Logic
J.M.Basilla
Introduction to Logic Statements
Propositional Logic
Math 1 Negation
Conditional
General Mathematics
Lecture 7
Julius Magalona Basilla
Institute of Mathematics
University of the Philippines-Diliman
jbasilla@math.upd.edu.ph
2011 Math 1
Some quotes
Logic
J.M.Basilla
Statements
Propositional Logic
Negation
A doctor can bury his mistakes but an architect Conditional
can only advise his client to plant vine.
Frank Lloyd Right
When a mathematican makes a mistake, he
simply erases the board.
The nature of mathematcs
Logic
J.M.Basilla
A mathematician wants to be sure that a certain Statements
Propositional Logic
assertion actually follows from what has already Negation
been accepted. Conditional
Equally as important, he wants to be sure that a
certain assertion does not follow logically from the
other.
Computations that accompany mathematics aid in
demonstrating these two points.
The nature of mathematcs
Logic
J.M.Basilla
Statements
Propositional Logic
Negation
Conditional
In some sense, mathematics is just an applied
logic.
Logic
Logic
It is a pity that every human were given the ability to
J.M.Basilla
think, but not everyone have the ability to reason
correctly. Statements
Logic is the science of correct reasoning. Propositional Logic
Negation
Logic helps us decide if an argument is valid or not. Conditional
Example If there are fewer cars on the
roads the pollution will be acceptable.
Either we have fewer cars on the road or
there should be road pricing, or both. If
there is road pricing the summer will be
unbearably hot. The summer is actually
turning out to be quite cool. The conclusion
is inescapable: pollution is acceptable.
Logic
Logic
J.M.Basilla
Statements
Propositional Logic
Negation
Conditional
When determining whether an argument is valid or
not, we have to focus on the form of the argument;
devoid of the meaning, particularly the emotional
loads that go with the sentences.
Statements
Logic
J.M.Basilla
1. By a statement, we mean a declarative sentence
which can be categorically classified as true or false. Statements
Propositional Logic
2. Negation
Statements Non statements Conditional
Today is a holiday. Open Sesame.
Uranus has 65 rings. This statement is false.
All men are created equal. What country hosted the
recent olympics?
1+2=3 Good Luck!
3. Statements will be represented by single letters say
p,q,r, etc.
Some english sentences which are not a
mathematical statements
A caveat!
Logic
J.M.Basilla
Statements
Propositional Logic
Negation
Conditional
Not all english sentences are mathematical
statement.
I am lying now. is not a mathematical statement.
This statement is false. is also not a mathematical
statement.
Negation of a statement
Logic
The negation of a statement p is the statement J.M.Basilla
whose meaning is exactly the opposite of p.
Statements
Hence, if p is true, its negation, denoted by p, is Propositional Logic
false. Negation
Conditional
Likewise, if p is false then p is true.
Some easy example
Statement p Negation p
Juan is running. Juan is not running.
Jane did not pass Math I Jane passed Math I last
last semester. semester.
One foot is equal to 10 One foot is not equal to 10
inches. inches.
Negation of statements involving quantifier
Logic
J.M.Basilla
Forming the negation of a statement p which
Statements
contains quantifiers such as all, some, none or no is
Propositional Logic
not as easy as the previous examples. Negation
Conditional
Example
Statement p Negation p
All students are diligent Some students are not
diligent
Some people are funny No person is funny.
Nobody stole the cookie Somebody stole the
from the cookie jar cookie from the cookie jar
General rule for negating statements
involving quantifier
Logic
J.M.Basilla
Statements
Statement p Negation p Propositional Logic
Negation
Conditional
All/Every . . .. Some . . . not . . ..
Some . . . not . . .. All/every . . ..
None/No/No Some . . ..
one/Nobody. . ..
Some . . .. No/None . . ..
More example and exercises
Logic
J.M.Basilla
Statement Negation Statements
Propositional Logic
My car did not start. My car did start. Negation
Conditional
Some of the cars did not All the cars started.
start.
None of the car started. Some of the cars did start.
Every car started. Some of the cars did not
start.
Some of the cars started. No car started.
The truth of a negation
Logic
p p
J.M.Basilla
T F
F T Statements
Propositional Logic
Negation
Conditional
Conditional Statements
Logic
J.M.Basilla
A conditional statement is usually stated in the form
Statements
If P then Q.
Propositional Logic
The statement P , is called the hypothesis or Negation
Conditional
antecedent of the conditional statement.
The statement Q is called the conclusion or
consequent of the conditional statement.
In symbol, If P then Q. is written as P Q.
A conditional statement If P then Q. asserts that Q
becomes true the moment P becomes true.
