, 258 @Manilkam bidentaro, 12, 18, 14,
mologuetn, 414; 696, 636, 866, 080 mang blanc, 910 436,4441 11, 12,980
malal f ustete, 108 manga, 290 ManiUcara duplicata, 444; 788
malambo, 362 mangabi, 428 ManiUcara emargimta, 446; 788
Molay-apple, 404;088 mangel, 390,392 Manilkam laimiqui, 446; 788
 maraviua, 272 Maximilianea vitifolia, 360
marble-tree, 460 maximilier, 276
marcelo, 582 maya, 712
marchueha, 502 maya, red, 720
~rnito, 390
372.130; 484
maya, white, 712. 798
Mayepea axiUifiora, 458 ;818
margabomia, 576 Mayepea uzribaea, 458; 810
Margaritaria nobilis, 288; 987 Mawepea doming&, 458
margoen, 358 mayflower, 904
maria, 12,348,350; 988 maybs, 17)
maria angola, 520 Maytenur cymosa, 16,17,466
manjnck, white, 474; 840,990 mariana, 8W Maytenus elliptica, 468
manman y s p e s , 132 mariane~ra,868 Maytenus elongata, 470
mannie botie~e.434 maricao, 256, 346; 866, 368, 987 Maytenua ponceana, 472
maricao amarillo, 987 mazapfin, 62
. . - mnrimo c i m a d n , 258; 087 mecabal, 604
mano de oso, 426 maricao colorado, 987 Meeraniun~amygdalinum, 706
manolo, 394 marleno verde, 258,346; 19 medicinier, 416
manone, 848 Marie-Jeanne, 254 medjcinier bkni, 416
manteco, 256,258,432 man-mari, 876 m+!cjnjer blanc, 416
manteco blanco, 432,434 marimary preto, 976 med!cm~er d9Inde,480
manteco de agua, 256 marhnary rana, 676 m a c i n i e r espagnol, 420
manteco merey, 258 marimnry saro, 416 medlar, Japanese, 834
manteco sabanero, 256 marimoiia, 520 meerilang, 412
mnntequero, 432,434 mario, 350 Melaleuca Ieuc&uivon, 680
mantequita, 88% mariposn, 168; 986 Melaleuca quinquenerwia 680
mantequito, 432 marisi balli, 234 MELASTOMATACEA~, 418; 19,
manto, 468 marlberry, Guadelou e, 430 696
manu, 246 Marlierea sintenisii, 890 MELASTOME FAMILY, 418; 696
manuno, 842 maimalade-box, 512 melero, 864
manzaliiia bobo, 408 marmelo bravo, 286 Melia azadirachta, 358
manzalinja, 276 marmelo do matto, 236 Melia asedarach, 242,246; 987
m a n a n a , 402,404 marrow, wild, 396 MELIACEA E, 242; 856
manzana de Faiti, 404 Martin Avlla, 926 Melicocca bijuga, 306
manzana de oro, 292 martinica, 888 Meliwcew bijugatua, 302,306; 987
manzana de Otahiti, 292 marups, 428 Meliosma herberrii, 14, 314; 91,
manzana del diablo, 1-56 maso, 240; 986 987
manzana guayaba, 146 masaquilla, 58 tll&xnca obtusijolia, 314; 496
mnntana mnlnyn, 404; 988 mastate, 604 melucha, 494
manzana rosa. 402 mastate blanco, 64 mel6n. 216
manzanilla 276; 146,880,910 mastic, 454 mel6n zapote, 376
manzanilla bobo, 408 mastic-bully, 454 membrill~to,936
manzanillo, 274,284; 146,408,834, Maatichodendron foetidimhum, membrillo, 462
087 45,s membrillo de monte, 146
manzanillo de costa, 276 mastic-tree, 238 memiso, 58; 512
manzanillo de playa, 276 mastwood, 454; 882 memiso do paloma, ti8
manzanita, 879 mata caimhn, 192 memizo cimarr6n, 66,58
manzanita de rosa, 402 mata de chivo, 308 memizo de majagua, 56
manzano, 716 mata de seda, 836 mendrina, 586
mapahuite, 254 mata mllina, 408,868 Mesendszia hflora, 746
mapkn, 62 mata piojo, 254 Menende-k stdtlii, 748
mapola, 196 mata piskaa, 761 Menendezia urbanii, 752
mapoleona, 298 matabecerro, 218 MENISPERMACEA E. 168
mapoo, 92 mataboy, 200 merecurillo, 234
mapou, 90,334,474; 842 matabney, 880 mereke, 288
mapou blanc, 8@ matAburro, 180 merey, 258.288
mapou gris, 90,466 matacartago, 576 mkrisier, 406; 474, 626, 648, 658,
mapou noire, 918 matakki, 386 668, 688, 688
mapou zombi, 586 matapal, 352 m6risier grandee feuilles, 678
Mappia meemow, 478 matapalo, 118 mkrisier noir, 858
mappoo, 90 matapez, 306 m6risier pays, 648
mapurite, 338 mala-rathn, 196,198; 986 mkrisjer petites feuilles, 412; 642
mapurite blanco, 838 matasano, 868 merisler rougel 406
mapurite negro, 338 mata-serrano 354 mhrisier ti-feudles, 8G9
mapurito, 232 matatauba, 488 mesa, 448
mapurito prieto, 838 Matayba apetala, 404 mespel, 446
maqueliz, 904 Matayba domingemia, 14, 3041 92, mespel, wild, 442: 989
mar paclfico, 520 494 mesquite, 166,168; 986
mara, 236,350 Matayba o positifolia, 304; 494 mesauit-tree. 168
maracao, 618 mntchwook: 4281 989 mest~zo.246 '
manin, 396 mate, 492 Metopiurn toxijerum, 286, 290; 987
maranga calalli, 134 mate prieto, 460 Mexicancedar, 244
maranguey. 30 matesillo, 896 MEZEREON FAMILY, 380; 604
maraiibn, 288 matico falso, 50 mezqulte. 168
marafi6n de Curacao, 404 matillo, 202 miche, 192
maraiibn japonk. 404 mato. 202 Miconia affinis. 708.989
maraquil, 302 mato colorado, 146 Miconia fzt he;gil& 716
maravedi, 4~ matuhua, 462 Miconia fooeolata. 422 : 710
maravilha, 278 mauricef, 256 Miconia g u i a n m b , 716
 'iconia impetiolarb, 422 ;712 mombin, 294 mucutena, 206
'iconia laevigaia, 422; 714 mombin bfitard, 254 mucuteno, 382
'iconia lanata, 422; 726 mombin espagnol, 292 mucutero extranjero, 274
'iconb macrophyfla, 788 mombin franc, 294 mudah, 886
'iconia microcarpa, 422; 708, 989' mombin fruits jaunes, 294 mudar, 886
'konia rnirabilis, 716 mombin, p u r p l , 294,296; 987 muerto, 810
'ieonia ottomchukii, 422 ;718 mombin, red, 296 mula, 406
'iwnia pachyphylh, 422; 718 mombin rou 296 mulato, 110,236; 180
'iwnia prcuina, 418,422; 989 mombin, yeEw, 2941 987 mulberry, black, 126
'iconia punctaia, 422 ; 720 monbe, 294 MULBERRY FAMILY, 60; 106
'iconia pycnoneum, 422; 722 monbin, 294 mullaca, 708
'iconia racernoma, 422; 724 monbinier, 294 mullaca colorado, 422
'iconia rubiginosa, 422; 736 mondacapullo, 688 mullu caspi, 422
iconia serrulata, 728 mondururu preto, 422 mulungii, 196
'iwnia sintenisii, 422; 730 mon ollano, 162 muiieco, 470, 472; 19, 848, 900
'iconia rubcorymbow, 422; 792 mon&y-ap le. 352; 172 muiieco blanco, 840
'iconfa tetrandra, 422; 734 monkey-gotlet. 352 munguba preta, 580
'iwnia thornmiam, 422; 17, 736 monkey-pistol, 278 Muntingia calabura, 512
'icropholis chrysophylloides,
- - - 14, monkeypod, 166 muralera, 828
448; 2a monkey-soap, 258 muraya, 828
Mieropholia curvata, 448 Monteruma grandijlom, 328 Muwaea, see Murraya, 828
Micropholis ~arciniaejolia, 14, 450 ?Uontesurna specioaisrirna, 13, 326, Muwaya ezdica, 818
Micropholia garciniifolia, 19, 22, 328; 19.21, 988 Murraya panieulata, 328
9R9 monval 156 murta, 400; 620,642, 644,670,684,
m h i d e pajarito, 816 MOONSEED,FAMILY, 168 688,738
mignonette, 612 mopd, 294 WUSACEAE, 86
miponette-tree, 618 mopp6,294 muscat, nut, 460
mile, 406; 474,688 mom, 108, I26 mGsico, 148
mijico, 442 mora amarilla, 108 muskwood, American, 244; 986
mijo, 688 mora del pais, 108 mutamba, 340
milkbush, 464; 414 mora lisa, 108 mututy, 206
milktree, 460; 989 mora macho, 108 mutuy, a82
MILKWEED FAMILY, 896 mora negra, 126 muyo-kit ot, 446
milkweed, giant, 836 MORACEAE, 60; 106 MYOP~RACEAE, 910
milkwood, 1P8,426,880 832 moral, 474; 108,990 MYOPORUM FAMILY. 910
MILKWORT FAMIL+, 260; moral de clavo, 108 Myrcia berberis, 410768k, 989
milkybush, 460; 88% moral de paz, 474 ~Myrciacitri olia, 410; 624
milky-iron, 436 moral fino, 108 &fyrcia dojdwa. 14, 396, 4108 89,
milkytree, 882 momlbn, 78 9R9
mille branches. 282 morera negra, 126 ~ ; i c > afallax, 684, 989
millerwood, 336 moriengo, 134 lCIyrcia fenrbatuc, 678
d o , 282; 987 morillo. 108 Myrcja erru 'nea, 410
mimbre, 54 morindn, 518; 990 vMyraal!pdda, 410; 626, 989
miminet. 618 Morinda citrijolia, 504,518; 990 Myrcia lindenwna, 678
mimosa, 156 moringa, 134 l y r e i a (P) paganii, 410; 684
MIMOSA SUBFAMILY, 1 Moringa moringa, 134 ~RIyrciosplendans, 412; 989
mimosa, West Indies, 156 Moringa oleifera, 134: 228 Myrcianthee f ajardensis, 686
mimosa. wild, 156 Moringa terygospemur, 134 Myrciantha frapana, 686,98S
MIMOSACEAE, 142; 240 MORIN&CEAE, 134: 938 hfyrciaria floribunda, 688,980
MIMOSOZDEAE, 142; a40 Morisonia americana, 228 'Myrica cerifera, 98
Mimusops albescens, 786 morita, 108 M y r i m holdridgeana, 17,100
Mintusope balccta, 444 morito. 728
Mimusons bidentata 444 morito de 140,896
Mimusops d m t i n g e d , 444 morivivf c i m a d n , 256 myrobalane, 294.
