INTRODUCTION:
Logistics is generally the detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation.
In a general business sense, logistics is the management of the flow of things between the
point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet requirements of customers or
corporations. The resources managed in logistics can include physical items such as food,
materials, animals, equipment, and liquids; as well as abstract items, such as time and
information. The logistics of physical items usually involves the integration of information
flow, material handling, production, packaging, inventory, transportation, warehousing, and
often security.
In military science, logistics is concerned with maintaining army supply lines while
disrupting those of the enemy, since an armed force without resources and transportation is
defenseless. Military logistics was already practiced in the ancient world and as modern
military have a significant need for logistics solutions, advanced implementations have been
developed. In military logistics, logistics officers manage how and when to move resources to
the places they are needed.
Logistics management is the part of supply chain management that plans, implements,
and controls the efficient, effective forward, and reverse flow and storage of goods, services,
and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to
meet customer's requirements. The complexity of logistics can be modeled, analyzed,
visualized, and optimized by dedicated simulation software. The minimization of the use of
resources is a common motivation in all logistics fields. A professional working in the field
of logistics management is called a logistician.
AEGIS LOGISTICS:
Profile:
Aegis Group plays a key role in Indias downstream oil and gas sector, and its flagship
company, Aegis Logistics Limited, is Indias leading oil, gas, and chemical logistics
company. Our vision is to be the industry leader in our business segments by delivering
superior customer service with a focus on quality, safety, and environmental standards.
The Group has five distinct but related business segments, and operates a network of
bulk liquid handling terminals, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) terminals, filling plants,
pipelines, and gas stations to deliver products and services. Our client base includes
many leading industrial companies in India as well as individual retail customers whom
we serve at our Aegis Autogas stations.
Aegis Group also operates internationally through its sourcing and trading subsidiaries
located in Singapore.
Aegis Logistics Ltd. was incorporated in 1956 and its shares have been listed on the
Bombay Stock Exchange since 1978. Its shares also trade on the National Stock
Exchange.
Rules and protocols of logistics and supply chain:
Protocols:
The logistics protocol is a complement to the commercial contract established
between a supplier and a customer
It defines the logistics rules, that have to be respected to insure the correct
realization of the various processes (in terms of cost, quality and time)
This example fits with distribution activities and allows :
-establishing a description of the customer needs and requirements,
-obtaining the supplier's commitment.
Rules:
1. Objectives - must be quantified and measurable
2. Models - must faithfully represent required logistics processes
3. Variability - must be explicitly considered
4. Data - must be accurate, timely, and comprehensive
5. Integration - must support fully automated data transfer
6. Delivery - must provide results in a form that facilitates execution, management
and control
7. People - must have the domain and technology expertise required to support the
models, data, and optimization engines
8. Process - must support optimization and have the ability to continuously
improve
RISK SAFTEY AND HAZARD:
What is a Hazard?
When we refer to hazards in relation to occupational safety and health the most commonly
used definition is A Hazard is a potential source of harm or adverse health effect on a person
or persons.
The terms Hazard and Risk are often used interchangeably but this simple example explains
the difference between the two.
If there was a spill of water in a room then that water would present a slipping hazard to
persons passing through it. If access to that area was prevented by a physical barrier then the
hazard would remain though the risk would be minimised.
What is Risk?
When we refer to risk in relation to occupational safety and health the most commonly used
definition is risk is the likelihood that a person may be harmed or suffers adverse health
effects if exposed to a hazard.
Categorising Risk
The level of risk is often categorised upon the potential harm or adverse health effect that the
hazard may cause, the number of times persons are exposed and the number of persons
exposed. For example exposure to airborne asbestos fibres will always be classified as high
because a single exposure may cause potentially fatal lung disease, whereas the risk
associated with using a display screen for a short period could be considered to be very low
as the potential harm or adverse health effects are minimal.
What are Control Measures?
Control measures include actions that can be taken to reduce the potential of exposure to the
hazard, or the control measure could be to remove the hazard or to reduce the likelihood of
the risk of the exposure to that hazard being realised. A simple control measure would be the
secure guarding of moving parts of machinery eliminating the potential for contact. When we
look at control measures we often refer to the hierarchy of control measures.
