CAPE Green Engineering Syllabus

Caribbean Advanced
Proficiency Examination
SYLLABUS
GREEN ENGINEERING
CXC A36/U2/16
Effective for examinations from MayJune 2017

Correspondence related to the syllabus should be addressed to:
The Pro-Registrar
Caribbean Examinations Council
Caenwood Centre
37 Arnold Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica
Telephone Number: + 1 (876) 630-5200

Facsimile Number: + 1 (876) 967-4972
E-mail Address: cxcwzo@cxc.org
Website: www.cxc.org
Copyright 2015 by Caribbean Examinations Council

Prince Road, Pine Plantation Road, St Michael BB11091
CXC A36/U2/16
Contents
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ i
RATIONALE .............................................................................................................................................. 2
AIMS ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
SKILLS AND ABILITIES TO BE ASSESSED ................................................................................................... 3
PREREQUISITES OF THE SYLLABUS .......................................................................................................... 5
STRUCTURE OF THE SYLLABUS ................................................................................................................ 5
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO GREEN ENGINEERING ................................................................................. 6
MODULE 1: CONCEPTS AND ISSUES.......................................................................................... 6
MODULE 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF GREEN ENGINEERING ....................................... 11
MODULE 3: GREEN ENGINEERING IN PRACTICE ..................................................................... 16
UNIT 2: APPLICATION OF GREEN ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES ............................................................... 19
MODULE 1: UTILISATION OF SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND ENERGY ................................... 19
MODULE 2: SUSTAINABLE DESIGNS......................................................................................... 23
MODULE 3: GREEN ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS ....................................................................... 27
OUTLINE OF ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................................... 30
REGULATIONS FOR PRIVATE CANDIDATES ........................................................................................... 58
REGULATIONS FOR RESIT CANDIDATES ................................................................................................ 58
ASSESSMENT GRID ................................................................................................................................ 59
GLOSSARY OF BEHAVIOURAL VERBS USED IN THE EXAMINATION ...................................................... 60
SPECIMEN PAPERS64
CXC A36/U2/16
First issued in 2016
Please check the website www.cxc.org for updates on CXCs syllabuses.
CXC A36/U2/16
Introduction
T he Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination (CAPE) is designed to provide certification of

the academic, vocational and technical achievement of students in the Caribbean who, having
completed a minimum of five years of secondary education, wish to further their studies. The
examinations address the skills and knowledge acquired by students under a flexible and articulated
system where subjects are organised in 1-Unit or 2-Unit courses with each Unit containing three
Modules. Subjects examined under CAPE may be studied concurrently or singly.
The Caribbean Examinations Council offers three types of certification at the CAPE level. The first is
the award of a certificate showing each CAPE Unit completed. The second is the CAPE Diploma,
awarded to candidates who have satisfactorily completed at least six Units, including Caribbean
Studies. The third is the CXC Associate Degree, awarded for the satisfactory completion of a
prescribed cluster of eight CAPE Units including Caribbean Studies, Communication Studies and
Integrated Mathematics. Integrated Mathematics is not a requirement for the CXC Associate Degree
in Mathematics. The complete list of Associate Degrees may be found in the CXC Associate Degree
Handbook.
For the CAPE Diploma and the CXC Associate Degree, candidates must complete the cluster of
required Units within a maximum period of five years. To be eligible for a CXC Associate Degree, the
educational institution presenting the candidates for the award, must select the Associate Degree of
choice at the time of registration at the sitting (year) the candidates are expected to qualify for the
award. Candidates will not be awarded an Associate Degree for which they were not registered.
CXC A36/U2/16 i
Green Engineering Syllabus
RATIONALE
Engineering has broad environmental, social and economic impacts. In fact, every day engineers and
scientists make technical decisions which have significant impact on the environment. These decisions
can either move us in the direction of sustainability or contribute to the growing problems. Application
of the principles of Green Engineering is considered a new paradigm that allows for the incorporation
of the concept of sustainability and the application of science and design solutions to problems
created by conventional engineering. Green Engineering can be defined as environmentally conscious
attitudes, values, and principles, combined with science, technology and innovation directed towards
improving local and global environmental quality. It is the design of materials, processes, systems and
devices with the objective of minimising overall environmental impact over the entire life cycle whilst
meeting required performance, economic and societal constraints.
The study of CAPE Green Engineering will therefore enable students to acquire the knowledge, skills,
values and attitudes needed to sustain the natural environment. It will provide students with a suite
of tools to improve their approach to, and effectiveness at, solving real world problems. Students will
develop their creativity and innovative skills which are especially important in todays society and will
undoubtedly have an influence on future generations. This course of study will enable students to
apply Scientific, Technological, Engineering and Mathematical (STEM) principles to improve their
environment at the local, regional and global levels. This inter-disciplinary and cross-disciplinary
course of study will contribute to a Caribbean person who is empowered to finding solutions to current
and future environmental problems. The study of Green Engineering will enhance quality of life for
present and future generations, while providing wealth creation through new and innovative job
opportunities and other economic possibilities including entrepreneurship. By pursuing this course,
students will develop twenty-first century engineering skills and ethics required for sustainable
development. The syllabus is designed to provide the knowledge, skills and competencies that are
required for further studies, as well as for the world of work.
Moreover, based on the attributes of the Ideal Caribbean Person as articulated by CARICOM, this
course of study in CAPE Green Engineering can contribute to the development of a Caribbean person
who is aware of living in harmony with the environment; demonstrates a positive work ethic, multiple
literacies, independent and critical thinking, questions the practices of past and present and brings
this to bear on the innovative application of science and technology to problem solving; and values
and displays the creative imagination in its various manifestations and nurtures its development in
economic and entrepreneurial spheres in all other areas of life. With reference to the UNESCO Pillars
of Learning, the study of Green Engineering will contribute to a person who will learn to know, learn
to do, learn to live together, learn to be and learn to transform themselves and society.
CXC A36/U2/16 2
AIMS
This syllabus aims to:
1. enhance students awareness of the broad environmental, social and economic impact of
engineering;
2. create an understanding of how to incorporate the principles of sustainability into engineering

practices;
3. promote an understanding of the principles of Green Engineering and Industrial Ecology;
4. develop an understanding of the interdisciplinary and multi-disciplinary nature of

environmental problems related to engineering;
5. promote awareness of the global challenges related to environment and the impact of our
decisions on present and future generations;
6. apply the principles of Green Engineering and Industrial Ecology to manage and solve
environmental problems related to engineering in the Caribbean context;
7. apply Scientific, Technological, Engineering and Mathematical (STEM) principles to improve

the environment at the local, regional and global levels;
8. design solutions to address environmental problems related to engineering;
9. develop the capacity for critical thinking, creativity and innovation, problem solving,
contextual learning, collaboration, emotional intelligence, entrepreneurial skills and
technological competence through authentic learning experiences; and,
10. integrate information, communication and technological (ICT) tools and skills.
SKILLS AND ABILITIES TO BE ASSESSED

The skills and abilities that students are expected to develop on completion of this syllabus have been
grouped under three headings:
(a) Knowledge and Comprehension;
(b) Application of Knowledge; and,
(c) Practical Ability.
CXC A36/U2/16 3
Knowledge and Comprehension
Knowledge The ability to identify, remember, and grasp the meaning of basic facts,
concepts and principles.
Comprehension The ability to:
- select appropriate ideas, match, compare and cite examples of facts,

concepts and principles in familiar situations;
- explain familiar phenomena in terms of theories, laws and
principles.
Application of Knowledge
Application The ability to:
- use facts, concepts, principles and procedures in unfamiliar

situations;
- transform data accurately and appropriately;
- use common characteristics as a basis for classification; and,
- use formulae accurately for computations.
Analysis and The ability to:

Interpretation
- identify and recognise the component parts of a whole and interpret
the relationships between those parts;
- identify causal factors and show how they interact with each other;
- infer, predict and draw conclusions; and,
- make necessary and accurate calculations and recognise the
limitations and assumptions of data.
Synthesis The ability to:
- combine component parts to form a new meaningful whole; and,

- make predictions and solve problems.
Evaluation The ability to make reasoned judgements and recommendations based on

the value of ideas and information and their implications.
Practical Ability
Practical Ability The ability to use Green Engineering concepts, principles and procedures in
familiar and novel situations to design and construct or improve viable
solutions.
CXC A36/U2/16 4
PREREQUISITES OF THE SYLLABUS
Any person with a good grasp of the contents of the syllabus of the Caribbean Secondary Education
Certificate (CSEC) General Proficiency course in subjects such as Agricultural Science, Biology,
Chemistry, Construction Technology, Integrated Science, Mathematics, and Physics or equivalent,
should be able to undertake the course. However, successful participation in the course will also
depend on the possession of good verbal and written communication skills.
STRUCTURE OF THE SYLLABUS

The subject is organised in two (2) Units. A Unit comprises three (3) Modules each requiring fifty (50)
hours. The total time for each Unit, is therefore, expected to be one hundred and fifty (150) hours.
Each Unit can independently offer students a comprehensive programme of study with appropriate
balance between depth and coverage to provide a basis for further study in this field.
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO GREEN ENGINEERING
Module 1 - CONCEPTS AND ISSUES
Module 2 - THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF GREEN ENGINEERING
Module 3 - GREEN ENGINEERING IN PRACTICE
UNIT 2: APPLICATION OF GREEN ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES
Module 1 - UTILISATION OF SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND ENERGY
Module 2 - SUSTAINABLE DESIGNS
Module 3 - GREEN ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS
CXC A36/U2/16 5
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO GREEN ENGINEERING
MODULE 1: CONCEPTS AND ISSUES
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
On completion of this Module, students should:
1. understand the concepts of sustainable development, sustainability and efficiency and

current trends related to the utilisation of natural resources;
2. comprehend the concept of risk in the engineering environment;
3. be aware of the consequences and challenges of engineering;
4. appreciate the need for sustainability; and,
5. understand life cycle frameworks.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES CONTENT

Students should be able to:
Concepts of Sustainable Development, Sustainability and Efficiency
1. explain the concepts of sustainable (a) Definition of concepts.

development, sustainability and
efficiency in Green Engineering; (b) Three pillars of sustainability.
(c) Examples of sustainability and resource

efficiency.
Current Trends Related to the Utilisation of Natural Resources
2. differentiate the categories of Types of natural resources (renewable, non-

natural resources; renewable).
3. discuss the current trends related Resource consumption and depletion (energy,
to the utilisation of natural water, forest, minerals).
resources;
4. discuss the consequences of Main findings and the Millennium Ecosystem

resource utilisation in the context of Assessment.
sustainability;
(a) Pollution (land, air, water and energy).
(b) Climate change (especially global

warming).
(c) Public health and safety Issues.
CXC A36/U2/16 6
UNIT 1
MODULE 1: CONCEPTS AND ISSUES (contd)

The Concept of Risk in the Engineering Environment
5. examine different lifestyles and the Lifestyle (sustainable and unsustainable

implications for resource efficiency consumption patterns, efficient and inefficient
and environmental quality impact; use of materials and energy).
6. describe the concept of risk in the (a) Definition.

engineering environment;
(b) Nature.
7. examine the types of risks within Occupational Health and Safety; commercial
engineering and production market failure, public acceptance,
processes; competition, market access; environmental
(use of hazardous materials, spills and others).
Consequences and Engineering Challenges
8. outline the consequences Injury; loss of life (Occupational Health and

associated with different types of Safety); discontinuation of product line
risks; (commercial); ecosystem disruption
(environmental).
9. discuss the challenges associated Technical capacity (lack of maintenance of

with different types of risks; machinery, human resource, handling of
materials), awareness and knowledge, failure
to implement regulations and standards,
inadequate financing.
The Need For Sustainability
10. justify the need for sustainability in Risks related to people, planet and profit.
manufacturing and production
processes;
11. discuss interventions to achieve Policies, capacity development, financing,

sustainability in manufacturing and monitoring, evaluation and enforcement,
production processes; Environmental Management Systems.
CXC A36/U2/16 7
UNIT 1

Sustainable Design Tools
12. examine the tools for sustainable Life cycle framework (goal and scope, life cycle
designs; and, inventory, life cycle impact assessment and
interpretation):
(a) Carbon footprinting: reduction of

greenhouse gases (GHG) in the
creation of products and services as
well as in processes. Tools for
calculating your personal carbon
footprint.
(b) GHG Protocol standards. GHG

accounting and reporting principles.
13. outline the sustainability issues Issues including population growth, resource
associated with each stage of the consumption, waste generation, pollution,
lifecycle framework. energy consumption and reduction of carbon
footprint.
Suggested Teaching and Learning Activities
To facilitate students attainment of the objectives in this Module, teachers are advised to engage
students in the following teaching and learning activities.
1. Invite guest lecturers to address issues of sustainability.
2. Facilitate group discussions on categories of natural resources and their sustainability

implications.
3. Discuss the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Report.
4. Debate issues on sustainability and engineering system design.
5. Use ICT, video clips on sustainability and engineering design.
6. Conduct field trip to compare products sold or used in the product lifecycle and carbon
footprint models.
CXC A36/U2/16 8
UNIT 1
RESOURCES
Allen, D. T. and Shonnard Green Engineering: Environmentally Conscious Design of Chemical

D. R. Processes. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Incorporated, 2001.
Daily, Gretchen C. and Population, Sustainability, and Earths Carrying Capacity. BioScience,
Paul E. November 1992: pp. 761-764, 770, 771.
Goldman, Daniel Ecological Intelligence. Broadway: New York Books, 2009.
Hawken, P., Lovins, A. and Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution. Boston:
Lovins, L.H. Little, Brown and Company, 1999.
Lovins, A.B., Lovins, L.H. A Road Map for Natural Capitalism. Harvard Business Review.
Hawken, P. May/June 1999: 145-158.
McKibben, B. Eaarth: Making a Life on a Tough New Planet. New York: St Martins
Griffin, 2011.
Mwasha, A. Practical Guide to Green Technology for Ground Engineering.

Shawbury, Shrewsbury, UK : Smithers Rapra, 2011.
Sarte, B Sustainable Infrastructure: The Guide to Green Engineering and Design.

New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2010.
Senge, P. The Necessary Revolution: How Individuals and Organisations are

Working Together to Create a Sustainable World. New York: Crown
Business, 2010.
Wackernagel, M. and Our Ecological Footprint. Gabriola Island, B.C. Canada: New Society
Rees, W. Publishers, 1996, pp. 61-124.
Wallace, B. Becoming Part of the Solution: The Engineer's Guide to Sustainable

Development. American Council of Engineering Companies, 2005.
Zimmerman, J. and Innovations in Green Chemistry and Green Engineering. New York:
Anastas, P. Springer, 2013.
Sustainable Development in the United States: An Experimental Set of Indicators, A Progress Report
Prepared by the US Interagency Working Group on Sustainable Development Indicators.
Washington, DC, December, 1998.
Prof. Satish V. Kailas, Material Science Specific Objective 12

http://nptel.iitk.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-
contents/IIScBANG/Material%20Science/pdf/Module18.pdf
CXC A36/U2/16 9
UNIT 1
The Brundtland Commission and Herman E. Daly http://acwi.gov/swrr/whatis-sustainability-

wide.pdf
Ecological Footprint: http://www.rprogress.org/programs/sustainabilityindicators/ef/quiz/
Genuine Progress Indicator: http://www.rprogress.org/publications/2000_gpi_update.pdf
Living Planet Report 2002 WWF: http://www.panda.org/downloads/general/LPR_2002.pdf
Overview of Major Environmental Sustainability Issues:

http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_edu_resources.htm
Suggested video clips
Renewable Energy and the Energy Transition https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25bmXpEPosc
Sustainability explained https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5r4loXPyx8
Handing on a sustainable futurehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrXyRJV96mk
CXC A36/U2/16 10
UNIT 1
MODULE 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF GREEN ENGINEERING
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
1. understand the principles of Green Engineering and the supporting mechanisms/technologies

and guidelines;
2. understand the principles of Industrial Ecology;
3. appreciate the interrelationship between Green Engineering and Industrial Ecology; and,
4. be aware of technologies, guidelines and mechanisms for collaborative design and product
lifecycle management.
Please note, that where possible, laboratory-based exercises should be undertaken.

Principles of Green Engineering
1. discuss the principles of Green (a) Inherent rather than circumstantial.

Engineering;
(b) Prevention instead of treatment.
(c) Design for separation.
(d) Maximise efficiency.
(e) Output-Pulled versus Input-Pushed.
(f) Conserve complexity.
(g) Durability rather than immortality.
(h) Meet need, minimise excess.
(i) Minimise material diversity.
(j) Integrate material and energy flows.
(k) Design for commercial Afterlife.
(l) Renewable rather than depleting.
CXC A36/U2/16 11
UNIT 1
MODULE 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF GREEN ENGINEERING (contd)
Principles Of Green Engineering (contd)
2. relate each principle to real life

scenario;
Supporting Green Engineering Mechanisms/Technologies and Guidelines
3. describe supporting mechanisms, Environmental management systems

technologies and guidelines; technologies and guidelines including ISO
14000 family of standards particularly 14040
and 14044, American Standard for Testing
Materials (ASTM), Sustainable Assessment
Tools (including: LEED, Breeam, EMAS, Green
Star).
4. distinguish among management

systems, technologies and
guidelines;
Principles of Industrial Ecology
5. explain the principles of Industrial (a) Definition of the concept of Industrial

Ecology; Ecology.
(b) Principles:
(i) create industrial ecosystems;
(ii) balance industrial inputs and

outputs to natural levels and
capacity;
(iii) dematerialisation of industrial

output;
(iv) improve the efficiency of

industrial processes; and,
(v) energy use.
(c) Align policies with the Industrial

Ecology concept.
CXC A36/U2/16 12
UNIT 1

6. identify the opportunities for Such as energy and material recovery, and
integration of processes and reuse.
material flows during the product
design phase;
7. discuss the benefits and limitations Benefits:

of integration of processes and
material flows during the product (a) cost savings;
design phase;
(b) improve environmental protection;
(c) material savings;
(d) income generation;
(e) enhance corporate image;
(f) improve relation with other industries

and organisations; and,
(g) market advantages.
Limitations:
(a) no market for materials;
(b) lack of support from government and

industry;
(c) reluctance of industry to invest in

appropriate technology;
(d) legal implication; and,
(e) reluctance to move to another supplier.
8. discuss the inter-relationship Concept of efficiency, energy use, waste

between Green Engineering and management, balance input and output of
Industrial Ecology; energy and material.
Technologies For Collaborative Design and Product Lifecycle Management
9. examine types of software used to Including MATLAB, AutoCAD, Simulink,

simulate product features; and, Labview, GEO 5, Slope 5, STAAD PRO, Finite
Elements and Athena.
10. justify the use of each software. Description and application of software listed.
CXC A36/U2/16 13
UNIT 1
1. Conduct research on the principles of Green Engineering and Industrial Ecology.
2. Invite guest lecturers with knowledge of environmental management systems, technologies

and guidelines including ISO 14000 family of standards particularly 14040 and 14044, and
ASTM standards.
3. Use ICT to demonstrate simulations for the collaborative design and product lifecycle
management.
4. Organise field trip to an ISO accredited organisation or a LEED accredited infrastructure.
5. Organise field trip to an organisation that upholds the Principles of Green Engineering and/or
Industrial Ecology.
6. Assess the engineering infrastructure in their immediate environment for the Principles of
Green Engineering and Industrial Ecology.
7. Conduct lectures/discussions on theoretical aspects of Green Engineering and Industrial

Ecology.
RESOURCES

Allenby, Braden R. Achieving Sustainable Development through Industrial Ecology.

International Environmental Affairs 4(1): 56-68.
Cote, R.P. and Cohen- Designing eco-industrial parks: a synthesis of some experiences.
Rosenthal, E. J. Cleaner Production (1998) 6: 181-188.
Ehrenfeld, J. and Industrial Ecology in Practice: The Evolution of Interdependence at

Gertler, N. Kalundborg. Journal of Industrial Ecology (1997) 1(1): 67-79.
Goldman, D. Ecological Intelligence. Broadway: New York Books, 2009.
Henrickson, C.; et. al. Economic Input-Output Models for Environmental Life-Cycle
Assessment. Environmental Sci. & Tech., (1998) 32: 184A-191A.
Jelinski, L.W., Industrial Ecology: Concepts and Approaches, Proceedings. National

Graedel, T.E., Laudise, Academy of Sciences, USA 89 (February 1992): pp. 793-797.
R.A., McCall, W., Patel, C.
and Kumar N.
CXC A36/U2/16 14
UNIT 1
Hunt, R. G., Sellers J. D., and Resource and Environmental Profile Analysis: A Life Cycle
Franklin, W.E. Environmental Assessment for Products and Procedures.
Environmental Impact Assessment Review, Spring (1992): pp. 245-269.
Iwaro, J., Mwasha, A. An Integrated Criteria Weighting Framework for the sustainable
Williams, R.G., and Zico R. performance assessment and design of building envelope. Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews 29, 417-434.
Griffin, 2011.
Sarte, B. Sustainable Infrastructure: The Guide to Green Engineering and
Design. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2010.

