SIL211 MEKANIKA TANAH, 3(2-3)
DESIGN AND DETAILING OF RETAINING WALLS
DR. IR. ERIZAL, MAGR.
DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK SIPIL DAN LINGKUNGAN
FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN
IPB
DESIGN AND DETAILING
OF RETAINING WALLS
Learning Outcomes:
After this class students will be able to do the
complete design and detailing of different types of
retaining walls.
2
RETAINING WALL
GL2
Retaining walls are usually
BACK
built to hold back soil SOIL
mass. However, retaining
walls can also be constructed GL1
for aesthetic landscaping
purposes.
Gravity retaining wall
3
Cantilever Retaining wall
with shear key
Batter
Drainage Hole
Toe
4
Photos of Retaining walls
5
Classification of
Retaining walls
Gravity wall-Masonry or Plain concrete
Cantilever retaining wall-RCC
(Inverted T and L)
Counterfort retaining wall-RCC
Buttress wall-RCC
6
Classification of Retaining walls
Backfill Backfill
Tile
Gravity RW drain L-Shaped RW
T-Shaped RW
Backfill
Counterfort Buttress
Weep
hole
Counterfort RW Buttress RW
7
Earth Pressure (P)
Earth pressure is the pressure exerted by the
retaining material on the retaining wall. This
pressure tends to deflect the wall outward. GL
Types of earth pressure :
Active earth pressure or earth pressure (Pa) and Pa
Passive earth pressure (Pp).
Active earth pressure tends to deflect the wall
away from the backfill. Variation of Earth pressure
8
Factors affecting earth pressure
Earth pressure depends on type of backfill, the
height of wall and the soil conditions
Soil conditions: The different soil conditions are
Dry leveled back fill
Moist leveled backfill
Submerged leveled backfill
Leveled backfill with uniform surcharge
Backfill with sloping surface
9
Analysis for dry back fills
Maximum pressure at any height, p=kah GL
Total pressure at any height from top,
pa=1/2[kah]h = [kah2]/2 h
H
Bending moment at any height GL Pa
M=paxh/3= [kah3]/6
M
Total pressure, Pa= [kaH2]/2
Total Bending moment at bottom, kaH
M = [kaH3]/6 H=stem height
10
Where, ka= Coefficient of active earth pressure
= (1-sin)/(1+sin)=tan2
= 1/kp, coefficient of passive earth pressure
= Angle of internal friction or angle of repose
=Unit weigh or density of backfill
If = 30, ka=1/3 and kp=3. Thus ka is 9 times kp
11
Backfill with sloping surface
pa= ka H at the bottom and is parallel
GL
to inclined surface of backfill
ka= cos cos 2 cos 2
cos
cos cos cos
2 2
Where =Angle of surcharge
Total pressure at bottom
=Pa= ka H2/2
12
Stability requirements of RW
Following conditions must be satisfied for stability
of wall (IS:456-2000).
It should not overturn
It should not slide
It should not subside, i.e Max. pressure at the
toe should not exceed the safe bearing capacity of
the soil under working condition
13
Check against overturning
Factor of safety against overturning
= MR / MO 1.55 (=1.4/0.9)
Where,
MR =Stabilising moment or restoring
moment
MO =overturning moment
As per IS:456-2000,
MR>1.2 MO, ch. DL + 1.4 MO, ch. IL
0.9 MR 1.4 MO, ch IL
14
Check against Sliding
FOS against sliding
= Resisting force to sliding/
Horizontal force causing
sliding
= W/Pa 1.55
(=1.4/0.9)
As per IS:456:2000
1.4 = ( 0.9W)/Pa Friction W
SLIDING OF WALL
15
Design of Shear key
In case the wall is unsafe
against sliding
pp= p tan2 (45 +/2)
= p kp
H where pp= Unit passive
pressure on soil above
H+a shearing plane AB
PA p= Earth pressure at BC
C R=Total passive
A R pp resistance=ppxa
a
B W ka(H+a)
=45 + /2
16
Design of Shear key-Contd.,
If W= Total vertical force acting at the key base
= shearing angle of passive resistance
R= Total passive force = pp x a
PA=Active horizontal pressure at key base for H+a
W=Total frictional force under flat base
For equilibrium, R + W =FOS x PA
FOS= (R + W)/ PA 1.55
17
Maximum pressure at the toe
W4 H
x1 W1
h
W
W2
x2 Pa
R
H/3
W3
T
e b/6
x b/2
b
Pmin. Pressure below the
Pmax Retaining Wall
18
Let the resultant R due to W and Pa
lie at a distance x from the toe.
