1.

What is the main benefit of designing tests early?

Answer: it stops defects being introduced into the code (stops error of
propagation). It also helps to correct errors cheaper, provide confidence to
developers to code quickly, and eliminate ambiguity in requirements and
specification.

2. What is risk based testing?

Answer: Prioritizing tests based on product and projects risk to identify the
test strategy, any non-testing activities and prioritization of tests to
determine which tests to address first.

3. A wholesaler sells printer cartridges. The minimum order quantity is 5. There
is a 20% discount for orders of 100 or more printer cartridges. You have been
asked to prepare test cases using various values for the number of printer
cartridges ordered. Which of the following groups contain three test inputs
that would be generated using Boundary Value Analysis?

Answer: 4,5, 99.

4. What is the key difference between preventive and reactive approach to testing

Answer: Preventive tests are designed early, and reactive tests are designed
after the software has been produced.

5. What is the purpose of exit criteria?

Answer: when to stop testing, when the test level is finished when a predefined
Level of quality has been achieved.

6. What determines the level of risk ?
Answer: likelihood of a risk happening x impact of that risk.

7. When decision table testing is used ?

Answer: Decision table testing is used for testing systems for which the
specification takes the form of rules or cause-effect combinations. In a
decision table the inputs are listed in a column, with the outputs in the same
column but below the inputs. The remainder of the table explores combinations
of inputs to define the outputs produced.

8. What is the main objective when reviewing software deliverables?

Answer: to identify defects in an of the software work products.

9. Which of the following defines the expected result of a test ? Test cases/test
design specification ?

Answer: test case specification defines the expected result. It consist of input,
execution pre condition, expected result, execution post condition, pass/fail,
remarks, test procedure specification ( step by step instruction).

10. What is the benefit of independence tests ?
Answer: it avoids author bias, false assumption and issues due to objectives.

11. As a part of which test process do you determine the exit criteria?
Answer: test Planning.

12. What is beta testing ?
Answer: testing performed by potential customer at their own location.

13. Given the following fragment of code, how many tests are required for
100% decision coverage?

if width > length
thenbiggest_dimension = width
if height > width
thenbiggest_dimension = height
end_if
elsebiggest_dimension = length
if height > length
thenbiggest_dimension = height
end_if
end_if ?

Answer: 4.

14. You have designed test cases to provide 100% statement and 100%
decision coverage for the following fragment of code. if width > length then
biggest_dimension = width else biggest_dimension = length end_if The
following has been added to the bottom of the code fragment above. print
"Biggest dimension is " &biggest_dimensionprint "Width: " & width print
"Length: " & length How many more test cases are required?

Answer: None.

15. What is Rapid Application Development ?

Answer: Rapid Application Development (RAD) is formally a parallel development
of functions and subsequent integration. Components/functions are developed in
parallel as if they were mini projects, the developments are time-boxed, delivered,
and then assembled into a working prototype.

16. What is the difference between testing technique and testing tool ?

Answer: Testing technique: Is a process for ensuring that some aspects of
the applications system or unit functions properly there may be few techniques
but many tools.

Testing Tools: Is a vehicle for performing a test process. The tool is a
resource to the tester, but itself is insufficient to conduct testing

17. We use the output of the requirement analysis, the requirement
specification as the input for writing

Answer: User Acceptance Test Cases.

18. Repeated Testing of an already tested program, after modification, to discover
any defects introduced or uncovered as a result of the changes in the software being
tested or in another related or unrelated software component:

Answer: Regression Testing.

19. What is component testing?

Answer: Component testing, also known as unit, module and program testing,
searches for defects in, and verifies the functioning of software (e.g. modules,
programs, objects, classes, etc.) that are separately testable. Component testing may
be done in. Most often stubs and drivers are used to replace the missing software
and simulate the interface between the software components in a simple manner.
Code is used, no input no documentation. Executed to make sure that the
component is compiled and run.

20. What is functional system testing?

Answer: Testing the end to end functionality of the system as a whole is defined
as a functional system testing.

21. In a reactive approach to testing, when would you expect the bulk of the testing
to begin?

Answer: After the software has been produced.

22. What are the different methodologies in Agile development Model ?

Answer: prototyping, Rational Unified Model, Rapid Application Development,
 Extreme programming , Scrum, Agile, Unified Model, Crystal,


23. Which activity in fundamental test process include evaluation of testability of
the function and system requirements ?

Answer: test analysis and design.

24. What is the most important reason to use risk based testing ?

Answer: because exhaustive testing is impossible.