Mimusops duplicata, 788 morotoM, 428 Myroepermurn fruteecem, 304
' Mimusops emarginda, 788 morro, 490 M.~rozylonbuxifolium, 59%
Mimusops riedleana, 444 moruro, 160 Myrozylort pachy hyllum, 594
Mintusom sieberi. 444 moruro prieto, 160 biyrozylon schaep!erioide8,586
minerva, 610 moruro rojo. 160 M rozylon schwaneckeanum, 598
miraguano, 78 Bforus nigra, 1 2 6 I!'RSINACEAE, 430; 766
m h o , 328,688,989 mostacilla, 13; 220 myrsine 434
misanteca, Gulf. 114 mote extranjero, 274 M Y R S I ~ EFAMILY, 430; 766
Misanteca triandra, 114 moteado, 410 nfursine g u i d , 989
misanteco, 114 mother-of-cocoa, 196; 986 MYRTACEAE, 396; 19,628
mispel 446 motillo, 324 mvrte. 406
mispelboom, 446 moMn, 190 [Link], 98
misple, mild, 928 mountain-cabbage, 44 MYRTLE FAMILY, 396; 692
miepu, 446 mountain-ebony, Z68 myrtlesf-the-river, 638
Mitropddium sintenieii, 682 mountain-palm, 42
mixito, 868 Mouriri d o m i n g e ~ b738
, nabaco, 510
moca, 188,190: 986 'Mouriri helleri, 740 nacascol, 168; 270
moca blanca, 190 Mouriri samnemk, 740 nacascolo, 270
mochigUiste, 162 moutouchi de savane, 206 nacascolote, 870
mockornn~re,328 mdcaro, 796 nacazle, 258
mocmayn, 334 mucha gente, 593 nacedero, 408,412
moeleri, 256 muche, 148 Nageia coriacea, 30
moho, blue. 326 muche blanco. 254 naked-boy, 238
moke, 618 muehichil8n, 58 naked-Indian, 238
molinillo, 276, 336 mueo, 618 nakedwood, 816,318 ;686
 paaloe seijzr maatsjae, 238 pnlma justa. 42 )a10 de hoz, 304
uaabe swriati 144 Ibdma kana-, 70 ?a10 de hueso, 272, 458; 649, 8J2,
babito, 370 Ipalma plateada, 74 822
pacana, 618 p a l m real, 34,444 18 76,984 )a10 de incienso, 236
pacay, 190 p o ~ a n4=darn, 76 )a10 de jaqueca, 330
almacristi, 423 palo de amnia, 608; 798
Fachaca, 226, as8
achim insi ,530
~aeli&bur EandrUIJ, 240
~ A L ~ A 34 E ;,19,68
palmelra bambu, 72
1
palo de a cruz, 368,462
pa10 de lana, 396
pacbn, 308 palmera, 84 ?ale de leche, 270, 464; 128, 8.99
palmera de coco, 40 palo de maria, 350
palmera sin esplnaa, 28 palo de mato, 146
padauk, 204 palmetto, Bermuda 46 * 984 pab de matoe, 200; 986
padouk, Burma, 308 polmotto, ~iapmlola,$8,984 palo de millo, 282
padauk, Burma-coast, 204 palmetto, hog, 76 palo de mbantew, 114; 985
padauk, India, 204 palmetto, Paerto Riw, 46; 19, 984 palo de mora, 108
prrdero, 428 palmilla, 28 70 p d o de mdetn, 400 ;658
pae manuel, 406 palmlste i &apelet, 42 palo de muiieca, 472; 8&
pain d'bpice, 452 palmiste blanc, 42 palo de mufieco, 464; 990
paina, 528 palmiste franc, 42 palo de mufieco blanco, 842
paina de seda, 628 palmjste montagne, 42 palo de murta, 450, 658
paineira, 598 palmita, 78, 84 palo de navIdad, 620
pain-in-back, 56 palmito, 84 palo de nigua, 862
painkiller, 518; 990 palo amargo, 264, 282, 308, 818, palo de nuez, 102,888
pajarobobo, 54 464; 104,850,989 palo de orejas, 620
po'nil, 286 4 987 palo amarillo, 368; 108,816,476 palo de orquidem, 170; 266, 268
paial, 160 palo barba de ~ndio,a20 palo de paloma, 463
palbtuvier, 206,890,592,478 polo blanm, 268, 866, 368, 570; pa20 de pan, 62
palhtuvier blanc, 478 402,446, 448, 482, 484, 90% 986, palo de pan cimarsn, 216
palOtuvier gris, 380 888, 989 palo de peine,
al6tuvier rouge, 384 palo bobo, 90, 136, 194, 360, 466; palo de peje, 234
b dicourea alpina, 952
I Palicaurea [Link]~fo,954
172,2*?0,885
pa10 borracho rosado, 528
palo de perico 92
palo de pronta, 202
Pdicourea brmth~raa,956 palo bronco, 370 palo de peronlas, 202
Paficourea crocea, 956 pa10 camardn, g46 palo de pez 234
Paliwurea damingem&, 958 palo Campeche, 286 palo de pofio, 206,4!26
pallcoma, red, 956 palo chino, 236,238 palo de pol10 negro, 426; 756
,P alimurea riparia, 960 palo colorado, 298; 440, 552, 598, pa10 de puerco, 688
pallcourea, showy, 954 987 palo de quina, 608
palicourerr, yellow, 960 palo coral, 946 p d o de ramin, 572
palinguhn, 132; 218,220 palo coma, 354 palo de raro, 180; 986
palissandre, 182 palo de abejas, 134 palo de reins, 480
palito, 414 palo de aceite, 240 palo de my, 490
palito de vara, 706 palo de aceituna, 268 palo de row, 480,904
palm, bamboo, 7$ palo de algodbn, 518 palo de sabsna, 432
alm butterfly, 72 palo de anastasio, 254 palo de aable, 428
FAL~
palm
FAYILT, 94; 68
Iden-frurt, 79
palo de araiia, 474
pa10 de avispaa, 678
palo de sal, 892,478
pa10 de seca, 190
g
palmi adassscar, 72
palm, mrtnac, 70
palo de balsa, 336
palo de boys, 196
pa10 de tea, 216
palo de teja, 831
palm,peaberry, 78,80 palo de buev, 556 palo de tints, 286
pdm, prickly, 34; 986 palo de burro. 190, 426; 290, 974 palo de tinte, 286
palm, red butterfly, 79 palo de cabra, 58,456; 80% palo de taro, 610: 216,610
palm, royal 1 9 palo de cabrilla, 56 palo de tortuga, 260
I
palm, seamberry, 74 palo de cachimbo, 960 polo de vaca, 268, 426, 466; 40&,
palm, sierra, 14,QOa 984 palo de cachumbn, 426; 766 756 840, 888
palm, yellow, 72 palo de caja, 484 palo de vaca blanco, 402
palma, 84 palo de candela,598 palo de vela, 898
p h a arecn, 72 palo de caiia, 478 palo de vidrio, 862
palma boba, 42 pnlo de eera, 100,898 palo de violeta, 260
palma cana, 78 palo de chivo, 874 palo de yagua, 364; 582
palma Christi. 4%E palo de clavo, 890 palo de yuca 270
palma de abanico, 46; 74,86 palo de col, 589 palo de zorriho, 274
p a l m do eoco, 38,4O; 984 pa10 de corcho, 02 ; 178 palo diablo, 182,320
palma de cojollo, 46, 78 palo de cotona, 370 palo itaro, 426
palma de corozo, 34 palo de cotorra, 264,620 palo Ediondo. 200; 974, 818
palma de costa, 44 palo de cotorro, 988 palo jerinaa, 134
pnlma de coyor, 36; 19,984 pnto de am,356,462 :19,942 palo jiote, 238
palma de eetmba, 78 palo de cucnbnnq 514: 900 pa10 lagarto, 536
palma de Guinea, 76 palo de cuello, #go palo lechueq 832