X = M/W,
M = sum of all moments about toe.
Eccentricity of the load = e = (b/2-x) b/6
W 6e
Minimum pressure at heel= Pmin 1 b >Zero.
b
For zero pressure, e=b/6, resultant should cut the base within the
middle third.
Maximum pressure at toe= W 6e
SBC of soil. Pmax 1 b
b
19
Depth of foundation
Rankines formula:
2
Df =
SBC 1 sin
1 sin
SBC 2 Df
= ka
20
Preliminary Proportioning
(T shaped wall)
200
Stem: Top width 200 mm to 400 mm
Base slab width b= 0.4H to 0.6H, 0.6H
to 0.75H for surcharged wall
Base slab thickness= H/10 to H/14 H
Toe projection= (1/3-1/4) Base width H/10
tp= (1/3-1/4)b H/14
b= 0.4H to 0.6H
21
Behaviour or structural action
Behaviour or
structural action and
design of stem, heel and
toe slabs are same as that
of any cantilever slab.
22
Design of Cantilever RW
Stem, toe and heel acts as cantilever slabs
Stem design: Mu=psf (ka H3/6)
Determine the depth d from Mu = Mu, lim=Qbd2
Design as balanced section or URS and find steel
Mu=0.87 fy Ast[d-fyAst/(fckb)]
23
Curtailment of bars
Effective depth (d) is
Proportional to h
Dist.
from Bending moment is
h1 top Every
alternateproportional to h3
Ast/2 h2 bar cut
h1c Ast is l to (BM/d) and is
Ldt
l to h2
Ast
h2 Ast1 h12
i.e. 2
Ast/2 Ast Ast 2 h2
Provided
Ast
Cross section Curtailment curve
24
Design of Heel and Toe
1. Heel slab and toe slab should also be designed as cantilever. For this
stability analysis should be performed as explained and determine
the maximum bending moments at the junction.
2. Determine the reinforcement.
3. Also check for shear at the junction.
4. Provide enough development length.
5. Provide the distribution steel
25
Design Example Cantilever retaining wall
Design a cantilever retaining wall (T type) to retain earth for a
height of 4m. The backfill is horizontal. The density of soil is
18kN/m3. Safe bearing capacity of soil is 200 kN/m2. Take the
co-efficient of friction between concrete and soil as 0.6. The
angle of repose is 30. Use M20 concrete and Fe415 steel.
Solution
Data: h' = 4m, SBC= 200 kN/m2, = 18 kN/m3, =0.6, =30
26
Depth of foundation
To fix the height of retaining wall [H]
200
H= h' +Df
Depth of foundation
h1 h
H
2
SBC 1 sin
Df = 1 sin
Df
b
= 1.23m say 1.2m ,
Therefore H= 5.2m
27
Proportioning of wall
Thickness of base slab=(1/10 to1/14)H 200
0.52m to 0.43m, say 450 mm
Width of base slab=b = (0.5 to 0.6) H H=5200 mm
2.6m to 3.12m say 3m
tp= 750 mm
Toe projection= pj= (1/3 to )H 450
1m to 0.75m say 0.75m b= 3000 mm
Provide 450 mm thickness for the stem at
the base and 200 mm at the top
28
Design of stem
Ph= x 1/3 x 18 x 4.752=67.68 kN
M = Ph h/3 = 0.333 x 18 x 4.753/6
= 107.1 kN-m
Mu= 1.5 x M = 160.6 kN-m
Taking 1m length of wall, h
Mu/bd2= 1.004 < 2.76, URS Pa
(Here d=450- eff. Cover=450-50=400 mm)
To find steel M
Pt=0.295% <0.96% Df
Ast= 0.295x1000x400/100 = 1180 mm2
#12 @ 90 < 300 mm and 3d ok kah
Ast provided= 1266 mm2 [0.32%]
Or Mu = [kaH3]/6
29
Curtailment of bars-Stem
Curtail 50% steel from top
(h1/h2)2 = 50%/100%=
(h1/4.75)2 = , h1 = 3.36m
Dist.
