DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 353 815, FL 020 896
AUTHOR Tegey, Habibullah; Robson, Barbara
TITLE Pashto Reader.
INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C.
SPONS AGENCY Office of International Education (ED), Hashington,
De.
PUR DATE 92
cowmacT 017410030,
NOTE 226p.; For related documents, soe FL 020 894-895,
PUB TYPE Guides ~ Classroom Use - Instructional Materials (For
Learaer) (051)
EDRS PRICE MFOI/PC10 Plus Postage.
DESCRIPTORS Advertising; Grammar; Instructional Materials;
*Language Variation; Letters (Correspondence); News
Media; *Pashto; Poetry; *Reading Materials;
Uncommonly Taught Languages; Vocabulary; *Written
Language
IDENTIFIERS Authentic Materials
ABSTRACT
This reader is the basic text for a set of
instructional materials in Pashto. Tt consists of 45 authentic
passages in Pashto script, each accompanied by background
information, a vocabulary list, hints for scanning, comprehension
exercises, and notes for detailed rereading. An introductory section
offers study suggestions for the student. The passages are presented
in 7 groups: essays; articles; stories} poetry} public writing (signs
and advertising); letters and memoranda; and fractured Pachtc. Each
group is accompanied by an introduction and answers to coaprehension
questions. Additional jokes and anecdotes are included throughout the
materials. (MSE)
Je II I URIS IO II ARI IOI IIS AAI IIT
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Pashto Reader
Center for Applied Linguistics
BEST COPY AVAILABLE
2 25/53 po
Pashto Reader
Habibullah Tegey
Barbara Robson
Center for Applied Linguistics
Washington, D.C Pashto Reader
Introduction
This Pashto Reader 1s accompanied by three other components: Pashto Reader
Originals , a set of most of the passages in the Reader in their original published forms;
and Pashto Reader Passages in Transcription, a set of the passages in broad phonetic
transcriptions, for use by linguists and others who are interested in the structure and
pronunciation of authentic Pashto but are not familier with the written script; and the
Pashto-English Glossary for the CAL Pashto Materials, a glossary of all the vocabulary
items used in the Reader and the other Pashto materials described below.
All four of the Pashto Reader components are available In microfiche or hard copy
through the ERIC Document Reproduction Service. For information, please contact
ERIC/CLL, Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C
This Reader has been developed by the Center for Applied Linguistics with
funding from Grant No, PO17A10030 from the International Research and Studies
Program of the US. Department cf Education, The same office funded CAL to develop
Beginning Pashto and Intermediate Pashto, the components of which are also available
from the ERIC Document Reproduction Service. This Reader assumes that the student
has mastered the material in Beginning and Intermediate Pashto.
We wish to thank Mr. Anwar Ayazi for field-Lesting and commenting on the Reader
units and the Glossary for us. His careful reading end thoughtful comments have been of
special value in the preparation of the Reader, and we are very grateful to him for his
continuing interest in this project. Pashto Reader ii
Tabie of Contents
Introduction . : 7 5 if
To the Student bese . 5 ’
Unit 1: Essays
Introduction aren 7 1
Selection A: 534 LS oe Spee aoGoa0 2
Selection 8 srk gory 9-5 . cee 8
Selection C: Iss yuk » oe poppe 0
Selection D: ot, Sty ero . cee 14
Selection E: ey 9 Sub3 > 5 : te
Selection F: alas QE 2 wsdeg Qo . at
Selection & S5 git : 25
Selection H: dx . . 30
Answers to Past-reading Questions, 35
Unit 2: Articles
Introduction cee ce 38
Selection A: Seo 248 Gaal cee 38
Selection B: gl gle tng 45
Selection: 25 a8 ob pole a GLUE! sieyet Ble oe 51
Selection 0: 453 Sass!) 045 S55 = : cee 87
Selection E: News Briefs : : 6
Answers to Post-reading Questions ...... : 65
Unit 3: Stories
Introduction re 68
Selection A: ea? iinet, 4 69
Selection B: Sea glk jal... : 75
Selection C: S59 pal 8
Selection D: 3. 69
Answers to Post~reading Questions 98
Unit 4: Poetry
Introduction pepandooe 100
Selection A: il) : A 101
Selection B: | : : mt
a Pashto Reader
Selection C: |
Selection D: ljyint o jen
Selection E: ihe
Selection F: coe sume
‘Answers to Post-reading Questions
Unit 5: Public Pashto
Introduction
Selection A: Street Signs in Kabul
Selection B: Wall Writing in Peshawar
Selection C: Baba Rahman's Tomb
Selection D: Khoshal Khan Khattek’s Tomb.
Selection E: Advertisements.
Answers to Post-reading Questions.
Unit 6: Letters and Memoranda
Introduction
Selection A
Selection B
Selection C
Selection D.
Selection €,
Selection F.
Selection 6...
Selection H...
Selection I.
Selection J.
Selection k.
Selection L fo
Answers to Post-reading Questions.
Unit 7: Fractured Pashto
Introduction ...
Selection A: News Briefs
Selection B: ay 6 oySlisass
Selection C: Sly e255
Selection D: 2 4S ale y s4z 5:83 4 pz5y US 9
Selection €: 68:58 Sone galt Gh
Answers to Post-reading Questions
115
126
128
134
2143
145
146
148
150
152
154
157
158
159
161
163
165
167
169
171
173
176
179
181
183
186
189
190
196
201
= 205
au
216 Pashto Reader v
To the Student
The purpose of this Reader is to provide English-speaking students of the Pashto
language with an introduction to modern written Pashto. In preparing it, we have tried
to keep in mind students’ different needs for Pashto: some are working with the
Tanguage in en academic environment, and are interested in the language for its own
sake; and others are learning the language for practical purposes, for example foreign
service officers who expect to work among Pashtuns in Afghanistan or Pakistan. We
have also taken into account that some students are working on their own, and others are
working with a teacher. We have tried, as far as Is possible, to work within all these
variables. All users of the Reader , however, are assumed to have mastered the material
presented in Beginning Pashto and Intermediate Pashto.
The Pashto pieces in the Reader were chosen mainly for their interest to English-
speaking readers, and for the insights Into Pashtun culture and society they provide
They range from pieces which are widely accepted in the Pashtun community as
examples of modern literature, through letters and articles written by “ordinary” people,
to pieces immediately reeagnized by the Pashtun as non-native, “fractured” Pashto
Excent for deletion of some parts, the pieces are authentic, unedited Pashto as ft
appears in books, newspapers, journals, and other public and private sources.
You will natice that the first selections in Units 1, 2, 3, end 4 were written by
Ulfat. Ulfat fs, first, universally recognized as one of the - if not the ~ best Pashtun
writer of this century; @ more in-depth knowledge of his writings will serve the Pashto
student well. Second, Ulfat's style is closer to spoken Pashto than most, and for that
reason 1s somewhat easier for the foreign learner of the lenguage to handle, Third, the
provision of several types of pieces by the same author will allow the student to
compare the same author across genres to different authors in the same genre.
It should be remembered that unlike English, Pashto does not have firm “rules
which govern spelling, punctuation, and even spacing between words, Such matters are
left to the author, and Pashtun authors vary widely with regard to their concern for
correctness", their exposure to and appreciation for western notions of consistency, and
other aspects of publishing that occupy western editors.
Each unit in the Reader consists of a number of selections, each of which contains
@ piece (or pieces) of authentic Pashto. Each selection has the following parts:
© the passage in Pashto, presented in normalized computer Pashto like that of
Beginning and Intermediate Pashto, \.e. with consistent spacing between words. We have
carefully preserved the spelling and grammar mistakes and misprints in the originals,
and called your attention to the mest important of them in the detailed notes.
© Pre-reading information end activities. In the Background, information is
given which places the selection tn context, eg. information on the author and the
circumstances under which he wrote the piece; cultural information which will help you Pashto Ri
jer wi
understand the selection better; and bibitogrenhical information. Note, please, that any
dates given are likely to be off: the sources for them are in three different calendars,
and tn any event are subject to individuals’ recollections.
In the Key Vocabulary section, most of the new words appearing in the selection
are listet in Pashto alphabetical order, with grammatical information and English
glosses. Each of these words, and all others in the selection, appear in the Pashto-
English Glossary for the CAL Pashto Matertals. In the Glossary, the words are given
more detatled treatment than in the Key Vocabulary sect ton.
In the Scanning Hints section, information 1s given which will help you get an idea
of the overall structurs of the passage. There are, in addition, notes to alert you to
‘typographical errors, punctuation conventions and other potential sources of confusion.
© Post-reading comprehension questions, with answers given at the end of the
select ion
Notes for Detailed Reading, These notes are for the student who ts
learning Pashto in an academic environment
If you ere working with @ Pashtun teacher, the teacher will ¢“ rourse use the
passages in the Reader as he or she sees fit. If you ere working on y. Town, we suggest
‘that you work through the unfts tn the following order: 5,6, 1, 2,3, 4, 7. This is the
order in which the units were developed, and also the order in which you will be exposed
to the least complicated Pashto first. Alternatively, you might want to work through
Units 5 and 6, then reed the plecesby Ulfat In Units 1, 2, 3, and 4, then proceed with the
other pleces In each unit. Under any circumstances, we suggest that Unit 7, Fractured
Pashto, be studied last,
We also suggest, if you are working on your own, the following approach to each
selection:
1, Read the Pre-reading section, and follow the suggestions.
2. Scan the selection several times ({.e. read It for the general 1deas, not for word-by-
word comprehension), using the Original version (See the Introduction, 9. #f, tor
availability of the Pashto Reader Originals.) If you have trouble processing the
Original, compere it to the version presented here in the Reader.
3. When you are comfortable with the overall pessage, try the comprehension questions
given tn the Post-~reading section
4. If you are studying Pashto for the language rather than to use it for practical
Purposes, go over the passage again in detail, being sure you understand the
structure of each sentence. Use the Glossary to look up any words you don't
understand.
If, having worked through the selections in this Reader, you would like to continue with
other modern Pasho stories, essays and poetry, we recommend that you try to find a three-
volume sat of writings entitled JljSJ Geel. JS) ging! i8 8 collection of pteces from
well-known Pashtun authors, collected and edited by Senawa in 1960/61. Each writer was Pashto Reader vil
asked to send a biography and three or four of his favorite pieces for the collection. The result
| {1s @ large collection, uniformly typed, and with more attention than usual to consistency of
punctuation and spelling. It is avatlable in bookstores in Pakistan. We also recommend the
Pashto pleces in the literary journal Kabul, which Is likely to be carried in large university
Ubrartes.