p o b n de Ilnvia, 42 8 10,884 palo de dajao, 614, 516 palo IloAn, 604 ;920
palma de manacla, 42 palo de danta, 426 palo marfa, 850
paIma da aierra, 40; 884 palo de doneella, 266; 366 palo misanteco, 114
palma de sombrero, 46; 18,984 pa10 de gallinn, 264; 868, 990, 087 palo moro, 108, 866
palma de tirabuzdn, 66 pa10 de gangulln, 756 palo mujer, 264
palrna de tornillo, 66 palo de garrocha, 336 palo mulsto, 256
p a h a de viajem, 86 palo de gomo, 64, 68,472; 844, 984 palo n e w , 286
palma de yagua cabana, 76 pa10 de apngoli, 620 palo prieto, 194
palma de yaguas, 44 ; 76 pa10 de guitarra, 480 palo pulato, 236
palrna dorada, 79 palo de hierro, 108, 210, 320, 616 palo rajador, 370
palo retinto, 236 papayillo, 340 pela burro, 282
palo Robinson, 620 papayo, 290.376; 418.987 pela manos, 604
palo mbio 232; 986 [Link], 376 pellejo de indio, 286
palo salvaje, 364 papaybn, 428 pellejo de vieja, 604
p d o santo, 118, 194, 212, 214, 426; papa ote, 360 pelo de vieja, 656
202,806 papoillo, 316 peloto 190
pa10 seco, 200 papelite, 370 e~to~horurn, 182
palo tabaco, 474 paperbark-tree, 680 beltoplm~unaf e m t t e u m , 182
pa10 verbena, 582 oa~illon.208 Peltophoram inerme, 168,182; 986
palo verraco, 699 papo, 520 Peltopharum rozburghii, 182
palo yugo, 904 papoula, 520 pelCla 420
pa10 za 0,296 paradise-tree, 248 peneilbueh, 414
palo-jak5n. 308 paralso, 134 248: 358 pencil-tree, 414
paloma, 208 paraiso blanco, 134 penda, 478,480; 97e
palomino, 480 poraiso de Esoaiia. 134 pendare, 444
palo-p6lvora, 58 pamiso franc&, 134.. pendejera, 884.888
paloverde, 180 aralabatia fuertemt, 790 pendejera hedionda, 884
paloverde, Mexican, 180 Paralabatia ..ortoricensis, 462; 790 pendejera macho. 884
palpa guano, 508 paraparo, 308 pindula, 478,480,486: 990
palta, 128 arata, 444 p6ndula blanca, 486
palto, 128 g aratheab crenulata, 772
Parathesis serndata, 772
p6ndula cimarrona, 856
palu cayente, 330 pendnln dc eierra, 4785 858,990
palu di cashupete, 288 pardillo, 468 penny-piece, 452
palu di f rut'i pan, 62 pardillo blanco, 840 eneamiento, 864
palu di lechi, 778 parfsol, 474 k t u v h a hm dbiflom, 908
palu di mora, 108 paresaeux, 758 peonk, 1f6
palu di pluta, 778 parici, 158; 982 pepenance, 146
palu di pushi, 462 ariti, 326 pepenvortelboom, 134
palu dushi, 108
palu dushi di cabei, 108
5 arititcm elattcm. 520
Pafitium tiliaceum, 326
pepino de firbol, 900
pepino de la India, 813
palu santu, 330 Parkinuonia aeuleata, 168, 180; 986
pama. 426
pamashto, 444 park-nut,
arntentiera cerijera, 898
fi84P"!i FAMILY, 50; W
peppeptree, B d , 440
pam~lemousse,224; 881 Parmentiera eduL, 900 peppertree, monks, 866
pamplemusa, 861 parota, 258 pera, 404
pan, 62 parrot-a ple, 362; 930 peraleja, 258
pan c i m a d n , 216 parrot-pfum, 696 [Link], 256,258: 726
pan de fruta, 62 panva, 478 peralejo blanco, 258
pan de trim, 254 padlla 248; 616 peralelo de pinar, 256
pan galleta, 928 pasito, 234,518 peralejo de sabana, 258
pan mango 448 pata de danta, 340 perenqueta, 824
pan y quesi'to, 486 pata de pfijaro, 946 oerico, 92
pana, 62 pata de vaca, 170,254; 966 perita haitiana, 506
pana cimarrona, 62,428 patabfin, 392 perlas, 134
pann de pepitas, 60 pataban de monte, 122 perlilla, g66
pana forastera, 62 patabue ,868 pernilla de casa, 192
panami, 340; 894 paternil&, 150 peronla, 202
ponamn-tree, 340 pati, 492 peronins, 144
panapbn, 60 patillo, 302 peronlae chatas, 146
panapen cimrnarh, 216 pativier, 490 peronilla, 192
anax, 758 patte lapin, 336 eronio, 192
5 ANDANACEAE, 66
andnno, 66
patte tortue, 602
oau de cortume, 266
beraea
- an~oricana,110 128; 985
Persea ~ratisgima,12h
F a n d a m paei)fcus, 66 mu de seda, 512 Persea krugii, 128; 208
Pandanm utilis, 66 3aU jacare, 583 Persea persea, 128
pandereta, 78 lau santo, 212 Persea pwtoricensis, 210
panecito, 872 lau tento, 146 Persea urbaniana, 210
panelo, 156 ~aucipan,red, 462 ~ e s s e y e i r obravo, 256
paneque, 232 )aujf, 144,180 ~ e s t eii poux, 348
panmm, 862 lava, 428 petesioidea pendulum, 774
paniama, 824 )avilla, 428 letigrene, 700
pantsil, 354 )avbn, 520 letit bois blanc, 474
papachilla, 520 mvonn, 520 letit bois d'Inde, 66le
paoajahoedoe, 428 lawpaw, 376 letit bouis, 436
papao. 376 ?EA SUBFAMILY, 188: 288 )etit buis, 382
ua aturro wtranjero, 82
PAVERACEAE. 216
papaw, 376
papaw, wild, 68
Bear, 128
)ear-tree, 128
lea-tree, 12,198
&he marron, 908
~ e t id,
t 484
wtit cai'mite, 436
tetit citronnier, 448
betit COCO, 324,620
leepul-tree, 120
papay, 376 mtech-kitam, 520 letit goyavier montagne, 684
n nyn, 374,876: 598,Q88 Iem pollo, 706 ~ e t iimmortel,
t 299
~ ~ P A YFAMILY,
A 374; 598 ,em-pep, 592 letit mbrisier, 412; 464
papaya macho, 394 Bego , 886 )etit soleil, 848
papaye, 376 be& 832 ~etitecasse, 274
papaye sauvage, 460 legwood, 918 retite-feuille, 410
papayer, 376 reine, 778 ~etitesgaincs, 718
papnyedo, 394 'dranisia polyphylla, 280 ~etitesraquettes, 378
papayilla, 894 d B , 144 ~etitia,482
 poison-oak, 290 prapra, 438 punta de servia, 716
poisontree, 290: 460 .Preetoea montana, 29,084 punta real blanca, 940
poisontree, Florida, 290 087 prickle-bush, 620 punteral, 370; 576,934,040
poisontm, West Indie,
poisonwood, 290
bO pricklyseh, Martin e, 230; 086
prickly-ash, yellow, %25 086
punteral negro, 040
purge-nut, 416
poivrier Jamaique, 616 prickly-ash, ellowheart, 228 purguo, 444
poix doux marron, 808 prickly-myrtye, 860 puno, 178
pokhout, 212 prickly-palm, I a purio fangar, 108
polak, 336 pricklypecu, 378; 088 purio pneto, 108
polegallo, 886 prickly- ellow, 230; 388 purple-plum 296
~olisandro,184 pride-o&hina, 248 puyeque, 47d
0110,426; 080 pride-of-India, 248,382 pymma, 382
rbolygala ~ o e l l i i ,18, 2601 10, 91, prieto, 290
087 primnvern, 902 nararibaen 336
Pdygala penaea? 382.