25. What is random/monkey testing? When it is used?

Answer: Random testing often known as monkey testing. In such type of testing
data is generated randomly often using a tool or automated mechanism. With
this randomly generated input the system is tested and results are analyzed
accordingly.
.
26. Which of the following are valid objectives for incident reports?
1. Provide developers and other parties with feedback about the problem to
enable identification, isolation and correction as necessary.
2. Provide ideas for test process improvement.
3. Provide testers with a means of tracking the quality of the system under test.

27. Consider the following techniques. Which are static and which are dynamic
techniques?
1. Equivalence Partitioning.
2. Use Case Testing.
3. Data Flow Analysis.
4. Exploratory Testing.
5. Decision Testing.
6. Inspections.

Answer: Data Flow Analysis and Inspections are static; Equivalence Partitioning,
Use Case Testing, Exploratory Testing and Decision Testing are dynamic

28.Why are static testing and dynamic testing described as complementary?

Answer: Because they share the aim of identifying defects but differ in the types
of defect they find.

29. What are the phases of formal review?
Answer: planning, kick-off, individual preparation, review meeting, rework, follow
up.

30. What are the roles of a moderator?

Answer: sometimes known as the review leader, leads the review of the document,
including planning, kick-off and follow up , mediates between various points of view
and decides when to release the updated document.



31. What is an equivalent partitioning?

Answer: choosing a single input/output value, which is a representative of a group
of input/output values for all valid and invalid input/outputs.


32. When should configuration management procedure be implemented?

Answer: during test planning.

33. A type of functional testing, which investigates the detection of threads of virus
attack.

Answer: Security testing.

34. Testing where in we subject the target of the test , to varying workloads to
measure and evaluate the performance behaviors and ability of the target and of the
test to continue to function properly under these different workloads?

Answer: Load testing.

35. Testing activity which is performed to expose defects in the interfaces and in the
interaction between integrated components is

Answer: integration testing.

36. When regression testing should be performed?

Answer: After the software has changed or when the environment has changed.

37. What is negative and positive testing?

Answer: A negative test is when you put in an invalid input and receives errors.
While a positive testing, is when you put in a valid input and expect some action to
be completed in accordance with the specification.

38. What is the purpose of test completion criteria?

Answer: to know when to stop testing, when a test level is completed, when we have
achieved pre-determined level of quality of the product.

39. what can static analysis not find ?

Answer: memory leaks.

40. what is the difference between re-testing and regression testing?

Answer: re-testing checks that the original fault is fixed. Regression testing checks..
we all know that that is.

41. What are experience based testing?
Answer: error guessing , fault attack, exploratory testing.

42. what type of review requires formal entry and exit criteria.
Answer: formal review ( inspection ) .

43. Could reviews and inspection be considered part of testing?
Answer: Yes, both constitute static testing.

44. An input field takes the year of birth between 1900 and 2004 what are the
boundary values for testing this field?

Answer: 1899,1900,2004,2005

45. Which of the following tools would be involved in the automation of
regression test? a. Data tester b. Boundary tester c. Capture/Playback d.
Output comparator.

Answer: Output comparator

46. To test a function, what has to write a programmer, which calls the
function to be tested and passes it test data.

Answer: Driver

47. What is the one key reason developers have trouble testing their own product?

Answer: lack of objective.

48. How much testing is enough?

Answer: depends on the risk for the industry, contracts and regulations, product
risk.

49. When should testing should stop?

Answer: when exit criteria is met: deadline, cost, all high risk testing is done, no
serious defects are left out. A certain percentage is met

50. Which of the following is the main purpose of the integration strategy for
integration testing in the small?

Answer: The main purpose of the integration strategy is to specify which modules
to combine, when and how many at once.

51. what is semi-random test cases ?

Answer: when you do random test cases and put equivalence partitioning to get
rid of some test cases, you get semi-random test cases.

52. Given the following code, which statement is true about the minimum
number of test cases required for full statement and branch coverage?
Read p
Read q
IF p+q> 100
THEN Print "Large"

ENDIF
IF p > 50
THEN Print "p Large"
ENDIF

Answer: 1 statement coverage, 2 for branch coverage.

53. what is black box testing? What are the different black box testing technique?

Answer: black box testing uses the functional specification to device test cases.
Equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, decision table testing, state
transition testing, use case testing are all black box testing.

54. Which review is normally used to evaluate a product to determine its
suitability for intended use and to identify discrepancies?

Answer: Technical Review

58. Faults found should originally be documented by whom?

Answer: tester.