Actual point of cutoff from
top
h1 Every
= 3.36-Ld=3.36-47 bar = 3.36- Ast/2 h2
alternate
bar cut
0.564 = 2.74m from top. h1c
Ldt
Spacing of bars = 180 mm c/c < Ast
300 mm and 3d ok h2
Ast/2 Ast
Provid
Ast ed
30
Design of stem-Contd.,
Development length (Stem steel)
200
Ld=47 bar =47 x 12 = 564 mm
Secondary steel for stem at front
0.12% GA H=5200 mm
= 0.12x450 x 1000/100 = 540 mm2
#10 @ 140 < 450 mm and 5d ok tp= 750 mm
450
Distribution steel
b= 3000 mm
= 0.12% GA = 0.12x450 x 1000/100 =
540 mm2
#10 @ 140 < 450 mm and 5d ok
31
Check for shear
200
Max. SF at Junction, xx = Ph=67.68 kN
Ultimate SF= Vu=1.5 x 67.68 = 101.52 kN H=5200 mm
Nominal shear stress =v=Vu/bd
= 101.52 x 1000 / 1000x400 = 0.25 MPa x x
To find c: 100Ast/bd = 0.32%,
From IS:456-2000, c= 0.38 MPa b= 3000 mm
v < c, Hence safe in shear.
32
Stability analysis
Distance BM about A
Load Magnitude, kN
from A, m kN-m
Stem W1 0.2x4.75x1x25 = 23.75 1.1 26.13
x0.25x4.75x1x25 0.75 + 2/3x0.25
Stem W2 13.60
= 14.84 =0.316
B. slab W3 3.0x0.45x1x25=33.75 1.5 50.63
Back fill, 1.8x4.75x1x18
2.1 323.20
W4 = 153.9
Total W= 226.24 MR=413.55
Earth Pre.
PH =0.333x18x5.22/2 H/3 =5.2/3 MO=140.05
=PH
33
W4 H
x1 W1
h
W
W2
x2 Pa
R
H/3
W3
T
e b/6
x b/2
b
Forces acting
0.75m 0.45m 1.8m
Pmin. on the wall
Pmax 30.16 and the
kN/m2
120.6 24.1 pressure
kN/m2 97.99
22.6 below the wall
Pressure below the Retaining Wall
34
Stability checks
Check for overturning
FOS = MR/ MO= 2.94 >1.55 safe
Check for Sliding
FOS = W/ PH= 2.94 >1.55 safe
Check for subsidence
X=M/ W= 1.20 m > b/3 and e= b/2 x = 3/2 1.2 = 0.3m <
b/6
Pressure below the base slab
PMax=120.66 kN/m2 < SBC, safe
PMin = 30.16 kN/m2 > zero, No tension or separation, safe
35
0.75m 0.45m 1.8m
30.16 kN/m2
120.6 kN/m2
24.1
97.99
22.6
Pressure below the Retaining Wall
Magnitude, Distance BM, MC,
Load
kN from C, m kN-m
Backfill 153.9 0.9 138.51
0.45x1.8x25
Heel slab 0.9 18.23
= 27.25 Design
Pressure dist.
rectangle
30.16 x 1.8
=54.29
0.9 -48.86 of
Pressure dist. x 24.1 heel
1/3x1.8 -13.01
Triangle x1.8=21.69
slab
Total Load Total MC=94.86
36
Design of heel slab-
Contd., 200
Mu= 1.5 x 94.86 =142.3 kNm
Mu/bd2= 0.89 < 2.76, URS
Pt=0.264% < 0.96%
H=5200 mm
Ast= 0.264x1000x400/100
=1056 mm2
x
#16@ 190 < 300 mm and 3d ok x
b= 3000 mm
Ast provided= 1058mm [0.27%]
OR Mu=0.87 fy Ast[d - (fyAst/fckb)]
37
Design of heel slab-
Contd., 200
Development length:
Ld=47 bar
=47 x 16 = 752mm
H=5200 mm
Distribution steel
Same, #10 @ 140
< 450 mm and 5d ok x
Ldt=752
x
38
Design of heel slab-Contd.,
200
Check for shear at junction (Tension)
Maximum shear =V=105.17 kN,
VU,max= 157.76 kN,
Nominal shear stress =v=Vu/bd
= 101.52 x 1000 / 1000x400 = 0.39 MPa
x
To find c: 100Ast/bd = 0.27%,
x
From IS:456-2000, c= 0.37 MPa
v slightly greater than c,
Hence slightly unsafe in shear.
