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Counters

Counters are digital circuits that increment or decrement a stored value in response to a trigger. There are two main types: ripple counters use the output of one flip-flop to trigger the next, causing the flip-flops to change state in sequence, while synchronous counters use a clock signal to trigger all flip-flops simultaneously. Common applications of counters include clocks, timers, and web browser refresh rates. Synchronous counters are more widely used than ripple counters in computer systems due to their consistent timing.

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175 views2 pages

Counters

Counters are digital circuits that increment or decrement a stored value in response to a trigger. There are two main types: ripple counters use the output of one flip-flop to trigger the next, causing the flip-flops to change state in sequence, while synchronous counters use a clock signal to trigger all flip-flops simultaneously. Common applications of counters include clocks, timers, and web browser refresh rates. Synchronous counters are more widely used than ripple counters in computer systems due to their consistent timing.

Uploaded by

Bruce_Jass_3739
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Counters

Overview
° Counters are important components in computers
° The increment or decrement by one in response to input
° Two main types of counters
° Ripple (asynchronous) counters
° Synchronous counters
° Ripple counters
° Flip flop output serves as a source for triggering other flip flops
° Synchronous counters
° All flip flops triggered by a clock signal
° Synchronous counters are more widely used in industry.
Counters
° Counter: A register that goes through a prescribed series of states
° Binary counter
° Counter that follows a binary sequence
° N bit binary counter counts in binary from n to 2n-1
° Ripple counters triggered by initial Count signal
° Applications:
° Watches
° Clocks
° Alarms
° Web browser refresh
Binary Ripple Counter
° Reset signal sets all outputs to 0
° Count signal toggles output of low-order flip flop
° Low-order flip flop provides trigger for adjacent flip flop
° Not all flops change value simultaneously
° Lower-order flops change first
° Focus on D flip flop implementation
Another Asynchronous Ripple Counter
Asynchronous Counters
° Each FF output drives the CLK input of the next FF.
° FFs do not change states in exact synchronism with the applied clock pulses.
° There is delay between the responses of successive FFs.
° Ripple counter due to the way the FFs respond one after another in a kind of
rippling effect.

Synchronous counters
° Synchronous(parallel) counters
° All of the FFs are triggered simultaneously by the clock input pulses.
° All FFs change at same time
° Remember
° If J=K=0, flop maintains value
° If J=K=1, flop toggles
° Most counters are synchronous in computer systems.
° Can also be made from D flops
° Value increments on positive edge
Synchronous counters
° Synchronous counters
° Same counter as previous slide except Count enable replaced by J=K=1
° Note that clock signal is a square wave
° Clock fans out to all clock inputs
Circuit operation
Synchronous UP/Down counters
° Up/Down Counter can either count up or down on each clock cycle
° Up counter counts from 0000 to 1111 and then changes back to 0000
° Down counter counts from 1111 to 0000 and then back to 1111
° Counter counts up or down each clock cycle
° Output changes occur on clock rising edge
Counters with Parallel Load
° Counters with parallel load can have a preset value
° Load signal indicates that data (I3…I0) should be loaded into the counter
° Clear resets counter to all zeros
° Carry output could be used for higher-order bits
Counters with Parallel Load
° If Clear is asserted (0), the counter is cleared
° If Load is asserted data inputs are loaded
° If Count asserted counter value is incremented
Binary Counter with Parallel Load and Preset
Binary Counter with Parallel Load and Preset
Summary
° Binary counters can be ripple or synchronous
° Ripple counters use flip flop outputs as flop triggers
° Some delay before all flops settle on a final value
° Do no require a clock signal
° Synchronous counters are controlled by a clock
° All flip flops change at the same time
° Up/Down counters can either increment or decrement a stored binary value
° Control signal determines if counter counts up or down
° Counters with parallel load can be set to a known value before counting begins.

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