Polygala portomcam, 382
princewood, 608
princewood, Caribbean, 508
8quaresma, 751
turbinm~r,
uararibea turbinatu, 988
$' .
POLYGALACEAE 260; 10,88S pringamoza, 182,134 quaresmeira-paulista, 75g %
privet, 860
POLYGONACEA~$ 76; 148
p""" ae, Gmilfoyle, 758
olyuclar guilfo).bi, 758
privet, Amur River 814
privet, Chinese, 814
gk;
qua abota,
:%aican,
796 850
pomagada, 404 privet, Japoneee, 816 queiracha, 312
pomagis, 404 privi-fence, 860 quebracho, 310,320
pomomea, 16,402; 988 queen-flower, 882
pomarroea de Malaca, 404 , r%
%
iEtzg 588 queen-of-crib-flower, 610
pomarroea malaya, 404 Proeopia chilettds, 168 queenof-flowere, 382; 010,088
pomegranate, 614 Prouopiu juiiflora. 16,1661 086 een-of-the-garden, 610
pomelo, 218,224; 321
pomerac, 404
PROTEA FAMILY,138
PROTEACEAE, 138
8"ueenaland-nut, 140
quelite, 904
pomme cajou, 288 provision-tree, 530 quemador, 194
pomme cannelle, 104 pruim, 832 quenepn, 306; 087
pomme cerotte, 500 prune bord de mar, 460 quen6 e, 306
pomme cythare, 292 prune bord de mer, 146 q u e n e k , 306
pomme d acajou, 288 prune caf6,364 quenettier, 306
pomme de C$h+rp,,292 prune cythhre, 292 quetembila, 578
pomme de alala~e404 prune d Espagne, 296 qui, 168
pomme de Tahiti, 404 prune de Guyane, 282 quick-stick, 198
pomme malac, 404 prune du ChlII, 296 wiebra ollas. 868
pomme malcadi, 500 prune jaune 296
pomme pain, 462 prune momdin 294
pomme rose, 402 prune ~ ~ r o b o f n294n,
pomme surelle, 280 prune rouge, 296
pomme suretts, 500 pruneau, 450
pommerak, 404 pruneau, noir, 450
pommems, 402 prune-tree, 288 [Link], 608; 032
pommier d'acajou, 288 runier mombin, 294 quina del pak, 234
pommier rose, 402
porno, 402
! runur myrtijolia, 236
Prunuu oecidenraliu, 238
quina rojn, 604
quinilla, 444
pompon haitiano, 808 Prunus ephaerocarpa, 236 . quinilla colorada, 444
pompons jaunes, 848 Psgwlocaesia spectabzlis, 288 quinquina c a r f i e 608; 989
pomshock, 160 Pueuddmedfa rpuria, 128 quinquina pays. 668
ponasl, 046,056 Paeudophoenix uargentil, 17,74 quinquina-piton, 608; 932
pond-ap le, 98; 172 Pridfum amplexieaule, 17,692 qu!nulla, 984
ponsigut 506 Paidium guajava, 13, 396, 416; 080 qulra, 190
poor-man'e-orchid, 268 Puidlum rintenbii, 682 quiripito, 562
pop-a-gun. 68 Psilorl~egrnaplanisiligua, 978 quisache, 144
opinac, white, 166 Psychotrio berteriana, 964 quita-calz6n, ggg
Fopo- nmcraecrntha, P ~ ~ h o t rgrand&,
ia 966 quitasol, 420
Poponaz ~aecrntlrotdsa, 144; 944 Psychofria maleolenr, 968
P O ~ O tO~ttt.O8~,144;
W 25S Payehotria maricaenuiu, 070 raba, 226
o onax, wild, 858 Payehotria nufanu, 972 rabo junco, 364
td' PPY FAMILY, 216
pork-fat-apple, US
p t e m r p n e , 204; 308
Ptsrocarpue d m o , 206
rnbo rnt6n, 364; 576
raboe die kabasi, 620
porb, 194 Pterocarpus fndicuu, 188,204 radbgonde, 802
poroporo, 360 Pterocarpua macroccrr u,, 308 raguette es agnole, 609
portintree, 330; 088 Pterocarpur od~l(naiu, 18, 188, raintree, 16%;868,086.
possentrie, 278 206; &1 rnisin bord-de-mar, 82
poseurntree, 278 puckout, 158 rnisin la mer, 82
possumwood, 278 puct0,388 raisin marron, 76; 779
potal, 280 puddinppipe-tree, 170 raisinier, 150
P o t a b t r e e 884 pni, 904 raiainier bord-de-mer? 82
poui, pink, boo: 904 pnmmelo, 218,224; 321 raisinier grandes-fenllles, 78
o d , yellow, 902 pumpo, 360 rnisinier montagne, 30
R u t e o chrg8oph#lioide8,448 pumpumjuche, 360 r a i d , 020
Pouferia dictyoneum, 462; 790 pum wood, 68 rajador, 790,734
Pouteria arcinicrefoliu, 450 punsberry, 412 rama menuda, 412
Pauteria ktteana, 790 Punlea panattun, 614 rnmbhshi, 778
Pouteria mummsa. 709 punk-tree, 680 rnmo de orquidea, 866
*Pouteria multiflam, 452; 080 punta de lanul, 718 rrundn 272; 130
Pauteria Mpota, 708 punta de ral, 368 ram6n blanco, 406
 ram6n colorado, 180 rhubarbe cardbe, 618
ramdn de bestia, 180 R W ,290
ramdn de caballo, 426 Rabea [Link], 280
ram611 de caballos 1SO rice-flower, 948
ramdn de costa, 446; 104 ricin, 492 Roys'tonh e l a h , 76
ram611 de sierra, 104 Ricinetia ridnella, 386 Royatonea regfa, 44; 76
ramdn de vaca, 426; 180 ricino, 422 rubber, 64
ramon macho, 282 'Ricinru communb, 422 rnbber, eastillrr, 64
ramdn, white, 180 rifari, 798 rubber, castilloa, 64
ramoncillo, 254;180,804 h a , 62 rubber, Central American, 64
ramoon, 130 riiidn, 180 rubber, P a d . 64, 68
I Randia aculeota, 13, 504, 520; S1, riii6n de monte, 180 rubber-plant, 68
990. robe, 292 rubber-plant, India, 68
Randta ntitis, 520 roble, 12,498; 89g, 904 rubber-tree, India, 68
:Rapanea femgineu, 430,482 roble zlgalla, 284 rubia, 232
mpunecl, G d m , 436 mblc amarilIo, 478, 502; 902, 980 RUBIACEA E, 604 ;19,81&?
