SAT II Math Formula Reference

MATH LEVEL IIC 1.3ver

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS

(f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x)
(fg)(x)=f(x)g(x)
(f/g)(x)=f(x)/g(x)
(f g)(x)=f(x) g(x)=f(g(x))

CHAPTER 2 POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS

Linear Functions
2 2
Distance= (x1 -x 2 ) +(y1 -y 2 )

Ax1 By1 C
Distance=
A2 B 2

m1 m2
Tan = m is the slope of l.
1 m1m2

b b 2 4ac
x
2a
b
Sum of zeros (roots)=
a
c
Product of zeros (roots)=
a

CHAPTER 3 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Graphs:

y A f ( Bx C )

A is the amplitude

f
is the period of the graph
B
C
B is the phase shift
sin csc 1
cos sec 1
tan cot 1
sin
tan
cos
cos
cot
sin
Quadrant I II III IV
Function: + + - -
sin,csc
cos,sec + - - +
tan,cot + - + -

Arcs and Angles

s r
1
A r 2
2
Special Angles
0 3 2
2 2
sine 0 1 0 -1 0
cosine 1 0 -1 0 1
tangent 0 und 0 und 0
cotangent und 0 und 0 und
secant 1 und -1 und 1
cosecant und 1 und -1 und
*und: means that the function is undefined because the definition of the function necessitates division by
zero.

or 30 or 45 or 60
6 4 3
sine 1
2 3
2
2 2
cosine 1
3 2
2
2 2
tangent 1
3 3
3
cotangent 1
3 3
2
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secant 2
2 3 2
3
cosecant 2
2 2 3
3

Formulas:

1.sin 2 x cos 2 x 1
2.tan x 2 1 sec 2 x
3.cot 2 x 1 csc 2 x
4.sin( A B ) sin A cos B cos A sin B
5.sin( A B ) sin A cos B cos A sin B
6.cos( A B ) cos A cos B sin A sin B
7.cos( A B ) cos A cos B sin A sin B
tan A tan B
8.tan( A B )
1 tan A tan B
tan A tan B
9.tan( A B )
1 tan A tan B
10.sin 2 A 2sin A cos A
11.cos 2 A cos 2 A sin 2 A
12.cos 2 A 2 cos 2 A 1
13.cos 2 A 1 2sin 2 A
2 tan A
14.tan 2 A
1 tan 2 A
1 1 cos A
15.sin A
2 2
1 1 cos A
16.cos A
2 2
1 1 cos A
17.tan A
2 1 cos A
1 cos A
18.
sin A
sin A
19.
1 cos A
1
*The correct sign for Formulas 15 through 17is determined by the quadrant in which angle A lies.
2
Triangles
sin A sin B sin C
Law of sines:
a b c
 a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A
Law of cosines: b 2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos B
c 2 a 2 b 2 2ab cos C

1
Area bc sin A
2
1
Area of a : Area ac sin B
2
1
Area ab sin C
2

CHAPTER 4 MISCELLANEOUS RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

The general quadratic equation

Ax 2 Bxy Cy 2 Dx Ey F 0

If B 4 AC 0 and A C , the graph is a circle.

2

If B 4 AC 0 and A C , the graph is an ellipse.

2

If B 4 AC 0 , the graph is a parabola.

2

If B 4 AC 0 , the graph is a hyperbola.

2

Circle:

( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2 r 2
Ellipse:

( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
if C>A, 1 , transverse axis horizontal
a2 b2

( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
if C<A, 2
2
1 , transverse axis vertical, where a 2 b 2 c 2
b a
Vertices: a units along major axis from center
Foci: c units along major axis from center
Length=2b
c
Eccentricity= <1
a
2b 2
Length of latus rectum=
a
Parabola:

if C=0, ( x h) 4 p ( y k ) opens up and down---axis of symmetry is vertical

2
if A=0, ( y k ) 4 p ( x h) opens to the side---axis of symmetry is horizontal
2

Equation of axis of symmetry:

x=h if vertical
y=k if horizontal
Focus: p units along the axis of symmetry from vertex
Equation of directrix:
y=-p if axis of symmetry is vertical
x=-p if axis of symmetry is horizontal
c
Eccentricity= =1
a
Length of latus rectum=4p
Hyperbola:

( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
1 , transverse axis horizontal
a2 b2

( y k ) 2 ( x h) 2
1 , transverse axis vertical, where c 2 a 2 b 2
a2 b2
Vertices: a units along the transverse axis from center
Foci: c units along the transverse from center

2b 2
Length of latus rectum=
a
c
Eccentricity= >1
a
a b
the slopes of the asymptotes are (vertical)or (horizontal).
b a
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
x a xb x a b
x0 1
xa
b
x a b
x
1
xa a
x
( x ) x ab
a b

x a y a ( xy ) a
log b ( p q ) log b p log b q
log b 1 0
b logb p p
p
log b log b p log b q
q
log b b 1
log b ( p x ) x log b p
log a p
log b p
log a b
Greatest Integer Functions:

x i, where i is an interger and i x i 1

Polar Coordinates:
x r cos
y r sin
x2 y 2 r 2
De Moivres Throrem:
z1 x1 y1i r1 (cos 1 i sin 1 ) r1cis1
and
z2 x2 y2i r2 (cos 2 i sin 2 ) r2 cis 2 :
1.z1 z2 r1 r2 [cos(1 2 ) i sin(1 2 )]
z1 r1
If 2. [cos(1 2 ) i sin(1 2 )]
z2 r2
3.z n r n (cos n 2 i sin n 2 ) r n cisn
2 k 2 k 2 k
4.z1/ n r1/ n (cos i sin ) r1/ n cis
n n n
where k is an integer taking on values from 0 to n-1.

CHAPTER 5 MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS

n ! n( n 1)( n 2)...3 2 1

Permutations:
Circular permutation (e.g., around a table) of n elements= ( n 1)!

(n 1)!
Circular permutation (e.g., beads on a bracelet) of n elements=
2
n!
Permutations of n elements with a repetitions and with b repetitions=
a !b !
n!
Pr
n
n r !
n n Pr the product of the largest r factors of n!

r r! r!

n
The number of combinations of n things taken r at a time is denoted by n Cr or C(n,r) or .
r

n n

r nr
Binomial Theorem:

Tr 1 n Cr a n r b r
Probability:

Independent events: P ( A B ) P ( A) P ( B )

P( A B) 0
Mutually exclusive events:
and P ( A B ) P ( A) P ( B )
Sequences and Series
In general, an arithmetic sequence is denoted by

t1 , t1 d , t1 2d , t1 3d ......t1 (n 1)d

n
Sn (t1 tn )
2
or
n
S n [2t1 (n 1)d ]
2
In general, a geometric sequence is denoted by

t1 , t1r , t1r 2 , t1r 3 ,..., t1r n 1

t1 (1 r n )
Sn
1 r
t1
lim S n
n 1 r
Geometry and Vectors

If V (v1 , v2 ) and U (u1 , u2 ) ,

U V (u1 v1 , u2 v 2 )

V (v1 ) 2 (v2 ) 2

V U v1u1 v2u2

Two vectors are perpendicular if and only if V U 0

Logic:
conjunction ( A B )
disjunction ( A B )
implication ( A B ), negation, A B '
If A B is true, then B ' A ' is also true.
Determinates:

ac
ad bc
bd

ax by c
If
dx ey f
c b a c
f e d f
x , y
a b a b
d e d e

Geometry:
Distance between two points with coordinates
( x1 , y1 , z1 )and x2 , y2 , z2
( x1 x2 ) 2 ( y1 y2 ) 2 ( z1 z2 ) 2
The distance between a point and a plane:

Ax1 By1 Cz1 D

Distance=
A2 B 2 C 2
Triange:
Herons formular:

s ( s a )( s b)( s c); a, b, c are the three sides of the triangle,

A= 1
S= (a b c)
2
Rhombus:
 1
Area=bh= d1d 2 ; b base, h height , d diagonal
2
Cylinder

Volume= r h
2

Later surface area= 2 rh

Total surface area= 2 rh 2 r

2

Cone:
The volume of the cone:
1
V r 2h
3
1
Later surface area r r h
2 2
cl
2

Total surface area r r h r

2 2 2

Sphere
4 3
Volume= r
3
Surface area= 4 r
2