ISO 14040 International Standard, Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles
and framework, 1997-06-15.
The Brundtland Commission and Herman E. Daly http://acwi.gov/swrr/whatis-sustainability-wide.pdf
Suggested video clip
Biomimicry: 12 sustainable design ideas from nature

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n77BfxnVlyc
CXC A36/U2/16 15
UNIT 1
MODULE 3: GREEN ENGINEERING IN PRACTICE
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
1. understand sustainability issues related to the product design;
2. appreciate the types of materials and the forms of energy utilised for the product design;
3. understand the components of product design; and,
4. be cognisant of legislation, guidelines/standards and principles utilised for product or

infrastructure design and policies that enable or constrain the commercialisation of the
product.
Please note that some examples of case studies for this Module can be found on pages 3854. Other
case studies may include solar panels used in Barbados and hydroelectric plants in Jamaica.
Importantly, a minimum of three case studies should be reviewed.
1. assess sustainability issues outlined Sustainability issues including: cost

by the design in case studies; (inefficiency and efficiency), performance,
resource (inefficiency and efficiency), waste
minimisation and utilisation, level of social
responsibility.
2. identify the types of materials Renewable, non-renewable, organic, inorganic

utilised in the product or (including ceramic, metallic, non-metallic and
infrastructure design in case composites).
studies;
3. perform calculations relevant to the Energy, material properties (including

design process; strength, thermal properties, acoustic, light),
loading.
4. justify the choice of materials in case Affordability, availability, accessibility,

studies; reusability, utility, environmental soundness,
social acceptability.
5. list the type(s) and form(s) of Renewable, non-renewable.

energy utilised in the product or
infrastructure design in case
studies;
CXC A36/U2/16 16
UNIT 1
MODULE 3: GREEN ENGINEERING IN PRACTICE (contd)
6. investigate related principles and For example, measuring voltage and current
processes relevant to case studies from a small solar panel at different times of
used; the day; generation of biogas using different
substrates; testing the properties of the
materials.
7. justify the selection of the type and Affordability, availability, accessibility,

form of energy used in the product reusability, utility, impact on the health of the
or infrastructure design in case environment, social acceptability.
studies;
8. indicate the specific guidelines/ ISO 9000, ISO 14000, ISO 26000, Principles of
standards and principles followed in Green Engineering and Industrial Ecology.
the product or infrastructure design
in case studies; and,
9. identify the specific legislation that ASHRAE and any existing national legislation.
enables or constrains the
commercialisation of the product or
infrastructure in case studies.
1. Organise debates or panel discussions on the issues highlighted in case studies.
2. Conduct lecture/discussion on issues highlighted in case studies.
3. Encourage students to write a short reflection on each case study.
4. Conduct research on similar case studies from different climatic zones around the world.
CXC A36/U2/16 17
UNIT 1
MODULE 3: GREEN ENGINEERING IN PRACTICE (contd)
RESOURCES
Allen, D. T. Green Engineering: Environmentally Conscious Design of Chemical Processes. New

and Shonnard, D. R. Jersey: Prentice Hall Incorporated, 2001.
Goldman, D.l Ecological Intelligence. Broadway: New York Books, 2009.
McKibben, B. Eaarth: Making a Life on a Tough New Planet. New York: St Martins Griffin, 2011.
Mwasha, A. and An analysis of the effect of temperature on the pattern of wind energy
Maharaj, D. distribution in the Caribbean region
http://www.wudpeckerresearchjournals.org/JESWR/pdf/2012/August/Mwasha
%20and%20Maharaj.pdf
Sarte, B. Sustainable Infrastructure: The Guide to Green Engineering and Design. New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2010.
Wallace, B. Becoming Part of the Solution: The Engineer's Guide to Sustainable Development.
American Council of Engineering Companies, 2005.
Zimmerma, J. and Innovations in Green Chemistry and Green Engineering. New York: Springer, 2013.
Anastas, P.
A New Paradigm for Caribbean Development, Transitioning to a Green Economy. Caribbean Development
Bank 2014.
The Brundtland Commission and Herman E. Daly http://acwi.gov/swrr/whatis-sustainability-wide.pdf
Prof. Satish V. Kailas, Material Science Specific Objective 12

http://nptel.iitk.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIScBANG/Material%20Science/pdf/Module18.pdf
Zimmerman, J; Anastas, P; Case Studies Illustrating the Twelve Principles of Green Engineering,
http://www.thesustainabilitysociety.org.nz/conference/2004/Session5/68%20Zimmerman.pdf
CXC A36/U2/16 18
UNIT 2: APPLICATION OF GREEN ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES
MODULE 1: UTILISATION OF SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND ENERGY
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
1. understand the sustainable utilisation of materials and energy;
2. comprehend the utilisation of different sources of energy;
3. understand the environmental consequences of the utilisation of different energy sources;
4. understand the different types of organic and inorganic materials;
5. appreciate the role of entropy in the manufacturing process; and,
6. appreciate the role of policies and decision making in the manufacturing process.
The Sustainable Utilisation of Materials and Energy
1. discuss the importance of Materials in 4 states of matter:

selecting the appropriate
materials; (a) solid;
(b) liquid;
(c) gas; and,
(d) plasma
2. justify the utilisation of materials Affordability, availability, accessibility,

in particular states; reusability, utility, environmental soundness,
3. discuss the importance of Energy sources, including fossil fuel, water,

selecting the appropriate energy solar, wind, bio energy and geothermal.
sources;
4. justify the utilisation of energy Affordability, availability, accessibility,

sources; reusability, utility, environmental soundness,
5. evaluate the environmental Waste generation, pollution, resource

consequences of utilising consumption, hazards and risks.
different energy sources;
CXC A36/U2/16 19
UNIT 2
MODULE 1: UTILISATION OF SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND ENERGY (contd)
The Sustainable Utilisation of Materials and Energy
6. categorise the different types of (a) Organic including bio polymer and
organic and inorganic materials; synthetic polymer.
(b) Inorganic including ceramic, metallic,

non-metallic and composites.
(c) Introduction to nano materials and

their applications.
7. differentiate inorganic and (a) Properties and basic structure of

organic materials; inorganic and organic materials.
(b) Limited life materials.
8. conduct experiments to For example, corrosion, temperature

determine the physical, chemical deformation, conductivity (electrical and
and mechanical properties of thermal) and combustibility.
materials;
The role of Entropy
9. discuss the laws of Brief discussion on the 1st and 2nd Laws of
thermodynamics; Thermodynamics (basic calculations required).
Latent heat of phase transition.
10. discuss the concepts of entropy Brief discussion on the role of entropy in the
and enthalpy; production process.
11. conduct experiments to For example, converting ice to steam and then
demonstrate the concepts of reverse the process.
entropy and enthalpy;
12. relate embodied energy to the Minimisation of energy use in the

manufacturing and construction manufacturing process.
processes; and,
CXC A36/U2/16 20
UNIT 2
Policy and Decision Making
13. outline policies and decision Key elements:

making in manufacturing and
utilisation of natural resources. (a) rationality;
(b) cost;
(c) effectiveness;
(d) incentives (tax, low interest loans);
(e) land administration;
(f) public safety;
(g) legislation (compulsory and non-

compulsory); and,
(h) stakeholders participation.
1. Use ICT (including video clips and websites) to observe the behaviour of materials used for
manufacturing and construction.
2. Conduct lecture/discussion on materials and energy used for manufacturing and construction,
the development and enforcement of legislation and the implications of these for
sustainability.
3. Organise field trips to manufacturing entities and material testing facilities.
4. Invite guest lectures to do presentations on manufacturing and testing processes.
CXC A36/U2/16 21
UNIT 2
RESOURCES
Allen, D. T. and Green Engineering: Environmentally Conscious Design of Chemical Processes.

Shonnard, D. R. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Incorporated, 2001.
Arunaye, F.I., On behavior of limited life Geotextile materials for reinforcing embankment
Mwasha A. on soft ground. World Journal of Engineering 8 (2), 195-199.
Iwaro J., and Towards energy sustainability in the world: the implications of energy subsidy
Mwasha, A. for developing countries. International Journal of Energy and Environment 1
(4), 705-714.
McKibben, B. Earth: Making a Life on a Tough New Planet. New York: St Martins Griffin,
2011.
Sarte, B. Sustainable Infrastructure: The Guide to Green Engineering and Design. New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2010.

Zimmerman, J. and Innovations in Green Chemistry and Green Engineering. New York: Springer,
Anastas, P 2013.
The Brundtland Commission and Herman E. Daly

http://acwi.gov/swrr/whatis-sustainability-wide.pdf
Center for Sustainable Systems (formerly the National Pollution Prevention Center)
http://www.css.snre.umich.edu/
Materials and Technologies for a sustainable future

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uELKK4oly6I
CXC A36/U2/16 22
UNIT 2
MODULE 2: SUSTAINABLE DESIGNS
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
1. understand the principles related to product design;
2. appreciate the stages of the product design process;
3. appreciate biomimicry in product design;
4. demonstrate the application of biomimicry in product design; and,
5. appreciate the safety considerations related to product or engineering infrastructure design.
Principles Related to Designing Products and Infrastructure
1. explain the principles related to (a) Equitable in use.

designing products and
infrastructure; (b) Flexibility in use.
(c) Simple and intuitive.
(d) Perceptible information.
(e) Tolerance for error.
(f) Low physical effort.
(g) Size and space for approach and use.
2. discuss issues related to water (a) The role of STI (Science, Technology
harvesting and purification and Innovation) in water resource
processes; efficiency (including: water harvesting
for residential and commercial areas,
desalination, filtration, distillation and
reverse osmosis, biological and
chemical treatments including bio-
filtration and anaerobic treatment.
CXC A36/U2/16 23
UNIT 2
MODULE 2: SUSTAINABLE DESIGNS (contd)
Principles Related To Designing Products and Infrastructure
3. discuss issues related to sustainable (a) Promotion of energy efficiency and

transportation; renewable energy (including: electric
vehicles, fuel cells, hot air, steam,
hydrogen, helium and solar power).
(b) Pollution control (catalytic converters,

link to carbon footprint).
4. explain the concept of biomimicry; Description of concept.
Innovation inspired by Natural Systems

(emulating natural forms, processes and eco
systems to create more sustainable designs).
5. discuss the use of biomimicry; Examples including honeycomb, spiders web,

early warning sounds, termites nest, plant
roots, artificial leaf and locomotion.
Stages of Product Design
6. discuss the stages of the product (a) Concept development including Life
design process; and, Cycle Assessment (LCA).
(b) Product simulation.
(c) Prototype development/pilot testing.
(d) Product development (relate to LCA).
(e) Manufacturing process development.
(f) Product testing/evaluation.
(g) Product commissioning.
(h) Product commercialisation.
7. discuss the inherent safety issues Suitable material, processes. Manufacturing/

related to the design of products or construction, use and disposal/dismantling of
engineering infrastructure. product.
CXC A36/U2/16 24
UNIT 2
1. Conduct research on biomimicry.
2. Invite guest lecturers to discuss issues related to sustainable designs.
3. Conduct laboratory experiments to determine the suitability of materials or procedures, and

the biological treatment of waste water.
4. Use ICT (including video clips and websites) to demonstrate, for example, the suitability of
materials or procedure, biological treatment of waste water and biomimicry.
5. Organise field trips to an entity that is involved in product design and/or an infrastructure that
utilises biomimicry.
RESOURCES

D.R. Processes. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Incorporated, 2001.
Benyus, J. M. Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. New York: Quill, 1998.
Esty, D. C. and Green to Gold: How Smart Companies Use Environmental Strategy to
Winston, A. Innovate, Create Value, and Build Competitive Advantage. New Jersey:
Wiley, 2009.
Iwaro, J., Mwasha, A., An integrated approach for sustainable design and assessment of
Williams,R.G. and residential building envelope: part I.
Wilson, W. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, ctu002.
Griffin, 2011.
Sarte, B. Sustainable Infrastructure: The Guide to Green Engineering and Design.


CXC A36/U2/16 25
UNIT 2

Brewing a Sustainable Industry. New Belgium Brewing Company Aims for Zero Emissions.
http://www.terrain.org/articles/9/wann.htm

Biomimicry
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZODvr_GzNc4
Life Cycle Assessment as part of Strategic Sustainability for Product Design

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGhoInz-VUs
CXC A36/U2/16 26
UNIT 2
MODULE 3: GREEN ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
1. understand issues related to energy efficiencies;
2. be cognisant of mechanisms to improve energy efficiencies;
3. appreciate the utilisation of appropriate materials for the design and construction of a product
or engineering infrastructure; and,
4. design and create a specific product or engineering infrastructure to address sustainability.
Please note that the activities for Specific Objectives 5, 6 and 7 are the requirements for the School-
Based Assessment (SBA).
Efficient Utilisation of Energy and Materials
1. propose solutions to inefficiencies Solutions include passive cooling and lighting;

related to energy utilisation within thermal resistivity (R); the material used and
the engineering infrastructure the source of lighting (natural and artificial);
and/or product; building orientation; location and elevation.
Include green walls, hanging gardens,
landscape engineering, social and cultural
aspects.
2. evaluate proposed solutions to Cost effectiveness, availability, accessibility

energy inefficiencies; and affordability of the technology.
3. propose the appropriate materials Cost effectiveness, availability, accessibility

to be utilised in the engineering and affordability of the material, carbon
infrastructure and/or product; footprint, toxicity, durability.
4. justify the selection of appropriate Cost effectiveness, properties, toxicity,

materials utilised in the availability and accessibility of the material.
engineering infrastructure and/or
product;
CXC A36/U2/16 27
UNIT 2
MODULE 3: GREEN ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS (contd)
Design and Construction of a Proposed Solution
5. design a product or engineering (a) Properties of different material.

infrastructure based on specific
conditions; (b) Material behaviour under different
conditions.
6. justify the design from a Green

Engineering perspective;
7. construct a model that

encapsulates the product design
process; and,
8. discuss the occupational health Safe handling of tools, equipment and material.
and safety issues related to the
manufacturing of products and
construction of engineering
infrastructure.
1. Conduct research on the product or infrastructure design process.
2. Conduct laboratory sessions to test physical properties of selected materials.
3. Use ICT including video clips and simulation to support students presentation.
CXC A36/U2/16 28
UNIT 2
MODULE 3: GREEN ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS (contd)
RESOURCES
Allen, D.T. and Shonnard Green Engineering: Environmentally Conscious Design of Chemical
Griffin, 2011.
Mwasha, A. Practical Guide to Green Technology for Ground Engineering.

Shawbury, Shrewsbury, UK : Smithers Rapra, 2011.
Sarte, B. Sustainable Infrastructure: The Guide to Green Engineering and Design.



Suggested Video Clips
How to reuse, reduce, recycle in your everyday life!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaAnfy9ueeQ
Product design advice to students

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acXHSTU2-2I
CXC A36/U2/16 29
OUTLINE OF ASSESSMENT
Each Unit will be assessed separately. The scheme of assessment for each Unit will be the same. A
candidates performance on each Unit will be reported as an overall grade as well as a grade on each
Module of the Unit. Grades will be awarded independently for each Unit. The assessment will
comprise two components, external and internal (School-Based Assessment).
(70 per cent)
EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT
Paper 01 The paper comprises forty-five compulsory, (30%)

(1 hour 30 minutes) multiple-choice items, fifteen based on each
Module.
Paper 02 The paper comprises six compulsory

(40%)
(2 hours 30 minutes) questions, two based on each Module.
SCHOOL-BASED ASSESSMENT (SBA) FOR EACH UNIT (30 per cent)

Paper 031
The School-Based Assessment in respect of each Unit will contribute 30 per cent to the total assessment
of a candidates performance on that Unit. Students are encouraged to work in groups.
UNIT 1
The assessment for Unit 1 will be in the form of a report. The report should be based on an industry or an
engineering infrastructure such as buildings, roads and bridges in the students territory. It should
examine sustainability issues such as conservation and efficiency and provide recommendations for
improvement. The report should reflect the specific objectives from each of the three Modules in the Unit
and incorporate the relevant writing skills.
UNIT 2
The design project requirements identified in Module 3 at Specific Objectives 5, 6, and 7 will form the
basis for the SBA. The project will consist of a written design report and a scaled model that is
representative of the product. This model should be made from readily available materials. The design
project should be based on a problem that has been identified. It should seek to solve that problem by
creating a product following the stages of the design process. The design project should reflect the specific
objectives from each of the three Modules in the Unit and incorporate the relevant writing and
psychomotor skills.
Paper 032
Private candidates are required to write an Alternative paper Paper 032. Details are on page 58.
MODERATION OF THE SCHOOL-BASED ASSESSMENT
All School-Based Assessment Record of Marks must be submitted online using the SBA data capture
module of the Online Registration System (ORS). A sample of assignments will be requested by CXC
for moderation purposes. These samples will be re-assessed by CXC Examiners who moderate the
School-Based Assessment. Teachers marks may be adjusted as a result of moderation. The Examiners
comments will be sent to schools.
CXC A36/U2/16 30
Copies of the students assignments that are not submitted must be retained by the school until
three months after publication by CXC of the examination results.
ASSESSMENT DETAILS
External Assessment by Written Papers (70% of Total Assessment)
Paper 01 (1 hour 30 minutes 30 per cent of Total Assessment)
1. Composition of Paper
The paper comprises forty-five (45) compulsory multiple-choice items, fifteen (15) items based
on each Module.
2. Syllabus Coverage
(a) Knowledge of the entire syllabus is required.
(b) The intention of this paper is to test candidates knowledge across the breadth of
syllabus.
3. Question Type
Questions may be based on diagrams, data, graph, photographs or prose.
4. Mark Allocation
(a) One mark will be assigned for each item.

(b) The maximum mark available for this paper is forty-five (45), weighted to ninety (90)
marks.
(c) This paper contributes 30 per cent towards the final assessment.
(d) The marks will be awarded for Knowledge and Comprehension, Use of Knowledge,
and Practical Ability.
5. Use of Calculators
Candidates will be allowed to use a non-programmable calculator in the examinations. Each

candidate is responsible for providing his/her own calculator and to ensure that it functions
throughout the examinations.
Paper 02 (2 hours 30 minutes 40 per cent of Total Assessment)
The paper is arranged into three sections. Each section represents one of the three Modules
of the Unit. Each section contains two compulsory questions.
CXC A36/U2/16 31
(a) Comprehensive knowledge of the entire syllabus is required.