1. Eliminate the Elimination of the hazard is not always achievable though it does
hazard totally remove the hazard and thereby eliminates the risk of exposure.
An example of this would be that petrol station attendants in Ireland
are no longer exposed to the risk of chronic lead poisoning following
the removal of lead from petrol products sold at forecourts.
2. Substitute the Substituting the hazard may not remove all of the hazards associated
hazard with a with the process or activity and may introduce different hazards but
lesser risk the overall harm or health effects will be lessened. In laboratory
research, toluene is now often used as a substitute for benzene. The
solvent-properties of the two are similar but toluene is less toxic and
is not categorised as a carcinogen although toluene can cause severe
neurological harm.
3. Isolate the Isolating the hazard is achieved by restricting access to plant and
hazard equipment or in the case of substances locking them away under strict
controls. When using certain chemicals then a fume cupboard can
isolate the hazard from the person, similarly placing noisy equipment
in a non-accessible enclosure or room isolates the hazard from the
person(s).
4. Use engineering Engineering Controls involve redesigning a process to place a barrier
controls between the person and the hazard or remove the hazard from the
person, such as machinery guarding, proximity guarding, extraction
systems or removing the operator to a remote location away from the
hazard.
5. Use Administrative controls include adopting standard operating
administrative procedures or safe work practices or providing appropriate training,
controls instruction or information to reduce the potential for harm and/or
adverse health effects to person(s). Isolation and permit to work
procedures are examples of administrative controls.
6. Use personal Personal protective equipment (PPE) include gloves, glasses,
protective earmuffs, aprons, safety footwear, dust masks which are designed to
equipment reduce exposure to the hazard. PPE is usually seen as the last line of
defence and is usually used in conjunction with one or more of the
other control measures. An example of the weakness of this control
measure is that it is widely recognised that single-use dust masks
cannot consistently achieve and maintain an effective facepiece-to-
face seal, and cannot be adequately fit-tested and do not offer much,
if any real protection against small particulates and may lead to a
false sense of security and increase risk. In such instances an
extraction system with fitted respirators may be preferable where the
hazard may have significant health effects from low levels of
exposure such as using isocyante containing chemicals.
What is Risk Assessment?
Risk Assessment is where the severity of the Hazard and its potential outcomes are
considered in conjunction with other factors including the level of exposure and the numbers
of persons exposed and the risk of that hazard being realised. There are a number of different
formulae used to calculate the overall risk from basic calculations using high, medium and
low categories to complicated algorithms to calculate risks at Nuclear power stations and
other high risk work locations.
Safety equipments:
Hand Gloves
Coverall Body Protection
ISI, CE Approved Safety Shoes
Safety Helmets
Equipment for Fire Protection
2. PORTABLE FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
2.1 Portable Fire Extinguisher :
Portable extinguishers are designed to cope with fire of limited size and are absolutely
necessary even though the plant is equipped with automatic sprinklers, fire water system
along with fixed monitors/hose reels and fire engines. Though portable extinguishers are
regarded as first aid fire-fighting appliances, they are very valuable if used promptly and
efficiently in the early stages of fire.
2.1.1. Gas Cartridge and Water Extinguishers :
The gas cartridge and water extinguishers uses a mixture of plain water or special anti-freeze
solution, which is expelled by pressure from a small cartridge of carbon dioxide gas, released
when the cartridge top is punctured. The only extinguishing action is the cooling action of
water. The cartridge-water extinguisher has a range of approximately 9 to 12 meters.
Capacity of the common size is 9 litres. The extinguisher may be used on class A fires
ordinary combustibles. (wood, textiles, rubbish). However, do not use these extinguishers on
fires of energized electrical equipment. This type of extinguisher is hung on a wall or post
with the top not more than 1.5 meters above floor.
3. FIXED FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
3.1 Fire Pumps :
They are required for pressuring hydrant system with firewater. Horizontal centrifugal pump
is used for above ground storage water in tanks and vertical centrifugal pump in underground
storage tanks. Centrifugal fire pump has become the standard today. Its compactness,
reliability, easy maintenance, hydraulic characteristics and variety of available drives
electric, steam turbines and internal combustion engines have made centrifugal fire pump,
most ideal for this service. Discharge pressure is set by the minimum residual pressure
requirement at the extremity of the system plus the system piping friction loss. Normally the
residual pressure at the most remote hydrant should be at least 5.6 Kg / cm.This would
indicate a pump discharge pressure of about 8.8 Kg / cm in an adequately sized piping
system.