59. Which of the following is the review participant who has created the item
to be reviewed?

Answer: Author


60. Why boundary value analysis provide good test cases?

Answer: because most of the defects are created on the edges.

61. What makes an inspection different than other review process?

Answer: led by a trained moderator, uses formal entry and exit criteria, used formal
follow up process. Based on rules and checklist.

62. Why can be tester dependent on configuration management?

Answer: Because configuration management assures that we know the exact version
of the testware and the test object

63. What is a V-model ?

Answer : a software development model that should how testing activities
integrates with development phases.

64. What triggers maintenance testing?

Answer: modification, migration and retirement.

65. What is test coverage?

Answer: Test coverage measures in some specific way the amount of testing
performed by a set of tests (derived in some other way, e.g. using specification-
based techniques).

66. Why is incremental integration preferred over "big bang" integration?

Answer: Because incremental integration has better early defects screening and
isolation ability

67. When do we prepare requirements tractability metrx ? after/before test
case development ?

Answer: you prepare RTM before you develop test cases. If you are reviewing the
requirements, the traceability should already been established. If you are following
a sequential development methodology, requirements should already been
traceable through tools.

68. what is the process that starts from the terminal modules ?

Answer: bottom up integration.

69. During which test activity can faults be found most effectively?

Answer: during test planning.

70. The purpose of requirements phase is?

Answer: to freeze requirements, to understand user needs and to know the scope of
testing.

71. why split testing into different stages ?

Answer:
Each test stage has a different purpose
It is easier to manage testing in stages
We can run different test into different environments
Performance and quality of the testing is improved using phased testing

72. What is defect remove efficiency?

Answer: DRE=Number of bugs while testing / number of bugs while testing +
number of bugs found by user

73. Which of the following is likely to benefit most from the use of test tools
providing test capture and replay facilities? a) Regression testing b) Integration
testing c) System testing d) User acceptance testing

Answer: Regression

74. how would you estimate the amount of re-testing?

Answer: from previous similar projects and discussion with the development team.

75. what is data flow analysis?
Answer: the use of date through the code

76. What is a failure ?
Answer: failure is a departure from specified behavior

77. what is a test comparator ?
Answer: an automated too to compare results of different tests.

78. Who is responsible to document all the issues, points, problems that were
identified during review meeting?

Answer: scribe.


79. What is the main purpose of informal review?

Answer: to get some benefit in an inexpensive way.

80. What is the purpose of test design technique?

Answer: identify test conditions and test cases.

81. When testing a grade calculation system, a tester determines that all scores from
90 to 100 will yield a grade of A, but scores below 90 will not. This analysis is known
as:

Answer: Equivalence partitioning

82. A test manager wants to use the resources available for the automated
testing of a web application. The best choice is

Answer: dba, web specialist, tester, test automator.

83. During the testing of a module tester 'X' finds a bug and assigned it to
developer. But developer rejects the same, saying that it's not a bug. What 'X'
should do?

Answer: Send to the detailed information of the bug encountered and check the
reproducibility

84. A type of integration testing in which software elements, hardware elements, or
both are combined all at once into a component or an overall system, rather than in
stages.

Answer: Big-Bang Testing

85. In practice, which Life Cycle model may have more, fewer or different levels of
development and testing, depending on the project and the software product. For
example, there may be component integration testing after component testing, and
system integration testing after system testing

Answer: V-model

86. Which technique can be used to achieve input and output coverage? It can be
applied to human input, input via interfaces to a system, or interface parameters in
integration testing

Answer: Equivalence partitioning.

87. "This life cycle model is basically driven by schedule and budget risks"
This statement is best suited for

Answer: V-model.

88. In which order should tests be run?

Answer: The most important one must tests first

92. The later in the development life cycle a fault is discovered, the more expensive
it is to fix. Why?

Answer: The fault has been built into more documentation, code, tests, etc cost
escalation model and error of propagation.

93. What is Coverage measurement?

Answer: It is a partial measure of test thoroughness.

94. What is Boundary value testing?

Test boundary conditions on, below and above the edges of input and output
equivalence classes. For instance, let say a bank application where you can
withdraw maximum Rs.20,000 and a minimum of Rs.100, so in boundary value
testing we test only the exact boundaries, rather than hitting in the middle. That
means we test above the maximum limit and below the minimum limit.

95. What is Fault Masking?

Answer: Error condition hiding another error condition.

96. What does COTS represent?

Answer: Commercial off The Shelf.

97.The purpose of which is allow specific tests to be carried out on a system or
network that resembles as closely as possible the environment where the item
under test will be used upon release?