(b) Each question may focus on a single theme or develop a single theme or several
unconnected themes.
3. Question Type
Questions in this paper will focus on higher order thinking skills such as application, analysis,
synthesis and evaluation. Questions may be based on diagrams, data, graph, photographs or
prose. Responses are to be written in the question booklet in the spaces provided.
4. Mark Allocation
(a) Each question is worth 20 marks and the marks allocated to each sub-question will
appear on the examination paper.
(b) The maximum mark for this paper is 120.
(c) This paper contributes 40 per cent towards the final assessment.
(d) The marks will be awarded for Knowledge and Comprehension, Use of Knowledge,
and Practical Ability.
5. Use of Calculators
Candidates will be allowed to use a non-programmable calculator in the examinations. Each

candidate is responsible for providing his/her own calculator and to ensure that it functions
throughout the examinations.
SCHOOL-BASED ASSESSMENT (30 per cent)
School-Based Assessment is an integral part of the students assessment of the course of study
covered by this syllabus. It is intended to assist the students in acquiring certain knowledge, skills and
attitudes that are associated with the subject. The activities for the School-Based Assessment are
linked to the syllabus and should form part of the learning activities to enable the students to achieve
the objectives of the syllabus.
During the course of study for the subject, students obtain marks for the competence they develop
and demonstrate in undertaking their School-Based Assessment assignments. These marks contribute
to the final marks and grades that are awarded to the students for their performance in the
examination.
The guidelines provided in this syllabus for selecting appropriate tasks are intended to assist teachers
and students in selecting assignments that are valid for the purpose of School-Based Assessment. The
guidelines provided for the assessment of these assignments are also intended to assist teachers in
awarding marks that are reliable estimates of the achievements of students in the School-Based
Assessment component of the course. In order to ensure that the scores awarded are in line with the
CXC standards, the Council undertakes the moderation of a sample of the School-Based Assessments
marked by each teacher.
School-Based Assessment provides an opportunity to individualise a part of the curriculum to meet

the needs of the student. It facilitates feedback to the student at various stages of the experience.
This helps to build the self-confidence of the students as they proceed with their studies. School-
CXC A36/U2/16 32
Based Assessment also facilitates the development of the critical skills and abilities emphasised by this
CAPE subject and enhances the validity of the examination on which the students performance is
reported. The School-Based Assessment, therefore, makes a significant and unique contribution to
both the development of the relevant skills and the testing and rewarding of the student.
REQUIREMENTS OF THE SCHOOL-BASED ASSESSMENT
School-Based Assessment marks are NOT transferable across Units. The School-Based Assessment for
each Unit is based on skills and competencies related specifically to the Modules of that Unit.
However, students who repeat the same Unit in a subsequent sitting may reuse their School-Based
Assessment marks.
UNIT 1
Managing the report
The report is worth 30 per cent of the candidates total mark. Teachers should ensure that sufficient
time is allowed for teaching the research skills contained in the Unit, explaining the requirements of
the School-Based Assessment, discussing the assessment criteria and monitoring and evaluating the
report.
Planning
It is important to start planning for the activities of the SBA component early. Agreed deadlines should
be established.
Length of the report
The length of the report should be maximum 1500 words, not including appropriate quotations,
sources, charts, graphs, tables, pictures, references and appendices.
Guidance
The teacher is expected to provide guidance at all stages of the report including arranging for visits to
industries or engineering infrastructure for the purpose of examining sustainability issues. The teacher
should also guide students in selecting the appropriate methodology and data collection technique.
Adequate class time should be allocated to the teaching and reinforcement of key components to be
included in the report. The assessment criteria should be discussed with students. The report should
reflect the content of the modules. Assessment should be conducted on a continuous basis and
feedback given to students for further improvement.
Teachers and students should set agreed deadlines for the submission of the various components of
the report.
Authenticity
Teachers should ensure that the report presented is the work of the student or group. This can be
achieved by systematic monitoring of students/groups work throughout the development of the
report. This will guard against plagiarism and ensure that the work is the intellectual property of the
student/group.
CXC A36/U2/16 33
Authenticity can also be ensured by:
1. discussing the report and creating an outline with timelines;
2. offering guidance and timely feedback to students; and,
3. allocating some class time for students to work on the reports.
FORMAT OF THE REPORT
1. Length: maximum 1500 words.
2. Structure: Cover Page (Title, Name, Date); Acknowledgements.
3. Table of Contents:
(a) Introduction;
(b) Methodology;
(c) Analysis and Discussion;
(d) Recommendations;
(e) Conclusion;
(f) References; and,
(g) Appendices.
Allocation of Marks for the Report
Marks will be allocated according to the following scheme:
Assessment Criteria Marks
Introduction 4
- Context of appraisal 2
- Overview of the industry or infrastructure 1
- Objectives 1
Methodology 8
Desk review of available literature, direct (2)
observation and key informant interviews:
- Detailed description 2
- Vague description 1
Instruments (4)
Checklist (created by students)
CXC A36/U2/16 34
- Includes the 4 5 headings 4
- Includes 3 of the headings 3
Semi-structured interview schedule (2)

- 4 6 open-ended questions 2
- 1 3 open ended questions 1
Analysis and Discussion 14

- Relates to the 5 headings on the checklist 12 14
- Relates to 4 headings on the checklist 9 11
- Relates to 3 headings on the checklist 68
- Relates to 2 headings on the checklist 35
- Relates to 1 heading on the checklist 12
Conclusion 2
- Clear, based on finding(s), valid and 2
related to the purpose of the report
- Clear, based on finding(s) 1
Recommendation 6
- Very relevant to the issues identified 56
- Somewhat relevant to the issues identified 3 4
- Barely relevant to the issues identified
12
Presentation 4
- Excellent presentation using appropriate 4
tools (for example, pictures) with few
spelling and grammatical errors
- Good presentation using appropriate tools 3
with some spelling and grammatical errors
- Satisfactory presentation using 1 2
appropriate tools with some spelling and
grammatical errors
References 2
- Accurate and consistent use of 2
referencing style
Total 40
UNIT 2
Managing the Design Project
The design report and model comprise 30 per cent of the candidates total mark. Adequate class time
should be devoted, therefore, to Module 3 on which the design project is based. Teachers should
ensure that: sufficient time is allocated to the design of the solution and creation of the model; the
requirements of the School-Based Assessment are explained; the assessment criteria are discussed;
CXC A36/U2/16 35
and the project work is monitored and evaluated.
Planning
It is important to start planning for the activities of the SBA component early. Agreed deadlines should
be established.
Length of the report
The length of the report should be maximum 1500 words, not including appropriate quotations,
sources, charts, graphs, tables, pictures, references and appendices.
Guidance
The teacher is expected to provide guidance at all stages of the design project specifically in
formulating an appropriate solution.
Adequate class time should be allocated to the teaching and reinforcement of key components to be
included in the design project. The assessment criteria should be discussed with students. The design
project should be integrated in the teaching of the subject; assessment should be conducted on a
continuous basis; and feedback should be given to students for further improvement.
Teachers and students should set agreed deadlines for the submission of the various components of
the design project.
Authenticity
Teachers should ensure that the design project presented is the work of the student/group. This can
be achieved by systematic monitoring of students work throughout the development of the design
project. This will guard against plagiarism and ensure that the work is the intellectual property of the
student/group.
Authenticity can also be ensured by:
1. discussing the design project and creating an outline with timelines;
2. offering guidance and timely feedback to student/group; and,
3. allocating some class time for students to work on the design project.
CXC A36/U2/16 36
FORMAT OF THE DESIGN PROJECT
1. Length: maximum 1500 words.
2. Structure: Cover Page (Title, Name, Date); Acknowledgements.
3. Table of Contents:
(a) Introduction;
(b) Problem statement;
(c) Benchmarking;
(d) Relevance;
(e) Project plan and research;
(f) Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) linkages;
(g) Resources needed;
(h) Method of investigation;
(i) References; and,
(j) Appendices.
Allocation of Marks for the Design Project
Marks will be allocated according to the following scheme:

(A) Project Design
Introduction 3
- Background of the Project 2
- Objectives 1
Design Problem 2
- Clearly articulated 2
- Vaguely articulated 1
Relevance 2
- Very Relevant to the problem identified 2
- Very little relevance to the needs of the problem 1
identified
Creativity and Innovation 3

- Adopt, extend and transform a unique idea, question, 3
format or product to create something new
CXC A36/U2/16 37
- Experiments with a unique idea, question, format or 2
product
- Successfully produces an appropriate idea, question, 1
format or product with minimal changes
Application of Principles in Green Engineering and Industrial 4

Ecology
- Excellent (clear and thorough) explanation of project 4
challenge, background, and findings
- Good explanation of project challenge, background, and 3
findings
- Satisfactory explanation of project challenge, 2
background, and findings
- Limited explanation of only one or two parts of project 1
challenge, background, and findings
-
Application of the Design Process 4
- Excellent, clear and thorough identification of project 4
plan, design and implementation process
- Very good identification of project plan, design and 3
implementation process
- Fairly good identification of project plan, design and 2
- Limited identification of project plan, design and 1
STEM Linkages 2
- Good description of how topic relates to STI 2
- Topic linked to STI, however, linkage is poorly described 1
Presentation 3
- Excellent presentation using appropriate tools (for 3
example, pictures) with few spelling and grammatical
errors.
- Good presentation using appropriate tools with some 2
spelling and grammatical errors.
- Satisfactory presentation using appropriate tools with 1
some spelling and grammatical errors.
Reference 2
- Accurate and consistent use of referencing style 2
Sub- total Project Design 25
(B) Model
Details of Representation 6
(a) Proportionality (3)
- Model constructed with precise accuracy. 3
- Model constructed with accuracy. 2
- Model is still work in progress 1
CXC A36/U2/16 38
(b) Level of details based on design (3) 3
- Model accurately reflects the details of the design. 2
- Model partially reflects the details of the design. 1
- Model barely reflects the details of the design.
Innovative construction materials, techniques 5

- Exceptionally varied and innovative materials. 5
- Some variety of innovative materials. Some creatively 34
modified recycled materials.
- Very few creative materials or modifications 12
Model Quality 4
- Extremely meticulous, complete, quality construction 4
that provides excellent details
- Complete with some very good details 3
- Appears complete but could use more details 2
- Appears complete but lacks finer details 1
Sub-total Model 15
Total 40
Marks for the Unit 1 report and the Unit 2 design projects will be allocated across Modules in the ratio
1:1:1. The project will be marked out of a total of 40 marks. The marks earned by a student are
assigned to each Module. For example, if a student earns 25 out of 40 for his School-Based
Assessment, 25 marks will be assigned to Module 1, 25 marks to Module 2 and 25 marks to Module
3. The total score will be 25+25+25= 75 out of 120.
CXC A36/U2/16 39
CASE STUDIES FOR UNIT 1, MODULE 3: GREEN ENGINEERING IN PRACTICE
CASE STUDY 1
THE MANUFACTURING AND THE TYPES OF TRINIDADS PORTLAND CEMENT
1.0 Introduction
Prior to 2007, Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was the most commonly used cement for general
purpose applications. It is commonly used for general construction especially when making different
types of concrete including Ordinary, Heavy Weight Concrete, High Strength Concrete, Pervious
Concrete, Shortcrete, Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), Precast and Pre-stressed Concrete. In Trinidad
Portland Cement is manufacturing by Trinidad Cement Limited (TCL). The factory is located in Couva,
Central Trinidad and Tobago, shown in Figure 1.
Trinidad
Cement
Limited
Figure 1 - The Location of TCL
1.1 Types of the Portland cement produced by the TCL
Trinidad Cement Limited produces the following types of cement
1. Premium Plus Cement.
2. Ordinary Portland Cement.
3. Type II Cement.
4. Class G HSR Cement.
5. Sulphate Resistant Cement.
1.2 Specification and the standards of the cement produced by the TCL
The TCL cement is specified according to the following standards

EN 197-1: 2000 CEM I 42.5N
TTS 584:2002 OPC
ASTM C 150 TYPE I
CXC A36/U2/16 40
2.0 Manufacture of Portland cement
The manufacturing is simple, although high temperatures are involved. Initially chalk and clay are
reduced to particle sizes of 75micron or less. The three main processes for manufacturing cement are:
1. wet process;
2. dry process; and,
3. semi-dry process.
2.1 Wet Process
If limestone is used, it is quarried and then crushed in a number of stages. In the final grinding stage
the limestone which has been ground to a fine flour consistency in a ball mill is mixed with clay and
water. The resultant slurry is then pumped into storage tanks to await further processing. If chalk is
used, the chalk and clay are initially broken down separately in wash mills before combining together
in specific proportions to be stored as slurry prior to transfer to the kiln.
2.2 Dry Process
In this process, the raw materials are mixed together, dried and reduced in size via grinding to a fine
powder, called raw meal. Further blending, mixing and adjustment of the proportions occur in the
blending silo using of compressed air. After which it is moved to a storage silo prior to transfer to the
kiln.
2.3 Semi-Dry Process
This process is somewhat similar to the dry process. Instead of the blended raw material being
transferred to the kiln it is transferred into a granulator (a rotating dish) where water, approximately
12 per cent of meal weight, is added. This leads to the formation of pellets approximately 15mm in
diameter. These pellets are then baked hard using pre-heated gases from the kiln prior to transfer into
the kiln.
At this point the remaining process is the same for all three types.
The material (slurry or meal) is preheated before entering the kiln. The kiln is an inclined a rotary kiln.
These kilns can be up to 7m in diameter and as long as 230m (dependent upon the process), kilns for
the dry and semi dry processes are shorter due the smaller amount of water needed to be driven off.
The meal or slurry is fed into the upper end of the kiln where, as it moves down the kiln it is heated to
progressively higher temperatures, culminating at approximately 1450oC 1500oC at the lower end.
3.0 Sustainability of the production of OPC
Sustainability of the cement manufacturing process is important to the well-being of our environment,
continued growth, and human development. The most energy intensive stage of the Portland cement
production is the clinker production stage. It accounts for most of the energy used and nearly all of
the greenhouse gases (GHGs) released during cement production. Kiln systems evaporate inherent
water from the raw meal and calcine the carbonate constituents during clinker pre-processing stage.
The production of one tonne of Portland cement produces about one tonne of CO2 and other GHGs.
CXC A36/U2/16 41
The significant amount of CO2 is produced during the calcination process.
Sources of CO2 and GHG emissions in the manufacturing of Portland cement are:
1. from calcinations of limestone and clay = 50 55%;
2. from fuel combustion = 40 50%; and,
3. from use of electric power = 0 10%.
Limestone + Silica = Portland cement + carbon dioxide
(1450C)
5CaCO3 + 2SiO2 (3CaO.SiO2) (2CaO.SiO2) + 5CO2
a. The approximate % Composition of Ordinary Concrete
COMPONENT NAME %
Tri-calcium silicate C3S 15-25

Di-calcium silicate C2S 75-85
Tetra-calcium-alumino- 10-15
Ferrite C4AF
Calcium sulphate 1-4

Tri-calcium Aluminate C3A 7-10
Calcium Carbonate 0-5

Magnesium Oxide 0-3
Calcium Oxide 0-1
Chromates 0-0.005
4.0 Recommended Applications of different types of Cement manufactured by the TCL
All general purposes: Driveways, pavements and sidewalks, reinforced concrete buildings, bridges,
railway structures, tanks, reservoirs, culverts, precast concrete products, pipes and masonry units. TCL
claims that they are committed to the preservation of the environment and demonstrates
this through their operating procedures. As such they have implemented the ISO 14001:2004
Standard, an Environmental Management System, to which TCL has been certified in 2006.
4.1 Premium Plus Cement (Type IP) (Pozzolanic Cement)
In order to reduce the energy consumption as well as the greenhouse gas emissions, The Premium
Plus cement was launched in 2009. The Premium Plus cement is a typical cement replacement or
Pozzolanic admixtures or pozzolans, which contain reactive silica (SiO2), and sometimes also reactive
alumina (Al2O3). This product is a direct result of our commitment to continuous improvement and
environmental responsibility. In fact, Premium Plus allowed TCL to significantly reduce the level of
greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, thereby reducing their carbon footprint. This cement
CXC A36/U2/16 42
also gives the building community an eco-efficient cement option enabling them to go green.
Premium Plus cement is manufactured to the following Standards: ASTM C 595 TYPE IPEN 197-1: 2000
CEM II/ B-P 42.5 N. Pozzolanic cement is usually known as cement replacement.
4.1.1 Cement replacement
Cement replacement or Pozzolanic admixtures or pozzolans, contain reactive silica (SiO2), and
sometimes also reactive alumina (Al2O3), which, in the presence of water, react with lime (Ca(OH)2) to
form a gel of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH gel) similar to that produced by the hydration of Portland
cement.
Generally, the pozzolans may be subdivided into natural and by-product materials. The former are
naturally occurring materials, and their processing is usually limited to crushing, grinding and sieving.
Such materials include:
1. Natural pozzolans
(a) Volcanic ashes and lava deposits (for example, volcanic glasses and volcanic
tuffs).
(b) Diatomaceous earth, that is, an earth which is mainly composed of the
silicious skeletons of diatoms deposited from either fresh or sea water.
2. By-product materials including industrial wastes. The most common materials in this
group are:
(a) pulverised fly-ash (PFA); and,
(b) condensed silica fume (CSF).
4.1.2 Some of the benefits of Premium Plus cement include:
1. reduced carbon footprint;
2. decreased permeability;
3. greater durability and longevity;
4. improved workability (ease of use); and,
5. reduced risk of thermal cracking and also facilitates a smoother, harder finish.
4.1.3 The Recommended Applications of Premium Plus cement are:
All general purposes: driveways, pavements and sidewalks, reinforced concrete buildings, bridges,
railway structures, tanks, reservoirs, culverts, water pipes and masonry units.
CXC A36/U2/16 43
5.0 The composition and the Hydration process of OPC
5.1 The composition of the Portland cement
Four main compounds of Ordinary Portland cement.
1. Tricalcium silicate C3S
2. Dicalcium silicate C2S
3. Tricalcium aluminate C3A
4. Tricalcium aluminoferrite C4AF
5.2 The hydration process of the Portland cement
On mixing these compounds with water (H2O) the following reaction known as HYDRATION takes
place.
C2S
C3S + H2O = CSH + Ca(OH)2
C3A
C4AF
The result of hydration is a glue like substance known as Calcium Silicate Hydrate (CSH) and relatively
weak bonding materials known as calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) are produced.
5.1 The effect of Pozzolanic material on OPC
Ca(OH)2 +(SiO2)/(Al2O3)+ H2O == CSH
CSH Calcium Silicate Hydrate
*The reaction can be more complicated and balanced as shown below.
Pozzolanic reaction is acid-base reaction between calcium hydroxide (Portlandite), or (Ca(OH)2), and
silicic acid (H4SiO4)
Ca(OH)2 + H4SiO4 > Ca2+ + H2SiO42- + 2 H2O > CaH2SiO4 2 H2O
Please NOTE: *The students are not required to memorise these equations.
6.0 Quality management and health and safety on using Portland cement
TCL states that quality is at the forefront of their business. Having been in the business of building a
region for close to 60 years, they have learnt a thing or two about consistently manufacturing quality
products. Their products have been used successfully in the building of; homes, schools, hospitals and
bridges throughout Trinidad and Tobago and the Caribbean region for decades. TCL continues to be
the brand of choice for users when it comes to making decisions on sheltering their families and loved
ones. TCLs products have stood the test of time, not by chance, but simply because of the due
CXC A36/U2/16 44
attention and care taken in the management of their systems, processes and raw materials. Their
laboratory, LAS-003, was deemed an accredited laboratory on 2 November 2011 by the local
accreditation body, TTLABS. This certifies that their laboratory fulfils the requirements of the ISO/IEC
17025:2005 Standard for physical testing, namely ASTM C109 and ASTM C191. A significant aspect of
being an accredited laboratory is a thorough and continuous evaluation of the laboratorys Quality
Management System against the ISO/IEC 17025 Standard for compliance in both Management and
Technical criteria. Therefore, the products offered will meet or exceed local and international
standards.
6.1 Dust Screens
Dust is screened by the use of a piece of equipment called the DustBoss which uses a high-pressure
system to create an ultrafine mist of water which attracts dust particles, resulting in agglomerated
particles falling to the ground or back onto the stockpile.
Potential Health Effects
Inhalation (Acute)
Breathing cement dust may cause nose, throat or lung irritation and choking. The severity of the
effects depends on the degree of exposure.
Inhalation (Chronic)
Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause lung injury including silicosis. The product may contain
crystalline silica, which is classified as a human carcinogen. Long term exposure resulting in silicosis
may also lead to other health problems.
Eye Contact
The cement dust may cause eye irritation, severe burns and damage to the cornea.
Skin Contact
It may also cause dry skin, redness, discomfort, irritation, severe burns, allergic reactions and
thickening of the skin (scleroderma).
Ingestion:
Ingestion of large amounts may cause intestinal distress.
6.2 First Aid measures
Inhalation
Move the individual to fresh air and seek medical attention.
Eye Contact
Thoroughly rinse the eyes with water. Seek medical attention for any abrasions.
Skin Contact
Wash the area with soap and water. Seek medical attention for burns. Use moisturising creams for
irritation.
Ingestion
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Drink plenty water. Seek medical attention.
CXC A36/U2/16 45
6.3 Exposure control and personal protection
Engineering Controls
Use exhaust ventilation to maintain dust levels below the safe exposure limits in workspaces with poor
ventilation and dusty conditions.
Personal Protection
Respiratory Protection
Under normal conditions no respiratory protection is required. Should a respirator be required a
NIOSH approved respirator is recommended.
Eye Protection
Use tight fitting goggles/glasses in dusty environment to prevent dust contact with the eyes. Contact
lenses are not recommended.
Skin Protection
Use impervious, abrasion and alkali-resistant gloves, shoes and protective clothing to prevent skin
contact. Barrier creams could also be used. After working with the product workers should shower
with soap and water.
6.4 Reduction of pollution
Figure 2-Trapping of dust and prevention of dust escaping into the outside environment.
Figure 3-Trapping of dust and prevention of dust escaping into the outside environment.
CXC A36/U2/16 46
Figure 4-Guzzler in action at TCL
The GUZZLER is a VACCUM TRUCK which aids in effectively and efficiently cleaning spilled material
which is then recycled back into our manufacturing process. This serves to significantly reduce
particulate emissions which would otherwise have resulted from conventional cleaning methods.
Figure 5-Water run-off to suspend the solids
Water run-off from the plant is channelled through the settling ponds before exiting the compound.
This allows for suspended solids to settle off and thus reduces the level of Total Suspended Solids in
effluent.
Figure 6-Settling pond at TCL
A Closed Circuit Water Management system is utilised at our Mayo Quarry facility whereby all waste
water is recovered and reused in the process. Thereby, resources are managed, wastage is reduced,
pollution is prevented.
CXC A36/U2/16 47
CASE STUDY 2
Demerara Distillers Limited
The story of Demerara Distillers Limited (DDL) began in 1670 when every sugar estate had its own rum
still, and a group of sugar cane producers formed an exporting co-operative. The rum was produced
mainly for use of the sailors of those days. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, there were
over 200 small distilleries operating in Guyana. Since each
sugar plantation had its own distillery producing blends
that were unique to each (Ref). These distilleries were
eventually consolidated and in the early 1990s only three
distilleries remained all, at Enmore, Uitvlugt and Diamond
Sugar Estates under the ownership of Demerara Distillery
Limited. These three distilleries were further consolidated
at the Diamond location. Interestingly the unique stills and
fermentation practices for some of the unique alcohols
were relocated to Diamond so as to retain the access of
these special spirits so vital for the manufacture of the
world acclaimed blends of rum. In addition to these special
spirits DDL has invested heavily into new production
facilities and quality management.
The Diamond Distillery has the capacity to produce in