Rapcrnea pionenuis, 430,434; 989 roble australiano, 188 rucu, 358
raqneta, 410 roble blanco, 428,498; 904,980 RUE FAMILY,216; 8gU
rascabamga, 548 mble c i m a d n , 496; 19,806 ruffle-palm, coyure, 36
rascagarganta, 772 roble cdorndo, 496,500; 906 rufiana, 876, 878
rasaaso, 270; 987 roble de costa, 498 ruibarba, 502
raspador, 58;104 mble de p a y o , 466 ;838 ruisefior, 104
raspadura, $94 roble de olor, 486; 89g rupjiia, 684
raspalengua, 840 roble de pelota, 188 run 364
rat, cotton. 534 roble de sabana B04 RU~~ACEAE , 840
216;
rat-apple, 228 roble de seda, 138
ratbean, 132; 222 mble d e sierm, 500; 19,908 Sabal bemudana, 46; 984
raMn, 210,304;814 roble de yugo, 498 Sabal bWbumiar~1m46; 884
ratonera, 198 roble dominicano, 890 Sabal cassiarum, 34, %;16, Ifi, 984
Rauvol* t a w c k i i , 464 roble guayo, 466,482,486 Sabal [Link], 7~ 984
Rauoalfiu, nicida, 13, 460, 464; 91, roble giiira, 300 sabana kwan .moe~eidan,268
989 roble morado, 904 sabana kwarie, 256
rauvol fia, mooth, 464 roble nep-o, 904 sabana mango, 258
Rauvolfia tetraphgtla, 464 roble pr~eto,600 sabanero, 604
Rauooi$~ridw, 464 roble sedoso, 188 SABIA FAMILY, 314; 496
see Rouvoljta, 464 rable venezolano, 904 SABIACEAE, 314; 498
h e n madcrgaadenrir, 86 Rochefonia acanrhopbm, 850 sab~cade costs, 866
Ranenia urbanti, 332 rocio, 314 sabicb, 160
rayo, white, 8$ rode kabbes, 100 aabicfi de pinares, 138
recadito, 946 rode locue, 180 sabicd maraiS6n, 138
red-bean-tree,992 radwood, 406; 644,654,660,668 sabic6 moruro, 160
d - b i r c h , 238 rodwood, red, 412; 696 sabina macho, 298
redcedar, 244, 264 radwood, white, 662 -Sabinecr flarida, 17,310
reddle, 190 roldin, 216 sabino, 96
red-mahogany, 640 0 Rollinfa mucosu, 180 sabinbn, 266; 10
red-man, 458 1~16x1,162 sablier, 278
redplum, 296 rol6n escambr6n coIorado, g63 sablito, 428
redwood, 210, 246 mmpe machete, 980 saboeiro, 308
redwood, ridge, 210 *Itondeleria inermiu, 622; 974 sabonetelro, 308
redwood, swamp, 210 Rondeldia pilwa, 522; 976 sabmso, 206
dglisse, 146 Rondeletia portorieenefe, 504, 522; sacha capuli, 588
reina de la noche, 600 19, 990 sacha-uva, 428
reins de las l o - , 382; 888 rope, 999 ssckysac, 150
rejal r 42a rosa amarilla, 360 sscmuda, 370
$46 rosa china, 360 sacuanjoche, 462
res a10 mono, 296 rosa de bertreria, 828 I saffron-tree, 440
4 6 , 1 3 4 ; 9$8,612 mslr 608
de ~i6neg.a~ I me, 398
reseda f rancesa, 81E rosa de Maximilrano, $60 I sawtree, 806
resotu montagne, 512 rosa del Ped, 898 sago, queen, 5%
resplandor, 520 rosa francesa, 828 sago-palm, 59
resucito, 520 ram hperinl, 360; 568 sago-palm, false, 53
resuelesuele. 520 msa morada 804 ssibo, 196
retame, 180, 198, 502; 280, 310, ROSACEAE, 140;19,980 saijhan, 134
846,884,986 ROSE FAMILY,140; 880 Saint John, 184
retoma prieta, 280 mse-apple, 402 :088 sainbesprit, 29%
mtamo, 264 roselle, 280 saisai, 138
Reymsia pama, 17,498 rose-marie, 512 saivo, 196
Rsynarta krugii, 500 Roseodendron donnell-amtrhii, 902 salaam, 468
Reynosia uncincrta, 502 rose-of-Peru, 860 salado, 478
Rhucoma crosso stalum, 468 rose-of-Sharon, 360 salamo, 924
RHAM N A C E A ~816
, ;008 roseto, 324; 593, 942, 960 salaster. 134
Rhamnur sphaerorpenna, SO4 rosewood, 204,256;404 sat eiro 54
Rhsedia acuminuta,356 rosewood, Indian,290 S,&CA~EAB. 54 ; p s
Rhsedia hessii, 366 rosewood, white, 468 S a l e babytonica, 96
Rheedia po~oricenrts, 348, 356; roucou, 358 Salix c h i l d , 54
17, 19 roucouyer, 358 Salix humboldtiuna, 54
R+opho+ra mmgIe,. 12, 884; 988 myolpalm, 44 78,984
Rhtzophra samoensts, 884 roynlpalm, cukan, 44; 76 salso, 64 '
RHIZOPHORACEAE, 884 ;690 royalpalm, Florida, 78 saltbush, 478
 saltpond-tree. 478; g9O sapotillier marron, 442, 444 Securinega acidoton, 430
salvadera, 278 sapotillier noir, 444 seibo, 194
salve, wild, 584 saquiyac, 708 selele b616tb. 422
salve-bush, 884 saramuya, 104 semeruco, 37d, 880
salviua 862 Sarcomphahu, domingensiu, 322; Senegalia muricata, 846
salzbush, 584 508. 988 Senegdia awnla, 260
samaguare, 164 Sarcomphalur reticulatue, 13, 316, senna, ap le-blossom, 172
samin, 148. 164, 166; 986 322; 988 senna, pPdcn-shower, 170
samana, 166 Sarcotnpiialrcs ta~lorii, 322; 510, senna, jointwood, 172
Samanea arborea, 160 I)RR senna, Siamese, 174
Samatiea saman, 166 sardine, 422
.
senna-tree, 274
Sambnctcs cattadensis, 980 sardinillo, 502 sepi, 488
Sambucus sfmpsonii, 980 sarnilla, 370 seplina, 170
samohli, 528 sasafriis, 118 seriba, 478
rSamyda dodecendra, 590 sasanil, 840 serpent, 884
San Andrks, 502 satinlenf, 440 sermsuelo, 310, 312, 514; 1s
Son Bartolomi, 470; 846,848 satinwood, 228 sermzuela, 400; 608,668
San Joaquin, 848 satinwood, Jamaican, 228 serrette, 256
San Josh, 810 satinwood, West I d a n , 228 serrette, savanna, 268
sanan o, 872 snuee, 48, 54, 180 sermcho, 300
sancm%o, 946 sauce amarjp, 54 Sesbati, see Sesbania, 208
sbndalo, 176 sauce blanco, 64 Sesbmia grcmdiflora, 188,208
sandalwood, red, 146 sauce chileno, 54 seso ve ctal, 486
sandbox, 276, 278 sauce colorado, 64 shack-stack, 148, 166
sandbox-tree, 278 sauce criollo, 64 shaddock, 218, 224; 881
aandcoker, 194 sauce espino, 180 shahuay, 162
sanders, yellow, 386 enuec Llonin, 9 6 shambu, 358
sang-dramn. 206: 8& samico, 980 ehaving-bmeh-tree, 530
sanire, 506. sadco amarillo, 502 shellseed, 360
sangre de Cristo, 590 sadco blanco, 980 shimarucu, 380
sangre de doncella, 866 saiieo c i m n h n , 300; 476, 987 shimarucu machu, 872
sangre de drago, 206 sadco tinareo, 876 shhbillo, 152
s a n m de oollo. 706 saule, 54 shmgle-wood, 191
san-& de toro,. 216 sauquillo 300 shoe-black 520
sangregado, 206; 416 eauqatilio, 864 shoo-shoo-bush, 888
sangrillo, 206 Savia r ~ i i i f l o r a ,428 shower, calceolaria, 388
sangrito, 206 savonetapel, 308 shower, ink-and-white, 172
snnguinnrio, 422; 989
santa maria, 330, 360
savonette. 200
savonette bois, 800
8
shower, iamese, 174
shower, yellow, 282
Santa Olalla, 926 snvonette vrand bois, 200 shower-of-gold, 170
snnta-maria, 348, 360; 988 savonette iaune, 200 shrub, riverain, 256
santo, 422 savonette montagne, 308 shupbrai, 246
saona, 508 savonette mousseuse, 308 Sida eggernii. 16,17,522
saona cimamna, 322 savonette pa 308 6Sideroxylon foetidhlmurn, 12, 13,
saona de gente, 508 savonette, w R e , 200 436,454; 81,989
saona de puerco, 322 savonettier, 308 Siderozybn mastio!mdend~on 464
saona dulce, 508 savonier, 308 Siderozylon portoncme, 464
sapatiia, 446 savonnette grnndes feuilles, 200 Siderox~lum,see S i d e r o y l h , 464