3.2 Water Spray System :
Water spray system can be of two type viz. (i) Medium Velocity and (ii) High Velocity.
Medium Velocity Water Spray System (1.4 bars to 3.5 bars) is very essential and provides
protection for cooling in equipment such as storage tanks, spheres, bullets etc. High Velocity
Water Spray System (3.5 bars to 5 bars) is generally used for the protection of transformers
Detection Systems :
There are various devices used for detection of fires. Some of the common devices used for
detection of fires are given below:
Smoke detectors using ionization / photo-electric devices
Heat detectors using fixed temperature / rate of temperature rise devices.
Flame detectors using infrared / ultra violet, spark devices.
LHS cables using digital / analogue devices.
Gas detectors
Manual call points
OPERATIONS:
MATERIALS HANDLING
Carbon Black Feed Stock (CBFS)
CBFS in the raw material for manufacture of carbon black, which is used by the tyre industry.
A small portion of this product is also used by processors to make various downstream
chemicals like Agarbatti Oil, White Oil etc. This is also used for manufacture of Rubber
Process Oils. There are two types of CBFS viz. High BMCI type and General type. "BMCI"
(Bureau of Mines Co-relation Index) effectively measures the degree yield of Carbon Black.
The higher the number, the better the yield of Carbon Black. Sulphur content in CBFS
reduces the effect of BMCI value.
Production
High BMCI CBFS is produced only at Barauni Refinery of IOC. The other grade is produced
at Haldia and CPCL Refineries. High BMCI CBFS is taken by Carbon Black Manufacturers.
End Use
High BMCI CBFS is used as raw material by Carbon Black manufacturers. The other grade is
used by various consumers to manufacture rubber process oils, agarbattis etc.
BITUMEN
Asphalt, also known as bitumen, is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid
form of petroleum. Bitumen is a mixture of Hydro carbons and thermoplastic material having
strong tarry odour. It stiffness is dependent on temperature. The temperature-vs-stiffness
relationship of bitumen is dependent on the source of crude oil and the method of refining. It
also known as Asphalt and Mineral Pitch
Highways, Airport runways, Footways and pedestrian ways, Car parks, Racetracks, Tennis
courts, Roofing, Damp proofing, Dams, Reservoir and pool linings, Soundproofing, Pipe
coatings, Cable coatings, Paints, Building water proofing, Tile underlying waterproofing,
Newspaper ink production, and many other applications
Crude Degummed Soya Bean Oil
Crude oil for making soya bean oil
Furnace oil(c class product)
An oil furnace is the heating component in some systems in colder weather climates, most
commonly in the northeastern United States. It converts oil to heat. Another option is a
gas furnace that uses natural gas as its fuel instead of oil.
Exsol D-80
It is a dearomatized fluid acting as a solvent. It is a clear and transparent liquid replacing
traditional solvents such as mineral or white spirits. It maintains good solvency and low to
extremely low aromatic content (typically less than 1 %wt) to minimize risks from exposure.
It has low odor, low levels of toxicity, broad evaporation range and narrow boiling range. It
has applications in silicone sealant formulations.
..Transport process:
Transport is also a important part of logistics.idustry continues the process by two process.
1. Input pipe line transfer (FLT) from Haldia port.
2.output pipeline transfer (PLT) to Haldia port/tank trucks
Pipe line specification:
Types of pipeline used:
1 .black oil/bitumen(insulated)
2. edible oil line( no insulation)
3. extra or emergency line
It has two filling gantries to filling the trucks:
1. NPP(non petroleum product) gantry(8 filling points)
2.c -class gantry(3 filling point)
Capacity:
65000 KL no of tanks-24
One water tank-1500 KL
Non petroleum product tanks:14(25 m helight)
Tanks T-115, T-lOl, T-112 and T-105 (Black Oil and Bitumen Storage)
Tank build up process:
1) First top portion of the storage tank is made
2) Top portion is kept upon chairs
3) After completion of top portion hydrolic jack is attached with the top portion and it is
pushed upwards
4) After that lower portion of the tank is made
5) Size of the top shell is 6mm .lower portions are thicker than upper portion
Sizes may vary with 8mm, 12mm etc.