Figure 1-Location of the Estates
excess of 26 M litres of pure alcohol annually, and is the
largest supplier of bulk rums and alcohols from the
Caribbean to brand owners in Europe and North America.
The company's impressive list of clientele includes companies such as Diageo, Jim Beam Brands, Hiram
Walker, Allied Distillers, and Corby's.
In addition to the manufacture of spirits DDL is also one of the leading manufacturers of non-alcoholic
beverages such as soft drinks and fruit juices.
The process of alcohol production can be divided into fermentation, distillation and blending
(including aging). The fermentation and distillation is done at the distillery. These processes are very
complex and lend themselves to many issues which can have significant negative environmental
impacts if ignored. Over the years DDL has shown an increasing sense environmental responsibility;
which led to the increased efficient use of the input materials, by-products/waste and energy
utilisation.
One of the main reasons for the construction of a distillery on the sugar estates in ancient times was
to utilise the blackstrap molasses which was produced in very large quantities as the main by-product
of the sugar manufacturing process. This molasses is the essential feedstock for the fermentation
process to produce ethanol the main components of all rums and other strong alcoholic beverages.
Fermentation converts the sugar in the molasses to ethanol and carbon dioxide.
C12H22O11 + H20 C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

Sucrose Water Glucose Fructose
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 4C2H5OH + 4CO2

Glucose Fructose Ethanol Carbon Dioxide
CXC A36/U2/16 48
The ethanol is removed from the fermentation mixture by fractional distillation while the carbon
dioxide is captured and processed.
The distillation process requires large amounts of heat and

produces huge amounts of liquid waste rich in organic
material called stillage or vinasse. The improper disposal
of this vinasse can have significant negative consequences
for the environment especially the waterways. The large
amounts of organic material lead to eutrophication and
unpleasant odours. To address this vinasse disposal issue
DDL has installed a biomethanisation plant which converts
the vinasse into biogas which is rich in methane and other
combustible gases. Since the biomethanisation process
coverts the organic material via bacterial processes the
organic load of the vinasse is reduced significantly and the
liquid waste is now rendered less harmful to the
environment. This waste may now be utilised as an
organic fertiliser.
Figure 2-Unique Wooden Still

(http://www.cocktailsoldfashioned.de/2011/02/demera
ra-distillers-limited-guyana-rum/ (accessed Oct 07, 2014)
Figure 3-The three-stage anaerobic fermentation of biomass (GTZ project Information and Advisory Service on
Appropriate Technology (ISAT)
This biogas, which is a green fuel, is used to fire the boilers to supply the steam required for the
distillation process at the distillery. Currently the biomethanisation plant supplies approximately 70
per cent of the fuel utilised by the boilers on a daily basis.
CXC A36/U2/16 49
Figure 4-Biomethanisation Plant
(http://www.cocktailsoldfashioned.de/2011/02/demerara-distillers-limited-guyana-rum/
(accessed Oct 07, 2014)
The carbon dioxide captured is processed to remove any entrained alcohol and other organic
compounds leaving pure carbon dioxide gas. This purified carbon dioxide gas is cooled liquefied and
stored for further use. The major use of the carbon dioxide is in the carbonated beverages
manufactured by DDL, therefore DDL produces carbonated beverages with a green source of carbon
dioxide. Additionally, a small amount of the carbon dioxide gas is used to manufacture the solid carbon
dioxide called dry ice which is used as a cooling agent. Also, many fabrication facilities utilise carbon
dioxide gas as the inert gas in the MIG (metal inert gas) welding process. This gas is also used to refill
carbon dioxide fire extinguishers.
While DDL has moved a long way towards greening its production process it was not without
challenges. Some of the major challenges included the high cost to introduce the new technology and
infrastructure. There was also the lack of in-house skills. This required that the company investing in
training its staff to manage and maintain the equipment and processes. Therefore it can be concluded
that DDL has been addressing potential environmental problems by utilising waste materials to
manufacture world class spirits and beverages, supplying energy and other useful services to the wider
community.
CXC A36/U2/16 50
CASE STUDY 3
Sandals La Toc
The utilisation of natural resources in the tourism industry can be categorised in two core groups,
construction and operation. The Sandals La Toc is located along St Lucias north-western coast in a
community called La Toc close to the city centre. The area was previously home to forestry, wildlife,
and natural minerals before the 220-acre Sandals development.
Sandals La Toc has 331 rooms and four main blocks. It caters to the high-end luxury market and is
exclusively a couples resort. The property spreads over 220 acres. The cost of a room ranges from USD
596 to USD 2,923, per day for the millionaire suites. Two other Sandals resorts are located in St Lucia.
The Grand has 301 rooms and the Halcyon 169 rooms. The average occupancy of the hotel per year is
about 80 per cent. Sandals also has hotels in
Jamaica, the Bahamas and Barbados.
Sandals Every Sandals Hotel has an Environmental Manager

La Toc
who deals with issues of energy conservation and
use. This Manager reports to a regional head and
corporate director. The energy director for the
chain of hotels is based in Jamaica, and has
responsibility for all the hotels and for identifying
the opportunities for EE and RE. The Manager
analyses business operation across the various
territories and identify areas for risk mitigation and
energy optimisation to reduce environmental
impact. Many external factors can affect decisions
on whether to invest in environmental projects.
These include the condition of the national and
international economy; the price of oil and
electricity; and the room occupancy rate. A
combination of these factors is used in determining
the feasibility of EE and RE projects.
The environmental department has existed at

Sandals La Toc for 15 years. The hotel became
Green Globe certified in 2003, and is now Platinum
Certified with Earth Check, the standard that has
replaced Green Globe as the measure of
environmental excellence in the hotel industry.
Certification must incorporate annual
measurement of operational indicators related to energy, emissions, water, waste, community
involvement, paper use, cleaning and pesticide use.
Sustainability claims need to be backed by third party verification, undertaken by a suitably qualified
auditor. Earth Check Business Planning and Design System measures the following:
1. greenhouse gas emissions;
2. EE, conservation and management;
3. management of social and cultural issues;
CXC A36/U2/16 51
4. land-use planning and management;
5. air quality and noise control;
6. waste water management;
7. solid waste management; and,
8. environmentally harmful substances.
The environmental goals are clearly stated in the hotel mission statement and are reinforced in
posters and notices throughout the hotel. The hotel also has a large energy wheel which can be seen
by all the guests. This displays the energy used in the hotel daily, and gives an indication of the target
of maximum efficiency.
An energy budget has been allocated to all the hotels. The environmental and maintenance unit in
each department is responsible for budget management. The Environmental Manager has an
environmental action plan, and is required to identify specific projects to attain energy conservation
goals. This is communicated to all department heads. Once the planned activity can be funded by the
budget, the project is implemented.
The environmental department has a mandate for energy conservation, and has embarked on a
number of projects to enhance EE in lighting and air conditioning. Solar water heating units are used
extensively on the property, and the hotel has a programme also aimed at water conservation and
waste management.
Other EE and conservation projects include an automatic key card that shuts off all appliances and
lights when a guest leaves the room. Also, linen reuse cards have been issued to encourage guests to
conserve on laundry use.
In the area of RE, there was one pilot project with respect to solar air conditioning. The solar unit was
provided by Solar Connections, a local company. It and used solar thermal energy to satisfy 70 per
cent of its energy requirements and the national grid to satisfy the remaining 30 per cent.
We will attempt to quantify the environmental impact of a Sandals La Toc which is 70 per cent
Renewable Powered and 30 per cent supplied by St Lucia Electric Company Limited. We will proceed
by calculating an estimate of the amount of energy the hotel consumes when all rooms are occupied.
The hotel determined that this particular unit was not appropriate as it did not have the potential to
reduce energy use significantly enough. Additionally, if the hotel was to adopt these air conditioning
units, it would need to install one in each room. This would mean that the hotel would not be able to
benefit from economies of scale through use of a centralised system as it currently does.
CXC A36/U2/16 52
Number of Rooms = 331
Power Consumed / Room = 3000W
Total Energy Consumed =
No. of Rooms x Power/room
= 331 x 3000W
= 993000W
= 993kW
This electrical energy is consumed each
hour therefor will be written as 993kWh
1 barrel of oil (boe) = 1628.2kWh
xboe = 993kWh
1628.2x = 993
x = 993/1628.2
= 0.6099 boe
.`. Sandals La Toc consumes less than 1 barrel of oil / hour. Since there are 24 hours in a given day
the total number of barrels of oil consumed per day would be
boe consumed/day = 0.6099 x 24
= 14.64 boe
boe consumed/year = 5,327 boe
Consider 1 boe costs US$100 we can calculate the cost for energy for the year
Cost for oil = 5327*$100
= $532,700
Sandals La Toc would pay USD0.53million per year to

purchase power from St Lucia Electric Company
Limited for the purchase of oil to supply energy to the
facility when it is at full capacity. This does not include
cost for energy transmission, inefficient energy
generation or energy losses in the distribution process.
An energy audit, undertaken by the hotel in 2005,

forms the basis of decisions on EE programmes that
have been embarked on since then. The hotel has
implemented a significant lighting programme through
which 95 per cent of the incandescent lights have been
replaced by Light-emitting Diodes (LED) lighting.
Additionally, many fixtures were eliminated in areas
that were over lit.
The Environmental Manager at the hotel, noted that guests did not necessarily see environmentally
friendly hotels as better hotels. There are some clients who value the environmental work; but it is
generally not a deal breaker. Sandals, however, recognises the direct financial benefits of being
environmentally friendly.
It is apparent that the developments in Sandals La Toc, although spurred by external hotel policy, have
much to do with the drive that the Environmental Manager brings personally to environmental
management. She came to the hotel having experience in health and safety, but always had a personal
interest in the environment, having been involved in environmental clubs at school and university.
When speaking of how environmental issues were viewed when she joined the organisation, she
recalled that environmental awareness was often seen as a matter of pest control and garbage
removal. A lot of staff education was needed.
CXC A36/U2/16 53
CASE STUDY 4
ILLUSTRATING THE TWELVE PRINCIPLES OF GREEN

ENGINEERING (Modified from: Julie B. Zimmerman, PhD and Paul T.
Anastas, PhD)
PRODUCT DESIGN
At the inception of the product design process, the

designer has the ability to influence the type of materials
and energy that will be used, not just in the manufacture
of the product, but throughout the lifecycle. By designing
products based on inherently benign, renewable materials
and energy as described by the Principles of Green
Engineering, the designer will also play a significant role in the http://www.pressreleasefinder.com/primages/CLAPR489a_3848157.jpg
preventing the exposure of toxic or hazardous materials to

the end-user as well as those associated in the manufacture, assembly, distribution, maintenance,
or repair of the product. Lifecycle considerations are critical to the implementation of the Principles
of Green Engineering in designing products to maximise environmental benefit. A lifecycle approach
will also provide an opportunity to highlight any potential trade-offs that arise from applying the
Principles to the design of a product for the use phase rather than across the entire product cycle.
The following demonstrates the application of the Principles of Green Engineering to the design of
an industrial product, a metalworking fluid, used in machining operations. Metalworking fluids
(MWFs) cool and lubricate during metal forming and cutting processes increasing the productivity
and quality of manufacturing operations. MWFs represent significant human health and
environmental impacts with over two billion gallons sold annually in North America. Given that
machining and manufacturing will continue to play a vital role in the global economy for the
foreseeable future, the human health and environmental impacts associated with MWFs can be
eliminated 1) by discontinuing or limiting the use of metalworking fluids or 2) by designing new MWFs
products with improved health and environmental characteristics. Currently, replacing MWF
function has proven challenging and dry/damp machining may carry with it negative environmental
and economic effects of its own. As such, designing next generation MWFs through the Principles of
Green Engineering represents an important opportunity to improve the environmental and health
aspects of a widely used and necessary product.
Four types of MWFs have used in practice to accommodate

the differences in severity of various machining operations:
straight oils, oil-in-water emulsions (soluble oils, semi-
synthetics), and true solutions (synthetics). The emulsifiable
MWFs are defined by the ratio of water to oil in the
formulation, which represents the balance of cooling to
lubrication desired for a given machining process. Given
that semi-synthetics account for approximately 40 per
cent of the market with continuing increases in market
share expected; recently, a semi-synthetic MWF product was
designed using an approach consistent with the Principles
http://www.biodeterioration-control.com/articl2.gif
of Green Engineering. The most significant contributions
of this research include the substitution of MWF
components with alternatives that are more inherently benign than traditional MWF ingredients
and the prevention of premature MWF failure leading to excessive environmental impacts due to
frequent MWF disposals.
CXC A36/U2/16 54
The new MWF formulations are based on oil and nonionic surfactants that can be produced from
renewable, bio-based resources that may be less toxic than traditional emulsion systems. This is
based on data for the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), which indicate that the traditional
anionic surfactant has an LC50 of 0.4 mg/L after 48 hours while anionic in the newly designed MWF
has an LC50 of 14.1 mg/L after 48 hours. By including anionic surfactants in the formulations, the
emulsions can be destabilised by the addition of a simple salt, allowing oil separation as well as oil
recovery and reuse in the next MWF formulation or for other uses.
In addition, the newly developed MWFs are more hard water stable, a common cause of
traditional MWF disposal and subsequent environmental impacts. This stability is achieved by designing
the new formulations based on a twin-headed anionic surfactant that has twice as many of moles of
anionic head groups to provide electrostatic repulsive, than the traditional surfactant. The improved
hardwater stability is achieved even with the removal of two components found in current MWF
formulations to improve emulsion stability: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, C10H16N2O8), a
chelating agent, and butyl carbitol [C4H9(OCH2CH2)2OH], a coupler. By eliminating these two
components from the formulation, the overall life cycle environmental impact is likely to be
reduced. In addition, there are concerns specific to the disposal of MWFs containing EDTA since EDTA
does not readily biodegrade and once introduced into the general environment, EDTA can remobilise
heavy metals allowing heavy metals to re-enter and re-circulate in the food chain. Also EDTA can
mobilise heavy metals in tool coatings, providing a route for these metals to enter the environment.
For these reasons, the removal of EDTA form MWF formulations would serve well toward the design
of greener metalworking fluids.
Before a product can be designed in accordance with the Principles of Green Engineering, a
fundamental understanding of the desired characteristics and current performance criteria must
be developed. Performance is a critical parameter to consider. If the product designed based on
the Principles does not meet or exceed the current performance criteria, it is highly unlikely that the
product will realise any human health or environmental benefits since it will not be competitive,
and therefore adopted, in the marketplace.
As such, the newly developed MWFs, designed with fewer and benign as well as renewable
components, were evaluated for several key performance criteria including hard water stability and
machining performance. As shown in Figure 1, when increasing amount of calcium chloride (CaCl2), two
commercially available semi-synthetic MWFs (SS1 and SS2) shows a trend of increasing particle size
with increasing calcium concentration, behavior indicative of emulsion instability in the presence of
hard water. In fact, when 0.008 M of CaCl2 was introduced to SS2, the MWF emulsion was completely
destabilised and split into separate oil and water phases. However, in the case of the MWFs
designed in accordance with the Principles of Green Engineering, the particle size at 1000 ppm
calcium concentration was measured to be statistically identical to the MWF with no calcium present.
In other words, the new formulations are stable at hard water concentrations above those expected
in the field, demonstrating an improvement in both performance and environmental effects. In
addition, the machining performance of the MWFs developed in accordance with the Principles
was evaluated and compared to that of commercially available MWFs. As shown in Figure 2, all of the
newly developed MWFs had a higher machining efficiency than SS1 or SS2.
The research to design new MWFs based on the Principles resulted in a product that is
competitive in terms of machining performance with currently available products. These MWF
formulations offer the likelihood of extended lifetime under hard water conditions while utilising more
inherently benign and renewable components. Experience has shown that MWF lifetime extension
reduces environmental and economic impacts related to MWF production and disposal. This case
study provides an example of environmental and economic win-win by designing a replacement
CXC A36/U2/16 55
product in accordance with the Principles and demonstrating identical or improved performance to
currently available products.
Figure 1-Particle size of SS1, SS2, and representative mineral oil- and vegetable oil-based formulations (M1 and V1)
formulated with a twin-headed anionic surfactant as a function of calcium chloride salt molar concentration. For
systems where oil-water split occurs, particle size data are not available.
Figure 2-Tapping torque efficiency for SS1, SS2, and representative mineral oil- and vegetable oil-based formulations at
0, 0.003, and 0.008 M calcium chloride. Tapping torque data was not reported for SS2 at 0.008 M calcium chloride due to
oil-water emulsion separation. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
CXC A36/U2/16 56
REFERENCES
Andre Pauss, Gerald Andre, Michel Perrier, and Serge R. Guiot*, 1990, Liquid-to-Gas Mass Transfer in
Anaerobic Processes: Inevitable Transfer Limitations of Methane and Hydrogen in the
Biomethanation Process, accessed at http://aem.asm.org/content/56/6/1636.full.pdf - Liquid to
mass transfer
Aronson, R. B. Why Dry Machining? Manuf. Eng. 1995, 117, 33-6.
Childers, J. The Chemistry of Metalworking Fluids. In Metalworking Fluids; Byers, J. P., Ed.;
Marcel Dekker: New York, 1994; 165.
Hering, J. G. In Metal Speciation and Contamination of Soil; Allen, H. E., et al., Eds.; CRC Press
Inc.: Boca Raton, FL, 1995.
http://tcl.co.tt/about-tcl
http://www.oecd.org/env/outreach/36203835.pdf - Bio Gas Theory and Issues
http://www.ejournalofscience.org/archive/vol4no3/vol4no3_3.pdf -Anaerobic digestion of distillery

spent wash
http://www.jie.or.jp/biomass/AsiaBiomassHandbook/English/Part-5_E.pdf - General Theory
Independent Lubricant Manufacturers Association. ILMA Report. In Lubricants World;

Independent Lubricant Manufacturers Association: 2000; 10.
Kari, F. G.; Giger, W.; Water Resoures, v 30, n 1, 1996, 122.
N. B. Prakash, 2 Vimala Sockan, 3 V. Sitarama Raju
Nowak, B.; Kari, F. G.; Kruger, H. G. Water, Air, Soil Pollution. v 125, n 1-4, 2001, 243.
Singh, N.; Falkenburg, D.R.; Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, v 2, 1993, 1443.
Wakabayashi, T.; Sato, H.; Inasaki, I. Turning Using Extremely Small Amounts of Cutting Fluids.
JSME Int. J. Machine Tool Des. Res. 1998, 1, 187-97.
Zimmerman, J; Anastas, P; Case Studies Illustrating the Twelve Principles of Green Engineering,
http://www.thesustainabilitysociety.org.nz/conference/2004/Session5/68%20Zimmerman.
pdf
Zimmerman, J.; Clarens, A.; Hayes, K.; Skerlos, S.; Environmental Science and Technology, v 37, n
23, 2003, p 5278.
CXC A36/U2/16 57
REGULATIONS FOR PRIVATE CANDIDATES
Private candidates will be required to write Papers 01, 02 and 032.
Paper 032 is an Alternative Paper to the School-Based Assessment. This paper is worth 30 per cent of
the total mark for the Unit.
UNIT 1 - Paper 032 is a written paper consisting of a report based on a case study.
UNIT 2 - Paper 032 is a written paper consisting of a design based on a case study.
Candidates are required to answer questions based on the case study. The questions are designed to
test the skills developed by students in the School-Based Assessment. The questions will test various
stages of the research process. Candidates are advised to conduct the relevant research in sustainable
tourism in preparation for writing paper 032.
Paper 032 (1 hour 30 minutes 30 per cent of Total Assessment)
The paper comprises a report.
This paper is intended to test the knowledge and skills contained in Module 3 as outlined on
Pages 1516 (Unit 1) and 26 (Unit 2) of the syllabus.
3. Question type
Question will be a structured case consisting of several parts.
4. Mark Allocation
The question is divided into sub-parts and is worth 40 marks.
REGULATIONS FOR RESIT CANDIDATES