39
Design of toe slab
Bending
Distance
Load Magnitude, kN moment,
from C, m
MC, kN-m
Toe slab 0.75x0.45x25 = 0.75/2 -3.164
Pressure distribution,
97.99x0.75 0.75/2 27.60
rectangle
Pressure distribution, x22.6
2/3x1=0.75 4.24
triangle x1.0.75
Total Load at Total BM
M=28.67
junction at junction
40
Design of toe slab
200
Mu= 1.5 x 28.67 =43 kN-m
Mu/bd2= 0.27< 2.76, URS
Pt=0.085% Very small, provide 0.12%GA
Ast= 540 mm2
#10 @ 140 < 300 mm and 3d ok
Ldt
Development length:
Ld=47 bar =47 x 10 = 470 mm
41
Design of toe slab-Contd.,
Check for shear: at d from junction (at xx as wall is
in compression) 200
Net shear force at the section
V= (120.6+110.04)/2 x 0.35 -
0.45x0.35x25=75.45kN
VU,max=75.45x1.5=113.18 kN
x
v =113.17x1000/(1000x400)=0.28 MPa d
x Ldt
pt0.25%, From IS:456-2000, c= 0.37 MPa
v < c, Hence safe in shear.
42
Other deatails
Construction joint
A key 200 mm wide x 50 mm deep
with nominal steel
#10 @ 250, 600 mm length in two rows
Drainage
100 mm dia. pipes as weep holes at 3m c/c at bottom
Also provide 200 mm gravel blanket at the back of the stem for back
drain.
43
Drawing and detailing
#12 @ 180
#10 @ 140
#12 @ 90
#16 @ 190
#10 @ 140 C/S OF WALL L/S ELEVATION OF WALL
Drawing and detailing
BASE SLAB DETAILS
BOTTOM
STEEL
PLAN OF BASE SLAB
TOP
STEEL
45
Important Points for drawing
Note
1. Adopt a suitable scale such as 1:20
2. Show all the details and do neat drawing
3. Show the development length for all bars at the junction
4. Name the different parts such as stem, toe, heel,
backfill, weep holes, blanket, etc.,
5. Show the dimensions of all parts
6. Detail the steel in all the drawings
7. Lines with double headed arrows represents the
development lengths in the cross section
46
Design and Detailing of
Counterfort Retaining wall
When H exceeds about 6m,
Stem and heel thickness is more CF
More bending and more steel
Cantilever-T type-Uneconomical Stem
Counterforts-Trapezoidal section
1.5m -3m c/c Base Slab
CRW
47
Parts of CRW
Same as that of Cantilever Retaining wall Plus Counterfort
Stem Counterforts
Toe Heel
Base slab
Cross section Plan
48
Design of Stem
The stem acts as a continuous slab
Soil pressure acts as the load on the slab.
Earth pressure varies linearly over the height BF
The slab deflects away from the earth face
between the counterforts
The bending moment in the stem is
maximum at the base and reduces towards
top.
But the thickness of the wall is kept constant
and only the area of steel is reduced.
p=Kah
49
Maximum Bending moments for stem
Maximum +ve B.M= pl2/16
(occurring mid-way between counterforts)
and
l
Maximum -ve B.M= pl2/12
(occurring at inner face of counterforts)
-
Where l is the clear distance between the + p
counterforts
and p is the intensity of soil pressure
50
Design of Toe Slab
The base width=b =0.6 H to 0.7 H
The projection=1/3 to 1/4 of base width.
The toe slab is subjected to an upward soil
reaction and is designed as a cantilever slab fixed H
at the front face of the stem.
Reinforcement is provided on earth face along
the length of the toe slab.
In case the toe slab projection is large i.e. >
b/3, front counterforts are provided above the
toe slab and the slab is designed as a continuous b
horizontal slab spanning between the front
counterforts.
51
Design of Heel Slab
The heel slab is designed as a continuous slab
spanning over the counterforts and is subjected to
downward forces due to weight of soil plus self weight of
slab and an upward force due to soil reaction.
Maximum +ve B.M= pl2/16
(mid-way between counterforts) BF
And
Maximum -ve B.M= pl2/12
(occurring at counterforts)
52
Design of Counterforts
The counterforts are subjected to outward
reaction from the stem.
This produces tension along the outer sloping
face of the counterforts.
The inner face supporting the stem is in
compression. Thus counterforts are designed
as a T-beam of varying depth.
The main steel provided along the sloping C T
face shall be anchored properly at both ends.
The depth of the counterfort is measured d
perpendicular to the sloping side.
53
Behaviour of Counterfort RW
-M
+M Important points
Loads on Wall
COUNTERFORT Deflected shape
STEM
Nature of BMs
Position of steel
-M
Counterfort details
HEEL SLAB
TOE +M
54
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