Answer: Test Environment

98. What can be thought of as being based on the project plan, but with greater
amounts of detail?

Answer: Phase Test Plan (goal goal)

99. What is exploratory testing?

Exploratory testing is a hands-on approach in which testers are involved in
minimum planning and maximum test execution. The planning involves the
creation of a test charter, a short declaration of the scope of a short (1 to 2 hour)
time-boxed test effort, the objectives and possible approaches to be used. As the
tester starts exploring the system, new test design ideas are thought of on the fly
and executed against the software under test. The test design and test execution
activities are performed in parallel typically without formally documenting
the test conditions, test cases or test scripts. This does not mean that other, more
formal testing techniques will not be used. For example, the tester may decide to use
boundary value analysis but will think through and test the most important
boundary values without necessarily writing them down. Some notes will be written
during the exploratory-testing session, so that a report can be produced afterwards.

100. What is "use case testing"?

A use case is a description of a particular use of the system by an actor or user. It
is used widely in developing tests at system or acceptance level. In a use-case, an
actor is represented by "A" and system by "S". First, we list the Main Success
Scenario. Exercise the whole system transaction to transaction basis.

101. What is the difference between STLC (Software Testing Life Cycle) and SDLC
(Software Development Life Cycle) ?

Answer: SDLC deals with development/coding of the software while STLC deals
with validation and verification of the software

102. What is traceability matrix?

Answer: The relationship between test cases and requirements is shown with
the help of a document. This document is known as traceability matrix.

103. What is Equivalence partitioning testing?

Answer: Equivalence partitioning testing is a software testing technique which
divides the application input test data into each partition at least one of equivalent
data from which test cases can be derived. By this testing method it reduces the
time required for software testing.

104. What is white box testing and list the types of white box testing?

White box testing technique involves selection of test cases based on an analysis of
the internal structure (Code coverage, branches coverage, paths coverage, condition
coverage etc.) of a component or system. It is also known as Code-Based testing or
Structural testing.

105. In white box testing what do you verify?

Answer: In white box testing following steps are verified.
1. Verify the security holes in the code
2. Verify the incomplete or broken paths in the code
3. Verify the flow of structure according to the document specification
4. Verify the expected outputs
5. Verify all conditional loops in the code to check the complete functionality
of the application
6. Verify the line by line coding and cover 100% testing

106. What is the difference between static and dynamic testing?

Answer:

Static testing: During Static testing method, the code is not executed and it is
performed using the software documentation.
Dynamic testing: To perform this testing the code is required to be in an executable
form.

107. What is verification and validation?

Answer: Verification is a process of evaluating software at development phase
and to decide whether the product of a given application satisfies the specified
requirements. Validation is the process of evaluating software at the end of the
development process and to check whether it meets the customer requirements.

108. What are different test levels?

Answer: There are four test levels
1. Unit/component/program/module testing
2. Integration testing
3. System testing
4. Acceptance testing

109. What is Integration testing?

Answer: Integration testing is a level of software testing process, where individual
units of an application are combined and tested. It is usually performed after unit
and functional testing.

110. What are the tables in test plans?

Answer: Test design, scope, test strategies, approach are various details that Test
plan document consists of. (SPACE DIRT)

111. What is the difference between UAT (User Acceptance Testing) and
System testing?

Answer:

System Testing: System testing is finding defects when the system under goes
testing as a whole, it is also known as end to end testing. In such type of testing, the
application undergoes from beginning till the end.

UAT: User Acceptance Testing (UAT) involves running a product through a series of
specific tests which determines whether the product will meet the needs of its
users.

112. Mention the difference between Data Driven Testing and Retesting?

Answer:

Retesting: It is a process of checking bugs that are actioned by development team to
verify that they are actually fixed.

Data Driven Testing (DDT): In data driven testing process, application is tested with
multiple test data. Application is tested with different set of values.




113. What are the valuable steps to resolve issues while testing?
Answer:

Record : Log and handle any problems which has happened
Report: Report the issues to higher level manager
Control: Define the issue management process


114. What is the difference between test scenarios, test cases and test script?
Difference between test scenarios and test cases is that

Test Scenarios(Test Plan) : Test scenario is prepared before the actual testing
starts, it includes plans for testing product, number of team members,
environmental condition, making test cases, making test plans and all the features
that are to be tested for the product.

Test Cases: It is a document that contains the steps that has to be executed, it has
been planned earlier.

Test Script: It is written in a programming language and it's a short program used
to test part of functionality of the software system. In other words a written set of
steps that should be performed manually.