Resit candidates must complete Papers 01 and 02 and Paper 03 of the examination for the year for
which they re-register. A candidate who rewrites the examination within two years may reuse the
moderated School-Based Assessment score earned in the previous sitting within the preceding two
years.
Candidates are no longer required to earn a moderated score that is at least 50 per cent of the
maximum possible score; any moderated score may be reused.
Candidates reusing SBA scores in this way must register as Resit candidates and provide the previous
candidate number. (In order to assist candidates in making decisions about whether or not to reuse
a moderated SBA score, the Council will continue to indicate on the pre-slip if a candidates moderated
SBA score is less than 50 per cent).
Resit candidates must be registered through a school, a recognised educational institution, or the
Local Registrars Office.
CXC A36/U2/16 58
ASSESSMENT GRID
The Assessment Grid for the Unit showing marks assigned to papers and to Modules, and percentage
contributions of each paper to the total scores.
Papers Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Total (%)
External 15 (raw) 15 (raw) 15 (raw) 45 (raw) (30)

Assessment 30 (wtd) 30 (wtd) 30 (wtd) 90 (wtd)
Paper 01
Structured (Short
Answer)
Paper 02 40 40 40 120 (40)
Essay
School-Based 40 (raw) 40 (raw) 40 (raw) 120 (raw) (30)
Assessment 30 (wtd) 30 (wtd) 30 (wtd) 90 (wtd)
Paper 031 and
Paper 032
100 100 100 300 (100)
TOTAL
CXC A36/U2/16 59
APPENDIX I
GLOSSARY OF BEHAVIOURAL VERBS USED IN THE EXAMINATION

WORD DEFINITION/MEANING NOTES
Analyse Examine in detail.
Annotate Add a brief note to a label. Simple phrase or a few words only.
Apply Use knowledge/principles to solve problems. Make inferences/conclusions.
Assess Present reasons for the importance of particular Compare the advantages and
structures, relationships or processes. disadvantages or the merits and
demerits of a particular structure,
relationship or process.
Calculate Arrive at the solution to a numerical problem. Steps should be shown; units must be
included.
Classify Divide into groups according to observable

characteristics.
Comment State opinion or view with supporting reasons.
Compare State similarities and differences. An explanation of the significance of

each similarity and difference stated
may be required for comparisons
which are other than structural.
Construct Use a specific format to make and/or draw a graph, Such representations should
histogram, pie chart or other representation using normally bear a title, appropriate
data or material provided or drawn from practical headings and legend.
investigations, build (for example, a model), draw
scale diagram.
Deduce Make a logical connection between two or more

pieces of information; use data to arrive at a
conclusion.
Define State concisely the meaning of a word or term. This should include the defining
equation/formula where relevant.
Demonstrate Show; direct attention to.
Derive To deduce, determine or extract from data by a set This relationship etc. may be general
of logical steps some relationship, formula or or specific.
result.
CXC A36/U2/16 60
Describe Provide detailed factual information of the Description may be in words,

appearance or arrangement of a specific structure drawings or diagrams or any
or a sequence of a specific process. appropriate combination. Drawings
or diagrams should be annotated to
show appropriate detail where
necessary.
Determine Find the value of a physical quantity.
Design Plan and present with appropriate practical detail. Where hypotheses are stated or
when tests are to be conducted,
possible outcomes should be clearly
stated and/or the way in which data
will be analysed and presented.
Develop Expand or elaborate an idea or argument with

supporting reasons.
Diagram Simplified representation showing the relationship

between components.
Differentiate/ State or explain briefly those

distinguish differences between or among items
(between/ which can be used to define the
among) items or place them into separate categories.
Discuss Present reasoned argument; consider points both

for and against; explain the relative merits of a
case.
Draw Make a line representation from specimens or In the case of drawings from
apparatus which shows an accurate relation specimens, the magnification must
between the parts. always be stated.
Estimate Make an approximate quantitative judgement.
Evaluate Weigh evidence and make judgements based on The use of logical supporting reasons
given criteria. for a particular point of view is more
important than the view held; usually
both sides of an argument should be
considered.
Explain Give reasons based on recall; account for.
Find Locate a feature or obtain as from a graph.
Formulate Devise a hypothesis.
Identify Name or point out specific components or
CXC A36/U2/16 61
features.
Illustrate Show clearly by using appropriate examples or

diagrams, sketches.
Interpret Explain the meaning of.
Justify Explain the correctness of.
Investigate Use simple systematic procedures to observe,

record data and draw logical conclusions.
Label Add names to identify structures or parts indicated

by pointers.
List Itemise without detail.
Measure Take accurate quantitative readings using

appropriate instruments.
Name Give only the name of. No additional information is

required.
Note Write down observations.
Observe Pay attention to details which characterise a Observations may involve all the
specimen, reaction or change taking place; to senses and/or extensions of them
examine and note scientifically. but would normally exclude the
sense of taste.
Outline Give basic steps only.
Plan Prepare to conduct an investigation.
Predict Use information provided to arrive at a likely

conclusion or suggest a possible outcome.
Record Write an accurate description of the full range of This includes the values for any
observations made during a given procedure. variable being investigated; where
appropriate, recorded data may be
depicted in graphs, histograms or
tables.
Relate Show connections between; explain how one set

of facts or data depend on others or are
determined by them.
Sketch Make a simple freehand diagram showing relevant

proportions and any important details.
CXC A36/U2/16 62
State Provide factual information in concise terms

outlining explanations.
Suggest Offer an explanation deduced from information No correct or incorrect solution is

provided or previous knowledge (... a hypothesis; presumed but suggestions must be
provide a generalisation which offers a likely acceptable within the limits of
explanation for a set of data or observations). scientific knowledge.
Test to find out, following set procedures
Western Zone Office

30 March 2016
CXC A36/U2/16 63
CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL
Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination

CAPE
GREEN ENGINEERING
Specimen Papers and

Mark Schemes/Keys
Specimen Papers:
Unit 1 Paper 01
Unit 1 Paper 02
Unit 1 Paper 03
Unit 2 Paper 01
Unit 2 Paper 02
Unit 2 Paper 03
Mark Schemes and Keys:
Unit 1 Paper 01
Unit 1 Paper 02
Unit 1 Paper 03
Unit 2 Paper 01
Unit 2 Paper 02
Unit 2 Paper 03
02165010
TEST CODE
SPEC 2015/ 02165010

CARRIBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION
GREEN ENGINEERING
SPECIMEN PAPER
Unit 1 Paper 01
1 hour 30 minutes
READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.
1. This test consists of 45 items. You will have 1 hour and 30 minutes to answer them.
2. Each item in this test has four suggested answers lettered (A), (B), (C), (D). Read each item
you are about to answer and decide which choice is best.
3. Look at the sample item below.
Sample Item
The MOST serious environmental effect posed by hazardous waste is
Sample Answer
(A) air pollution
(B) destruction of habitat A B C D
(C) contamination of groundwater
(D) increased use of land for landfills
The best answer to this item is contamination of groundwater so (C) has been shaded.
DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

Copyright 2015 Caribbean Examinations Council
All rights reserved.
02165010/SPEC 2015
1. Which two of the following are widely 3. The persistent trend of increasing
regarded as being important aspects of temperatures over three decades is an
sustainable development? indication that global warming is really
happening. What was the warmest
I. Intra-generational equity decade since temperatures have been
II. Intra-generational inequity recorded?
III. Inter-generational inequity
IV. Inter-generational equity (A) 1990s
(B) 1980s
(A) I and II only (C) 1970s
(B) I and IV only (D) 1960s
(C) II and III only
(D) II and IV only
4. The three pillars of sustainability may
be identified as
2. Which of the following is NOT a
characteristic of sustainable develop- (A) plants, people and
ment? productivity
(B) planet, preservation and profit
(A) Social economic development (C) planet, people and profit
which optimizes benefits (D) people, planet and
available in the present productivity
without spoiling the likely
potential for similar benefits
in the future 5. Which of the following is NOT a
renewable energy resource?
(B) Reasonable and equitably
distributed level of economic (A) The sun
wellbeing that can be (B) The wind
perpetuated continually (C) Natural gas
(D) Biomass
(C) Development that meets the
needs of the present without
compromising the ability of 6. Which of the following is a non-
future generations to meet renewable energy resource?
their own needs
(A) Solar
(D) Maximizing the present-day (B) Methane
benefits through increased (C) Hydroelectric
resource consumption (D) Coal
7. Examples of renewable resources

include
(A) iron ore, forests and fish

(B) fresh water, forests and fish
(C) forests, fish and oil
(D) forests, gold and fish
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02165010/SPEC 2015
8. Which of the following is TRUE about 11. Energy resources derived from organic
risks? materials are called
(A) Risks have three components: I. geothermal energy sources

a source/root cause, a II. fossil fuels
probability and the III. biomass
consequence.
(B) Risks can be associated with (A) II only
specific stages of a project life (B) III only
cycle. (C) I and III only
(C) Risks are commonly used to (D) II and III only
express certainty that
undesired events will occur.
(D) Risks are hazards. 12. A risk response which involves the
minimization of a threat is called
9. In which phase of the life cycle analysis (A) mitigation

process (LCA) is the life cycle (B) deflection
interpretation done? (C) avoidance
(D) transfer
(A) First
(B) Second
(C) Third 13. Which of the following are phases of
(D) Fourth life cycle analysis?
I. Extraction
10. Which of these causes the greenhouse II. Manufacturing
effect? III. Use
I. Excess of nitrogen in the (A) I and II only

atmosphere (B) I and III only
II. Excess of carbon dioxide in (C) II and III only
the atmosphere (D) I, II and III
III. Heat from cooking fires of an
ever-increasing population
14. Which of the following is the largest
(A) I only consumer of water in the developing
(B) II only World?
(C) I and III only
(D) I, II and III (A) Manufacturing
(B) Electricity and gas
(C) Households
(D) Agriculture

02165010/SPEC 2015
15. The industrial approach to assess the 18. A tin can sealing process was
environmental performance of pro- redesigned to use two instead of three
ducts is termed drops of solder. This is an example of
the principle of
(A) life cycle analysis
(B) industrial ecology (A) output-pulled versus input-
(C) corporate social responsibility pushed
(D) product analysis/assessment (B) maximizing efficiency in
products and processes
(C) preventing waste instead of
16. Which of the following are key treating it
objectives of green engineering? (D) durability rather than
immortality
I. Use raw materials more
efficiently
II. Minimize the use of energy 19. Manufacturers who encourage their
during production customers to return their old equipment
III. Use of renewable materials for recycling are following the
principle
(A) I and II
(B) I and III (A) that materials and energy must
(C) II and III be inherently non-hazardous,
(D) I, II and III rather than circumstantial
(B) of output-pulled versus input-
pushed
17. The recycling of plastic waste to (C) of maximizing efficiency in
produce containers is an example of the products and processes
principle of (D) of conserving complexity
(A) maximizing efficiency in

products and processes 20. The principle based on durability rather
(B) designing for separation and than immortality implies that products
purification processes should
(C) conserving complexity
(D) waste prevention instead of I. be constructed to be durable
treatment during their useful
commercial life
II. not be persistent and result in
environmental problems
III. be easily repaired and
maintained with minimum
input
(A) I and II only

(B) I and III only
(C) II and III only
(D) I, II and III

02165010/SPEC 2015
21. Industrial ecology can best be 25. Green engineering complements
described as an effort to apply to the industrial ecology because
manufacturing process the principles
(A) its principles support
(A) utilized by the ISO quality sustainability
management system (B) industrial ecology encourages
(B) of the carbon cycle symbiosis
(C) of the interaction of organisms (C) green engineering uses
and their environment renewable energy
(D) utilized by the total quality (D) green engineering encourages
management system the use of renewable raw
materials
22. The main objective of industrial

ecology is to 26. For the construction of buildings, the
use of clay blocks is more sustainable
(A) reduce greenhouse gases than concrete blocks because
(B) create a carbon sink
(C) create sustainable livelihoods I. less greenhouse gas is
for humanity produced
(D) improve the manufacturing II. the clay block process is more
process complex than cement
manufacturing
III. the manufacturing of clay
23. Industrial ecology is expected to make blocks is more energy
its greatest impact on the efficient
(A) atmosphere (A) I and II only

(B) lithosphere (B) II and III only
(C) anthroposphere (C) I and III only
(D) biosphere (D) I, II and III
24. Industrial ecology relies on the 27. Product lifecycle management is now
made much more efficient by the use of
(A) integration of various
production processes (A) specially designed software
(B) structured integration of (B) new testing equipment
similar production processes (C) renewable energy sources
(C) structured integration of (D) more efficient temperature
complementary production controllers
processes
(D) ad hoc integration of various
production processes

02165010/SPEC 2015
28. One of the key tools utilized by 32. During the distillation process, vinasse
industrial ecology is is produced. Which of the following
forms of energy would NOT be
(A) a quality management system obtained from this by-product?
(B) the reuse of materials
(C) the use of lifecycle analysis (A) Biofuel
(D) the use of renewable raw (B) Chemical energy
materials (C) Fossil fuel
(D) Electrical energy
29. Which of the following are common to

both green engineering and industrial 33. Which purification technique is used in
ecology an alcohol distillery?
I. The use of renewable energy (A) Centrifugation

II. Lifecycle Analysis (B) Fractional distillation
III. Greenhouse gas reduction (C) Flocculation
IV. Green products (D) Decantation
(A) I and IV only

(B) I, II and IV only 34. Which one of the following is NOT an
(C) II and III only advantage of the new metal working
(D) I, II and III only fluids (MWFs)?
(A) MWFs are more hard water

30. Hydropower is usually favoured as a stable and could be used
source of energy for manufacturing again.
because (B) MWFS are produced from
bio-based resources.
(A) it is easily installed (C) MWFs do not require
(B) it is a renewable source of ehtylenediaminetetraacetic
power acid (EDTA) that can lead to
(C) large power plants would heavy metal mobility.
stabilize the grid (D) MWFs produce butyl carbitol
(D) it is usually cheap that can be reused in the
production stage.
31. Which of the following would be the

MAIN environmental issue for an
alcohol distillery?
(A) Excess production of carbon

dioxide released into the
environment
(B) The high amount of water
used in the distillery
(C) The improper disposal of the
vinasse into waterways
(D) The high levels of energy
consumption for fermentation
and distillation
02165010/SPEC 2015
35. A small amount of the carbon dioxide 39. Which of the following is NOT a factor
captured during the distillation process that influences decision-making in
can be used in investing in renewable energy projects
within the hotel industry?
I. the manufacture of dry ice for
cooling purposes (A) The acceptance of the public
II. the welding business as metal and hotel clientele
inert gas (B) The price of oil and electricity
III. fire extinguishers (C) The countrys environmental
legislation
(A) II only (D) The condition of the national
(B) I and II only and international economy
(C) I, II, and III only
(D) III only
40. Which of the following is a
requirement for hotels to receive
36. Which of the following is NOT a Platinum Earth Check certification?
property of ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid? (A) The hotels must pay their
annual environmental tax to
(A) It is a chelating agent. the government.
(B) It is a component of the bio- (B) The hotels must be considered
based metal working fluids. a five-star.
(C) It can mobilize heavy metal. (C) The hotels must be involved
(D) It does not biodegrade. in sponsoring environmental
movements.
(D) The hotels must care for the
37. When manufacturers design products planet while providing the
based on inherently benign, renewable best service to their clients.
materials and energy, which principles
from green engineering are they
applying? 41. Which of the following does NOT fall
under energy efficiency projects used
(A) Principles 2 and 4 in hotels?
(B) Principles 2 and 5
(C) Principles 3 and 8 (A) Automatic key card that turns
(D) Principles 1 and 12 all lights and appliances on/off
(B) Replacing plastic shower caps
with biodegradable ones
38. The prevention of waste such as the (C) Replacing compact
discontinuous disposal of metal fluorescent lights (CFLs) with
working fluid demonstrates which of light emitting diodes (LEDs)
the following principles of green (D) Solar water heating
engineering?
(A) Principle 1
(B) Principle 3
(C) Principle 5
(D) Principle 7

02165010/SPEC 2015
42. Which of the following is NOT a 44. A manufacturing entity implemented
challenge for renewable energy an environmental management system
adoption? and was certified in compliance to ISO
14000 standards. Which of the
I. Lack of environmental following are potential benefits of this
sensitivity and interest system?
II. High initial capital cost
III. Absence of legislation, (A) Improvement in the overall
regulatory institutions and environmental performance
instruments and compliance
(B) Increased efficiency and
(A) I only potential cost savings when
(B) II and III only managing environmental
(C) I, II and III obligations
(D) III only (C) Promotion of predictability
and consistency in the
companys environmental
obligation
43. Which of the following is an example (D) Improved customer
of green engineering in the satisfaction and staff
manufacturing and benefits of cement motivation
replacement?
(A) Greater durability and 45. The improper disposal of large

longevity amounts of organic material in the
(B) Reduced risk of thermal distillation industry results in
cracking significant negative consequences to
(C) Reduced carbon footprint
(D) Decreased permeability I. the environment
II. society
III. a countrys economy
(A) I, II and III

(B) I and II only
(C) I only
(D) II only
02165010/SPEC 2015
Item Specific Key Item Specific Key
Objective Objective
1 1.1.1 B 26 1.2.4 C
2 1.1.1 D 27 1.2.4 A
3 1.1.4 A 28 1.2.8 C
4 1.1.13 C 29 1.2.8 D
5 1.1.4 C 30 1.2.5 B
6 1.1.4 D 31 1.3.1 C
7 1.1.2 B 32 1.3.4 C
8 1.1.6 A 33 1.3.2 B
9 1.1.12 D 34 1.3.2 D
10 1.1.4 B 35 1.3.1 C
11 1.1.4 D 36 1.3.2 B
12 1.1.6 A 37 1.3.6 D
13 1.1.12 D 38 1.3.6 B
14 1.1.3 D 39 1.3.7 A
15 1.1.11 A 40 1.3.6 D
16 1.2.1 D 41 1.3.1 B
17 1.2.1 C 42 1.3.7 A
18 1.2.1 B 43 1.3.3 C
19 1.2.1 D 44 1.3.6 D
20 1.2.1 D 45 1.3.1 A
21 1.2.2 C
22 1.2.2 C
23 1.2.2 C
24 1.2.2 C
25 1.2.3 A
02165010/SPEC 2015
TEST CODE 02165020
SPEC 2015/ 02165020
GREEN ENGINEERING
SPECIMEN PAPER
Unit 1 Paper 02
2 hours 30 minutes
1. This paper consists of SIX questions in THREE sections.
2. Answer ALL questions.
3. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.
4. DO NOT write in the margins.
5. If you need to rewrite any answer and there is not enough space to do so on the
original page, you must use the extra lined page(s) provided at the back of this booklet.
Remember to draw a line through your original answer.
6. If you use the extra page(s) you MUST write the question number clearly in the
box provided at the top of the extra page(s) and, where relevant, include the
question part beside the answer.

02165020/SPEC 2015
-2-
SECTION A
MODULE 1
CONCEPTS AND ISSUES
Answer ALL questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.
1. Caribbean countries are pushed to address global climate change.
(a) Define the term climate change.

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(b) Name TWO greenhouse gases.

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(c) Outline the human activities which contribute the most greenhouse gases to the
atmosphere.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[4 marks]

02165020/SPEC 2015
-3-
(d) Outline FOUR ways in which climate change can impact small island and low-lying
states in the Caribbean.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[8 marks]
(e) Outline FOUR ways sustainable lifestyles can address climate change.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[4 marks]
Total 20 marks

02165020/SPEC 2015
-4-
2. In recent years, life cycle thinking has taken a more prominent role in environmental
policy making.
(a) Define the term life cycle analysis.

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(b) Outline TWO reasons why the application of life cycle analysis is important.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[4 marks]
(c) Describe TWO stages of a life cycle assessment and explain why each stage is
important.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[8 marks]

02165020/SPEC 2015
-5-
(d) Name TWO non-renewable resources/materials used in the manufacturing process.

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(e) Name FOUR categories of renewable resources/materials used in the manufacturing

process.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[4 marks]
Total 20 marks

02165020/SPEC 2015
-6-
SECTION B
MODULE 2
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF GREEN ENGINEERING
Green engineering and industrial ecology are two approaches that have been adopted to
address the limits of natural resources, or impact on the environment and community and
the need to promote sustainability.
3. (a) Explain the concept of green engineering.

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
(b) Identify TWO of the principles of green engineering and briefly explain EACH of them.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[8 marks]

02165020/SPEC 2015
-7-
(c) Explain the concept of industrial ecology.