Wherever space has permitted, we have included fillers ~ jokes, anecdotes,
|poetry - for the sole purpose of amusing you. Most of the jokes are trom joke
books bought in book stores in Pakistan; they have been edited and glossed to
make for easy reading, All such fillers are enclosed in a double box like the one
[surrounding this paragraph. Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 1
Unit 1: Essays
Introduction
The selections in this unit are short formal essays, called apt; esl ‘literary
piece’ in Pashto, Adebi parche were originally inspired by the French. Sorrowed Into
both Pashto and Dart, they are short essays on political and soctal problems in
Afghanistan, written in figurative language. The most well-known Pashto adab/ parche
were written by the first generation of modern Pashtun writers; younger writers
extended the genre to include love end romance as topics.
An adabi parcha differs from a mugéla ~ Jk. ~ an article - mostly in length;
there are pieces (ane of them 1s given in Unit 2) which are adepi parche in every respect
except that they are “too long” and are therefore considered articles rather then essays.
Besides length, another difference between an adabi parche end 8 mugale 1s thet the
formers primary purpose 1s to be an expressive piece of writing, whereas the latter's 1s
to give information. In fact, many of the edab/ parche look more Itke western ideas of
free verse than like essays.
Adabi parche are published everywhere - mostly in newspapers, but also in
magazines end journals, and occasionally for particular anthologies and collections.
Thay were particularly popular in the years between 1946 and 1953 - the time when
Shah Mahmud was prime minister - were a time of relaxation of the heavy censorship
that existed in the Afghan government, It was possible then to criticize the government
and its policies, although even so such criticism had to be very carefully worded.
‘The essays we have chosen for this unit were almost certainly written during that
period, although we cennot identify their original sources. They have all been reprinted
in anthologies and collections, which indicates that they have been accepted as good
examples of the genre by subsequent generations of readers and writers, and that their
topics were mfld enough to have survived the reimposition of heavy censorshin in 1953
The authors represented here were heavily Influenced by Arebic, which was the
language of education for most of them. They were also, however, heavily influenced by
the movement towards Pashtun nationalism in the 40s, which included en interest in
using Pashto vocabulary rather than Arabic or Persian, They used Pashto words
whenever possible, borrowing them from other Pashto dialects, sometimes taking words
from the Pashto Academy's list of created Pashto words, and sometimes making them up.
Frequently, they coupled a Pashto word with Its more familiar Arabic or Perstan
equivalent; these synonyms are listed in the Scanning hints section of each selection.
There are fewer misprints in the originals of these essays than usual, prabably
because they are in their third or fourth printing Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 2
Selection A
ete lS og
sage ptt
Sk Bee tS sali! y 2a edsgions ©
SoS lay 6 6 oad elt yl obs
0d olS at JyS way 093
ard gS ols Gee Go lS @ 2G Gr ee we Ie
gotten ol gk ate oa pele aly Ly Glas J ge © ge
ot Bae PP gphoe
Verge Gx Sg le Lege
Ss ot oe Ge pS! pe ok Go S
SES ey to ele OS yh 4 Gas le
Erte HS HSK 558 Garey Be Go gel
Gagl wget ges SHl4a-4
529m ge HSI ol Sle gy
Yes piy Gx oS oe Io hose ony
+6059 Saree Gere Bed Slo oy of seo eke & Ge
oe he gh ol ne ste Gort
1 IS Gert Je WSs, 2 G2
sSoeteg sled ol pass G Saab o
159 poles oy clack! pols gl SE yl Gor 9
Sergry Gar lS & Io bess ge
S985 Cag a pl gal walsl g oss
SoS Le oly tsyrS Gs obs
SoS ele de pe oe sing 52S Ue sta ds
Ft dal! sree oF Gt
gt 1S Nsagny Pashto Reeder Unit 1: Essays 3
nist BS Je CIS std ol gt dem wl GS Ee
EES age Sy Sable 9 5! Gyre Gad 1 Gad qe &
Ns yS3 3
Saga yh au be
tel SB ome d oy
2S ge 2S
Pro-reading
[Background
Gul Pacha Ulfat was born in Laghman, probably around the turn of the century, His
lucation was entirely in mosque schools. When he was twenty-seven, he was eppointed
as a clerk on the staff of the newspaner An/s. Some years after, he was elected to the
Afghan Parliament and subsequently appointed as president of the Pashto Academy,
From then until his deeth in 1977 he was active both in politics and government and on
the Witerary scone.
Wifet was a prolific writer, recognized for both his poetry and his prose. His style
Is noted for its simplicity, and Its closeness to spoken Pashto. His writings have been
reprinted In several collections and anthologtes, and his books are widely available in
Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Ultat continually spoke out against repression, urging the government to relex its
censorship and the people to voice their opinions, or at least to listen carefully to those
who did. In this essay, Uifat argues for the release of an innocent prisoner: he gives
reasons not to keen the prisoner locked up, end then gives reasons to free him. At the
end, he explains who or what the prisoner Is.
The essay was originally published sometime in the forties, and later reprinted in
say old SI «k, Ulfat’s preliminary version of his how-to book on writing,
Our copy was published in «4,2: «44, a collection of Ulfat’s writings published
by the Pashto Academy In 1957, pages 85-86. Pashto Reader
[Key vocabulary
kingdom n, M2.[saltenét] 22bL,
treatment n, M2. [suldk] J yb
straightender. tr. vb. (samaw-] ~ ya
Unit 1: Essays
predict der. tr. vb. (sanjewél - yin
pretty adj 2. Ixkwaléy] Sx
correct adj 4. [sayll camo
nature n, M2, [tabiyét] oneal
[raséo] L$
throne n, F2, tkorséyl su 9S
crooked adj 1. [kog] 5S
confusing adj 1. [gadwédl avs
sin n, F3. Iguné] 6&5
difficulty n, 2, Imushkri] [Ste
creature 1,2. ImawjGdl 355 56
corruption n, M2.
‘Scanning hints
secret n, M2. asrdrl 5| pl
straighten der. tr. vb. lawaraw<] ~ 9 513]
situation n, F3. lawzd) ¢ Ls 4)
cured adj 4, (bind) Ly
bothered, confused adj 1. [presh&nl ol,»
prediction n, F2, [peshbin!l (stentny
cruel adj J. (jafakar] IS lig
solve phr. [hal kaw-I- 5S Ja
danger, fright n, M2, (khewf] 3 55,
dream n, M2. tkhob] <5
‘well (source of water) n, FS. (tsalle
secret n, M2. tramzlj« 5
reason n, 2. (sabéb] ow
1, This essay {s close to free verse, and is punctuated and formatted to accommodate
the semi-poetic structure,
Look over the general structure, noting the repeated
exclamation and the last four lines, Also look for internal rhymes, most of them verbs
with the same grammatical structure, e.g. intransitive ~ yp
present tense,
2. Patred synonyms:
gee al one
eaylyt gl ols
Leer sl az08
verbs in third person
Hed Al cpp
hs Sn
3. If seS translates as sin, guess the meanings of iS ye and yal yp
13 Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 5
Post-reading
Se S5 eo re gt So ek oe Gay Hh St
Sort Gt Hoe
$538 Spb GS ope Hy sy sySlin gle d gay Sy oT
$53 Shagay Is
Notes for Detailed Rereading
1. Ulfat apparently intended that all lines be indented; we have several versions of the
essay, and in each of them one or two lines haven't been indented ~ but not the same one
or two Tines, from which we have concluded that the non-indented lines are
typographical errors.
2. The 4.5» referred to in the essay is the same innocent Joseph of the Old Testament,
whose brother imprisoned him out of envy of his coat of many colors,
3. In the eleventh line of the essay, the adjectives 5, and ayy are used as nouns, and
translate as ‘hungry ones’ and ‘naked ones’. Compare
the Statue of Liberty,
five me your tired, your poor on
4. In the same line, Ulfat uses 5,5 in the first phrase, and .saslS , which 1s a dialectal
equivalent (but not Ulfat’s dialect!) of «5S, in the second. The use of saslS is further
odd in that it 1s the odd man out of a series of «5S structures deliberately chosen
because they are rhymes or near-rhymes.
5. The fourteenth line of the essay, 1h ge USI sh silee! wy, translates
iterally 8s ‘Don’t eat him with (by means of) wolves and leopards’, which doesn't make
sense. The Pashto construction Is grammatically parallel to something like ‘Don't eat
the meat with (by means of) @ fork’, but translates idiomatically as ‘Don't let wolves and
leopards eat him,
14 Pashto Reader Unit
: Essays 6
6. The sum of the twentieth fine of the essay,
Se poles oy cTlastl ols sf SE al ee
1s much more poetic than the translations of its words. Literally, it's ‘The requirements
of the weather and sky situation sre known to him.” Its effect in Pashto is closer to
something like ‘The natures of air and space are known to him.”
7. A espcy Isa detour around an obstacle or a Switchback, for example the routing of @
road around an outcropping of rock, or @ road zig-zagging up a mountain
8. The best translations of 53 as Uifat ts using tt in his conclusion, are ‘thought’ and
‘opinion’, especially the free expression of opinion:
ah J eal GG JS cselt ol USI Grom ey 9 Gos oe
IE GY e GE gt 5 gle oe BLE I SIS 59 8
p7Se sill se fee Gy557 sl Syyreasl oe Lt ge J a8 399
we SH a oS sk tes go al Sa te Oo ee
spe :
muzzle n,A2. (puzl 5.5 affection n, m2, (uitét] =i!
rub smp. tr. vb, (maK-] ~ap0 neck n, M2. formég] yao » 3! Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 7
Selection B
pam Bee >
ell -
62S ORY PSY God Go Fy Se oe OG EF
wo Bh pe ed OS te ye SE
ope de eylbe Lee Lay eas GED ek tly
od gee
So9r8 ot VS pty vel ows gS 4 HI | bay we
sod
Vist eal paige Po yd U5 gel
109 Sash oy79 oyd Curlew gl cal o
294 GSa Ge AAR epg oY Gaol sl sd pe gd
+6285 ret ot 2 al th oY 62 4 GE oe thal
J lS oe 82 gree 2 WE LS 1S Bk Geo gly! L
63932 Se 3! sysle & Le 9 6 wh
get Fat eS ok ce ottd® segs Le 2 oe hE go J
set IS obs! gz tle Gla Say 6 Sy
lee ope teh sla G5 ee oe Ghee dW LS be
test orbs we lk vss
Pre-reading
Background
This essay {s addressed to Ulfat's readers. Underlying the point made in the essay
fs the assumption that there are two waus to make a statement: bluntly, and figuratively
or obliquely. Ulfat does not discuss the blunt statement, but in this essay cautions his
readers about figurative or oblique language.