6) Arc welding is used for the shell portion with mild steel electrode
7) 6mm to 12.5mm thickness is maintained here
8) One vertical joined is used in the shell section and distance is kept minimum of
300mm
9) Tank pad is made
10) Manhole is there in the bottom side of tank with standardized 24 inch diameter
11) Stud bolt and eye bolt are used to make the manhole
12) Diameters are 8mm,6mm,10mm
13) Inner diameter is fixed outer diameter may vary.
Types of storage tanks
BASICALLY THERE ARE EIGHT TYPES
OF TANKS USED TO STORE LIQUIDS:
1. Fixed-roof tanks
2. External floating roof tanks
3. Internal floating roof tanks
4. Domed external floating roof tanks
5. Horizontal tanks
6. Pressure tanks
7. Variable vapor space tanks
8. LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) tank
Fixed-Roof Tank
Of currently used tank designs, the fixed-roof tank is the least expensive to construct and is
generally considered the minimum acceptable equipment for storing liquids. A typical fixed-
roof tank consists of a cylindrical steel shell with a cone- or dome-shaped roof that is
permanently affixed to the tank shell. Storage tanks are usually fully welded and designed for
both liquid and vapor tight, while older tanks are often have a riveted or bolted construction
and are not vapor tight.
Floating Roof Tank
A typical external floating roof tank consists of an open-topped cylindrical steel shell
equipped with a roof that floats on the surface of the stored liquid, rising and falling with the
liquid level. The floating roof is comprised of a deck, fittings, and rim seal system. Floating
roof decks are constructed of welded steel plates and are of three general types: pan, pontoon,
and double deck.
Although numerous pan-type decks are currently in use, the present trend is toward pontoon
and double-deck type floating roofs.
LNG Storage Tank
A liquefied natural gas storage tank or LNG storage tank is a specialized type of storage tank
used for the storage of Liquefied Natural Gas. LNG storage tanks can be found in ground,
above ground or in LNG carriers. The common characteristic of LNG Storage tanks is the
ability to store LNG at the very low temperature of -162C. LNG storage tanks have double
containers, where the inner contains LNG and the outer container contains insulation
materials. The most common tank type is the full containment tank. Tanks are roughly 55 m
(180 ft) high and 75 m in diameter.
Pump
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical
action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method they use to
move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.
Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and
consume energy to perform mechanical work by moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many
energy sources, including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind power, come in
many sizes, from microscopic for use in medical applications to large industrial pumps.
PUMP CUPLINGS:
Selecting the best coupling type for an application can have a positive impact on pump,
driver, and/or coupling reliability and maintenance costs. Radial and/or axial loads that are
transmitted to the pump and/or motor bearings (through the coupling) will reduce the life of
these bearings. Further, any transmitted vibration will also short the life of the pump
mechanical seal.
Rigid Couplings
Rigid couplings are found in certain short set, vertical-in-line, and vertical turbine pumps
applications. Since these couplings do not compensate for any misalignment between the
pump and motor shaft ends, failure to ensure precise alignment of the connecting shafts will
result in increased vibration, bearing wear, and shortened mechanical seal life.
Flexible Couplings
Flexible couplings, which are used for most horizontal pump applications, may be separated
into three basic types, mechanically flexible, material-flexible, and non-contact magnetic.
Mechanically flexible couplings compensate for misalignment between two connected shafts
by means of clearances incorporated in the design of the coupling. Material-flexible
couplings rely on flexing of the coupling element to compensate for shaft misalignment.
Modern non-contact magnetic couplings rely on rare earth permanent magnets which induce
current flow in the mating electro magnets. They are separated by an air gap.
Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal pumps are the most preferred hydraulic pumps used in domestic and industrial
world. In this video we will have a conceptual overview of the working of centrifugal pumps.