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[5 marks]
(d) Explain TWO benefits accrued from the application of industrial ecology.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[4 marks]
Total 20 marks

02165020/SPEC 2015
-8-
4. (a) Briefly discuss TWO quality management systems used to support green engineering.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
[10 marks]
(b) Explain the following principles of ecology:

(i) Balance industrial inputs and outputs to natural levels and capacity.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
(ii) Efficient energy use.

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]

02165020/SPEC 2015
-9-
(c) Explain, using TWO examples, how opportunities for the integration of processes and
material flows can be identified during the product design phase.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[4 marks]
Total 20 marks

02165020/SPEC 2015
-10-
SECTION C
MODULE 3
GREEN ENGINEERING IN PRACTICE
One of the largest cost headings for the hotel industry is electricity. Hotels are now
introducing new approaches to encourage electricity reduction.
5. (a) (i) If a hotel has 500 rooms and the power consumed per room is approximately 3000 W
per hour, what would be the electrical energy consumed per hour? Express the answer
in kWh.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(ii) If a barrel of oil is approximately equal to 1699.4 kWh, what would be the amount
of barrels of oil used per hour?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(iii) How many barrel(s) of oil would be used by the hotel per day?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]

02165020/SPEC 2015
-11-
(iv) How many barrels of oil would be used per year?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(v) If one barrel of oil costs US$100, what would be the total cost to the hotel per year?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(b) (i) List TWO ways in which hotels improve their energy efficiency.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(ii) Explain economies of scale as it relates to the use of renewable energy.

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[4 marks]
(iii) List TWO reasons why small hotels in the Caribbean choose not to use renewable
energy in their operations.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
02165020/SPEC 2015
-12-
(c) (i) Explain TWO advantages of having an environmental officer in a hotel?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[4 marks]
(ii) List TWO incentives that governments can provide to organizations that try to invest
in renewable energy.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
Total 20 marks

02165020/SPEC 2015
-13-
Metal working fluids (MWFs) are used to reduce heat and friction and to remove metal
particles in industrial machining and grinding operations.
6. (a) State TWO principles of green engineering which can be applied to the manufacture of
metal working fluids (MWFs) and explain how EACH is applied?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[6 marks]
(b) Figure 1 shows the typical life cycle of a product.
(i) Identify ONE principle of green engineering that can be applied to EACH stage
represented by A, B and C.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]

02165020/SPEC 2015
-14-
(ii) Justify the application of any ONE principle identified in (b) (i).
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(c) List THREE types of metal working fluids (MWFs) that are used in machining operations.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
(d) The new MWFs are based on oil and anionic surfactants. The latter can be destabilized by
a simple salt. What advantages does the salt have on MWFs?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(e) The hard water stability provided by the MWFs can improve emulsion stability even
though two components are removed. Name each of these components.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[4 marks]
Total 20 marks
02165020/SPEC 2015
02165020/CAPE/KMS 2015 SPEC
C A R I B B E A N E X A M I N A T I O N S C O U N C I L
CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - PAPER 02
KEYS AND MARK SCHEME
MAY/JUNE 2015
SPECIMEN PAPER
-2-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Question 1.
Marks
Mark
S.O Suggested Response
Allocation
KC AK PS
1:1:4 (a) Climate change is a long-term shift in 2 2

weather conditions measured by changes in
temperature, precipitation, wind, snow
cover, and other indicators. It can be
caused by natural processes (1), such as
changes in the output of the sun and in
the amount of volcanic dust in the
atmosphere. It can also be affected by
human activities (1).
1:1:4 (b) Carbon dioxide Any TWO 2

Methane
Nitrous oxide
Water vapour
CFCs
1:1:4 (c) The burning of fossil fuels - primarily 4 4

coal, oil, and natural gas - used for
transportation, manufacturing, heating,
electricity generation, and other
applications and which currently accounts
for human emissions of carbon dioxide -
a major greenhouse gas.
The remainder of the carbon dioxide

emissions comes from human land use
activities such as agricultural
activities especially animal husbandry,
poorly designed and managed landfill
sites and the clearing and degradation of
forests.
1:1:4 (d) 1. Coral bleaching (corals will expel 8 8

algae living in their tissues due to
warm temperatures; corals die and
become white/loss of algal
pigmentation).
2. Floods, storm surge, erosion and

other coastal hazards, exacerbated by
sea-level rise that threaten vital
infrastructure, settlements and
facilities that support the
livelihood of coastal communities.
-3-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Question 1. (continued)
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PS
(d) 3. Reduction in freshwater resources, to

the point where they cannot meet
demand during low rainfall periods.
4. Increased invasion by non-native

species as a result of higher
temperatures is also expected,
particularly on middle and high-
latitude islands.
5. Economic losses from reduced

agricultural yields due to drought.
6. Loss of mangrove forests and coral

reefs due to sea level rise.
7. Reduction in freshwater and general

water resource availability due to
decreased rainfall and saltwater
intrusion.
8. Reduction in tourism due to increased

frequency and severity of extreme
weather.
1:1:5 (e) 1. Green consumerism (demand less 1 mark 4

packaging). each for 4
correct
2. Apply the 3 Rs (reduce waste
generation).
3. Walk more and car pool.
4. Reduce carbon footprint (for example,

low impact materials, energy
efficient household appliances.
TOTAL 20 MARKS 8 12 0
-4-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Question 2.
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PS
1:1:11 (a) LCA is a tool used to determine the raw 2 2

materials, energy use, wastes, and
emissions associated with the product's
life cycle.
1:1:11 (b) To minimize the magnitude of 2 marks 4

pollution. each for
To identify processes, ingredients, any 2
and systems that are major.
contributors to environmental impacts
To compare different options within a
particular process with the objective
of minimizing environmental impacts.
To provide guidance in long-term
strategic planning concerning trends
in product design and materials.
To optimize recycling of materials and
waste.
To apply the most appropriate
pollution prevention and/or abatement
techniques.
1:1:11 (c) Life cycle inventory (1): Determine 8 2 6

the emissions that occur and the raw
materials and energy that are used
during the life-cycle of a product.
(3)
Life cycle impact assessment: Assess
what the impacts of these emissions
and raw material depletions are.
Improvement analysis or
interpretation: Interpret the results
of the impact assessment in order to
suggest improvements. When LCA is
conducted to compare products this
step may consist of recommending the
most environmentally desirable
product.
-5-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PS
1:1:2 (d) Fossil fuels (list) 2 2
Minerals (list)
1:1:2 (e) Wind 1 mark for 4

Solar energy each
Hydro
Biomass
-6-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Question 3.
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PS
1:2:1 (a) Green engineering is the design and 1 2

production of products or
infrastructure with the aim of
conserving natural resources leading to
sustainability goals.
As such green engineering focuses on 1

achieving sustainability through the
application of science, technology and
innovation.
1:2:1 (b) Any two of the twelve principles, for 2 (1 for 2

example, each
principle)
Materials and energy must be inherently 1

non-hazardous, rather than
circumstantial.
1 6
This principle means that when choosing
energy sources or materials to be used
in the design of any product or
infrastructure, care should be taken to
ensure that these are safe as is.
1
Also, there should be minimum input to
reduce any inherent danger these may (3 for each
cause the process, finished product or explanation)
infrastructure to possess.
1:2:5 (c) Industrial ecology is based on the need 1 4

for humanity to mirror as much as 1
possible the manner in which organisms
optimize the resources within their
environment.
Industrial ecology is an integration of 1

various processes with the objective to 1
optimize the use of inputs (energy and
material) for the production of any man
made item.
-7-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PS
1:2:7 (d) Cost savings. 1 6
Due to the integration of the processes, 2

energy and material can be recovered from
one process and utilized in another
process thereby leading to savings.
Improve environmental protections. 1
Reduction in energy and material 2

utilization in the overall processes will
help the environment since there will be
reduced demands of the larger
environment.
-8-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Question 4.
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PS
1:2:3 (a) The ISO 14000 family of standards play an 1 10

important role in supporting GE.
These standards guide corporate entities 2

in key areas of their operations so they
meet the requirements so as to be
environmentally responsible.
These standards allow similar processes 1

in different organizations to be compared
with each other.
This in turn allows for easy integration 1

of processes or utilization of material.
The ASTM standards play an important role 1

in ensuring that materials, equipment and 2
testing procedures are to the required
technical specifications of the process.
These test standards ensure that all 1

testing procedures are done in the
identical manner regardless of which
organization the testing is done at.
This allows the empirical comparison of 1

materials and makes their use in
different processes more acceptable.
1:2:5 (b) (i) Balance industrial inputs and 2 6

outputs to natural levels and
capacity means that there should
not be any output which demands
more than any of the complementing
input processes.
Also, these inputs should not 1

demand more than can be supplied by
the natural environment.
This supply should not have any 1

negative impact on the health of
the environment.
-9-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PS
(b) (ii) Efficient energy use means:
Energy should be used 1

efficiently
Renewable sources of energy

should be used when it is a 1
sustainable option.
(c) Energy is usually one of the first areas 2 with a 4

which provide opportunities for valid
improving the process during the design example
stage since most processes are energy
intensive.
The other major opportunity for design 2 with a

modification is in the use of material valid
input. By studying the final purpose of example
the product it is possible to modify the
design to use the most appropriate
material.
-10-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Question 5.
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PS
1:3:1 (a) (i) No. of rooms = 500 2 6

Energy consumed per room = 3000 W
500 * 3000 = 1500000 W
1 KW= 1000 W
1500000 W/1000 = 15000 KWH
(ii) 1699.4 kWh = 1 barrel of oil

1:3:1 1
1500 kWh = x barrels of oil
X = (1500 * 1)/ 1699.4 = 0.88 of a
barrel of oil per hour
1:3:1 (iii) 0.88 * 24 = 21.1 barrels per day 1
1:3:1 (iv) 21.1 * 365 = 7701.5 barrels per 1

year
1:3:1 (v) 1 barrel = US $100 1

7701.5 = $xUS
X = 100 * 7701.5 = $770150 US
1:3:1 (b) (i) 1. By replacing all incandescent 1 2

lights with light-emitting
diodes (LEDs)
2. By installing automatic key 1

cards that shut off all
appliances and lights when
guests exit the room
3. By using linen reuse cards to

encourage guests to conserve on
laundry use
4. Through housekeeping practices

(such as keeping the windows
closed when the heating system
is on)
Any two
-11-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PS
1:3:1 (b) (ii) Economies of scale refers to the 2 4

decrease in unit cost of a product 2
or service resulting from large-
scale operations, as in mass
production. By purchasing larger
quantities, the average costs will
be lowered (this is because of lower
transport cost). The transition from
the use of non-renewable to
renewable energy requires a high
initial cost, but that cost can be
lowered if the units (for example
photovoltaic) are bought in bulk.
(iii) 1. High initial cost for

1:3:4 installation. 1 2
1
2. Lack of incentives from
government.
3. High duties of renewable energy

in some countries in the
Caribbean.
4. Renewable energy projects are

most of the time private driven
without the influence of
national policy.
Any two
-12-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PS
1:3:1 (c) (i) 1. An environmental officer can 2 4

formulate plans and identify 2
areas where changes can be
made, for example, in energy
efficiency
2. Foster culture of environmental

sensitivity and sustainability
1:3:7 1 2
(ii) 1. Lower duty on renewable energy 1
equipment and material.
2. Advertisement of the
organization in media houses
3. Provide financial assistance

for starting the renewable
energy project
Any two
-13-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Question 6.
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PS
1:3:6 (a) 1. The substitution of metal working 3 6

fluids (MWFs) components with 3
alternatives that are more
inherently benign than traditional
MWF ingredients. Principle 1 relates
to this innovation since the product
designers need to ensure that
material and energy inputs and
outputs are inherently non-
hazardous as possible.
2. The newly formulated MWFs prevent

environmental impacts since it can
be reused again and not disposed.
This illustrates Principle 2 which
places emphasis on the prevention of
waste rather than treatment or
cleaning of such.
3. The new MWF formulations are based

on oil and non-ionic surfactants
that can be produced from renewable,
bio-based resources. This
demonstrates Principle 12 because
the designs should be based on
renewable and readily available
inputs throughout the life cycle.
4. The new MWF formulations can allow

oil separation by the addition of a
simple salt. Principle 3 makes
mention that separation and
purification operations should be a
component of the design framework.
5. The new MWFs can allow oil recovery

and reuse (Principle 6 and 10).
(2 marks for stating correctly)

(4 marks for explaining)
-14-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PS
1:3: (b) (i) A. Principles 1 and 10 1 3

B. Principles 3 and 4 1
C. Principle 6 1
1:3:6 (ii) Principles 1 and 10. Materials and 2 2

energy inputs and outputs should be
as non-hazardous as possible.
Design of processes and systems
must include integration and
interconnectivity with available
energy and material flows.
Principles 3 and 4, separation and

purification operations should be a
component of the design framework
and system components should be
designed to maximize mass, energy
and temporal efficiency.
Principle 6, the product should be

recycled, reused or should not
cause damage when disposed.
Any one
1:3:2 (c) Types of MWFs are: 3
1. Straight oils 1
2. Oil-in-water emulsions soluble 1

oils
1
3. Oil in- water emulsions semi-
synthetics
4. True solutions - synthetics
Any three
-15-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PS
1:3:3 (d) The addition of a simple salt allows oil 1 2

separation
It also allows oil recovery and reuse. 1
1:3:3 (e) The two components are:
1. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 2 4
(EDTA) C10H16N2O8
2. Butyl carbitol C4H9(OCH2CH2)2OH 2
TEST CODE 02165032
SPEC 2015/ 02165032
GREEN ENGINEERING
SPECIMEN PAPER
Unit 1 Paper 032
2 hours 30 minutes
1. This paper consists of a case study.
2. Read the case and use the information to complete a report.
3. All answers must be written in this booklet.
4. You are advised to take some time to read through the paper and plan your answers.
5. You may use silent, electronic, non-programmable calculators to answer questions.

02165032/SPEC 2015
-2-
CASE STUDY
In a Caribbean island state, there is a recently constructed building situated along the Windward
seacoast. The building is dark grey and has a flat, tarred concrete roof. The structure is tightly
sealed with heavy window shades. The outer wall of the main lobby of this building is
predominantly glass. However, artificial lighting is utilized during the day. All rooms within the
building are air-conditioned at the coolest temperature level. The hot water in the building is
supplied by an electrical water heating system.
1. Discuss FIVE issues related to energy inefficiency.

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[10 marks]

02165032/SPEC 2015
-3-
2. Choose any THREE of the issues identified in Question 1 and justify their inefficiency.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[9 marks]
3. Recommend a solution for EACH inefficiency in response to issues identified in

Question 2 and, in EACH case, cite green engineering principles as the basis for your
recommendation.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[9 marks]

02165032/SPEC 2015
-4-
4. Define EACH of the following terms.
Renewable energy _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Energy efficiency __________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Carbon footprint __________________________________ _______________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Passive cooling __________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

02165032/SPEC 2015
-5-
Insulation
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[5 marks]
5. Identify TWO possible renewable energy solutions that may be employed at the building.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
6. List THREE factors that would influence the choice of renewable energy solutions.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]

02165032/SPEC 2015
-6-
7. Explain how ONE of the recommendations identified in Question 3 can reduce the
carbon footprint of the building.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
Total 40 marks
02165032/SPEC 2015
02165032/CAPE/MS/SPEC
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 PAPER 032
MARK SCHEME
SPECIMEN PAPER
- 2 -
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - Paper 032
MARK SCHEME
SPECIMEN PAPER
Mark Marks
Syllabus
Question Suggested Response Alloca
Objective KC AK PS
tion
1.Issues related Unit 1, i. Resource consumption is a Any
to energy Module 1 critical component of five,
inefficiency. Specific energy inefficiency. All 2 10
Obj. 1, 5 materials are made using marks
and 13 some form of energy EACH
consequently these
resources have a carbon
footprint which must be
considered and properly
managed when utilizing
materials any project or
process.
ii. Energy consumption is

also a critical component
of energy inefficiency.
While similar to resource
consumption, energy
consumption refers to the
way in which energy is
consumed. This must be
taken into consideration
and equally used in
considerate proportion to
avoid over utilization or
energy wastage which will
result to energy
inefficiency.
iii. Pollution is the

introduction of
contaminants into the
natural environment that
may cause adverse change.
Pollution can take the
form of chemical
substances or energy such
as noise, heat or light.
iv. Carbon footprint refers

to the holistic
consideration of all
material and energy
inputs in making a
process or project
successful. Carbon
footprint in the context
of energy inefficiency
considers the lifecycle
- 3 -
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - Paper 032
MARK SCHEME
SPECIMEN PAPER
Mark Marks
Syllabus
Objective KC AK PS
tion
from production to how
each resource is broken
down in the environment
after practical usage.
v. Efficient use of
materials is an essential
component of energy
inefficiency while a
material or energy source
may be abundant,
accessible and have a low
carbon footprint over
usage of the commodity
may result in wastage or
pollution consequently
efficient use of
materials must be
considered to avoid
misuse or over usage.
vi. Passive Cooling

This is a cooling design
approach that focuses on
heat gain control and
heat dissipation in a
building in order to
improve the indoor
thermal comfort with low
or no energy consumption
2. Justificat 1 and 5 Efficient use of Any
ion of materials THREE, 9
inefficien i. The first issue related 3
cies. to the case study is marks
painting a building in EACH
dark grey. Dark colours
traps and store heat,
this will result in
significantly higher
utilization of air
conditioning to cool the
facility consequent of
the colour chosen to
paint the building. Light
colours repel light
energy and consequently
trap less heat
Passive cooling
- 4 -
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - Paper 032
MARK SCHEME
SPECIMEN PAPER
Mark Marks
Syllabus
Objective KC AK PS
tion
ii. A flat roof is not
aerodynamic and
consequently not
conducive to passive
cooling of the facility
as a result more air
conditioning or
artificial air
circulation will be
required to circulate
fresh air in the
building.
Resource consumption
iii. A flat concrete roof
restricts the natural
flow of water and tends
to collect water which
might result in leakage.
This may have been the
justification for using
tar on the roof to seal
potential leakage space.
A slant roof would more
easily facilitate water
flow and reduces the risk
of water being absorbed
through the concrete. A
slant roof might also
eliminate the need for
applying tar to the
surface.
Energy consumption
iv. The glass windows at the
main lobby should be
utilized to allow natural
lighting in the building.
Blinds or window curtains
should be opened and
artificial light usage
discontinued. Usage of
artificial lights drives
up the cost for
electricity for the
facility. Also natural
lighting is better for
human eyes and long term
vision.
- 5 -
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - Paper 032
MARK SCHEME
SPECIMEN PAPER
Mark Marks
Syllabus
Objective KC AK PS
tion
Pollution
v. The rooms in the building
should not be cooled to
the coolest temperature;
it should be moderated
using proximity and/or
occupancy sensors where
the AC unit is only used
when the room is
occupied.
Carbon footprint
vi. The facility should
utilize a solar water
heater for instead of an
electrical water heating
system. This will reduce
the energy consumption
for the facility and
capitalize on the
tropical climate and
relatively warm Caribbean
days.
3. Solutions Unit 1, i. Use lighter colours to Any
for Module 2 ensure that less energy THREE,
inefficien Spec is used in the building 3 9
cies based Objective for cooling the facility. marks
on green 1 Green engineering EACH
engineerin principle is Prevention
g instead of treatment.
principles Prevent or minimize the
. need for cooling the
facility.
ii. Blinds or window curtains

should be opened and
artificial light usage
discontinued. Usage of
artificial lights drives
up the cost for
electricity for the
facility. This will allow
the building to
capitalize on the green
engineering principle of
maximizing efficiency
iii. The rooms in the building

should not be cooled to
- 6 -
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - Paper 032
MARK SCHEME
SPECIMEN PAPER
Mark Marks
Syllabus
Objective KC AK PS
tion
the coolest temperature;
it should be moderated
using proximity and/or
occupancy sensors where
the AC unit is only used
when the room is
occupied. This will
ensure that energy is
supplied as demanded or
green engineering
principle of Output
Pulled versus Input
Pushed where the AC
dictates the temperature
and the time it operates.
Integrate material and
energy flows.
iv. A slant roof is more

environmentally friendly
and facilitates a cooler
space versus a flat roof.
Integrating this design
will facilitate greater
energy flow rather than.
This speaks to the green
integrating material and
energy flow.
v. A slant roof would more

easily facilitate water
flow and reduces the risk
of water being absorbed
through the concrete. A
slant roof would also
eliminate the need for
applying tar to the
surface the green
preventing the
possibility of the roof
absorbing water rather
than the having a flat
roof and applying tar to
prevent the roof from
absorbing water.
vi. The facility should

utilize a solar water
- 7 -
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - Paper 032
MARK SCHEME
SPECIMEN PAPER
Mark Marks
Syllabus
Objective KC AK PS
tion
heater instead of an
electrical water heating
system. This will reduce
the energy consumption
for the facility and
capitalize on the
tropical climate and
relatively warm Caribbean
days. This speaks to the
green engineering
principle of renewable
rather than depleting.
4. Definition of Unit 2, Energy that is collected 1 mark 5
Module 2, from resources which are EACH
terms
SO 3a naturally replenished on
i. Renewable a human timescale. These
resources include
energy
sunlight, wind, rain,
tides and geothermal heat
ii. Energy Unit 2, Energy efficiency refers
efficiency Module 2, to utilizing less energy
SO 3a to provide the same
service or product.
iii. Carbon Unit 1, The total set of
footprint Module 1, greenhouse gas emissions
SO 12a caused by an individual,
event, organization,
product expressed at CO2
e
iv. Passive Unit 2, This is a building design
cooling Module 3, approach that focuses on
SO 1 heat gain control and
heat dissipation in a
building in order to
improve the indoor
thermal comfort with low
or nil energy
consumption.
v. Insulation Unit 2, Insulation is added to
Module 2, buildings for comfort and
SO 8 energy efficiency. It
helps in maintaining the
indoor temperature by
keeping cool/warm air out
and keep cool/warm air in
as needed by the
proprietor.
5. Energy Unit 1, i. Solar thermal water Any 2
solutions Mod 3, SO heating TWO, 1
2 and 4 ii. Wind technology to mark
- 8 -
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - Paper 032
MARK SCHEME
SPECIMEN PAPER
Mark Marks
Syllabus
Objective KC AK PS
tion
provide electricity EACH
for the facility
iii. Solar panels to
provide electricity
for the facility
6. Factors that Unit 1, i. Ensure there is Any 3
influence the Mod 3, SO adequate space on THREE,
choice of 4 and 7 roof to facilitate 1 mark
renewable energy solar thermal water EACH
solution. heaters
ii. Ensure adequate
wind energy
assessments are
executed using an
anemometer to
measure wind speed
to ensure facility
has sufficient wind
to sustain wind
energy production.
iii. Analyze site to
ensure minimal
solar exposure
criteria is met of
at least 4 hours
sunlight per day
for 85% of the
year.
7. Explanation Unit 1, Using a solar water 2 2