16 Pashto Reader Unit \: Essays 8
Key vocabulary
honey, M2. [asall Jue feeling n, 2. Ar. pl. (xfisés) Lal
mark n, FI. (?alémal 4s Le subtle adj 1. [bartk] als 54
ceraven n, FI. {aattiel «BU perceptive phr. (DarIK Dink gray Le 3h
been, F2. Imuchdyl sae vell 1, FI. (pardsl 02 59
feminine adj J. imu?enés] <3 5+ carefully phr. (pa dzfr dzirl pad pad
breeze n, M1. twagmal 4s customer n, H/. tkharidérl jl oe 55
speech n, FS. [waynd] Ly y perfume 9, F2. (khwashoUyll or nh 9
[Scanning hints
1. This essay is formatted more conventionally than the essay in Selection A. UIfat
starts with @ topic sontence/paragraph, then amplifies his point in the following
paragraphs, then concluces by relating his own work to the point made in the first
paragraph,
Post-reeding
Ss S my Gest 54 Gor -!
pS S seag val 9 de sy Ma Ge GS ond HS GT
Seo S328 9 S sl Gd S554
Sea gt 2 9 BG YSJ sot
$52 BS ot gt Ee ys le oa gh dt
Notes for Detafled Rereading
1. In the second sentence, Ulfat is talking about grammatical cheracteristics; the nouns
that he lists are all feminine nouns referring to thought and speech,
2. As you can see from the spelling, .-L» and ,-L-»! are derived from the seme Arabic
root
17 Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 9
Selection C
aglge Gls a
een obs ew & » oS $3 ody sd?
G98 Magy oY ays eo
Vanes -
at plas atte ot SLE Be clots 5393 Got woe
we gs PS po 3 ae OH oO ot
a! GS See gt ple os eh oes w Sq Gb lo
peo Ie 8 Srrsg SHE SC lhe Le ST Gg ple o
ot oS S82 sat & oatisy 2 tke a ee oS 995
Gt 28 on © So oe oe 2 Gil — Ue SE 4S
at WS 6g Som tS ye ple 8 eg Ws Gs HE Uw sa
erg 3h saske GS a ts ry 19 Gy Sia 005 2 ple 0
oe 099 gilge J9sse 6 le nb dee oe oko Gs
209 aglod goed 4 sas8 Uae 299 ey glk yb oe Cys” >
oat et slSe sore Gl 2 Gore aglsh G99 5 9
ote de BS SH ds G2 So le S dF gsttss
cd gtal tel Gh gy S aol gates of sles Gh 3! ell jal
BIE oO gd Gre 9 Bile WO OSI Hd 5! 6855
Se oe gh ath $3 me oe ISe ob Ht Ga c va OS
SoS 095 8 ple oe oy ae elo Gls ent lo oy
See 8 pe Ss Ly Bee of 909 ot (58) Glas S45
Pcl gate Eee es 5s OS OS oF itd Bs So
SIS GS ot pl bet loos gt Gla Ged wore
2% bay gt al sake ete gts Wal Io Al, cas LS 2
oS GE oH Ah ole 25K > se Gor Gs GS WS
eee Seat of At ls og b sd ls 0 ple Ss
tldpe Ss yA o YO 9 355 4! yak re Y Gs deeds
BEST COPY AYAILASLE
18 Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 10
ees gt else! gia 2 sl 9S Glos 29
Sy gt alia Bae 69 6 GE oe oy 9 AE
be gs oe ge Stats Jeo So gt OE 5 Broek ees!
ides gts ol SS ty 22 elt
ahah S415 9 — 09 ld LIS 9 3
owe
te Dd Cgleh Gly o & sey ed LE I ope
thas gf Sas 3! Seals
Wh Sok 095 8nd ald 12 eds lhe ot oe G Gl?
gore 29 8 gt aged we olk aold 9 Ga 08 lity! ony
Sy IS 0S 095 ple Wy — vga
Pre-reading
Background
Abdul Rauf Benawa 1s considered by Pashtuns to be the top poet of his generation
~ Unit 4 contains samples of his poetry - es well as one of the best all-around writers,
He was born in 1913, His career paral-leled Uifat's, tn that he served in both the Afghan
Parliament and the Pashto Academy, At one time or another he was director of the
Academy, president of Kabul Radio, press attache to India, vice-president of the Tribal
Affairs Department of the Afghan govern-ment, and Minister of Information and Culture.
In the 1980's he was sent to Libya as ambassador; there he became {11, and went to the
United States, where hts famfly had moved, for treatment. He died in New York in 1986.
Besides poetry, he wrote essays and dramas, most of them on social end historical
topics, One of his great contributions to Pashto letters was Ji,SJ (4) , the three=
volume anthology of Pashto writings published in 1961, (See the Introduction for a more
detailed description of this anthology.)
Benawa was the director of the Pashto Academy when he wrote this essay. The
Academy ts 8 government institution, so Benawa wes able to publish the essay in Kabul ,
the Academy's journal, despite the fact that the essay was critical of the royal family
The ‘family hat" is a general metaphor for privileged birth; here it symbolizes
membership in the Afghan royal famfly.
The essay was first published sometime in the late forties. Our copy of the essay
appears in Uifat’s Lisi 4 Lal sy ,SJ, page 154,
19 Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays
group n, FI. [gétal Js
go phr. (rahi kég-l~ 5S og
young man n, M3, tzelméyl coud 5
effort n,m2 fayérl 5b 5
Wife n, M2, lehwandiinl 55 55
capital n, FI. [sarmayél
PL gISe gh abo eySa eQlS she geS ole y oh 9 S
gees ple ole 2 eS Ghee g gulps 2 09 eB odes 5
eS 08 ood gly Gal ele 6 Cale Lo ol sl oo aul
tzgals SY ox ox 6 obs Go ged soe ob oe 2%
oe ted A ee Re oe eR tr IY Ge by Io Gl
Soya oh Is re SLE gt SY es ol Geeals OSG erqus
wt at GS cons oF As pe le oe OS SE 3! OS
ve 2998 2 6 slat 2 ste gt G8 Ke 898 S59 GH
SY nlp 2 6 59 03 Hom SG oH Be hs
SY 9 ols ogi ole ge me RR gt hs
6 SS SS 6b le te vl glo ts et Se
oH Go BSS Sl IS 2 Us
© gt S Gt pw yg ld $0 45 6 EA GES
bees Fags 2 hSs gS Sy e Ost FOS Baily yo
Seort gi 2 GS Lets doo © ba58 ol GS Bays de
et See oh 0S 5b ore be GS po nla 2 a s!aSly 9
oS 18 SS Giles J hb ES SL oh od
S alee go th Ge SOS ES Ff Gul Le ol
22 Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays
Pre-reading
| [Background
Master Abdul Karim is. from Pakistan, hence the title (In Pakistan, school
teachers are called ‘Master’), and the many Pakisteni dialectal words and usages in his
writing. He was born In 1908 ~ he was one of the first generation of modern writers -
and after @ career which included stints tn jail for his writing, he died sometime in the
fifties of tuberculosis
This essay, written sometime in the forties, 1s a light-hearted discussion of
tobecco end tea. It revolves around a pun - the word sly refers both to leaves, es in
leaves of tobacco and tea, and also to pages, the relevent pages here being the pages of
the Koran,
Our copy of the essay appears in Uifat’s Les! 41 Le!
[Key vocabulary
overtake phr. [shata kaw‘]- 4S Ls
althoughphr. (sara dl d6 teal instead of o .. J
3, The sentence
BSUS 9 Se ro ey ay Cope cope ES 15S Silye
ngs Sel say olny gly 2
fs alittie difficult to process, even for Pashtuns, It translates best as * Not only in the
house, but also in the street, ..., do the genies of the tobacco leat sit
4, There are two different types of beings mentioned in the essay. A [perdu] sony 18 an
ordinary local evil gente, of the type that populates the Arabian Nights end other Islamic
Mterature, A [peril sy (Persian word) or a [xeperdyl <5 puts, (Pashto word), on the
other hand, 18 8 good fairy that comes from east of the Ceucasus Mountains.
5. A Geo is. container for snuff. Some gabif are like American shoe polish cans, but
with mirrors on the lids. Others are made of small gourds: the narrow top (stem end) of
24 Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 16
the gourd 18 cut off; the insides of the gourd are burned out; the gourd fs dyed bright red
with henna; and a stopper of sitk, sometimes decorated with beads, is fashioned to keep
tho snuff in
6, In working on the sentence containing the clause
be GS HS Hl Y
AS 6 oy ol gam 2 pd Se ow GIS 5m gl goSos
ters pe ot SOs 2 Gob one pS ore ope! Ut +
Et BD tS ol Se Gisele gl gd gt WS ngs 6
4p she pS ol dt 6d» gb Gt tt OG oe
6 ydlo Sot Save sae d ge Le oh oy
BEST GG? 1 LYAMARLE
26 Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays
Pre-reading
[Background
Dost Shinwar! was born in Ningrahar. He studied in a religious school in Kabul -
his poetry as a student attracted attention - and worked on the staff of Anis.
After
1961 he went to the USSR, where he studied Russian. After returning to Afghanistan, he
became a member of the Academy of Sciences, where he served as writer and translator.
This essay was probably written in the late forties/early fifties. Our copy
appears in JIS) yl, Pages 397-398.
In the essay, Shinwari compares the situation of an intellectual in @ developing
country to a lamp on a tombstone,
[Key vocabulary
although phr, {ka tsél4& émarl jae funeral n, FY. {andzé) 0 sly
biased aaj 1. {muta?sib] ante cuckolded adj 1. [dawds] wy
meaning n, Ff. (mama) Las president , Mf. [ra?is] jus 5
opportunity, time n, Fi, Imogél a3 y+
Faculty of Letters phir. [de edebiyato pohandzéyl ghte ye ly 2
Note: Advocates of the Pashto language and those who worked for it were frequently
called mutasib_by a number of Persian speakers. Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 29
Selection H
a
Hoty 3 ate -
2 Gee SF ogh tee Gye JS 02 end NEES! 9 ks pS
oot Mae 2 eB Soy 2 oy doy Hey! tle 2 Sly 9
lay ee CG me OU Gal ee es
298 aye Ae oy RS Ged gt gy a3! 6 lel 3 1g Gal oe
ee se ey dael Saye Slory Jarle 6 de Ss GS 5
cee eg Soy te lb BS Soe 6 sas dsl oy ot
P88 1 59 Goh oe Gul oo SESE plLL 2 0) a3
toe gs Pa ge tt fon or ee ws wi &
——————C—C—
Bot? 933 CHHSe 5B GS st Hoa rhs 6 Hh Les 8 gave
5289 233 29 ged LSE 4 | AT pa Se oy Hb Gs GI
rola (Bag gt ys BS Eg wet Be > ale ele F I
S68 pte Ge SELL ky eee pl yt Ue
629 995 ot? SL > wy Se ee 5 Shh Il eo we Ge
Soe SPS eal ol pe tees gol sa pS pe Bae G GL Ge oO
Soe 5 2 gt 895 Gd ae Gs ok pe Le od tl po
AUR ly oy SES GS oes Gurls GULL dS US ya Gal,
OSs Bigs pill pe eS Ure Ge 02 ey se G Ss oH
set Gee tS eG os AE G2? ses J olan HG Gl
[ces eee eelisretens ee Ge mnte ae
3 IB gy So sty IS ol st oh 9 ay Ue ge
2 by GOP | ost Sho 39 oH GY BAIE 9 6 Bo ty
sodel 303 9 gt doe ope Sl dar yoy roe ret 0) 005995
Fee 6S eget
‘aoe sty ol Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 30
Gt Se g ol tees Ge 2S ye ott ULE 2 >
Be Gor Ged Io bye 9 035 8 DL ES, Soy I
rk Sg
ele 8 FSS ge AY ayes Grd yt gS Soe 2 6
2g BS Sg gy BIE 8 GIP st re GH 8 ago
wb Jl Wo Geese BOS PRG be Gal
oeers ot Ge of Grd Gos SI ot SI ly Gal,
FS gah gad hls oe eS ee gy ot OS
sree Fgh y
ep rts oI SS oS th Sete pi se gy ok oe Je
$595 Sh cok dee ye ede St 8 PEGE phi los
wed $5 $5 9 Gi es ot SHS Le eS UH oe
ee P38 8 I ee sdy of Has 0 Sy ee ty :
BUS 9 sl oS eo sy eryrs Ht 8 09 glss t & ! Bs
oly oe te Glebe 98 0S y gd thle Eb eee GEoy gS Gg
tl Soro 6 ph S53 Oe F UBL ay Ys Wis SIS y
eee FUSE Sore gl Se ge ste 38 GL Gaede
se BEY Gt IS ol et Jtess re IIS oe Fn?