115. What is Latent defect?

Answer: Latent defect: This defect is an existing defect in the system which does
not cause any failure as the exact set of conditions has never been met

116. What are the two parameters which can be useful to know the quality of
test execution?

Answer:
Defect reject ratio defects that did not have an impact
Defect leakage ratio defects not found by testers.

117. What is the function of software testing tool "phantom"?

Answer: Phantom is a freeware, and is used for windows GUI automation scripting
language

118. Explain what is Test Deliverables?

Answer: Test Deliverables are set of documents, tools and other components that
has to be developed and maintained in support of testing.
There are different test deliverables at every phase of the software development
lifecycle
Before Testing
During Testing
After the Testing


119. What is mutation testing?

Answer: Testing of test cases basically. Mutation testing is a technique to identify if a
set of test data or test case is useful by intentionally introducing various code
changes (bugs) and retesting with original test data/ cases to determine if the bugs
are detected. To check the usability of test cases.



120. What all things you should consider before selecting automation tools for the
AUT?

Answer: maturity of testing process within the organization, cost, alternative
approaches, vendor service, pilot project, changes needed in the testing process or
in the tool, long term benefit .

121. How will you conduct Risk Analysis?

Answer: For the risk analysis following steps need to be implemented:

a) Finding the score of the risk
b) Making a profile for the risk
c) Changing the risk properties
d) Deploy the resources of that test risk
e) Making a database of risk

122. What are the categories of debugging?

Answer: Categories for debugging

a) Brute force debugging most common, least effective, desk checking using a
debugger to step through.

b) Backtracking effective for small programs/modules, desk checking in reverse.
c) Cause elimination induction/deduction + binary partitioning.
d) Program slicing - my method, commenting portion of the code.
e) Fault tree analysis top down deductive approach, combination of different
scenarios that could cause the system to fail, uses logic gates symbol,



123. What is fault masking explain with example?

When presence of one defect hides the presence of another defect in the system is
known as fault masking.

Example : If the "Negative Value" cause a firing of unhandled system exception, the
developer will prevent the negative values input. This will resolve the issue and hide
the defect of unhandled exception firing.

124. Explain what is Test Plan? What are the information that should be covered in
Test Plan?

A test plan can be defined as a document describing the scope, approach, resources
and schedule of testing activities and a test plan should cover the following details.
Test Strategy
Test Objective
Exit/Suspension Criteria
Resource Planning
Test Deliverables

125. How you can eliminate the product risk in your project?

Answer: eliminate ambiguity in the requirements, static review, test
For non-functional requirements, and functional requirements, conformance with
the user.

126. What are the common risk that leads to the project failure?

Answer: supplier issues, contractual obligation, skills and personal issues,
Lack of appreciation for testing, technical or specialist issues.

127. On what basis you can arrive to an estimation for your project?

Answer: Metrics based approach and expert based approach, analytical, methodical,
contractual or regulatory, consultative, regression aversion,

128. Explain how you would allocate task to team members ?
Task Member
Analyze software requirement
All the members
specification
Create the test specification Tester/Test Analyst
Build up the test environment Test administrator
Execute the test cases Tester
Report defects Tester

129. Explain what is testing type and what are the commonly used testing type?

Answer: functional testing, non-functional testing, structural testing, confirmation
testing, regression testing, maintenance testing.

130. While monitoring your project what all things you have to consider?
The things that has to be taken in considerations are

Is you project on schedule
Are you over budget
 Are you working towards the same career goal
Have you got enough resources
Are there any warning signs of impending problems
Is there any pressure from management to complete the project sooner

131. What are the common mistakes which creates issues?

Answer: convey testing results without hurting personal feelings, testers lack of
objective, use test results to judge team members, team members technical ability
and skill, lack of appreciation for testing, different view during inspection.

132. What does a typical test report contains? What are the benefits of test
reports?

Answer: test Identification number, summary, Summary of test activities,
Evaluation, variance, comprehensive assessment, approvals. an assessment of
defect remaining, economic benefit of continuing testing, outstanding risk, level of
confidence in tested software.

The benefits of test reports are:
Whether the goal was correctly set,
Whether the testing strategy taken was adequate.
Whether the testing was effective of meeting the testing goal.