Module 1, heater versus an
of
SO 12a electrical water heater
recommendations will ensure that the
facility utilize less
for reducing the
energy to provide warm
carbon water for outlets on the
property. This electrical
footprint.
energy used to warm the
water is provided by a
utility company. 90% of
the utility companies in
the Caribbean generate
energy by burning fossil
fuel which affects our
environment. This is a
critical factor to the
carbon footprint of each
drop of hot water
produced by the solar
- 9 -
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 - Paper 032
MARK SCHEME
SPECIMEN PAPER
Mark Marks
Syllabus
Objective KC AK PS
tion
water heater at the
facility.
TOTAL 40 MARKS 5 35
TEST CODE 02265010
SPEC 2015/ 02265010

GREEN ENGINEERING
SPECIMEN PAPER
Unit 2 Paper 01
1 hour 30 minutes
1. This test consists of 45 items. You will have 1 hour and 30 minutes to answer them.
2. Each item in this test has four suggested answers lettered (A), (B), (C), (D). Read each item you
are about to answer and decide which choice is best.
3. Look at the sample item below.
Sample Item
Which of the following is an approach to solving human challenges by using patterns and
strategies from nature?
Sample Answer
(A) Robotics
(B) Symbiosis A B C D
(C) Biodiversity
(D) Biomimicry
The best answer to this item is biomimicry so (D) has been shaded.

02265010/SPEC 2015
-2-
1. Which of the following origins 5. Which of the following characteristics

distinguishes natural polymers from MUST sustainable inorganic and organic
other materials? materials exhibit?
(A) Plants, animals or minerals only I. Renewability

(B) Organic materials only II. Durability
(C) Plants and animals only III. Ready availability
(D) Organic and some inorganic
materials only (A) I and II only
(B) I and III only
2. The utilization of natural organic fibres (C) II and III only
can be justified as more sustainable (D) I, II and III
engineering materials than traditional
synthetic organic materials because
6. Which of the following BEST describes
(A) natural polymers are naturally the term renewable energy?
growing
(B) natural polymers biodegrade (A) Low cost energy supply
after their service life (B) Low pollution
(C) natural polymers can withstand (C) Replenishable supply
the natural environment (D) Unlimited supply
(D) natural polymers do not pollute
the natural environment
7. All organic and inorganic materials are
made up of
3. In which of the following states are both
organic and inorganic engineering (A) electrons and protons only
materials utilized? (B) elements only
(C) compounds and mixtures only
(A) Solid, liquid and in composite (D) molecules only
form only
(B) Solid, gas and liquid form only
(C) Solid form only 8. Why are natural bio-polymers used in
(D) Composite form only engineering design less damaging to the
environment?
4. Which of the following statements (A) They are lower in toxicity than
BEST describes embodied energy? man-made materials.
(B) They do not require processing.
(A) Energy used to acquire (C) They are less reactive.
materials from extraction to (D) They do not degrade.
disposal
(B) Energy used to acquire
sustainable material from
extraction to disposal
(C) Energy used to acquire
inorganic materials from
extraction to disposal
(D) Energy used to acquire organic
materials from extraction to
disposal
02265010/SPEC 2015
-3-
9. Key factors affecting green energy 13. Solar and geothermal energy are the
applications for sustainability can be sources of renewable energy captured
listed as a lack of from
(A) public awareness, societal (A) the stars and earth

support and financing (B) the moon and earth
(B) equipment, societal support and (C) space and the stars
financing (D) space and the moon
(C) proper policy, technology and
financing
(D) technology, societal support and 14. Renewable sources of energy include
financing biofuels. Which of the following are
types of biofuels?
10. Which of the following is a natural (A) Landfill gas, sewage gas, refuse
source of renewable energy? and organic products
(B) Landfill gas, sewage gas, refuse
(A) Wind turbine and inorganic products
(B) Solar panel (C) Landfill gas, sewage gas, refuse
(C) Hydro generator and solid products
(D) Earths soil (D) Landfill gas, sewage gas, refuse,
all natural products
11. Which of the following statements BEST

describes solar energy? 15. The temperature of a given weight of
material tells us how much energy that
(A) Abundant for a short time material contains. Which of the
during the day only following statements defines
(B) Stored over time in many temperature?
different natural resources
(C) Is present in the form of (A) The average energy of
chemical binding energy of macroscopic motions of a single
organic substances particle in the system per degree
(D) Is present in the form of of freedom
chemical binding energy of (B) The unique physical property
inorganic substances that determines the direction of
heat flow between two objects
placed in thermal contact
12. What is the average efficiency of a (C) The unique physical property
domestic PV solar panel? that determines the heat flow
between two objects placed in
(A) Less than 10% thermal contact
(B) 15% (D) The average energy of
(C) 20% microscopic motions of a liquid,
(D) More than 20% air and solid in the system

02265010/SPEC 2015
-4-
16. You are asked to design a mobile robot Items 1921 refer to the following scenario.
for the fire department capable of
automatically identifying a fire and Mr Brown is an elderly carpenter who was
extinguishing the flames. Which of the recently diagnosed with a back problem. In his
following core sensors should the robot small workshop he works around a 4 ft table
have? where he cuts the wood, and a 2 ft table where he
carves his design in the board. Mr Brown would
I. Temperature sensor like a chair designed to prevent him from
II. Motion sensor standing for long periods around the 4 ft table and
III. Obstacle sensor reduce the need to bend over the 2 ft table.
(A) I and II only 19. What are the three core principles of
(B) II and III only product design that should be considered
(C) I and III only when designing this chair?
(D) I, II and III
(A) Flexibility in use, size and space
utilisation, simple and intuitive
17. Which of the following water treatment (B) Equitable in use, flexible in use,
processes is the MOST energy intensive? low physical effort
(C) Simple and intuitive, equitable
(A) Distillation in use, flexible in use
(B) Reverse osmosis (D) Tolerance for error, low
(C) Filtration physical effort, simple and
(D) Desalination intuitive
18. Which of the following is the correct 20. What is the most critical feature the chair
sequence of events in the product design should possess to meet the needs of Mr
process? Brown when he is working around the
two tables?
(A) Idea Simulation Prototype
Manufacturing Testing (A) Adjustable height
Commissioning (B) Back support
Commercialization (C) Head rest
(B) Idea Simulation Prototype (D) Arm support
Testing Manufacturing
Commercialization
Commissioning 21. Which of the following materials would
(C) Idea-Prototype Simulation be MOST appropriate for use in
Testing Manufacturing designing the chair for Mr Brown?
Commercialization
Commissioning (A) Plastic
(D) Idea Simulation Prototype (B) Wood
Testing Manufacturing (C) Metal
Commissioning (D) Aluminium
Commercialization

02265010/SPEC 2015
-5-
22. At which stage of product design would 25. Which of the following scenarios BEST
you assess different materials? describes bio-mimicry?
(A) Testing (A) A chameleon changing his

(B) Prototyping colour to match that of a leaf on
(C) Researching a tree
(D) Final design (B) A ninja dressed in white when
fighting in the snow
(C) An army camouflage to match
23. Apple recently completed its iPhone 6s. the forestry background when
The company selected 1000 persons to going on a mission
use the product for five months and (D) A spiders web used to catch its
provide feedback on product features and prey
user interface. At what stage of product
design is Apple currently?
26. Mr Johnson rears cattle on the south of
(A) Product commercialization Canada where it snows from October to
(B) Product testing February. During this period,
(C) Prototype development transportation to the farm is restricted by
(D) Product commissioning snow filled roadways. What bio-mimicry
technique could he employ to safeguard
against food shortage for the animals?
24. Which of the following is the difference
between pilot testing and product (A) Spider web technique to capture
testing? prey
(B) Ants food gathering technique
(A) Pilot testing refers to the first (C) Queen bee technique to find
release of the product while nectar
product testing is done before (D) Whale survival technique to
manufacturing. feed on tiny preys
(B) Pilot testing refers to testing
done after making the prototype
while product testing is done 27. The Shinkansen Bullet Train in Japan
after manufacturing. produces a gunshot like sound when
(C) Pilot testing refers to testing the emerging from tunnels due to a change in
product with a selected batch of pressure which negatively affects
users after manufacturing while passengers. A redesign of the front of the
product testing is done when train can be emulated from nature. Which
preparing for of the following would BEST inform the
commercialization. redesign?
(D) Pilot testing is done after
researching appropriate (A) Whale travelling at a high speed
materials while product testing underwater
is done when customers provide (B) An eagle descending from a
their feedback. high altitude to catch its prey
(C) Birds flying in unison and
creating a V-shape during flight
(D) A fish-eating bird that quickly
darts under water

02265010/SPEC 2015
-6-
28. An intelligent electric power grid 30. When searching for a lost plane in the
communicates with various parts to middle of the Pacific Ocean which bio
identify power outages and regulate mimicry technique may be employed?
power to support the system. What
element of nature does this intelligent (A) Owls exquisite night vision
power grid mimic? (B) Bats sonar sensing
(C) Eagles sharp vision
(A) An ant sending a signal when he (D) Whale-like high pressure
finds food submarine
(B) Bee sensing what the colony
needs to get done and playing
its part to support the hive 31. Which of the following contributes to the
(C) Birds flying in unison and highest reduction of the overall demand
alternating who goes to the front of electricity in the average office??
(D) Fish swimming in unison and
avoiding predators (A) Use of mechanical ventilation
(B) Replacing AC units with lower
SEER ratings
29. You would like to make a high-rise (C) Use of LED lights rather than
building, located in a Caribbean territory incandescent bulbs
where hurricanes and storms are an (D) Use of solar water heaters
annual occurrence. Which two elements
of bio-mimicry can assist with the
stability of your tower and restrict water 32. Which of the following is/are the MOST
from entering your building? critical consideration(s) in calculating the
carbon footprint of a motor vehicle?
(A) Spider web design for a solid
structure and fish fin overlay to I. Fuel type (diesel, ethanol or
prevent water from entering electric)
(B) Bird wings aerodynamic design II. Quantity of carbon dioxide
to maintain stability during high emitted
wind and spider web design for III. Miles per gallon
a solid structure and foundation
(C) Trees swaying in the wind to (A) I only
reduce stress on branches and (B) II only
fish fin overlay to prevent water (C) I and II only
from entering (D) II and III only
(D) Trees swaying in the wind to
reduce stress on branches and
spider web design for a solid
structure and foundation.

02265010/SPEC 2015
-7-
33. The Mid-Summer High School is located 35. Which of the following represents a more
in the dusty desert, the classrooms are hot efficient use of the energy of a laptop?
and the lights are constantly on due to the
construction of the building. To make I. Unplug laptop charger from
students more comfortable, which of the power outlet when not in use
following sustainable energy solutions II. Unplug charger from laptop
could be implemented? when battery is fully charged
III. Remove battery from computer
(A) Air ventilated roof design when charger is plugged in
(B) Large, clear windows for natural
lighting and passive cooling (A) I and III only
(C) Reconstructing the classrooms (B) I and II only
using materials that will repel (C) II and III only
heat and stay cool (D) I, II and III
(D) Installing solar air conditioners
and LED light bulbs
36. Which of the following packaging
options is most environmentally friendly
34. Which of the following can be used by an for a bottled drink?
intelligent home energy system to aid the
reduction of electrical energy consumed (A) Glass
in the home? (B) Plastic
(C) Ceramic
I. Automatically open and close (D) Cardboard box
blinds to regulate sunlight in
each room
II. Automatically detect location of 37. Whether it is an office, educational
occupants to optimize institution or household, lighting
temperature control consumes a major portion of electric
III. Control appliances to reduce power (about 20 to 50%) in the world.
idle energy Thus, it is very important that lighting in
a workplace should be proper, adequate
(A) I and II only and efficient.
(B) I and III only
(C) II and III only Which of the following summarizes the
(D) I, II and III important techniques to minimize energy
use in a building?
(A) Analysis of lighting intensity,

(B) Proper design of buildings and
lighting systems
(C) Use of incandescent lamps and
fixtures
(D) Minimize the daylight to reduce
artificial light consumption

02265010/SPEC 2015
-8-
38. An energy audit was conducted at an old 40. Riverland is a rural community with two
office building and a number of faults large rivers but no electricity because of
which result in increased air conditioning its remote location and distance from the
(AC) usage were identified. electricity grid. Riverlands community
leader writes to a consultancy company
Which of the following are the three asking for ways in which the community
MOST practical recommendations that could use the power from the river.
could be made to reduce AC
consumption. Which of the following is the BEST
recommendation to meet the needs of the
I. Redesign the building to utilize community?
passive cooling.
II. Clean AC vents. (A) Install a hydroelectric generator
III. Install a solar system for the AC in the river to produce energy.
unit. (B) Install a pump to supply homes
IV. Close windows and doors when in the community with water
the AC is ON. from the river.
V. Install sensors to ensure the AC (C) Create a dam so the community
only runs when the building is can build a water park and earn
occupied. from tourism.
(D) Install underground pipes from
(A) I , II and IV only the rivers to supply farms in the
(B) II, III and V only community with water.
(C) II, IV and V only
(D) III, IV and V only
41. Which of the following is an advantage
of the integration of artificial and natural
39. While auditing the office building, the daylight?
property owner complains of high energy
bills and ask for a single recommendation (A) Decreased power savings and
that can result in a reduced monthly reduced pollution
energy bill.
(B) Enhanced sustainability and the
Which of the following would be the psychological benefits for
MOST suitable recommendation? occupants during both day and
night
(A) Install solar panels to produce energy (C) Provision of sufficient light for
(B) Install a wind turbine to produce the particular tasks at the
energy from the wind space particular time
(C) Utilize energy efficient best practices (D) Retention of sustainability
(D) Engage in rain water harvesting and during the day and night
recycling techniques especially for the Caribbean
environment

02265010/SPEC 2015
-9-
42. Which of the following is the most 44. Which of the following BEST represents
effective measure to minimize energy the most sustainable design attributes
use in buildings? that may be utilized to reduce energy
consumption in a Caribbean office
(A) Building size and orientation, space?
passive solar design, and the use
of natural lighting I. Large windows to capitalize on
(B) Building colour and orientation, natural lighting
passive solar design, and the use II. Passive cooling for ventilation
of natural lighting and temperature control
(C) Building shape and orientation, III. Solar panels or wind turbines to
passive solar design, and the use provide power for the facility
of natural lighting
(D) Building height and orientation, (A) I and II only
passive solar design, and the use (B) II and III only
of natural lighting (C) I and III only
(D) I, II and III
43. Heat energy can be transferred from the 45. Which of the following is NOT an
building envelope (walls, roof and floor) energy efficient solution for commercial
through the processes of conduction, buildings?
convection, radiation and
(A) Using LED units
(A) melting (B) Using single glazed windows
(B) freezing (C) Using motion sensors to control
(C) boiling lighting
(D) evaporation (D) Turning off equipment when the
building is not occupied
02265010/SPEC 2015
-10-
Item Specific Key Item Specific Key

Objective Objective
1 2.1.6 A 26 2.2.8 B
2 2.1.2 B 27 2.2.8 C
3 2.1.1 B 28 2.2.8 B
4 2.1.12 A 29 2.2.8 C
5 2.1.7 D 30 2.2.8 B
6 2.1.4 C 31 2.3.3 C
7 2.1.6 B 32 2.3.3 D
8 2.1.7 A 33 2.3.1 A
9 2.1.4 C 34 2.3.1 D
10 2.1.3 D 35 2.3.1 B
11 2.1.3 B 36 2.3.4 D
12 2.1.3 B 37 2.3.1 B
13 2.1.3 A 38 2.3.1 C
14 2.1.3 A 39 2.3.1 C
15 2.1.2 B 40 2.3.1 A
16 2.2.4 C 41 2.3.1 B
17 2.2.2 D 42 2.3.1 C
18 2.2.5 D 43 2.3.1 D
19 2.2.1 A 44 2.3.1 C
20 2.2.3 A 45 2.3.4 B
21 2.2.5 D
22 2.2.5 C
23 2.2.5 D
24 2.2.5 B
25 2.2.7 C
02265010/SPEC 2015
TEST CODE 02265020
SPEC 2015/ 02265020
GREEN ENGINEERING
SPECIMEN PAPER
Unit 2 Paper 02
2 hours 30 minutes
1. This paper consists of SIX questions in THREE sections.
2. Answer ALL questions.
3. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.
4. DO NOT write in the margins.
5. If you need to rewrite any answer and there is not enough space to do so on the
original page, you must use the extra lined page(s) provided at the back of this booklet.
Remember to draw a line through your original answer.
6. If you use the extra page(s) you MUST write the question number clearly in the
box provided at the top of the extra page(s) and, where relevant, include the
question part beside the answer.

02265020/SPEC 2015
-2-
SECTION A
MODULE 1
UTILIZATION OF SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND ENERGY
The utilisation of sustainable materials and energy is a key aspect of green engineering.
1. (a) List FOUR factors to be considered in selecting sustainable materials for the building
envelope.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[4 marks]
(b) List TWO organic and THREE inorganic materials which are commonly used for the
construction of the building envelope.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[5 marks]
(c) Discuss the advantage of using natural bio-polymers over synthetic polymers as
limited life material for ground engineering in the Caribbean environment.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
02265020/SPEC 2015
-3-
(d) An external wall of a building is composed of 105 mm brick (k = 0.84); 65 mm

cavity (Rcav = 0.18); 105 mm lightweight concrete block (k = 0.20); 15 mm
lightweight plaster (k = 0.16). Take (internal resistance) Rsi as 0.12 and (external
resistance ) Rse as 0.05.
(i) Calculate the thermal transmittance (U value) of the following construction:
L/K = R for lightweight concrete blocks and bricks

Total resistivity (Rtot)
U = 1/(Rtot)
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
[4 marks]
(e) Discuss the role of a cavity in a wall and its deficiencies in reducing heat
transmittance.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[4 marks]
Total 20 marks

02265020/SPEC 2015
-4-
2. All forms of energy we use today are stored in different ways in the energy sources.
These sources are divided into two groups: renewable and non-renewable
(a) List FOUR types of energy sources and indicate the origin of EACH.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[8 marks]
(b) For the types of energy sources listed in (a), identify TWO potential negative
consequences on the environment for EACH.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[8 marks]

02265020/SPEC 2015
-5-
(c) Produce a graph that demonstrates the behaviour of organic solid building material
under stress (strain vs tensile strength).
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[4 marks]
Total 20 marks

02265020/SPEC 2015
-6-
SECTION B
MODULE 2
SUSTAINABLE DESIGNS
Sustainable design involves creating products and engineering infrastructure that aim to reduce
human impact on ecological systems.
3. (a) Identify THREE of the principles related to product design and briefly explain EACH.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[6 marks]
(b) Explain the concept of bio-mimicry.