However, it does not assert anything if P is false.
An example:
If you study hard, then you will graduate with honors.
The truth of a conditional
Logic
p q p = q
J.M.Basilla
T T T
T F F Statements
F T T Propositional Logic
Negation
F F T Conditional
The different form of conditional statements
Logic
J.M.Basilla
Statements
P : You study hard.
Propositional Logic
Q : You will graduate with honors. Negation
Conditional
If P then Q. If you study hard then you will graduate
with honors.
P implies Studying hard implies that you will grad-
Q. uate with honors.
All P are Q. All those who study hard graduate with
honors.
Statements related to A B.
Converse BA Logic
Inverse A B J.M.Basilla
Contrapositive B A
Statements
If it is an IBM PC then it is a computer. True Propositional Logic
Negation
Let Conditional
P = It is an IBM PC.
Q = It is a computer.
The given conditional is of the form P Q.
Converse If it is a computer then it is an IBM PC.
False
Inverse If it is not an IBM PC then it is not a
computer. False
Contrapositive If it is not a computer then it is not an
IBM PC. True
Statements related to A B.
Converse BA Logic
Inverse A B J.M.Basilla
Contrapositive B A
Statements
If x is an even number then the last digit of x is Propositional Logic
2. False Negation
Conditional
Let
P = x is even.
Q = The last digit of x is 2.
The given conditional is of the form P Q.
Converse If the last digit of x is 2 then x is even.
True
Inverse If x is not even then the last digit of x
is not 2. True
Contrapositive If the last number of x is not 2 then x
is not even. False
Statements related to A B.
Converse BA Logic
Inverse A B J.M.Basilla
Contrapositive B A
Statements
All students are diligent individuals. False Propositional Logic
Negation
Let Conditional
P = x is a student.
Q = x is diligent.
The given conditional is of the form P Q.
Converse All diligent individuals are students.
False
Inverse All none students are not diligent.
False
Contrapositive All non-diligent individuals are non-
students. False
Statements related to A B.
Converse BA Logic
Inverse A B J.M.Basilla
Contrapositive B A
Statements
If two lines are perpendicular then two lines form Propositional Logic
a right angle. True Negation
Conditional
Let
P = Two lines are perpendicular.
Q = Two lines form a right angle.
The given conditional is of the form P Q.
Converse If two lines form a right angle then the
two lines are perpendicular True
Inverse If two lines are not perpendicular then
they do not form a right angle. true
Contrapositive If two lines do not form a right angle
Equivalent conditional statements
Logic
The truth value of the conditional and the
J.M.Basilla
contrapositive are always the same
Statements
The truth value of the inverse and the converse are
Propositional Logic
always the same. Negation
Conditional
The converse is the contrapositive of the inverse.
conditional If it is an IBM PC then it is a true
computer.
contrapositive If it is not a computer then it is true
not an IBM PC.
inverse If it is not an IBM PC then it is false
not a computer.
converse If it is a computer then it is an false
IBM PC.
Equivalent conditional statements
Logic
The truth value of the conditional and the
J.M.Basilla
contrapositive are always the same
Statements
The truth value of the inverse and the converse are
Propositional Logic
always the same. Negation
Conditional
The converse is the contrapositive of the inverse.
conditional If x is an even number then the false
last digit of x is two.
contrapositive If the last digit of x is two then x false
is even.
inverse If x is not an even number then true
the last digit of x is not two.
converse If the last digit of x is two then x true
is even
Biconditional statements
Logic
conditional All students are diligent. false
J.M.Basilla
contrapositive All those not diligent are not stu- false
dents. Statements
inverse All none students are not dili- false Propositional Logic
Negation
gent. Conditional
converse All those diligent are students. false
Biconditional statements
Logic
conditional If two lines are perpendicular true
J.M.Basilla
they form a right angle.
contrapositive If two lines do not form a right true Statements
angle they are not perpendicu- Propositional Logic
Negation
lar. Conditional
inverse If two lines are not perpendicu- true
lar then they do not form a right
angle.
converse If two lines form a right angle true
then they are perpendicular.
Biconditional statements
Logic
In the last two examples, the conditional, inverse,
J.M.Basilla
converse and contrapositive all have the same truth
Statements
value.
Propositional Logic
These type of conditional are called biconditional. Negation
Conditional
In symbol, P Q.
Read as, P if and only if Q.
Equivalently, P and Q are equivalent.
Used in definitions.
The truth of a biconditional
Logic
p q p q
J.M.Basilla
T T T
T F F Statements
F T F Propositional Logic
Negation
F F T Conditional