133. What is test management review and why it is important?

Answer: Management review is also referred as Software Quality Assurance or SQA.
SQA focuses more on the software process rather than the software work
products. It is a set of activities designed to make sure that the project manager
follows the standard process. SQA helps test manager to benchmark the project
against the set standards. -Verification

134. What are the best practices for software quality assurance?

Answer: The best practices for an effective SQA implementation is
Continuous Improvement
Documentation
Tool Usage
Metrics
Responsibility by team members
Experienced SQA auditors

136. What is difference between Test matrix and Traceability matrix?

Answer: Test Matrix: Test matrix is used to capture actual quality, effort, the plan,
resources and time required to capture all phases of software testing

Traceability Matrix: Mapping between test cases and customer requirements is
known as Traceability Matrix

137. In manual testing what are stubs and drivers?

Answer: Both stubs and drivers are part of incremental testing. In incremental
testing there are two approaches namely bottom up and top down approach.
Drivers are used in bottom up testing and stub is used for top down approach. In
order to test the main module, stub is used, which is a dummy code or program .

138. What are the step you would follow once you find the defect?
Once defect is found you would follow the step

Answer: a) Recreate the defect
b) Attach the screen shot
c) Log the defect

139. Explain what is "Test Plan Driven" or "Key Word Driven" method of testing?

This technique uses the actual test case document developed by testers using a
spread sheet containing special "key Words". The key words control the processing.

140. What is DFD (Data Flow Diagram)?

Answer: graphical representation of flow of data through the system.

141. Explain what is LCSAJ?

Answer: LCSAJ stands for 'linear code sequence and jump'. It consists of the
following three items
a) Start of the linear sequence of executable statements
b) End of the linear sequence
c) The target line to which control flow is transferred at the end of the linear
sequence

used to identify code coverage, 100% LCSAJ = 100% SCV,100% BCV, 100%
procedure/functional call coverage, 100% multiple condition coverage. Its primary
use with dynamic software analysis is to answer, how much testing is enough?

142. Explain what is N+1 testing?

Answer: The variation of regression testing is represented as N+1. In this technique
the testing is performed in multiple cycles in which errors found in test cycle 'N' are
resolved and re-tested in test cycle N+1. The cycle is repeated unless there are no
errors found.


143. What is Fuzz testing and when it is used?

Answer: Fuzz testing is used to detect security loopholes and coding errors in
software. In this technique random data is added to the system in attempt to crash
the system. If vulnerability persists, a tool called fuzz tester is used to determine
potential causes. This technique is more useful for bigger projects but only detects
major fault.

144. Mention what are the main advantages of statement coverage metric of
software testing?

The benefit of statement coverage metric is that
a) It does not require processing source code and can be applied directly to object
code
b) Bugs are distributed evenly through code, due to which percentage of
executable statements covered reflects the percentage of faults discovered. mante
parlam na.

145. How to generate test cases for replace string method?

a) If characters in new string > characters in previous string. None of the
characters should get truncated
b) If characters in new string< characters in previous string. Junk characters
should not be added
c) Spaces after and before the string should not be deleted
d) String should be replaced only for the first occurrence of the string

146. How will you handle a conflict amongst your team members?

Answer: convey test result in a non-personal manner and bugs founds are
welcomed as a mean to improve the quality of the product. Remind every one that
our goal is to enhance quality, not find faults of members. Bugs found should be
welcomed.



147. Mention what are the categories of defects?

Mainly there are three defect categories

Wrong: When requirement is implemented incorrectly
 Missing: It is a variance from the specification, an indication that a
specification was not implemented or a requirement of the customer is not
met
Extra: A requirement incorporated into the product that was not given by
the end customer. It is considered as a defect because it is a variance from the
existing requirements

148. Explain how does a test coverage tool works?

The code coverage testing tool runs parallel while performing testing on the
actual product. The code coverage tool monitors the executed statements of the
source code. When the final testing is done we get a complete report of the pending
statements and also get the coverage percentage.

149. Mention what is the difference between a "defect" and a "failure" in software
testing?

Error/mistake -> defect/bug/fault->failure.

150. Explain how to test documents in a project that span across the software
development lifecycle?

Test plan for all the levels in V-Model basically.

Central/Project test plan: It is the main test plan that outlines the complete
test strategy of the project. This plan is used till the end of the software
development lifecycle
Acceptance test plan: This document begins during the requirement phase
and is completed at final delivery
System test plan: This plan starts during the design plan and proceeds until
the end of the project
Integration and Unit test plan: Both these test plans start during the
execution phase and last until the final delivery

151. Explain which test cases are written first black boxes or white boxes?

Black box test cases are written first as to write black box test cases; it requires
project plan and requirement document all these documents are easily available at
the beginning of the project. While writing white box test cases requires more
architectural understanding and is not available at the start of the project.