aS BG Is rt SS tee gt SG
De gt
ay yee Ie os ogg 6 MLS 3 Boy ggld La
zits
Pre-reading
[Background
‘Samandar do Badresho was from Peshawar, born In the early 1900's, He wont as
far as the fourth grade Ina modern school in Nawshera. He worked as a broadcaster in
Radio Peshawar, and vrrate postry which won him acclaim.
This essay recounts a bettle that took place between the British and Afghans
(Pashtuns) on the Maywand Plain (in southern Afghantstan) in 1880, and the part piayed
in the battle by one of the Pashtuns’ comp followers, the girl Malala, telela’s story is Pashto Reader = Unit 1: Essays 31
probably only \aosely based on fact, Dut whatever really happened, Malele is now a
legendary Pashtana heroine, The more conventional here of the bettie was Sardar
Mohammad Ayub Khan.
The essay of course gives the Pashtun point of view of the battle. Here is how
Louts Dupree describes it (Afghanistan, p. 410-411):
“But some months would follow before the British left Afghanistan, and
they would suffer encther disastrous defeat at the hsnds of the Afghans, On July
27, 1880, Mohammad Ayud Khan, ifth son of Amir Sher Ali, decisively defeated &
British force under Brigadier 6. RS. Burrows in spen battle at Malwand, near
Qandaher. of the 2, 476 British and Indian soldiers engaged in the fighting, 971
were killed In action, 168 wounded. In addition, the Afghans slaughtered 331
camp-followers and wounded seven; 210 horses were kitled and 68 wounded
(Abridged Offictal Account of the Second Anglo-Afghan War, 1908, 9.526.) At
the battle of Maiwand a legendary Pushtun heroine, Malalat, used her vell a8 @
standerd, and encouraged the warriors by shouting the following couplet (randey )
in Pashto (Sho00n, 1968, p. 46)
Young love, tf you do not fall in the battle of Meiwand.
By God, someone fs saving you as a token cf shame,”
(The landay appears in Samandar's essey as well; you can compare Shpoon's translatfon
with your own, and with the translation given in the Notes for Detailed Rereading
section.)
Dupree uives @ footnote to all this (9. 411): it seems that this was the battle in
which Or. John H. Watson, as in “Elementary, my dear Watson", was Wounded. See Arthur
Conan Doyle's A Study in Scarlet for the details, It eiso seems that the Baker Street
Irregulars et one point asked the Afghan government for permission to put up &
monument to Dr. Watson, baffling the Afghans who couldn't understand why anyone would
erect a monument to a fictional character, and on @ site where the monument erectors
side lost...
Our copy of the essay appears In Ulfat's Lis! abel Gfl4SJ, page 146, with the
notation that it comes from
Key vocabulary
Christian n, M11. tparangéyl 3 ~ great God phr. (allan tara] $43 Wi
towards phr. [pa l6rl yy) oy fire 7, M2. (work 53!
intensity, strength n, 2. [t8wl 45 wrong n, M1. (batsi) Jbl
thirst n, FI. (téndal oas alternative of Syl (baydd} sigh
cannon n, FI. (t6pal 55 dishonor n,F2. Ibe nangil 63 og
40 Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays
against, compared to prep. {dzéne] gis
wee
vein n, 2. Irag)S 5
abbrev. for Ar. fradiyélshu anhal
pride n,M2. ghordr] 5 52
arrow n,M3. (ghéshay) igbe
stone n, 13. Ikdnayl 5S
Infidel n,M7. tkufar] US
bullet, ammunttion n, FZ. Igwatdyl ig} 5S
army unit n, M irreg. [laxkér] Sunt
plain, desert n, FI. [meré] » yo0
brave, masculine adj 1. {narl 5
panic phr, (war khata k6g-] ~ ypS Use sly
{haskaw-] - Sno
ralse der. tr. vb.
[Scanning hints
32
runaway phr. {textakew4}- 9S ans
withstand der int. vb. [hingég-] - yp Sta3
emotton n, FI. 3
(yazb4l 4
female general n, FI. (jarnéylal Ls yo
fighting man n, M1, (jangyaléyl (J LSam
botling adj 1. (i6shl Gye
alternative of (gles n, F2. Wendy) psige
noise, shout n, F1. [chéghal te
explode smp. irreg. int. vb. ichw+] “
soring a, Fl. lohins] ane
wrong adj J. {kher8b) Gl &
entrenched phr. Ukhakh nstleweG Gee
drinking 9,2, (tskak} JIS
1, Samandar’s style, as exemplified in this essay, is straightforward and unadorned. He
starts with description of the conditions of the battle, then describes what happened.
The narrative includes two traditional landays, which are set apert from the prose via
punctuation. The essay ends with @ couplet, also punctuated separately,
2. Before scanning, go through the passage, putting periods after each full verb.
Samandar’s sentences are very short.
3. One of the characteristics of Samandar’s style Is that ne deletes parallel verbs - in
particular , - , parallel to something in English like
As for ammunition, they were well supplied: as for food and water, full.
The deleted verbs have Deen added (and double-underlined) in the following sentences
from the text (and see Note 5 below):
sa gr USE task gy 4a oa ob ol 5
be ey
88s I sy Got pole al om SLE SbLLU »
gs PAR Ghee GH uss gee or ge pbs GS & Pashto Reader = Unit 1: Essays 33
Post-reading
85 Say S tor y she tt no
Sees 26 BLE We dhe
Sosy BS GLIE ly 6 Gad d gle .o
ToS Bsrt Sd, A God mazes dhe 1
Sl, toe Gade er os ev
Notes for Detailed Rereading
1. Misprint:
44 Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 36
boas ol GS ba 2 do9 4 Gee tas be 9 oh ule oo S
ee Gees W534
vse So HUG ols oS Sle g ler we so Ly
Selection E.
2 6 ge Sys OS Ie SS
+03 I 4 GOS SS GI GH et PS eal
vest Je gate 8 338 8 gbay ra8 phe 8
169 8 tory 53 Sly 2 Gl 6 OH Gp ae
Selection F.
199 03 Some ol om Sshk Hs i >
sp eeSs 03 SIs Hr53 y ek ol Rb
cleey Lol ake o ate tell gl pls
1s g&et Lad yl L551)
vaaly hs re GS sam gt
+3 Sorte sl emery Led PB Ue ob gL
soot onl fs phpel of BSL «
xe
Selection 6
GEIS fee belt Shs azo ol lel of Ue de
ee oe S85 Ge Oe
ot SR 8 555 309 GUL ie Y JE Go oem >
«shoe
6 GE gen o yi dye 6 ed oe Got
3s
td ty le Ul go Gh oy Gh & ge
vag Comtly soy hor ys
Bally het @ oSlox 3! Jee he eh
45 Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 37
Selection H
gohan Gort GE tl ome oles IS > te ae?
3 Say S toe gy SS othe
he ee d gees galal oe feeds BS ge d Qhl ov
sigthy 4
oe! Gy Ge 2 6 Bol gee pil ot
weet Shy oy oe & SESE 0 6 Qed ae oUt
Voy eee ol tess S BLGE Ly o sa J I 0
ote ee 3 OS Bark Say Ge oad wage It
aS oie a gt
sly foe Gade Soe o shoe sbLLG gl os uv
Fram the joke book
Pe att99 tots CS ee ht oe 2 ety oe 8
ot Std By cape gh Sede U3 Be Gepedl teas S ously
+S SE ced ee Ge Fs
P69 Cope sl Stl oly 6 ore S Nth AS thos owly
SGaotery da Jb so Se
silly you phr: (kam békhtalazsy pS if only phr. fatsds chel de (1 pul
take pride phr {nz kew<] ~ 5S 56 ages!" agesg
{get married phr, {nikah keg-I-y¢S ¢1S3 with eyes af irreg.{stargawér-] 5 «Sz
really adv. (waail gaily beauty 7, M2. Ixtytst] ow Le
46 Peshto Reader Unit 2 Articles 38
Unit 2: Articles
Introduction
‘The pieces in this section are articles - (muqalé] lis in Pashto. The primary
purpose of @ mugala 1s to inform or to argue @ point: 8s such, ft can be either a news.
article, an editorial, or @ piece of research. muglles are published in newspapers and
journals.
We have shortened the articles, even the excerpts. There are factors which
encourage Pashtun writers to be lengthy and repetitive: newspapers and journals pay by
the word, and ~ not surprising given the IMteracy and education rates in Afghanistan,
which severely limits the number of people capable of producing articles - are
frequently hungry for material to fill their pages; and there fs a traditional opinion that
the longer a piece is, the higher the scholarship tt exhibits.