SAPZNDACEAE. 302. 19, 4812 savonnette rivihre, 200; 300 sieja blanko, 238
Sapindur raponaria, 303: 308 sawn, 512 siempre-viva, 180
Sapium caribaeum, 4 2 6 ecarletboeh, 946 siete pisos, 56
Sapium /amaleenre, 426 * Schaefleria frutoscencr, 474 siete-cueros, 282, 478
w a p i u m lauroeeraaw, 13, 14, 262, schefflera, 754 s i y a boba, 214
284; 19, 21, 22,426, 987 Scfwflera actinophylla, 754 s i y a laurel, 914
mpo, 132; 164, 218, 222, 894, 408 sehcflern, 754 s i y a macho, 214
enpo prieto, 226 schijnoot, 416 siguapa, 284
sapo-balli, 4.46 schijtnoot, 416 siguamya, 116, 264
eapodilla, 446; 989 Schinus terelinthlfolia, 440 silk-cotton-tree, 332, 834; 988
sa odilla, dog, 928 Schoepfia arenaria, 140 silk-floss-tree, 528
S ~ P O D I L L AFAMILY, 436; 774 Schoepfiu obwata, 1 4 2 silkoak, 138
sapodilla, jumbie, 228 Schoepfia schreberi, 1 4 4 silk-rubber, 826
sapodilla, wild, 788 Sciacaasia siamea, 174 silverballi, brown, 468
sanodille. 446 scopa pel, 104 silver-palm, 74
~cotcR-attorndy,362 @Simaroubaculae, 352
Scotchman, 352 SIMA ROUBACEAE, 234; 346
screw-pine, 66 e~marubn,348
, screw: ine, common, 66 simiri, 180
sapote h creme, 792 S C R E ~ P I N E FAMILY, 66 sinaasappels, 226
sapote culebra de costa, 790 screwtree, 584 sinanche, 838
sanote de perro, 228 sea putat, 618 singer-tree, 148
sapote jpande, 792 sengrape, 821 150,985 Siphoneugena denaiora, 694
sapoti, 446 sengrape, grandleaf, 78 siricote, 848
sapotier jaune d'oeuf, 798 seagmpe, pigeon. 76 sirin, 708
sapotilha, 446 seaside-grape, 82 sirin manzana, 716
sapotille, 446 seaside-plum 146 siris, white, 150
sapotille marron, 786 Sebesten rickeckeri, 470; 846 siris-tree, 148
rurpotille marrow, S3?8 Sebe8terr sebestena, 470; 848 siriuba, 418
sapotillier, 446 sebudn, 376,470; 988 sisal, angel, 2752
sapotillier mannelade, 792 secagarganta, 772 sissoo, 890
 sieu, 290 spurge-tree, Malayan, 410 swamp-mahogany, 398
sjiengool, 76Z Stuhlia maritima, 184 sweet-briar, 252
skyflower, 864 Stahlia monosperma, 13, 168, 184; SWEETLEAF FAMILY, 456; 800
.Sloanea amygdalina, 324; 514 16,2l,986 sweetleaf, Martinique, 456
Sloanea berteriana, 14,324.; 22 stanibari, 916 sweet-lemon, 884
sloe, 502 STAPHYLEACEAE, 300; 476 sweet-lime, 334
slog-wood, 110 star-apple, 436, 438; 989 iweetpea, f SO; 985
slug-wood, 110 star-apple, wild, 448 sweetsop, 104; 172
small-leaf, 412 ; 662 star-gooseberry, 280 xweetwood, 114, 116, 442; 196,198,
small-leaf-grape, 84 steenhout, 762 210
snake-bark. common, 316 Ste#ocalyx liguetrinua, 658 ~weetwood,black, 120
snake-bark, smooth, 318 Stenolobtum incisurn, 502 sweetwood, cap-berry, 116
snakewood, 68, 316; 650 Stenolobium stam, 502 3weetwood, loblolly, 122
snook, 108 Stenosbmum acutatum, 504; 916 sweetwood, long-leaved, 192
soa berry, 308 Stenostomum coriaceum, 504; 918 sweetwood, small-leaved, 116
SORPBERRY FAMILY, 302; 482
soapberry, wingleaf, 308
ste?M?~tO??Z~?n &dfl0111??& 524
Stenostomum lucidum, .564; 990
sweetwood, yellow, 192
Swietenia belizensi8, 250
soapseed, 308 Stenostomum obtusifoltum, 504 Swietenia cadollei, 250
soa~seed-tree,308 Stenostomum portoricense. 506 ; Swieteniu krukovij, 250
soafp-tree, 308 922 Swietenia macrophylla, 242, 248;
SOLANACEAE, 488; 866 Stenostomu~nsintenisii, 504; 922 097
"",
solano. 92.4 sterap el, 438 Swietenia macrophylla x maha-
b Sdanum anrllarum, 18,882 stercuEa apetala, 338,340 goni, 250
Solanum w e r u m , 488 Sterculia carthagine~mk,340 Swietenia mahagoni, 13, 15,17,242,
Solanum drymophilum, 488; 882 Sterculia foerida, 538 250; 987
Solanum erianthum, 488; 884 stereulin, hazel, 538 Swietenta tessmannii. 250
Solanum fkifolium, 888 STERCULZACEAE, 338; 582 switch-sorrel, 490
Solanum melongena, 488 st~ckmptree,844 swizzle-stick-tree, 336
solanwn, mullein-leaved, 884 sticky-cherry, 844 sword-plant, 82
Solanum polygamun, 886 stingingbush, 376 sybilline, 280
Solanum rugosum, 488; 990 stinging-cherry, 376 SYMPLOCACEAE, 456; 800
r Solanum toroum, 888 stinking-fish, 744 Syn~plocoslanata, 456; 800, 802
Sohnum tubemsum, 488 stinking-toe, 180; 276 Sympbcos mmtinieensb, 456; 809,
Sohnum verbascifolium, 488 ; 884 stinkwood, 806 989
soldiemood, 318; 987 stokki, 226 Symplocos micrantha, 456; 802
solera, 468 stopper, 400, 406; 642 Symplocos pol antha, 456; 803
sombra de armado, 370; 144 stopper, bastard, 482 Syzggtum jamfos, 402
sombra de conejo, 370 stopper, yrgeon, 660 Syzygtum mnulaccense, 404
sombra de ternero, 472; 842 stopper, naked, 686
sopaipo, 322; 508 stopper, pale, 686 tabae marron, 884
sopillo, 878 stopper, red, 406; 650 tabachin 272
sop0 slrie, 308 stopper, S anish, 660 tabaco, 872
sorsaka, 100 stopper wiite, 682 tabaco bobo, 884
sota caballo, 520 stopperbush, 660 tabaco cimarrbn, 882, 884
soursap, 100 stop er-wood, 682 tabaco de monte, 868
sonrsop, 100; 985
soursop, mountain, 98
STORAX FAMILY,
stragornia, 610
tabadn, 272, 488; 884, 888, 990
tabacbn afelpado, 488; 884
souraop, wild, 9 8 ; 985 stran ler-fig, 352 tabac6n Bspero, 488
South-American-cedar, 244 strawterry-tree. 512 tabacuelo, 884
Spanish-carnations, 272 stromelia,- 610 tnbniba, 284; 19,418,426,830,987
Spanish-ccdnr, 242,244; 986 STYRACACEAE, 798 tabalgue, 868
Spanish-cork, 330 Styrax porloricensis, 17, 798 tabaquillo, 134,216
Spanish-elder. 94 subin, 144 tabebuia, 904
Spanish-elm, 468 subinche, 144 Tabebuia dominicensis 500
Spanish-lime, 306; 987 sbchll, 462 Tabebuia donnsll-mdhii, 902
Spanish-oak, 150 sucrier, 164 Tabebuia glomemta, 902
Spanish-plum, 296 ; 146 sucrin, 154 Tabebuia haemantha, 490,496; 19
!#Spathodea campanulara, 15, 490, sugar-ant, 608 Tabebuia heterophylla, 12, 13, 14,
494; 990 suga~apple,104; 985 490,498; +, 22,990
Tabebuta luclda, 500
spice-wood, 632 sugar-apple, wild, 180
spicewood white, 682 sugary-grape, 84 Tabebuia pall*, 498
s iritweed 856 suiiia, 194 Tabebuia pentaphgcylla,
- - . 498. 500;
8 ondim &rouella, 296
4 o n d i a s cytherea, 292
sulfatillo, 180
sulfato, 180
go4
Tabebuia rigida, 14, 490, 500; 19,
Spondias dulcis, 286,292; 987 sulluco, 308
Sno~uiiastutea, 294 suma-catechu, 144 Tabebuia roeea, 500; 904
r Spondias mombin, 286, 294, 296; sumauma, 334 Tabebuia schumanniana, 500; 906
987 sun-s6n, 340, 428 tabebuia, white. 500
Spondias purpurea, 286, 294, 296; supiecacha, 576 tabeiba, -796
987 sureau, 50; 868, 980 Tabemuemontuna citrifolia, 832
snoon-tree. 466: ,460 sureau gros, 856 --
Tabernuemontam ov~ositifo1i.a.
. .