152. Explain what is the difference between latent and masked defects?

Latent defect: A latent defect is an existing defect that has not caused a failure
because the sets of conditions were never met
 Masked defect: It is an existing defect that has not caused a failure because
another defect has prevented that part of the code from being executed


153. Mention what is bottom up testing?

Answer: one of the strategies in integration testing, drivers are used.

154. Mention what are the different types of test coverage techniques?
Different types of test coverage techniques include

Statement Coverage: It verifies that each line of source code has been
executed and tested
Decision Coverage: It ensures that every decision in the source code is
executed and tested
Path Coverage: It ensures that every possible route through a given part of
code is executed and tested
Condition coverage: All the conditions in a decision are covered.

155. Mention what is the meaning of breadth testing?

Answer: Breadth testing is a test suite that exercises the full functionality of a
product but does not test features in detail, related to top down integration testing.

156. Mention what is the difference between Pilot and Beta testing?

Answer: The difference between pilot and beta testing is that pilot testing is actually
done using the product by the group of user before the final deployment and in beta
testing we do not input real data, but it is installed at the end customer to validate if
the product can be used in production. a pilot usually has completed its quality
phases and is ready for release while beta testing is the last quality phase prior to
release. Beta feedback allows you to make changes to your product while a pilot is
focused on your process.

157. Explain what is the meaning of Code Walk Through?

Answer: Code Walk Through is the informal analysis of the program source code
to find defects and verify coding techniques

158. Mention what are the basic components of defect report format?
The basic components of defect report format includes

Answer: CRUD GAS DISC SSD.

159. Mention what is the purpose behind doing end-to-end testing?

End-to end testing is done after functional testing. The purpose behind doing end-
to-end testing is that

To validate the software requirements and integration with external
interfaces
Testing application in real world environment scenario
Testing of interaction between application and database

160. Explain what it means by test harness?

A test harness is configuring a set of tools and test data to test an application in
various conditions. It involves monitoring the output with expected output for
correctness.

161. Explain in a testing project what testing activities would you automate?
In a testing project testing activities you would automate are

Tests that need to be run for every build of the application. E.g. regression
test, test with high impact that must be tested (also falls under regression),
mission critical tests.
Tests that use multiple data for the same set of actions
Identical tests that needs to be executed using different browsers
Transaction with pages that do not change in short time
Test that saves time if automated.
How complex it is to automate the test and what are the chances of it
producing false result.

162. What is grey box testing?

Answer: it is a combination of white box and black box testing. In this, we first look
at the code and the structure of the software to have a better understanding of how
the software is constructed. And then we move on to develop test cases in black box
testing. White box -> black box.

163. what is usability testing ?

Answer: Usability testing is a testing methodology where the end customer is asked
to use the software to see if the product is easy to use, to see the customer's
perception and task time

164. what are the cateogies of defect ?
Answer: wrong, missing, extra.

165. How do you define a testing policy?

The following are the important steps used to define a testing policy in general. But
it can change according to your organization. Let's discuss in detail the steps of
implementing a testing policy in an organization.

Definition: The first step any organization needs to do is define one unique
definition for testing within the organization so that everyone is of the same
mindset.
How to achieve: How are we going to achieve our objective? Is there going
to be a testing committee, will there be compulsory test plans which need to
be executed, etc?.
Evaluate: After testing is implemented in a project how do we evaluate it?
Are we going to derive metrics of defects per phase, per programmer, etc.
Finally, it's important to let everyone know how testing has added value to
the project?.
Standards: Finally, what are the standards we want to achieve by testing?
For instance, we can say that more than 20 defects per KLOC will be
considered below standard and code review should be done for it.

166. are there more defects in design phase or coding phase ?

Answer: The design phase is more error prone than the execution phase. One of the
most frequent defects which occur during design is that the product does not cover
the complete requirements of the customer. Second is wrong or bad architecture
and technical decisions make the next phase, execution, more prone to defects.




167. what are different types of verification ?

Answer: informal, walkthrough, technical review, inspection.

168. which test cases are written first ? white or black ?

Answer: black box testing is written first because the requirements specification are
ready before the code and design.

169. what is a test log ?

Answer: The IEEE Std. 829-1998 defines a test log as a chronological record of
relevant details about the execution of test cases. It's a detailed view of activity and
events given in chronological manner.

170. What kind of input do we need from the end user to begin proper testing?
The product has to be used by the user. He is the most important person as he has
more interest than anyone else in the project.

From the user we need the following data:
 The first thing we need is the acceptance test plan from the end user. The
acceptance test defines the entire test which the product has to pass so that it
can go into production.
We also need the requirement document from the customer.
The customer should also define the risky and priority.
The customer should also provide proper data for testing.