The selections in this unit include a classic analytical article by Ulfat, an excerpt
from a long erticle on the aten, an excerpt from a speech reprinted as an article, a
humorous feature article trom a newspaper, and some short news briefs.
sate sl eS eS hs gre + ots
Jess BUSI gg ele eo be 8 64 we tos we 9 GH
pels de ood one S strse Gs 2 eee ge Gt lhe”
GF ES BS SLY al tof sags Oly gS Shy 4 HS oo
Sih oo
whe ge on
become tong der: int. vb. (ugdég-] ~ ye
inrelation phr. w/...9 pa trtepati bls |
weekly bulletin phr. Ide zfrt jerid4l ody 5% sozd >
be published n, 2. tkhpareg-1 ~ yp bed
message, name of bulletin published in Kabul. n, M3. (2éraul 5 523
numerous adj 1. (muta? did] stars
expertise n, M2. [maharét] & 5+ Pashto Reader Unit 2: articles 39
Selection A
{ga Jed Goal
aul -
lo GE oS 2 ol ayy t obs som y Gs se we
cergly ale I Be gt Gel Soy GE GS
at SLB ye Go ge sllpes Ye fle ge vale yl Gaal o
St Soy ae ee ok
oe 4 08 Gale oy y sibs Gs S5la os pay Gos
tht Sag ds oh 4 oe desl GS gle srt gas
ogee gotoe gle By qa 3 # bet BS gt sl gow
segs oly gfe JL he ot lS GLE gt + ck g ot
162 ot de Jb bss 2 sl st ot de de Ge nly dB GY oe
S39 Je oe 559 set st oe JL Go Peo Ish
Gas Be ge ot Bee we 2 Joe ee ge Sts oe ee!
gels Le Soe tS whe Gy sl seep he J ob al GS 5
soln Sle be Be og ols sl
4 lps be BI GE Io eS op ol JS Y oe
pte gy ole! GE al GS Ha Eo | HS sala goo WW Ie
al GB ag Se Sale og Ik GS ey gt Sus
sgt BS y esha cul S
AB ab ed oe celle Le ly ee se GhS ons ©
JR See soy de Gg Ge sf OE a
et ere 99 BIS 4! hod GAS oleae Greg JS be ae
alse 2 gt RE Gg ol oysls 6 Gad de oo 6 ole d Slope
48
BEST COPY AVAILASLE Pashto Reader Unit 2: Articles 40
Laem WS 1a S5 ot la Sy gt SS re oS Ha gay d
sagt ple 052d gt GS sarldl Gg sl pS fee alien gy ur o
why gf gl ESo1 sl ek 2 Sh hy oy ew bs ee
GPS WS Gy tao pt Mole OS Se orth oy 303 Sh
gale gt 4K IS s caja d gt AS Soy OL in
segals get SS op tle I gory 6 BS ele he say
KAY at GS Sas 5lo So Gos oe Go | apt tle boo L
aye & Soler gs IS
vgs She GS a al ole nw WE 3h oo S
singe She osha ghia oS
weal ope Galy WS 6 2 S3 I Lele oles ol ghia S
pos at sae 8 255 al Shel Goleta, Se -o9 slab st gaat
sex dS gla
este gheler 2 GS Gras srt 3! sls 9 fie oo
+S & ye
18 gl Soy ghd! Gre 4! asS qe oo Lad aa fie | ye
Le 6 S55 dy Sligns 2 do ge By 2,5 logs | ue
ols 55 3 sl GELS ke BH GiyhS 2 Sie fe
68 Sot Gy lke ot 4! Lge 2 SS
eat ot A 8 Gat Goletue 4! Je It S
wee ls gt Sgt Sad ghle st 53535 Gols
spel Bk no sl os SS Se SS 535055
tt ea ol GS 4 ot Soy CLE sl tut Get
SF gtd 5. Pashto Reader Unit 2: Articles 41
Jae st sls 6 GosHS gl US Ss oe eS Chl Y gre S ss
ses0aglga 6 53 opto © tay ol GE Glade 6 cla! yi é
8 6 Gaal al oS lS Gg ot oo agtas slang S cle
2G 6S sl BSG Ro tne bb Hs Borg we
tals 6 Geel Sos Ho% ESos ree VI EG BE I
SE ge Gel 658s 5s ol GSs IS Gos oe sre ne SS
soe SG Gos let & oS Se Ke
wrt & BI sy3y 079 G Hh eB US on Gl we @ dS
ew Is ed gal no yale oes OS 8 ole yl a! obal
Sat Ee tS Sate ol G08 4p ES oo a5 te ee
SPI SIS gor EH ale GES Gla 2 gl Yat ae 1S ¢
Sogo os hoo SPIE GL, Ga Gly & tls
pet ES gl Gg te Ele ss esl! Ge Bt
gl Grb ole eof gl ab s Yeh JL aq at ope et
Ree Sines een ser slam leo ee! (ence wl GeS
ats alt sa 6 BI Le Gee bt ey OS aod
Sols por?
wl 68 ab Gal ee wl Joy oe ul
gal sly y
Sel
Pre-reading
Background
‘This plece 1s halfway between what we have defined as an article and whet we
have defined as an essay, Its length and analytic nature qualify It as an article; Its
Tanguage qualifies it as an essay
The article was probably written in the fifties, and originally published in @
newspaper. Our copy of the essey appears ines +52, pp. 17-20. Pashto Reader
[Key vocabulary)
| compliment n, 12, (srfét] io
Unit 2: Articles
art n, M2 (sin78t] eato
humor, wit n, M2, (zaratét} 231 ps
wisdom n, M2, [éqall ae
glasses n, F1. laynékel (Si.
reason, purpose M2. igherezl (yo 52
poor adj J. (gharfo] ay sé
famine n, F2. tqattl bos
gambling n, M2. [gemérl jlas
strength n, 2, (quwét] = 93
dialectal obl. form of [kor] (kalé] JIS
weak adj 2. (kamz6rayls 1554S
inflation n, F2. (grant) (lS
lame adj f. (gwadl 9 5S
dumb, speechless adj J. tgwang] SS
search emp. tr. vb. [etaw/] - 2
nonsensical adj 1. {muzakhrét]ob 5 5+
spiritual adj 4. (mBnaw'l (5 gine
decoration n, M2. Inamid) 3 yi
show FI. tnondéré] » )|_as
shorteoming 1, F3. Inimgactybites Sas
jobless, idle adj 1. (wuzgirl S55
egg n, F2, (hagdy] .gSa
desire n, F3. thaw8l | ya
caprice n, F2. thaw6s) Gy 59
42
tihsén} gla!
(ahméal gaa!
needy adj 1. fac] yf
listiraaé] ooze!
extravagance n, M2
kindness n, M2.
stupid adj 1
gain, 1 FI,
Usr8f) GI yal
famsé] Lo!
toaddul sl ve
price n, Fi.
foolish adj 1. tbe 28qal] ee ose
loss n, 2, (t8WEnl gf yb
cane n, FS.
rich mann, ?7
(bya a
mere, empty adj 1. (tashl (85
view n, M2. [tasawér] p03
sharp adj 1. [ez] 5,3
generosity n, M2, (ud) 35a.
stupidity 12. [hamaqét) =5 lax,
customer n, MI. {kharid&r] jlay 5
Diassing, Benet, M2. tkrayel pak
boil smp. tr. vb. Ikhujaw“] ~ 93 5%
good taste n, M2, [zawgl G33
veks
naive adj 4, [s804) ool.
increase der. int. vb. (2yBtég-l
praise n Fi, (styénal you
generosity n, 12, [sakhwét] os yLow
combread n, M1. (sokrsk] JS
profit nm, M2. [sud] > pu
merchant n, M1. [sawd5gér]_»S1> gu Pashto Reador Unit 2: Articles “as
(Scanning hints
1. Uifat starts this article with @ premise about stupidity
ala Ble g oS 2 ol yeteg © ols sl oe y So oe ae
sesglly sale ol Jie ge Gel Sas GE US
then argues against the validity of the premise by giving a number of examples. In
almost all the examples, he shows that a particuler action 1s considered stupid under one
set of circumstances, and benevolent/generous/aparopriate under another set of
circumstances.
2, Synonyms:
sede ol pal AB tot axed fl
Isl gh rset ce ee este eae
pos al oe set ot alk a gl os
3. Guess:
ake 2
Post-reading
Sj apt at hs cole s Geils Cs)
Segesle phe d gt bode a we S beg -t
et Saba gy sl aggl deo ola d Slope on a dS
SIL Gy Geol gly Ge gle oS Bd ols oy I lk o
ay) etre lee anon oe
Sorts el ee Se Fert Gls yl de dt Soo
Sistls Hol Sos do de GS 63 IS tap oe ee nS
SURI ey aoe GY tale os glet ogls ol Hs! Ghia: Pashto Reader Unit 2: Articles 44
Notes for Detailed Rei
ding
1, The Word a y+ {8 ‘forgiven’ in Arabic, referring te Gad's forgiveness to someone who
has gied
2. gls 188 grammatical quantifier, eg. the word ‘piece’ in’s piece of bread’ ar a plece
of chalk’. Pashto, like English, usuatly just counts things with numbers, e.g, ‘four eggs
3. The phrase Jl. (5 > fs an idiom meaning ‘worldly goods’ (as opposed to heavenly
attributes)
4, The sentence boiow is convoluted, even for native speakers,
& cel ewe SIs gt lo gS apd ol JR Gg ies
tag glee dd ol GS Sb5 st EF | olS eles gos 3S Io
Boag Ret ele Gt le GS Hy gtd ould
sot SS y eSla ul s
‘The idea expressed is something Tike.
“It wouldn't occur to us that Mullah Nasruddin lowered the price end hid his
kindness in this business, in such a way that his customers would be unaware of his
generosity end instead consider it stupidity.
5. 4,S- 1s cornbread, a flat round laaf of corn flour and water, baked in @ tandur. The
whole point of Ulfat’s example here is based on the Pashtun vpinton thet cornbread 15 of
much lower quality and desirability than wheat bread
6. Thephrase J ¢ 2 < 19 an idiom. It transiates as ‘is irrelevant for’, or ‘is not
needed by’
7. Throughout the essay, Ulfat uses 24 coupled with attriputes. In these cantexts, it
translates best as ‘a man of ..” or ‘the possessor of ..