sprainleaf; 886 ' . surelle, 280 882
spruce, 468 Suriana maritima, 354 tnbloncillo, 442; 784
spurge, broadleaf, 270 Surinnm-cherry, 400, 412; 674 tablote, 338
spurge, bush 892 surr&, 924 iabonnco, 238
SPURGE F ~ I L Y 262 . susana 480 tabuchin, 176
spurge, Indian tree,. 414 susanaieche 480 taburete, 958
spurge, mottled, 410 s w m n a , 8&8 tacasito, 370
spurge, poison, 408 susanna-berry, 858 tache, 502
tachuelo, 202; 888, 986 tatayivbsaiyii, 108 Thyana striata, 302,812
tacuraf, 468 tatzungo, 806 THYMELAEACEAE, 380; 10,604
t a f e t h , 052, 054 TAXACEAE, 30 ti bonbon rouge, 463
tagualaiste, 502 tcha-tcha, 148 ti cahite, 436
taiche, 226 tea, 216; 080, 986 ti citron, 458
tajuva, 108 tea cirnarrona 304 ti feuilles. 412
talan&n, 364; 582,988 TEA FAMIL*, 346; 548 ;i-baume, '896
TaIaumdd 8plenden8, 96 tea-bark, 08 :ibct, 15, 146; 985
tallow-plum, 146 tea-box, 98 ;ibet, giant, 164
tallowwood, 146 teak 484; 990 ;ibet-tree, 148
taman, 186 teberinto 134 Pibouchina granuloua, 752
taman, wild, 156 t e a , 484; 900 ;i-citron, 454
tamarandillo, 160 teck, 484 ;ie-tongue, 80
TAMARZCACEAE, 568 tecolotillo, 144 ;i-feuilles, 626, 662, 688
tamarijn, 186 Tecoma pmtaphlltla, 904 ;igersclaw, 298
tamarin, 186 Tecoma u i a ~502, ;990 ;iger-tongue, 208
tamarind 186, 086 Tecoma tronodora, 502 ;!mito, 146
tamarind, black, 160 tecomasuche, 360 ;igua, 821
tamarind, French, 166 tecomasbchil, 360 ;igiiilote, 840
tamarind, Guinea, 526 teeomate,. 490 tinacio, 252; 087
tamarind, red, 160 tecomatillo, 360 . ~270
;inaco. -..-
tamarind, Spanish, 978 Tectona grandiu, 476,484; 900 tinajero, 412, 428
tamarind, wild, 156, 160: 944 teiUa, 216,508; 321 tinajito, 714
tamarindade, 186 tempate, 416 tlnta, 300: 986
tamarinde, 186 tem rana, 354 tinteiro, 716
tamarindier, 186 t e n g cailloux, 346 tintem, 520
tamarindillo, 156 tendre en mmme, 508 tintmo, 520; 990
tamarindo, 160,186; 086 tento Carolina, 146 tinto. 286
tamarindo arnericano, 978 tepenance, 146 tintuieiri, 708
tamarindo cimarrbn, 246 terciopelo, 420; 794 tiiiadientes, 512
tamarindo de loma, 138 terebinto, 134 tiquimite, 786
tamarindo de monte, 256 Terebraria reuinoua, 13, 504, 5%; tiraco, 160
tamarindo f oraatero, 978 21, 990 tira-jala, 64
tamadndo eilvestre, 144; 244 Temtinalia buceraa, 386, 388 titi. 298
Tamorinduu indica, 168, 186; 986 Terminalia caiappa, 15, 386, 394; titi; white, 298
tamarinier, 186 088 tlascal, 60
tamarinier des Indes, 978 ~e-&troemia heptauepala, 550 tobacco, wild, 488; 868,884
tamarisk, ever en. 568 Ternuiroemia luquilhuiu, 552 tobillo. 280
Tam& a p h y l r 568 Ternatroemia pachyph U&, 556 taco, 228
Tamadz avtieulata, 568 Rrnuiroemia p e d u n c u & & ~ 4 tocote de monte, 146
TAMARIX FAMILY, 568 :Ternsiroemia stahlii, 556 ~ O C O - ~ ~ C O502
,
tambor, 130,264, 468, 512 Ternuiroemia uubaeasiliu, 558 toekoeli, 386
tambor h o n g u e r o , 468 teshuate, 714 tomasina, 790
Tamonea gusgusanensis 716 tesuate, 728 tomatillo, 888
Tamonea marrophydt~,728 'Teiragautriu baluamifera, 14, 240 ; tomatoquina, 868
tampaco, 852: 562 28, 986 toon, Burma, 360
tangerine, 218; 824 Tetmoygia anguutifolia, 424; 744 Toona ciliata, 360
tantan 156; 985 Teiraaygia bijlora, 746 tooshe-flower, 498
~ a o n a b oheptccsepala, 550 Tetrasygia ekteagnoidea, 18, 418, toothache-tree, 840
Taonubo luquillensis, 559 424 ;21,989 topa, 336
Taonabo paehyph IIa 556 Tetrazygia h g i i , 746 topillo, 816
Taonabo pedutt&, 554 Tetraaygia atahlii, 748 toporite, 130
Taondo stuhlii, -5.56 Teirazygia urbanii, 750 toque, 868
Taonubo subsesszlts, 558 teyer, broom, 74 torch, black, 116; 930
tapa camino, 952, 056, 966 thatch, bullhead, 80 torch, white, 216
tapabotija, 512 thatch, sea, 80 torchwood, 216,236; 991, 762
tapaculo, 340, 366,612; 684 thatchpalm, brittle, 78 torchwood, sweet, 116
tapal, 258 thatchpalm, Jamaica, 80 torito, 462
tapalayote, 884 thatchpalm, amall-fruited, 78 toronja, 224; 322,986
tapara de chuco, 618 THEACEAE, 346; 19 548 Torralbasia cuneifolia,476
tapara hediondo, 688 Theobromo cacao, 33d, 342; 988 T o r r a l k e domingensis, 476
taparito, 896 THEOPHRASTA FAMILY, 769 Torrubza dtscolor, 92; 162,085
taparo, 492 THEOPHRASTACEAE, 762 Torrubia frogram, 92; 885
tapar6n, 618 Thespesia grandiflom, 328 Towubia obtusata, 164
tapoeri a, 512 Theupeuia populnea, 326, 330; 988 tortolero, 58
t a d n Eanco, 632 Thevetia neriifolia, 884 tortolito, 370
taproepa, 512 Theaetia peruviana, 834 tortugo amadIo, 12, 454; 089
taque, 944 thorn, 508 tortugo colorado, 454
tarana 458; 880 Thouinia poriorieemiu, 18,310; 10, tortugo prieto, 332
tarantfm, 283 --
81 tortuguero, 260
tarare amarillo, 840 Thouinia striafa, 13, 310, 312; 19, tortuguillo, 604
tarare blanco, 840 21. 087 tostndo, 366, 372; 574, 988
taray, 216 Thriitaz microoma, 78 totopozole, 714
tarco, 492 Thrinax morrisif, 78 totumbo, 492
t h g o , a 6 420, 422 Thrlnor multiflora, 80 totumillo, 486; 896
t8rtago e m d c o , 420 T h r i w onceana, 78 totumito, 896
Mscate, 60 Thuja orl)entalis, 64 totumo, 492
tassel-plant, 854 thumbtack, 488 Tournefortia filiflora, 852
tasto, 502 Thyana portoru?ensis, 302, 310 Toxicodendron, 290
 trnvelem-tree, 8 6 tzultermuk, 862
tree, African doth-bark, 116 uaxim, 156 V ~ B E ~ A - F A M I L Y476;
, 854
&; burn-nose.
tree. 604
franhun,. 82g iicar, 388; 988
ucariuo, 608
VERBENACEA E. 476:. 866
verdecito. 372
-.
tung-ail, tree, 388
tree-fern,. 28;. 42, 44,. 46,. 48,. 50,.