Impeller - The Heart of Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal pumps are used to induce flow or raise pressure of a liquid. Its working is simple.
At the heart of the system lies impeller. It has a series of curved vanes fitted inside the shroud
plates. The impeller is always immersed in the water. When the impeller is made to rotate, it
makes the fluid surrounding it also rotate. This imparts centrifugal force to the water
particles, and water moves radially out.
Use of the Casing
From the illustrations of the pump so far, one speciality of the casing is clear. It has an
increasing area along the flow direction. Such increasing area will help to accommodate
newly added water stream, and will also help to reduce the exit flow velocity. Reduction in
the flow velocity will result in increase in the static pressure, which is required to overcome
the resistance of pumping system.
Impeller Design
As we have discussed earlier impeller is the most vital part of a centrifugal pump. Successful
impellers have been developed with many years of analysis and developmental work. Fig.4
shows one of such impeller with its one shroud plate removed for better view of vanes.
These vanes are backward curved. Backward curved vanes have the blade angle less than 90
degree. Backward curved vanes are the most preferred vane type in the industry due to its self
stabilizing power consumption characteristics. This means with increase in flow rate power
consumption of the pump stabilizes after a limit. Forward and radial blades are less common
in the industry. The eye configuration of the impeller shown is state of the art. This vane is
extracted from a Kirloskar pump model. Such projecting eye section induces better swirl of
flow and guarantees high negative pressure at the suction.
NPSH - Overcoming the problem of Cavitation.
If pressure at the suction side of impeller goes below vapor pressure of the water, a dangerous
phenomenon could happen. Water will start to boil forming vapor bubbles. These bubbles
will move along with the flow and will break in a high pressure region. Upon breaking the
bubbles will send high impulsive shock waves and spoil impeller material overtime. This
phenomenon is known as cavitation. More the suction head, lesser should be the pressure at
suction side to lift the water. This fact puts a limit to the maximum suction head a pump can
have.
Gear pump
A gear pump uses the meshing of gears to pump fluid by displacement. They are one of the
most common types of pumps for hydraulic fluid power applications.
Gear pumps are also widely used in chemical installations to pump high viscosity fluids.
There are two main variations; external gear pumps which use two external spur gears,
and internal gear pumps which use an external and an internal spur gears (internal spur gear
teeth face inwards, see below). Gear pumps are positive displacement (or fixed displacement),
meaning they pump a constant amount of fluid for each revolution. Some gear pumps are
designed to function as either a motor or a pump.
Generally used in:
Petrochemicals: Pure or filled bitumen, pitch, diesel oil, crude oil, lube oil etc.
Chemicals: Sodium silicate, acids, plastics, mixed chemicals, isocyanates etc.
Paint and ink.
Resins and adhesives.
Pulp and paper: acid, soap, lye, black liquor, kaolin, lime, latex, sludge etc.
Food: Chocolate, cacao butter, fillers, sugar, vegetable fats and oils, molasses, animal
food etc.
Screw Pump:
A screw pump is a type of positive displacement pump that uses two or more screws that
intermesh to pressurize fluids and move them in a system. The screws take in fluid then push
it out from the other side while increasing its pressure.
Types of the Screw Pumps
There are two main types of screw pumps in common use today:
1. Two/Double screw pump (twin screw pump) These pumps operates by using
two intermeshing screws as described above. The pump is often equipped with
timing gears located outside the pumping chamber that are lubricated with oil in
order to ensure the two screws are rotating properly. Due to the design, the screws
are not required to be in direct contact with each other which helps extend the life
of the pump.
2. Three screw pump (triple screw pump) They utilize one driving screw intermeshed
with the other two screws to create pressure and move fluid. The screws do come into
contact with each other, which often limits the pump to handling only clean liquids.
Screw Pump Applications
Due to their ability to provide high flow rates even in viscous liquids, screw pumps are ideal
for fuel transfer, elevators, and other similar industrial applications like bitumen transfer.
Single screw pumps, or Archimedean screw pumps, are used for simple water movement
such as for sewage inlet pumps, storm water pumping, drainage pumping, and to move
industrial waste water.