8. The phrase a: +55 a la 18 used here by Ulfal as a logical transition. It translates
as ‘It [thus] becomes obvious that Pashto Reader Unit 2: Articies 48
Selection B
JS same le
SH ds gr Jo Is Ab oh Gs Sue oe
SS gt tore oe get we mw pe
St 5 st cs SH gel Obl ts U2? ot
Flake SR
$52 glee gh gy (ae eS) g3 gS pSer
IAS > op oe dae be gl ays got no Gl Lb ty
se a alg ee hele tg 9 aoe Woe OU oe
ctl Bin 3 259 be ba QhU asgS ope 3 tye Gee S
vA bs wrt ye doy ot ote estas y Sle al
GS ow Fath Gt Bods9 gl perl pole
eS he ol S Qeeced gal Ue 6 wd on Bl YS Sta y
et al Se cglig tty 2 Sh eS 6 es Gils Ib
gl te ee gS hos ge (HE Sete I sl oe ge
gee Gos (Este) el gh oo lh d gre gS rn lls
tes_l Gs gh Ese ¢
po los ge AS oth we os
PES Soils ee pole opt oS ge 5
Leb geope (45) ge
Slee tye SrtaF gph (a) ole
pes cls ee 93 8 Got ge SS
pe SS AI gore Sl (L5) gue
SgpS dey Se ol US o3ly gy
set Gl oS Est Y opl oS shy G vely o le gy Peshto Reader Unit 2: Articles 46
ots > og Gale 2 238 Gil 3 gS awl 3) GIS & GE oe
soe ome BS
she Gaze sl 08 GL style 9 g55 & patil > SS se g
533 ee 2 pe 08 tay Saks 8 le ge Gos od 6 lod
oS le & aed casyet bos ee gy cals 2 be 503 4!
pete C09 Y gttole > gt och lol oe WS GS or rb 4
16398 gt ste an 9 Le 2 tte eS) seg gt WF
be be SS S85 9 ee GS 2 tog Y (Oaks) getey 5
tot oo (pS) pes Obl egal ele sl ol
6 See J oe Shey 6255 4! foe gat gat 6 Bee
(pe Sah) geS gry 2s 2 SASL) 2 sd! Got oe
J eed gb ye ge GF ol cag! 6 gk Sone
Ger I gee Gales os Joe doe cere! 6 pat ee soot
Sars Jo? gS Bay er GEHL GES 2 gS og SH
oF 9 9 sl gern GS gla gl sess DS ee L LE 3 US >
AS 3 ae sb gbles ecrs dy ( D ioe See lye
ls ol sos 6 BS ghd I sual Ey be 2 ge old han
gt Flt tsers 9 SHE ge Ws SY Sots Ue? gt S ote
J dys s ( D boo 2 igh Jala © glaee gol o
18 agh 16339) Bae BGS 8 pS Ft Saye ot toe
ae Gptee) tse 8 Sars Use Ob U get boo tseS (Gsaly
J Jot let ge US ct 82 Is Obl ge Uta OG J gee
a? > sels? gS $45 G9 Y Serres © Olde FI 2 6 Fs
older 2 goblet sl sgl sole gil 26 ste J (gin) eons ob
OS mr tHe g olde 2 48 or tse Go Ge SEY
LS one Sm ey older 9 do ab st eg gtos we OLS
2 DS 52 pal og 9829 Oe Soe gyre te US ol
699 2 Slt gal Gee gl 9 OES ee be gly Se gl 9 abt
seals le J Ws Gh ol sly5Sa9 2 Set 2 Al al plo
Sag tom er Unit 2: Articles
47
Pre-reading
Background
‘among the Mangal tribe in Paktya.
[Key vocabulary
body n, M2, [surét] po
band of robbers n, F2. Ighadsyl.g 2
gather der. int. vb Ighwandég-!
pe
Vine 1, M2. (katar] LS
quality 7,2. [keyifiyét] iS
Ikslal 4S
twenty-cartridge group n, F/. [gamtél 4zaS
Vine n, FI
gather in material, F/. [gwéndzal «33 4S
outfit, costume n, M2, (ebisl ald
turban n, F2. flungdyl 5 9)
gold/silver lace or braid n, M2, (ays) jped
oe
square n, M2. (maydén] g/
competition phr, imakhi kawél] 5S (sie
Scanning hints
This plece is excerpted from a long article on the Pashtun national dence which
‘appeared in Kebu! in August, 1980. The excerpt focuses on the atan a3 (t 1s danced
mommy 1, F1. fadékal 4S al
style n, M2, (anddz) 313!
velvet n,M2. [bakhméll Judy
decorative thread n, FI. [charmé] 4+ y=
alarm, summons n, FI. (ohighal inp
shirt, blouse n, M2, [khat] 2
shoulder-length heir n, FY. [tségel oak
ancient adj 1. [dzangénl «aad
over, on top of phir. {de paisa) «Ls >
enter der: int. vb. [daknelég-] - ppl lo
medium green adj 1. (zarghdnl «52 55
happy occasion n, F2, [x8cil galy
1. This article starts out with the refrain from the song sung while dancing the atan. It
continues with @ sample landay , then goes into @ prose discussion of the national atan
The point in the second paragraph is fMustrated with a six-line poem. We have repli-
cated the original's format as closely as possible, including bold-face for sub-titles.
56 Pashto Reader Unit 2: Articies 48
2. Mangal uses a lot of dialectal words, and when he uses one that he thinks wil! not be
understood, he puts the more common word in parentheses, (Sometimes the less common
Word 1s in parentheses.) The unusual words are listed below, with their more
widespread equivalents and English glosses:
English ‘Common Pashto word HMangal's word
torn, broken got (bézhal oy.
coupiet on Ibaml aly
early morning her [tankay bridzérl 554 52 ,S3
shot (from a gun) 459 Igigel eae
young man ole Lehspaul 5
277 tlaysantl iJ
popular oi [nyszmin} cea 5
late morning She eel Istagh bridzérl 53 EL
member of a! oll, (wratséyl ss9
egg ag (Weyl ests
Post-reading
$e ope Fo cay Haye Sl Lo a chy,
SS ob ile Al ot
Sows] AG o pete o GS vals g obled oY
Soh Sore pS S85 % ot 2 Sines Jue +t
SoS 4B gt fale 6 glam
rr —
Jo on oly ot gt Sol als GE az ES oylga oe Glo ev
So ob ka ol 1
bgt et gly
BEST COPY AVAILABLE
57 unit 2; Articles 49
Notes for Detefled Rereading
4 free translation of the refrain of the atan song is as follows:
Musictan, may your drum be torn!
Why did you silence that drum?
Our Hakim was dancing well,
His lovely body was getting tired...
The couplet given after the refrain is a Jandey. During an atan, the dancers alternate
the refrain with Jandays of their choice. The Janday can be anything, but woll-
constructed atans include Jandays that have a word or an idea in commen with the
refrain, A written article of course cannot convey the very distinct rhythm of the music
‘that accompanies the atan, or the way in which the refrain and landays are chanted.
2. A po inrural Afghanistan fs @ berber, and one of the barber's duties ts to act as
musician, which includes beating the drum for the atan. A ps in Afghanistan does not
en oy particularly high soctal status. In the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan,
however, the term refers to minstrels, who as composers and poets enjoy much higher
status.
3. gS eye 33 19.an idlom; it translates best as ‘be carried out’ or ‘be accomplished
4 When the author uses the phrase size o|,S In the first paragraph, he means ‘our deer
country, in this case Afghanistan
5. The phrase «sss ySal in the poem about the girl and her blouse is @ vocative phrase
CO dear mother’). Masculine vocatives end in «-; when @ feminine noun ending tn «-
occurs In the vocative, the ending 18 «5 «
6. sye ge the author is referring to himself in the plural
7. The wlla mentioned in the discussion of weddings is the groom.
8 go) Ssb5 21s the ‘day of shrine’, {.2. Thursday. See Shinwara’s essay in Unit 1
9. The phrase
wy ely 2 oslgs a993 3! ga3 dee gee 09 Gog Sales 2 bee
BS oS obo eS Sl ¥ oH ye by od
is a direct quote, i.e, the wording of the invitat‘on.
on
a Pashto Reader Unit 2: Articles 50
10. The verb -si.+ , ‘wash’, 1s a simple transitive verb. There 1s another verb, also
‘wash’, which Is a doubly irregular, stress-shifting verb with two possible past stems.
‘The alternatives and their forms are given below:
Pres_tmo. (mindz Ipremindz
sg pSoa ol pete gals lat ol Se Uy 2 6 BlLG! sie
yell sorte 8 ol slog gras Y Goto OSL oe Gl!
ahs old Joh GH SLI > gp aS le ge 152 gS tos
pee 4 AGS SS gt Gate gl TS gh Ge Cpghs
19 eS gH gre et
rt aockyl oe sha 8 GEASY alyee ylalen yl eurge 2 ep 09 457
29 GIS tye yyy Sa gSa yh SIR slyeagss ge Sy ste Ld A
2 Sy alge eel oye 24 S Srbl, © ge st le om
ye oe al go El Gg aly seed ers! oO astossas
3 oh gtd Ses 9 ULE! gp Sy yd Gale Bys59 bee
Spe et Sy cleee ge 5e 59 I ge capree 8 gio Gad ots
gt BS Baty a 2 Soe oe ge ett ee eS dys
er GS BL ge te the blo axa sl GS er
nye 2S
BESTSGIY AYA
61
ue Pashto Reader Unit 2: Articles 53
Pre-reading
This article 1s the transcription of @ speech read by Professor Resul Amin at @
conference on the tenth anniversary of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. We have
deleted portions of the speech which do not have to do with the subject matter.
Rasul Amin is the director of WUFA, an organization funded by Pakistan and some
of the western countries to provide an outlet for scholars resistant to the communist
government in Afghanistan, WUFA has been headquartered in Peshawar, and has
published a quarterly journal Sis, (in which this article appeared, in the October
1969 Issue), the Journal WUFA in English, and @ newsletter. Professor Amin was
educated in Pakistan, and wes a professor at Kabul University until 1979. He was
imprisoned for a short time, and after his release he fled to Peshawar. See Unit 6 fora
sample of his less formal writing,
Key vocabulary
direct adj 1. [mustagim] aakewe
responsible adj { irreg. Imasdl] J p+
support n,M2. [mtatér) 55 Le
cruelty n, FI. [nkébal 4S
threshold n, 42. [dershél Jb 53
continuation n, 112. [dawéml aly
pure, secred adj 2. [spetsdlayl Ra
Problem n, FI. [stGnza] 035 yz
border n, M2, [sarhéd] da pw
stronghold n, M2, [sangér]_,Sim
slogan 1, M2, [she?ér] jak
guarantor, (41, [28min] cals
condemn smp. tr: vb. [ghand4] ~ sé
decetving adj 2, [ghulawGnkay! S342
amity n, M2. [gSwangit6d] yz oi lS
throne n, F3. [gaddyl ag aS
Interference a, FI. (las wahdnal aay
ethical adj 4 Jakhlagfl (3 MAb
security n,M2. lemniyét] outa!
success n, M3. [bardyl «sy
total adj f. (béshparl ty
basis n, 12, [bansét] ¢—»
form n, Fi. [banalay
‘on the contrary phr. {pa khelat] 33a <>
acquit der-ir-vb. (tabre?é kaw-I- 5S ot y3
aggression n, M2, [tajawézl 5 les
experience FI. [tejrubél 4 525
invasion n, M3. [tiréyl (5 5
point n,M3. [sskayl SF
be recorded der. Int. vb. (sabtég-] ~ yptd
proof n, M2, [subit] oy
attitude, approach n, M2. Ichalénd] aly
ready adj.4 [chamtd] pte»
support n, M2, themayét] cu loa Pashto Reader unit 2: Articles 54
help, support n, FI. [mréste] wpe respect smp. tr. vb. (Imandz4] ~33 lt
world community n, FY.[nucayw8lal dlyz 53 united, aligned adj 1. [mutahéd] onze
migration n, M2. Ihijrét]= yas interference n,F/. Imudékhals] ala! 44
attack ptr: (yarghél kaw“] ~ 4S 2p
[Scanning hints
1. The author begins with @ statement of the purpose of the speech. He then briefly
touches on the treachery of the Russian/Soviet invasion, and the forced Afghan
Fesponse, He comments that the Russian withdrawal and their acknowledgement of error
is not sufficient, He concludes by thanking Pakistan and other western countries for
‘their help.