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]

02265020/SPEC 2015
-7-
(c) A ship transporting cargo from the Caribbean to Europe sank in the Pacific Ocean 20
years ago. Using the product design process and the concept of bio-mimicry, design a
product that will help to find the ship. Your design should:
(i) Highlight and briefly explain the element from nature your product will adopt.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(ii) State how your product will matriculate through the first two stages of the product
design process.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]

02265020/SPEC 2015
-8-
(iii) At the prototype development stage of the product, outline an experiment that could
be undertaken to understand the basic relationship between time and the possible
distance of the lost ship.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
[6 marks]
(iv) Show how your product can be used to find the ship.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
Total 20 marks

02265020/SPEC 2015
-9-
4. (a) The government of your country is interested in introducing electric vehicles.
(i) Highlight TWO benefits of this introduction other than the reduction of carbon
dioxide in the environment.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(ii) How can the implementation of electric vehicles reduce the quantity of carbon
dioxide in the environment?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[4 marks]
(iii) Electric vehicles can indirectly contribute additional carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere during their daily operation. Explain how this is possible.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
[4 marks]

02265020/SPEC 2015
-10-
(iv) State how the problem in (a) (iii) can be mitigated.

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(b) (i) Define the term rainwater harvesting.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]

02265020/SPEC 2015
-11-
Figure 1 shows the process for the collection of rainwater.
C D
(ii) Identify EACH of the stages of the process labelled A, B, C and D.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
[4 marks]
(iii) Briefly explain any ONE of the stages identified in (b) (ii).
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
Total 20 marks

02265020/SPEC 2015
-12-
SECTION C
MODULE 3
GREEN ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS
5. (a) Your community is embarking on a project to construct low-cost residential buildings.

You are required to advise the community on appropriate guidelines for selecting
materials and give advice on how to manufacture sustainable/green Portland cement
concrete (PCC):
(i) List FIVE guidelines used to select sustainable materials for the building
envelope.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
[5 marks]
(ii) State TWO reasons why Portland cement concrete is suitable for the construction
of the building envelope.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]

02265020/SPEC 2015
-13-
(iii) Using a labelled strainstrength sketch, explain the limitation of using Portland
cement.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(iv) Explain briefly, using specific examples, TWO measures to reduce energy
consumption during the production of PCC.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[4 marks]
(v) Sketch a section of a simple suspended reinforced concrete beam. Clearly justify
the role of reinforcement in the Portland cement concrete matrix
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[4 marks]

02265020/SPEC 2015
-14-
5. (b) Identify the THREE methods used to reduce embodied energy during the manufacture of
Portland cement.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
Total 20 marks

02265020/SPEC 2015
-15-
6. (a) The choice and location for an electric power station involves several technical and non-
technical considerations. Identify SIX vital professional and non-professional judgements
to be considered.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[6 marks]
(b) Name FOUR features to be followed in order to maintain efficiency in using electricity
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[4 marks]

02265020/SPEC 2015
-16-
(c) Combined lighting is the integration of artificial and natural daylight which has the
advantage of saving fuel and power. At the same time, sufficient light is provided for
tasks at all times. Draw a neat, labelled sketch of a room to show how the natural light
and artificial lights are integrated. Show the combined lighting.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[10 marks]
Total 20 marks
02265020/SPEC 2015
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 2 - PAPER 02
MAY/JUNE 2015
SPECIMEN PAPER
-2-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 2 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Question 1.
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PA
2:1:1 (a)
Cost 4 4
Availability
Durability
Toxicity
Embodied energy
Pollution
(1 mark for any FOUR)
2:1:2 (b) 5 5
Timber (processed and unprocessed)
Vegetable fibre (processed and
unprocessed)
Tree sap
Animal skin
Animal hair
Plastics (PVC,Polyproplene, ABS,
Polycarbonate,)
(1 mark for any TWO)
Steel
Aluminium
Copper
Zinc
Lead
Glass
Brass
(1 mark for any THREE)
2:1:5 (c) 3 3
Natural bio-polymers biodegrade after
service life
The materials are readily available in the
Caribbean
Less fossil fuel used on manufacturing
them
Material is renewable
Reduced pollution of the ground water
No disposal fees
Low manufacturing costs
(1 mark each for any THREE)
-3-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 2 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PA
2:1:2 (d) 4 4
1 mark each for calculating L/K = R for
lightweight concrete blocks and brick
1 mark for calculating total resistivity
(Rtot)
2 marks for calculating U=1/(Rtot)
2:1:3 (e) 4 4
Role
Cavity is filled with air which acts as an

insulator
Cavity as part of material reduces weight
density ratio
Cavity can be used as communication
channels ( for example, cables for
telecommunication)
(2 marks for minimum 2)
Deficiencies
Can transfer heat by convection

Can create air leakage
Can result in condensation if not
properly sealed
(2 marks for minimum 2)
-4-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 2 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Question 2.
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PA
2:1:4 (a) 8 8
Energy Source Origin

Fossil fuel Organic matter
Hydrogen Hydrogen atoms
Wind Air/wind
Solar Sun
Hydro Water
Geothermal Ground/hot water
Tidal/wave Water,(sea, ocean lakes)
Biofuels Organic matter
Nuclear Atoms
(1 mark each for any FOUR types of energy

sources)
(1 mark each for any FOUR origins)
2:1:5 (b) 8 8
Type of Potential Negative
Energy consequences on Environment
Fossil fuel Air pollution, acid rain,
ozone depletion, global
warming potential
Hydrogen Thermal and chemical changes
in atmosphere, influence on
microorganisms in soils and
water, accelerated corrosion
of man-made structures
Wind Landscape change, soil
erosion, reduced air
circulation and deterioration
of local air quality
Solar Landscape change, soil
erosion, reduced solar
irradiation for plants and
vegetation
Hydro Changes in local eco-systems
and local weather conditions,
social and cultural impact,
induction of earthquake
-5-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 2 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PA
2:1:5 Type of Potential Negative

Energy consequences on Environment
Geothermal Landscape change, underground
water resource, accelerated
cooling of earth core
Tidal/wave Landscape change, reduced
water motion/circulation and
deterioration of local water
quality
Biofuels May not be CO , neutral, may
release global warming gases
like methane during the
production of biofuels,
landscape change,
deterioration of soil
productivity
Nuclear Radiation leakage and
contamination; the disposal
and safe storage of nuclear
waste for hundreds of years
up to a hundred thousand
years in geological
repositories
2:1:3 (c) 4 4
2 marks for each labelled axis

2 marks for labelled graphs quasi-brittle
failure showing breaking point
-6-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 2 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Question 3.
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PA
2:2:1 (a) 6 3 3
Equitable in use the design is useful
and marketable to people with diverse
abilities.
Flexibility in use the design

accommodates a wide range of individual
preferences and abilities.
Simple and intuitive use of the design

is easy to understand regardless of the
users experience, knowledge, language
skills or current concentration level.
Perceptible information the design

communicates necessary information
effectively to the user regardless of
ambient conditions or the users sensory
abilities.
Tolerance for error the design

minimizes hazards and the adverse
consequences of accidental or unintended
action.
Low physical effort the design can be

used efficiently and comfortably and with
a minimum of fatigue.
Size and space for approach and use

Appropriate size and space is provided
for approach, reach, manipulation and use
regardless of users body size, posture
or mobility.
1 mark for principle and 1 mark

for definition
(b) 2 2
The design and production of materials,

structures and systems that are modelled on
biological entities and processes.
-7-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 2 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PA
2:2:8 (c)(i) 2 2
Animals utilize what is called echolocation or

bio sonar. This is the biological sonar used
by several kinds of animals. Echolocating
animals emit calls to the environment and
listen to the echoes of those calls that
return from various objects near them. They
use these echoes to locate and identify the
objects.
2:2:5 (c)(ii) 2 2
Concept development The idea is to model

echolocation used by animals to locate an
object in the sea.
Product simulation Utilize computer software

(E.g. MATLAB) to observe how sound waves
travel
2:2:6 (c)(iii) 6 6
Experiment to understand basic relationship

between time and possible distance of the lost
ship:
Create a simple electrical prototype using a
computer speaker and built-in microphone. Take
computer to a large empty space such as an
auditorium along with a stop watch. Open sound
wave software on computer. Standing 100m from
auditorium wall, play a loud sound on computer
and look for a change in sound wave when echo
is detected. Start stopwatch when audio sound
(preferably a bang like sound) is played by
computer and stop stopwatch when echo is
detected by sound wave software. Repeat
experiment at 150 m, 200 m and 250 m from wall
and record the respective times.
If a computer is inaccessible you can clap and

listen for echo.
-8-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 2 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PA
2:2:8 (c)(iv) 2 2
Place the product under the bottom of a search

boat (1). Navigate the search boat within the
2 mile radius the lost ship was last observed
(1). Whenever the bio sonar detects the sunken
ship the distance on the bio sonar will be
less compared to the previous distance of the
water depth. Divers or submarines can then be
deployed to investigate the specific area.
-9-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 2 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Question 4.
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PA
(a)(i) 2 2
Reduction of greenhouse gas
Reduce importation of fuel for transportation
Reduce carbon footprint of travel industry
(1 mark each for any TWO)
(a)(ii) 4 4
Motor vehicles utilize different forms of fuel
to power the engine. These fuels are burnt by
the engine to power the vehicle. During this
process carbon dioxide is produced and emitted
to the atmosphere. Electric vehicles would
reduce the need for fuel and do not give off
carbon emission during their operation.
OR
Motor vehicles utilize fuel which is imported.
This imported fuel is transported by ships.
While travelling to the Caribbean from their
source country, these ships burn fuel to power
themselves. During this process large
quantities of carbon dioxide are released into
the environment. Electric vehicles eliminate
the need for fossil fuel hence no carbon
emission during transportation of fuel to
supply the vehicles.
(a) (iii) 4 4
Electric vehicles utilize electrical energy to

recharge batteries in order to operate. This
electrical energy is generated by a power
plant which normally utilizes fossil fuel in
the energy generation process. To provide
additional energy for electric vehicle these
power plants use more fossil fuel and hence
emit more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
-10-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 2 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PA
(a) (iv) 2 2
This can be mitigated by utilizing renewable

energy to recharge the car batteries
(b)(i) 2 2
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and

deposition of rainwater for reuse on-site,
rather than allowing the rainwater to run off.
(b) (ii) 4 4
A - Coagulation
B - Sedimentation
C - Filtration
D Storage
b) (iii) 2 2
Coagulation removes dirt and other particles

suspended in water.
Sedimentation Using gravity to remove
suspended solids from water. Solid particles
entrained by the turbulence of moving water
may be removed naturally.
Filtration The water passes through filters,
some made of layers of sand, gravel and
charcoal that help remove even smaller
particles missed by sedimentation.
Storage Water is placed in a preferably
closed tank or reservoir in order for
disinfection to take place.
-11-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 2 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Question 5.
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PA
(a)(i)
5 5
Analyse fully the product specifications and
determine the minimum acceptable values for
all relevant material properties.
Make first selection by eliminating all
materials which do not possess all the
minimum criteria
Assess the degree of relative importance of
the various required properties from
essential through desirable for each
property
Place the potential materials in ranking
order
Evaluate material and process costs for each
material
Optimize to determine the materials which
give the best overall combination of
properties for the least cost
(a) (ii)
Availability of the materials for the 2 2
manufacturing of PCC
Low cost materials
(a) (iii) 2 2
Concrete is brittle and cannot accommodate

plastic deformation as steel does. Lower
strains will cause concrete to fail.
-12-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 2 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PA
(a) (iv)
Explanation of measures to reduce energy 4 4

consumption during production of PCC should
include:
Use recycled aggregates
Use cement replacement
Mix concrete at the construction site
(a) (v)
4 4
Suspended reinforced concrete beam
Labelled sketch of the suspended beam. (2

marks)
Reinforcement placed in the lower part of
the beam as shown in the diagram. (2 marks)
(b) 3 3
Methods that can be used to reduce the
embodied energy during the manufacture of
Portland cement are:
Use renewable energy

Use cement replacement materials to
manufacture the cement
Use locally available materials to produce
clinker
Use liquefied natural gas instead of diesel
(1 mark each for any THREE)
-13-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 2 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Question 6.
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PA
(a) 6 6
Land elevation
Fuel supply
Water supply
Road and rail access
Height of the structure
Disposal of the waste products
Proximity to populated areas
Environmental implications
(1 mark each, any SIX)
(b)
4 4
Maintenance of the equipment which are using
electricity
Redesign to reduce energy costs
Avoid waste switch off unwanted power
Monitor and control
Power factor correction
(1 mark each, any FOUR)
-14-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 2 - PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PA
(c) 10
Labelled Sketch 1
Curves showing natural lighting
3
Curves showing artificial lighting
3
Curves showing combined lighting
3
TEST CODE 02265032
SPEC 2015/ 02265032
GREEN ENGINEERING
SPECIMEN PAPER
Unit 2 Paper 032
2 hours 30 minutes
READ THE FOLLOWING IINSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.
1. This paper consists of a case study.
2. Read the case and use the information to complete the design concept.
3. All answers must be written in this booklet.
4. You are advised to take some time to read through the paper and plan your answers.
5. You may use silent, electronic, non-programmable calculators to answer questions.

02265032/SPEC 2015
-2-
CASE STUDY
The Bailey Bot Home Security robot is a mobile security robot that automatically navigates
around the home to record video images. The robot can only traverse on surfaces of a uniform
height. You have been employed by the company to redesign the robot to allow it to fly in order
to traverse various heights and take protective action to affect or scare intruders.
The following information is required.
Project Title
[1mark]
Background
[2marks]
Objective
[1mark]

02265032/SPEC 2015
-3-
Problem Statement
[2marks]
Benchmark
[2marks]
Relevance
[3 marks]

02265032/SPEC 2015
-4-
Creativity and Innovation
[8 marks]
Content and Knowledge of Project
[15 marks]

02265032/SPEC 2015
-5-
Project Plan and Design
[6 marks]
Total 40 marks
02265032/SPEC 2015
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 2 - PAPER 032
MAY/JUNE 2015
SPECIMEN PAPER
-2-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 2 - PAPER 032
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PA
Title 1
Home Security Flying Robot
Background of Project 2
The Bailey Bot Home Security robot is a mobile

security robot that automatically navigates
around the home to record video images.
The robot can only traverse on surfaces of a

uniform height.
Objective 1
Design a quadcopter robot capable of flying

around the home and producing a high-frequency
sound which scares an intruder away.
Problem Statement 2
It is very expensive to have a camera in each

room of the house.
Camera systems only produce video images of an
intruder.
Benchmarking 2
The Bailey Bot Home Security robot is a mobile

security robot that automatically navigates
around the home to record video images.
The robot can only traverse on surfaces of a

uniform height and cannot defend itself or
protect the home.
-3-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 2 - PAPER 032
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PA
Relevance 3
Crime and robbery is a major deterrent to

economic growth across the Caribbean. An
innovative flying robot capable of deterring
thieves from entering a property or stealing
items after entering will boost our economy.
This robot will reduce crime related to
robbery and encourage economic development.
A mobile camera system will reduce the cost of
having a camera in each room. This robot will
fly around to locations in the house where
motion is detected and record images.
The very awareness of this innovation will

deter potential thieves.
Creativity and Innovation 8
The quadcopter security robot will be made

from plastic and powered by a 9 volt battery
and a mini solar panel.
Plastic is a light material and hence would

require less battery power during flight.
Using mini solar panels on the flying robot
will allow the harnessing of energy from
ambient lighting entering the building.
The robot will also be able to self charge by

landing at a charging location to recharge the
batteries.
Content and Knowledge of Project 15
To reduce the embodied energy in the

manufacturing of the robot, recycled plastic
will be utilized for making the robot. This
will reduce the environmental impact.
-4-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 2 - PAPER 032
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PA
Discuss policy in manufacturing (incentive,

tax, land admin, public safety, legislation)
Policy and legislation will be an important

component of accelerating sales of the robot.
Incentives such as tariff removal for solar
panels and batteries will reduce inputs and
increase cost efficiency.
Tax breaks during manufacturing will also

incentivize the realization of the robot.
Public safety policy will also benefit the

industry by providing parameters under which
quadcopters can fly in the presence of humans
and not harm them.
There are a number of principles of product

design that the product will employ such as:
Flexibility in use
Simple and intuitive No extensive experience
will be needed to operate the robot. It will
be designed to simply be placed in the home
and start working autonomously, sending video
images to a desired smartphone or website.
Tolerance for error The robot will be

designed to operate under harsh conditions and
around children.
Low physical effort The robot will require

very little physical effort or concentration
to commission by the customer.
Size and space for approach The robot will

be small so it would be able to navigate small
areas.
How bio-mimicry aid the product design The

robot will use bio-sonar technology adopted
from animals such as bats that use
echolocating.
This will be done by using a sensor that emits

a sound at a specific frequency and listens
for feedback. This will help to locate walls,
fixtures and other elements in and around the
home.
-5-
GREEN ENGINEERING
UNIT 2 - PAPER 032
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Marks
Mark
Allocation
KC AK PA
Project Plan and Design 6
Sequence of product design
(a) Product testing/evaluation The product

will be tested in the lab for two months to
ensure that it works as designed.
(b) Product commissioning Fifty users from

across the Caribbean will be selected to
sample the robot and provide feedback on its
operation.
TOTAL 40 MARKS

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Caribbean Advanced

Effective for examinations from MayJune 2017

Telephone Number: + 1 (876) 630-5200

Copyright 2015 by Caribbean Examinations Council

SKILLS AND ABILITIES TO BE ASSESSED ................................................................................................... 3

PREREQUISITES OF THE SYLLABUS .......................................................................................................... 5

STRUCTURE OF THE SYLLABUS ................................................................................................................ 5

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO GREEN ENGINEERING ................................................................................. 6

MODULE 1: CONCEPTS AND ISSUES.......................................................................................... 6

MODULE 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF GREEN ENGINEERING ....................................... 11

MODULE 3: GREEN ENGINEERING IN PRACTICE ..................................................................... 16

UNIT 2: APPLICATION OF GREEN ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES ............................................................... 19

MODULE 1: UTILISATION OF SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND ENERGY ................................... 19

MODULE 2: SUSTAINABLE DESIGNS......................................................................................... 23

MODULE 3: GREEN ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS ....................................................................... 27

OUTLINE OF ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................................... 30

REGULATIONS FOR PRIVATE CANDIDATES ........................................................................................... 58

REGULATIONS FOR RESIT CANDIDATES ................................................................................................ 58

ASSESSMENT GRID ................................................................................................................................ 59

GLOSSARY OF BEHAVIOURAL VERBS USED IN THE EXAMINATION ...................................................... 60

Please check the website www.cxc.org for updates on CXCs syllabuses.

T he Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination (CAPE) is designed to provide certification of

2. create an understanding of how to incorporate the principles of sustainability into engineering

3. promote an understanding of the principles of Green Engineering and Industrial Ecology;

4. develop an understanding of the interdisciplinary and multi-disciplinary nature of

7. apply Scientific, Technological, Engineering and Mathematical (STEM) principles to improve

8. design solutions to address environmental problems related to engineering;

SKILLS AND ABILITIES TO BE ASSESSED

(a) Knowledge and Comprehension;

(b) Application of Knowledge; and,

(c) Practical Ability.

Comprehension The ability to:

- select appropriate ideas, match, compare and cite examples of facts,

Application The ability to:

- use facts, concepts, principles and procedures in unfamiliar

Analysis and The ability to:

Synthesis The ability to:

- combine component parts to form a new meaningful whole; and,

Evaluation The ability to make reasoned judgements and recommendations based on

STRUCTURE OF THE SYLLABUS

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO GREEN ENGINEERING

Module 1 - CONCEPTS AND ISSUES

Module 2 - THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF GREEN ENGINEERING

Module 3 - GREEN ENGINEERING IN PRACTICE

UNIT 2: APPLICATION OF GREEN ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES

Module 1 - UTILISATION OF SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND ENERGY

Module 2 - SUSTAINABLE DESIGNS

Module 3 - GREEN ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS

On completion of this Module, students should:

1. understand the concepts of sustainable development, sustainability and efficiency and

2. comprehend the concept of risk in the engineering environment;

3. be aware of the consequences and challenges of engineering;

4. appreciate the need for sustainability; and,

5. understand life cycle frameworks.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES CONTENT

Concepts of Sustainable Development, Sustainability and Efficiency

1. explain the concepts of sustainable (a) Definition of concepts.

(c) Examples of sustainability and resource