Jockey Pump
A jockey pump is a small pump connected to a fire sprinkler system in order to maintain a
certain pressure in the sprinkler system, and sized to ensure that if a fire-sprinkler is
activated, there will be a system pressure drop.
A jockey pump is a small pump connected to a fire sprinkler system to maintain pressure in
the sprinkler pipes. This is to ensure that if a fire-sprinkler is activated, there will be a
pressure drop, which will be sensed by the fire pumps automatic controller, which will cause
the fire pump to start.
A jockey pump is sized for a flow less than the flow to one sprinkler in order to ensure a
system pressure drop. Hence a jockey pump is an important part of the fire pumps control
system.
Jockey pumps are typically small multistage centrifugal pumps, and do not have to be listed
or certified for fire system application. The control equipment for jockey pumps may
however carry approvals.
Types of Valves
Ball Valve
Ball valve is a quarter turn operated valve. The closure member is a spherical plug with a through hole.
When the valve is in open state, the through hole is in-line with the fluid flow and hence, the fluid
passes through it. The valve is closed by rotating the globe by 90 Deg. such that the hole now
becomes perpendicular to the flow and hence, stops the flow.
The seat is usually circumferential, made up of soft materials to offer a tight shutoff. The seat can be
made either out of plastic or metals. Ball valves are not recommended to be used in a partially open
condition. Due to misalignment between the flow direction and opening of the plug, large pressure drop
takes place in partially open condition.
Due to above specified challenges, ball valves are mostly used in shutoff applications. Ball valves are
commonly used in steam, water, oil, gas, air, corrosive fluids. They can handle slurries and dusty dry
fluids. Ball valves are not used with abrasive and fibrous materials as it poses risk of damage to the
seat and plug surface.
Gate Valve
Gate valve is a sliding type of valve. In gate valves, the closing member is a metal gate. The
gate slides down to close the valve. In fully open conditions, the flow area is equal to the
area of the pipe and hence, there is negligible pressure drop across the valve.
Gate valve should ideally be used as on-off valve. It is not advisable to use them as throttling
valves because in partly open conditions, erosion of gate might take place. In partially open
consitions, due to vibrations, valve is exposed to quick wear and tear. Also, during closing
and opennig, there is considerable amount of friction and hence, opening and closing these
vales quickly and frequently is not possible.
These valves find their use in petrochemical industry due to the fact that they can work with
metal-metal
sealing.
Butterfly Valve
Butterfly valves are most simple yet versatile valves. They are quarter turn operated valves
which are commonly used in multiple industries for varied applications. Quarter turn
operation ensures quick operating of the valve. In the open condition there is minimum
obstruction to the fluid flow through the
valve as the flow passes around the disc
aerodynamically. This results in very less
pressure drop through the valve.
Due to its unique mode of operation, the
valve can be actuated easily without requiring high torques and wear and tear. Due to lack of
friction, use of bulky actuators can be avoided. Another advantage offered by butterfly valve
is their compact size. The valve is quite compact, resembling a metal disc. This makes their
installation very easy. They can be used to handle slurries and fluids with suspended solids as
there are no cavities for deposition of solid particles inside the valve body.
Globe Valve
Globe valve is a linear motion type of
valves and is typically used in both on-
off and throttling applications. In globe
valves, the flow of the fluid through
valve follows an S-path. Due to this, the
flow direction changes twice which
results in higher pressure drops. Due to
other advantages offered by them, they
are widely used in applications where
pressure drop through the valve is not a
controlling factor.
These valves are generally not used
beyond sizes larger than NPS 12 (DN
300) as enormous forces are exerted on
the stem to open or close the valve under
fluid pressures. Globe valves require high pressures on the seat to keep it closed when the
fluid exerts pressure from the bottom of the disc.
They are used for both on-off and throttling applications but special types of trims are
required for throttling applications where large pressure drops are involved. These valves can
be used in three configurations, depending upon the applications-
a. Tee pattern
b. Angle Pattern
c. Wye Pattern
When the disc is removed from the stem and allowed to rest on its own weight, globe valves
can be used as non-return valves. Machining of seats is easier and cheaper compared to other
types of valves.
Non-return valve
A non-return valve allows a medium to flow in only one direction. A non-return valve is
fitted to ensure that a medium flows through a pipe in the right direction, where pressure
conditions may otherwise cause reversed flow.