ncariviro, 282
ule. 64
---, -- vi-apple, 292
. - - -

984 ule-ule, 64 vibona, 426; 756: 930

TREE-FERN FAMILY, 28; 4a ULMACEAE, 56; ioa vibora, 426: 164; 756
trejo, 386, 850 mmb&-tree, 248; 754 echo caspi, 412
trema, Florida 58; 984 umbrella-tree, Queeneland, 754 vleille fille, 148
trema, ~ a m a r c k 56 , uiia de cabra, 144 vigueta, 932, 944
Trema larnarckiana, 56 uiia d? gato, 162; 262,849,860 vilca. 2hh
Trema micrantha? 58; 984 uiia dl gatu, 268 6riia1f0, 812
trema, West Inmes, 56 urape, 170 violets, 248,260; 19, 987
tresftlos, 716, 720 Urera baccifera. 132 violetina. 864
tres-palabras, 484 Urera carakana, 17,134 violette, g26
trible-grape, 84. Urem chlarocarpa, 136 violet-tree, 260; 19,987
T*ra atrifpfta, 432 urero, 164 violet-tree, Puerto Rican, 260
Trrcera vahkt, 434 urraco, 924 virani, 236
TrlcMlo hirte, 242,252; 987 URTICACEAE, 1 s t Virex agnua-cuatau, 864
~ T d e h i l i apouldcr, 14, 242, 254; W, urtiga, 184 Virex diemMcata,14, 476, 486; $9,
987 urtiga bronca, 188 990
TdeMIia triatantha, 254 ;362 urtiga grauda. 188 vito, 512
T r i p h i a ~rifolia,334 uruazeiro, 468 vlinderbloem, 170
tri I d , 86; 985 urucb, 358 VM-vanga,978
T$~I&~anaericana, 76.86; 985 ushi, 130 Voknzeria acufeata, 860
T m p h r h caraeaeana, 86 uva, 76.82 vomit, buck, 246
Triplark cuminghna, 86; 985 uva blanca, 964 vomitel colorado, 848
trols c8tes. 71% uva caleta, 82
tmis paroles, 484 uva cirnarrona, 76 waaierpalm, 86
trois pieda 846 uva de mar, 82 waaierpiaang, 86
trompeta de angel, 868 uva de paloma, 76 waata gwe-me, 206
trompeto, 246; M6 uva de playa, 12,82; 150,986 wabi, 258
trompillo, 190,246,254; 408 uva gomosa, 840 waiki, pine, 216
tronador, 278 uvera, 80; 154 xvajakaa maatejoe, 214
tronadora, 502 uverilla, 152 wakoera, 520
TroplJ. racemom, 130 uverillo, 76.80; 152 Wallenla pendula, 774
tro ical-almond, 394 uvero, 82; 840,946 walnut, 102
tru!ba, tall red, 888 uvero de monte, 76; 158 WALNUT FAMILY, 109
trumpet, mountain, 428 uGlla, 76.80 ;148 985 walnut, Weat Indinn, 102
trumpet-flower, $34 uvllla de aerra, 78 wanasoro, 68
trumpet-flower, yellow, 502 uvillo, 152,656,840 waraia, 422; 716
trumpet-tree, 66,68; 904,984 uvill6n, 80 warakajaro, 588
trumpet-tree, pink 498; 904 uvita, 840 warimiri, 298
trumpet-tree, shield-shaped, 68 uvito, 840,868 waringin, 110
trum et-wood, 68 watakeeli, 466
trupibo, 168 VacheUia famesiana, 144 watapana, 670
tuat6a, 416 vaillant garcon, 234 waterwood, 446,690
tubrooe, 258 vainillo, 674 watrabebh, 206
tuburus, 658 Vangueria edulie, 978 wattarna, 304
tuchima, 526 vangueria madagaacarienaiu, 978 wattapama, 310
tucumo, 336 vanilla, 864 wattapania, 310
tula, 836 vaquero, 426 wattle, 641
tuliptin, 520 vara blanca, 58 waxberry, 98
tulipdin afr3eau0, 15. 494; 990 vara pneta, 236 waxmyrtle, 98
tulip4n del J a 6n, 328 vara rosada, 234 WAXMYRTLE FAMILY, 98
tuliptin sencilfo, 868 varfa, 468 waxmyrtle, southern, 98
tul~ptree,330 varla blanca, 840 waxwood, 98
tuliptree, African, 494; 990 varia colorada, 468 wayacir, 212
tulpenboom, 494 varia colorado, 468 wayaka s h i m a h , 214
tumbarabu. 156 varla prieta, 468 weedee, 30
tun, 360 vario, 350 Weinmannia pinnata, 14, 138; 930,
tuno, 378 ;602 varita de San JosO, 864 985
tuna de cruz, 410 varitd, 268 ;784
turn de petate, 378; 988 varital variable, 170
tuna de yagua, 378 varnishtree, 388
tuna francesa, 416 v a bhnca, 868,872 West-Indian-elm, 340
tungue, 888 vz-uerto, 274 West-Indian-gooseberry, 280
tuno, 738 velero, 382 West-Indian-lilac, 248
turagua, 98 velillo, 18g West-Indhn-locust, 178, 180; 986
tarkey-berry, 884,888 velvet, black, 316 West-Indian-sumac, 136
tarpentinetree, 236,288;986 velvet-berry, 514 WestIndies-cedar, 244
4Turpinia paniculata, 14, 300; 29, velvebeed, 934,936 Wqst-Indies-ebony, 148
velvetseed, Everglades, 934 wh~p,soldier, 398
476,987 velvetseed, rough, 514 whistling-%an, 148
turtle-bough, green, 392 velvetseed, roughleaf, 514; 990 whisthng-plne, 48
tutumo, 492 venaco, 58 white-allin 910
t ~ o 64 , vencedor, 118 white-bee$ 456
t p r e - p h , 74 ventura, 306 white-box, 456
whiteeedar, 498; 980 y a m e , 428 yuyubf, 506
white-chank, 466 yagrumita, 1 6 zaboca, 128
white-grape, 84 y a m m o , 68 1 zambo cedro, 246
white-~ronwood,494 yagnuno hernbrn, 66,68; 984 zamboa, 822
white-mangrove, 392,476, 478; 988 yagrumo macho, 68, 428; U 6 , 889 zamburnbia, 946
white-plum, 1298 yaqua, 508,840 Zamia, SO
white-prickle, 230; 986 ya~cuaje,482 zamorette, 888
white-stopper, ti.&? yaiti, 272; 786,987 zarnorette male, 884
whitewood, 122, 456, 498; 150,198. yama y a , 246 zamorette marron, 884
406,448 yamao, 246 zandkokerboom, 278
Wtcketroemia portoricensis, 346 yan6,390; 146 zanmande, 394
wild guave, 614 yana-caspi, 68 ZancAoxylum bifotidalum, 18, 336
wild-calabash, 896 yanilla, 298 Zanthoxylum caribaeum, 228; 338
wild-cherry, 258,366 yanilla blanca, 442,808 Zanthoxylum flatrum, 13, 216, 228
wild-coffee, 234, 316, 368, 370, 610,
616; 966
yaque, 168
yarador, 784
' Zanthoxylum madniceme, 19, 216,
230 r 21.986
wild-coffee, prickly, 860 yaray, 78 8 Zanthoxyhm monophyllum, 216,
wild-cotton, 360 yareicillo, 678 232; g86
wild-dilly, 446; 788 yarey, 46 Zanthoxylum punctatum, 228; 840
wilde abrikoos, 618 yaria de costa, 314 Zanthoxylum spinifex, 342
wilde amandel, 394 yarua, 650 Zanthoxylum thomaslanum, 10, 17,
wild-fig, 352 yarumero, 428 344
wild-gmpe, 150 yaya, 108; 176,178,942 ZantAozylum trif oliatu~n,840
wild-lime, 146 yaya blanca, 178 zapatero, 182,302
wild-mamee, 350 yaya boba, 176,178 zapat&, 428
wild-mammee, 352 988 yaya macho, 176 zapahin blanco, 208
wild-olive, 146 yaya prieta, 176 zapatdn rojo, 208
wild-plum, 280,294,296 ya 0, 282 zapilote, 86%
wild-sage, 370 yeKow-blossom, 502 zapilote morado, 862
willow, 64 yellow-cedar, 502 ; #GO zapote, 446; 79%
willow, Babylon weeping, 96 yellow-elder, 602 zapote blanco, 208
willow, Ceylon, 110 yellowheart, 228 zapote chico, 446
WILLOW FAMILY, 64; 96 yellowaleander, 834 zapote colorado, 446; 792
willow, Humboldt, 54 yellow-plum, 294 zapole de cosb, 444; 788
willow, weeping, 48 ; 96 yellow-prickle, 230,232; 986 zapote de niiio, 364
wi!low, white, 226 yellow-prickly, 232 zapote de Santo Domingo, 354
Wznterana canella, 362 yellow-sanders, 228 zapote mclme 854 ;792
wiri, 146 yellow-torch, 508 zapote m o r a g , 446
wishbone-cactus, 414 yellow-trumpet, 602 zapoh negro, 794
wiss, bottle, 220 yellow-trumpet, Florida, 502 zapotillo, 446; 792
witte mangel, 390 yellowwood, 228: 474 z r e a e , 390
woman's-tongue, 148 y uiti 308 156; 985
wonder-tree, 180 y%a di tanka, 198 zarza boba, 256
yerba lechera, 408 zazamil, 840
xac-chum, 442 yerba Louisa, 866 zebrawood, 132
Xaathozyhm, see Zantkoq&m, eso, 866 zeedreifi, 82
228
xayau, 358
3;E W FAMILY, 30 zeedruif, 82
ylang-ylang, 106 zibline.
zit, 1i-i919-
Ximenla americana, 146 yoke, savannah, 158 - -

xixB, 538 yoke\vood, 892 z i ~ q u e2Y2,834

,
xmaac, 172 yopo, 158 zljkatoen 886
X o l h a mibiginosa, 760 YUC, 84 Ziziphrcs )t~juba,506
Xolisfita stahlii, 760 yuca cimarrona, 430 Ziziphue mauritiana, 506
Xyloema buxifollum, 592 yucca, 82 Ziziphus reticulata, 21,988
Xyloama pachyphyllum, 594 yucca, aloe, 82 Zisiphue rlgnonil, 508,988
Xylosma echaeflerioldes, 18,596 Yucca aloijolb, 82 Zidphus laylorii, 510,988
Xylosma schwaneckeanum, 598 yucca, bulbstern, 84 zopilocuavo, 806- .
Yucca elephantlpes, 84 zopilote, 160
yaba, 190 zoraille, 508
yaba colorada, 190 yucca, spineless, 84
wco, 258 zorillo, 388,878,884,946
yabo, 180 zorillo real, 946
yaco de cuero, 58 yuco riiibn, 136 zorra, 164
~aco-huito.512 yumanaza, 512 zorrocloco, 2&8
jracure, 162 yuquilla, 408,758 zuche, 884
yagruma, 68 yuquillo, 282 zuunak, 100
yagruma hembm, 68 yuyuba. 506 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE, 214; 318

Q U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1974 0-505-269