2, The author alternates between ,5y+5 and yy+5, and between and 5.
3. Guess: ped eusls
Post-reading
ahs £2 Ba Ss GES Gok SIS @ oe oS oi
3 pot se
tay Gob 2 ekg el sale gl Gabe ye skis oy
Tyb gree S ulate J
362 By BL GOH Gg 6 GEKLI Wd gbhy, & Gul tT
Sos GOS bog ee ES y30G5 ol GI ere
$59 pS SF Heb! Jey > she 2 lL as ot
$5509 gt AS BLL srl gly,
EI 9 459 GS slye tess a
Se Sy
Sp pSa teh oe gt Bo Se 4! atya 2 Js] wv Pashto Reader Unit 2: Articles 35
Notes for Detafled Rereading
1, The original seventh paragraph reads as foltows:
pS gl etya d GLnSly algae glelew gl eurys 9 gee 09 459
29 pg ByS3 He LIL see sky! eo Go SE
oS gee oles 3 Got te gah Sa ySe 5) SR ole
sega cae Botte Sashes syle 8 gee cole bres ged J} ge
4g2 OS get ge
‘There has been sume kind of printing mixup, ae the last three lines ebove don't make
sense. It is impossible to reconstruct what Professor Amin wrote: our correction of the
paragraph ta
Bile gl tdga d gleSly sly ght sl cays 3 gp 2 od
eS? ge 278s Ge Ld gee gg! ot 8 gt 3 GE
wg8 B98 ty pend Sega ol Sib alge
makes sense, but probably varies somewhat from what Professor Amin had in mind.
2. Inthe first paragraph, Amin uses the word S, ,I, ‘connection, relation’, which Is not
a common Pashto word. 5S. 1 1s a masculine noun, but ~ probably because {ts synonym
dul 1s feminine, it’s considered feminine as well ~ hence the feminine sy gol
Immediately after.
3. In the first paragraph, the nouns ae, and In the last paragraph translates as ‘in support
of one another’
9. The phrase 5,5 4 which ends the speech/article is literally with respect. It's
customarily used to signal the end of a piece of writing or a speech, much the way
‘sincerely’ or ‘yours truly’ is used to end letters in English.
From the Joke book
HI 6 Jee pp o Sak coylon 2 Ge SH nd Hw
199 Sa tS J Pt HS Bt Ge WS co tsoes
Stee OS pte Sak 03 Sd OP gt S
GEV SI gt om Seek GS Soy ol
18 tye Be ss BI Ge ost ASG
however, but conj. (ékmnl ¢ SJ heavy adj 1. (ghat] gt
floor, level n, M2, Imanzéil_J5%4 fall smp. int. vb. [ghurdz6g-] ~ ye 5592
consciousness , M2, (hush] (% ya ,
English words: (Jliweaa we Sob Pashto Reader Unit 2: “Articles 37
Selection D
GS ely 0s S55
| SII gop
seh Ss dbo oes wer Gly AS! wort oa S &
Fabs ot GS ee 8 Sl oh gy tH ore 9 re
Del a mw dls Geo gt Geb d ol Sy Srine Be
wove SEs sabe! gly ws syle Be Fo ol Got
we I Gt 8 al oe le dea 6 Geb S Qosnee GH
Bee 2 S53 al 539 2 gl Jae 6 GL Se ye HS
GSiao Aly agile Greer 2 yl gs JE Gin dpe phe Jas
at eth dee & GW ol ol GS Soe gy sade po o
Hoo ap os ts ot Ee dee oy b5 Sg Sass ere
kes 9 ee pyle 3 ot od OS Gel
oe oh 05 GE bess Say Geb S GS AY La Goss
eet Bom ee pile 8 ol HS ee gg 6 Sl ae
Let gb ples oe gk NGG 2S dle @ old G29
Sl, BE 8595 8 MSY Gel get A ots ae 22 Is 5a!
ort ge bok & dass S els Y be GS ols OLS
ad oe & 4595 ds 52) G22? SL S ILSG WlGe!
SH Gs 4 Sag load ol eS 5 SK gl ast ola 3 Br Gs
Pad get dime oe @ oe SS ray 6 6 pe Sle
363) Gol 28 4595 54 Shy Oe Gy See Glad gl GAS GSE
see cel pe 6 lS BEL s oe GSS Bhs SL
PAE SS ae gt pe US USL set we S old art
SEE Bred GS BEY Fo KE HE SS Ga
thes Ge art one Fo god Gl oe he o Slat oS
PB G5 Syy Goss gb ghd GEL 2 sla! JI eS
66 Pashto Reador Unit 2: Articles 58
veg old IME kee ope Gita ge 2 ciel S oS Oe Y up ls
Cotasgee BV okey See be te see @ US
Pt et osse 2 59 GS bel ge OLS op old Gas ALS
cogSy sre Hales > ghd 21 > Ges GA og ot
pt Boh 2 2 Sly GS Nk oye eos te etoosee
sph eek & o29 BGS orld IM Gt gyms PEGS He
Dass 3 AE 3 pe ope Gta 9 ty > AALS Gori
oe ks el A at Shy YG 8 5939 2 ds OSs Syptr?
ee dass S Qh S te soot vert ls 1 LI see
oad 5992 gst oS Obj cel ph Gt ody ISG 3 i599 9 2b
des 6s tt Sa F xp Seb Gets cree S ahs Gy Sols
SP G39 HES 152 9 HE Ge GE Cds Ge 2 pyly opie
a Uys Die ghwyS ob et pet eho an ge GH ol S
499 6 e3Bl pw OS my te 9 se plas ek ee eG ng
«63 Gog GHGS IM 2 Bt 95 2 PE SpSo po | SHE
SOG ge SS same 3 Us S9 G29d! Goer GS FESpS oS
webs 1b
Pre-reading
Background
This article was published in January 1992, some months after the dissolution of
the Soviet Union and the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev as its president. It appeared
in Mujahid Wolas Newspaper , a publication of the Afghan Mujahid Information Centre in
Osto. Pashto Reader unit 2: Artictes
private adj 2, [dztngarayl «s ySoLs
peace n, Fi. [s6la] 4 yw
improvement 7, M3. (xowStaul gly
beg pardon phr. ( twa ghwar-l- lz 0 se
food 1, F3. Ignez8l Se
order (for food) n, M2. [farmagsh] ty le 3
disappearphr. [1a méndza dz-] -& tine J
axis n, M2 Imehwér} 5 g0
brain n, 2. (magh2] 50
international adj 1. (naray wall ly so
authority phr. [Wak lardnkayl So 55) tls
however, but cony. {wélel «fy
59
request, desire n, F3. [arz6l 55 |
relation 0, M3. lacikéyl .So 5)
goals, M2. Ar. pl. fanaa] 3! aa
at all phr, [bérkwal] JSG
capitalist m, Mf. (pingewsll fl 5S!
capital n, M3. (pangal «S
freely phr. (pa waryé togal S55 G55 4
regret n, M2. (e7esét] in
accomplishment 0, F712. [min] grea
compliment n, M2. (tawsif] eo 95
scheduled adj 2. [t8kéley) AS
Tet alone phr. Itsékawe chel ga syS oh
1, This article 1s a ‘report’ about incidents in the relationsnis between Presidents Busn
and Gorbachav. The hearts and brains mentioned in the article are Iiteral, not figurative.
2. The piece has apparently not been edited, and there are several gross misprints and
erbitrary punctuation marks. Go through the piece, inserting periods after full verbs and
colons after the occurrences of 245
signal that the sentence has ended.
3. Guess:
The conjunction gq 1s used twice merely as a
als aH
pate
68 Pashto Reeder Unit 2: Articles 60
Post-reading
SOBs eye Sh Spel Cts He ots sore +!
gy the ak 6 Grab Sd ge uy
So Sy 30 Oo Ad Grek Sot
ISB > sesh gla 3 ea a Sraba sd Vy 6 Ss a dS at
TaSs Soy obo giles 2
Sosy bh S SrelsS Ut -0
SIS De Us Gai nS s2 o2 Geet S
SJ opel pls yS ov
gs PESHS o
5
ye
Notes for Detailed Rer
ading
1. Watch for major typographical errors, The Inserted (55) In the nineteenth line of
the article was omitted from the original,
2. The phrase = 535 | has been constructed out of tne Persian»! and the Arabic
3 ok fs literally ‘white castle’
4-498 Sze q sak 2 18 an idom: Took with favor on’
5. gph no Gt Leelee Gens means ‘get beyond the formal banquet’, j.e. to become on
closer terms with.
6. The phrases gest Sone care piles 2 and ples a3 gll,SLy o gle translate as
‘show myself to be antl-socialism’ and ‘show myselt to be enti-capitelism,, respectively
7. eL-S usually means ‘revenge’, but here it works better as ‘reciprocate’. The verb
3S Iai usually occurs with the word pli2:!, which is the normal one for ‘revenge’ Pashto Reader Unit 2: Articles 61
Selection E
News Briefs
1
phy Gysled 2
ote sbl ote dl eed pote Gets see 2 GL o
2 sly a9 eb Gy ppl eS Ges ye 2 Seamer dls
Coelho 8 ge EI stesatls 2 GSH! GSayy Ble
Stet one pling Gnd aloo 6 alps Go Ge
sodz gt ent sy e595 gS 2 glitbils QS pin >
(5/30/91) al ygh ~
bh bole
ort bes S Bark dels g Ht 81S Gale d raee
8S ol G Hetil 9 rele Hes tile 2 ge
Go > oe GS G52 shes 929 9 FISH Gt Y ED
eg ol eats SSG 2y9 GB 2 pets v92d oS eet
182 oot 2% sl sot Uda ghS ol US
ee ttl pe 645 TE OLS 6 Gere oe GHLS od
2 ad © obs - ee Hale Se I Ob
os 8 ot OS ee IDS Ae A RD
Bot ok BILS etsy Gy srlk 3! Got hy tole yl Sw
1B date
(1176/91) ojfane abe
ers shal
eS gs eb yl lS
GAST o Geko he J pd 2 GIS God 9 Gebeb o
ghgl s yb 4 Shs aby pl Ges ybsl Say
20 Pashto Reader Unit 2: Articles 62
ye eek gy GoGo ee shes Soy alk tte
eS GS wg wets ly Gla Ula 2 Gr sl oS Gal
S83 God 3!