A non-return valve can be fitted to ensure that a medium flows through a pipe in the right
direction, where pressure conditions may otherwise cause reversed flow. A non-return valve
allows a medium to flow in only one direction. The flow through the non-return valve causes
a relatively large pressure drop, which has to be taken into account when designing the
system.
There are different types of non-return valves, such as spring-loaded, swing type, and clapper
type valves. Non-return valves are e.g. used with mixing loops in heating and cooling
systems to ensure proper operation, and with domestic water systems to prevent backflow
.
Thermic fluid heater
A thermic fluid heater is industrial heating equipment, used where only heat transfers are
desired instead of pressure. In this equipment, a thermic fluid is circulated in the entire
system for heat transfers to the desired processes. Combustion process heats up the thermic
fluid and this fluid carries and rejects this heat to the desired fluid for concluding the
processes. After rejecting it, this fluid comes back again to the thermic fluid heater and this
cycle goes on.
Description
Fluid therm is the most reliable and efficient fluid heating system, desirable for high
process temperatures operating at low temperatures. Thermic fluid heaters offer higher
efficiency, lower operational and maintenance costs. It can improve process consistency and
reduce downtime leading to further increase in profitability.
Construction
The Hot Thermic fluid is circulated in a closed circuit by means of a high temperature
circulating pump. Effective combustion heats up the Thermic Fluid (up to 300c) and then
that heat is transferred to the process through an appropriate heat exchanger at users end.
This system is adaptable to precise temperature control. A combined de-aerator cum
expansion tank eliminates the gases liberated from the fluid during heating and absorbs the
fluids expansion during the heating process.
Various options of fuels are available like oil, gas, wood, coal, rice husk & other agro-waste
fuels, thereby providing full flexibility and low operational energy costs.
Advantages
High Capacity Heating System
Fully automatic unit Maintains the desired temperature of thermic fluid
High System Efficiency Reduced operating cost.
Best applicable for High Temperature Heating
Can attain temperatures upto 300 o C
Minimum site work and ease of installation
Can operate on variety of fuels as per local availability
Failsafe design and dependable safety instruments
Rugged design and superior construction
High flow rate insures higher life of thermic fluid and heater coil
Backed by prompt and efficient after sales service
Deaerator/Expansion Tank Integral Arrangement type
Weldings:
Gas metal arc welding (GMAW), also known as metal inert gas or MIG welding, is a semi-
automatic or automatic process that uses a continuous wire feed as an electrode and an inert
or semi-inert gas mixture to protect the weld from contamination
Welding Types:
The main Types of welding used in industry and by home engineers are commonly referred
to as Mig welding, Arc welding, Gas welding and Tig welding.
GMAW or Gas Metal Arc Welding
More commonly called MIG welding this welding type is the most widely used and perhaps
the most easily mastered type of welding for industry and home use. The GMAW process is
suitable for fusing mild steel, stainless-steel as well as aluminium.
GTAW or Tungsten Inert Gas
TIG welding is comparable to oxy acetylene gas welding and needs a lot more expertise from
the operator. Employed for carrying out high-quality work when a superior standard of finish
is needed without making use of excessive clean up by sanding or grinding.
Arc Welding or SMAW
Generally known as stick or arc welding. Arc welding is the most basic of all welding types,
is easy to master in a home welding situation.
Stick welding can be used for manufacturing, construction and repairs, very much well suited
for heavy metal size 4 millimetres upwards. Thinner sheet metals and alloys are usually more
suited to the mig welding types.
Gas or Oxy Acetylene Welding And Cutting
Not used as widely for general welding of mild steel. Consists of mixing oxygen and
acetylene gas to greate a flame capable of melting steels. Mostly used today for maintenance
work and gas metal cutting. Also common for brazing softer metals such as copper and
bronze. Can also be used for welding delicate aluminium parts such as refrigeration pipes.
Gas Cutting equipment for metal construction and maintenance. The most accessible of
thermal cutting gear is by qxy-acetylene gas cutting and plasma cutting machines. Other
methods include the use of a thermal cutting electrode for use with the arc welder machine