2 sitll eS ore G oft 2 Ge GAs ok LI! so
2 3839 SIs Foe 32 GS God hg Fete od HH
stad serge 9 GH GSaS HL 2 op IPS poglt
a bla gy Sade a ee 2 ee 8 GSR Ge 2 sl OSs
wl g glk gla abs! sssp8 gl BIG! see 3 Gy!
1683 God
(6/8/91) slgea -
[Background
These news briefs are typical of those appearing in newspapers. Such briefs are
frequently from news services such a5 age and ie lh lal. Brief *1 appeared just
after one of those plane crashes that attract international attention; brief #2 appeared
a month or two before the demise of the communist government in Kabul, when the
Afghan mujeheddin were still engaged in sporadic fighting around the cities controlled
by the government; and brief #3 appeared during Xavier Perez de Cuefitar’s tenure as
Secretary General of the United Nations. You can tell by the tone of the articles that
sly W28 published in Kabul (stiT1 under the communist government) and sjlaza ale 3
was published by a mujeheddin organization in Pakistan,
Afghan newspapers contain news, editorials, and poetry. While there are Pashto-
only and Dari-onty papers, most pubiish in both, with both Tenguages appearing in any
given Issue, and the frequency of one language over the other depending on the locale and
political positfon of the newspaper. During the communtst regime, the government
backed newspapers were mostly in Dari, while the mujaheddin publications were mostly
in Pashto fn Pakistan, and in Dari/Farst in Iran. In general, en article 1s printed in the
language It 1s suomitted in, although frequently articles are translated into Pashto, See
Unit 6 for some examples of these translations
vee Pashto Reader unit 2; Articles 63
Key vocabulary
injured eof 4 taptl goo Austria n, 2, lutarafsnl oy ybI
according to phr. [de .. la mokhel gw U.. 9 equipment n, M irreg, lakmalatl ys YUS!
consolation phr. [dag giréna] Sala attack m, M2. [brid] dy
organization n, 12. (sézménl gle ;L» movement, process n, M2, Ibahfrl ae
force n,F3. {gawél »43 continuous phr. (parle pasél gm» pe
meeting n, FI. tkaténa] 2S progress n, M2. Iparmakhtég) Sedu yo
famous, brave adj 2, [numystéy) JLo for the sake of phr. ipa khatér] -bl
efforts n,Ft. (ele d2élel lt gle message n,M2. Ipeygh&inl alis
by the seme token phr. {hamd& raz] 3} |iea destroy der tr vb (takhribaw<] ~ yey 555
[Scanning hints
1. We have put the headlines in bold face. The second brief doesn’t have one.
2. Guess: . 7
) los leally e535
#2) Sy oly slS (British Englishds 5 ¥
3) sls Sy oes ebse wh ose eS
lst Gee so5
bea!
Sol pel
2. In #3, there are several titles:
Palestine Liberation Organization Glasly gSyr¥2 ssljl Gob s
United Nations glisle tle Slo
General Secretary he
Organtzation of African Unity Lisle lyse 2 Gy sil
Signatory eS a9S Le
Middle East eek Ge
Ve Pashte Reader unit 2: Articles 64
Post-reeding
$58 Wat! play 6G UI ees Gtasene gli oo
$459 Gyre! play Gt 9S play oS UI cas oY
$3 GS gar ot Hoy SF ok gy Gti os rele ot
TISa ttoe gt og oY teat & olesae -— Gh oe Hale
Gd abel Gots obs See Gallo ork >
SS 5 te
Spas god ut og ob 9S gl Beek
Notes for Detetled Rereading
1, Sos S555 Sl in #1 Is Iterany traveler carrying piane’, fe. 2 passenger plane.
2 ag gles a 2 In 1 1s literally “loss of head’, 1.0, casualty,
3. The phrase Gl ul 4S sa in #2 translates most economically as “those inside
“1
eo Pashto Re:
Unit 2: Articles 65
Answers to Post-reading Questions
Selection A.
ole salt gas 2 eg lo ula e5la a guallpes Lo
tage et ¢ Sagi es ge 4 gh ge 4 gh
vlaboe gle Cy gs et ke eS gt
gre J Gls ol GAS a sas Je wa S be g
aS geegles
3 th 4 OE Gy Gal SA Slope Go Se
1d gh Gls! Gyas gl aS G Line fie
BS eat ot lo et Glew ol Je IA S
sexs
gS Bee gly gel 65, Se dh
GBI pene at G gt os awe
syd oe OS
Selection 8.
Ba agSighd voaly «sta! Sin a aya Bl Urs clay
16S te FS oe ned G doy 2 sl ote
get tl Se gli Sh GS 6 le gale Zl
GS pa
SoSely Sot ger 6 Hee ot eet oto gy ool e oblast
mentee
Se GE 6 JS S sa, 4 Arno Sry Le?
srs GES glain sl A458
toe gt I Jae > hee opt fhla S Glan Bl oe bls
tuts Som
sso oh 632 GS BG olde 9 Glee
2! tls Sb! yt Gg do on Gol 3
bein
74 Pashto Reader Unit 2: Articles 66
Selection c.
Beh Gk Sly He S55 GEE Gok SIS @ owe oS
3 aly sales a ghaskil o yl gas s By o gly,
283 got sya ela gl
exe 2 tleyset 9 eb Gy sales yl ghlu ghiskil »
co pee 6 obel boo om Gey GA I
ee 2 1S8 oy SA GS Gg 6 GLI I gly, Gul
203 6S lag ery tases of ple
Se eel oye 2 GS Ll day 2 che > ells! s
+69 Jape
ONS gee lS lah a! Se Jot 2S BULII AL oles,
S503
dee ge 58 oS sly G209 Y Ge CSL © YI
sede ee Saecks Gole lod Ua ys! oe 45
sist Gite gt toe YS
ee gin yl pe pie 2 SE gl aya es GSE a ght
252 BOS ge te SUL de Sy Hh
Selection D.
te Bot ol Gato Gogh lS Ges oe GH te one
By syne Gel Gly a a Seta
Lael gers de oF eo Sy dhe SC Srgh SdH
attests
er wd Bow oe Ss oa leo Hd Soh dS
80S Coe B59 GIS SE 3545 2 lly GL
Sgt Fe ghd 2 Ge a Goh Ss Se Ue dS
repSa Gog Ste gy ld 2 1
get BA gt 2 SI BS bik oy sk tha S Grek SH
sph otek © oe F GBS bs IS y5e 3 GE SyS
BEST COPY AVES ABLE
75 Pashto Reader unit 2: Articles 67
ge 95k dae SS (We St Gh pS oe ot Grol 0
+65 agar Nae
Jb 6 o3bLe glans pS cov
+62 G2od! Gord gts BEES 9A
Selection
te Seoser Glo os obl § Gta oe gh lal so)
159 Ueel plang 6 PLD, 2555
168 deel pling grSale oe ll, es5 dl oe oy
Pam dag op rte 2 GS ole Y a otily 9 stele oT
+69 GS 959
oleS hoy og peda 3s Dos GY obsve — Gh ele
_ eS tt
Be pele Guat Glagle Siete Galzl os Gab soo
2S 3 te eS ioe sts ght do ylal a yl 4 SL
geod tae & abel oS ote g ok See ol ob HE
+6089 Go Foren
From the joke book
Ae aye 6 SS op 2 eg FF Gt a 6 OS on
og Wh eS AT Gg cage gf Gh geld ¢5 vary Wh 555
2 alas rqns eembly gt HS 59 AE oS BS gts a! ot
Ss Bld Ss totly ces GS Se Gla yp Wh oS re
GIS 2 oso Ly pb oe Go Jl lo Ls rl, Wh LS s
1ge BS 33S
find smp. tr. vo. tkat-]-3S finally phr. (pa akhr kel geS jal 4
rental adj 4. (krayfl (#1 ,S all adj 4 ([tamami) ols
except for lla... na 7al8wAl oye... J thief nm, Mf. [gna] Je Pashto Reader Unit 3: Stories 68
Unit 3: Stories
Introduction
Modern Pashto short stories reflect a long oral tradition which includes the
InakSH] JS and the [qisé] 3. nakals are longish fairy tales and romances, told either
within the famfly to pass a winter evening, or among men in the hujra by professionel
story-tellers ~ or at least by some talented story-teller in the neighborhood, nekals
told in the hufra include songs, and are frequently accompanied with music from the
rabob. The stories are either fairy tales, some borrowed from Persian or Arabic, or
romances. Some of the more famous Pashtun romances are Adem Durkhanay, Momsn
Shirinay, Zerif Khan Mabay, and Dalay aw Shahey from the Afghanistan/Pakistan border
area, In addition to the central plots, romances like these usually contain references to
uniquely Pashtun customs; they, and their modern counterparts, can provide wonderfully
Clear insights into Pashtun {deal values and behaviors, as well as spin a terrific yarn,
In contrast to the nakal, grse are anecdotes and jokes: Mullah Nasruddin stories
are perfect examples of traditional qzse, and qrse are used throughout this reader as
fivlers.
‘The naka! and qrsa comfortably made the shift to print. There are very few
Pashto dramas or novels, either modern or traditional. But collections of Pashto qise
and nakals are easily found, and the nakal 's modern counterperts - lange arse (a direct
translation of the Western term short story ) - appear regularly in newspapers,
journals, and collections. After the communist coua in 1979, most of the Afghan
intellectuals and writers fled to Peshawar, where they regrouped and continued their
writing, In that circle, the Janda gisa has effectively replaced the adabi parcha as the
vehicle for descriptive prose,
‘A modern Pashto fanda giso 1s either a narrative with a strong central plot, or a
descriptive piece patterned after such western short stories as Crane's The Open Boat:
In Intermediate Pashto , Munshi Ahmad Jan's Badal in Unit 25 exemplifies the former,
and Tegey’s Jer Worbal in Unit 26 exemplifies the latter. A particular story, of course,
can include both elements; much of the description the original Badal was deleted in the
interests of space and reducing the vocabulary load.
Of course, there are well-told and ill-told stories. From the Pashto learner's
point of view, it would appear that (vocabulary problems aside) the Detter the quality of,
the Pashto, the easier it Is for the non-Pashtun to understand the story
In thie Unit, Selection B, Munshi Ahmad Jan's La 55 pal, 18 one of the naka!
mentioned above, rewritten In short story form. The other three selections are examples
of narrative lenge qrse.