171. Can you explain the workbench concept?

A workbench is referred to as phases, steps, and tasks as shown in the following
figure. There are five tasks for every workbench:
Input: Every task needs some defined input and entrance criteria.
Execute: transform the input into the expected output.
Check: Check steps assure that the output after execution meets the desired
result.
Production output: If the check is right the production output forms the exit
criteria of the workbench.
Rework: During the check step if the output is not as desired then we need
to again start from the execute step.

172. What is defect cascading?

Answer Defect cascading is a defect, which is caused by another defect. One defect
triggers the other defect. Not necessarily error of propagation.

173. What are different strategies of roll out?
Answer: pilot (user), gradual (software), parallel, phased(incremental) installation.

174. What are the purposes of test cases?
Answer: to identify defects and to reduce test cases.

175. How would you test a login feature?
Sign in with valid login, Close browser and reopen and see whether you are
still logged in or not.
Session management is important how do we keep track of logged in users,
is it via cookies or web sessions?
Sign in, then logout and then go back to the login page to see if you are truly
logged out.
Login, then go back to the same page, do you see the login screen again?
Sign in from one browser, then open another browser to see if you need to
sign in again?
Login, change password, and then logout, then see if you can login again with
the old password

176. What is Accessibility Testing?
Answer: Verifying a product is accessible to the people having disabilities (deaf,
blind, mentally disabled etc.).

177. What is Benchmark Testing?

Answer: a kind of performance testing. Benchmarking testing is the process of
comparing application performance with respect to industry standard given by
some other organization. It is a standard testing which specifies where our
application stands with respect to others

178. What is CMMI?
Answer: The Capability Maturity Model for Software (CMM or SW-CMM) is a model
for judging the maturity of the software processes of an organization and for
identifying the key practices that are required to increase the maturity of these
processes

179. What is the difference between interoperability and compatibility testing
with some examples?

Answer:

Interoperability:-To check if the software can co exist with other supporting
softwares in the system.

Compatibility:-To check if the software runs on different types of operating systems
according to customer requirements

180. What is Scalability Testing?

Answer: Performance testing focused on ensuring the application under test
gracefully handles increases in workload.

181. What is baseline testing?

Answer: Baseline Testing is one of the types of non-functional testing. It refers to
the validation of documents and specifications on which test cases would be
designed. It is the baseline requirements against which you compare the testing
progress to go towards benchmark (for example).

182. What is Mutation testing & when can it be done?

Mutation testing is a performed to find out the defect in the program. It is performed
to find put bugs in specific module or component of the application. Mutation testing
is based on two assumptions:

Competent programmer hypothesis: according this hypothesis we suppose that
program write the correct code of the program.

Coupling effect: according to this effect collection of different set of test data can
also find large and complex bugs.
In this testing we insert few bugs into program to examine the optimal test
inputs.

183. What is the purpose of test strategy?

We need Test Strategy for the following reasons:

1. To have a signed, sealed, and delivered document, where the document contains
details about the testing methodology, test plan, and test cases.
2. Test strategy document tells us how the software product will be tested.
3. Test strategy document helps to review the test plan with the project team
members.
4. It describes the roles, responsibilities and the resources required for the test and
schedule.
5. When we create a test strategy document, we have to put into writing any testing
issues requiring resolution.

The test strategy is decided first, before lower level decisions are made on the test
plan, test design, and other testing issues.

184. What are the types of maintenance?

There are four types of maintenance. They are:

- Corrective Maintenance Correcting problems that arise during the use of the
system.
- Adaptive Maintenance - Adaptations to address requirements that crop up due to
changes in the environment or new regulations.
- Perfective Maintenance enhancement to improve the safety, reliability,
efficiency
or cost-effective of operation.
- Preventive Maintenance changing the existing system so as to reduce the risk of
failure while operating.

185. What is the difference between bug leakage and bug release?

Answer: when customer finds a bug after release it is called bug leakage and when a
software is handed over to the testing team with a known bug, it is called bug
release

186. Advantages of water fall model ?

Answer: suitable for projects where quality is more important than cost and time,
well documented and every phase has corresponding work product to review.
Traceability is better than incremental approach,

187. advantage of black-box testing?

Answer: can be developed as soon as requirements are ready, dont have to wait for
the code, testers may not need technical knowledge about the code to develop
test cases. Directly checks the software against the requirements.

188. Why exploratory testing are not identical?

Answer: On an exploratory testing session, the tester executes a chain of actions
against the system, each action depends on the result of the previous action,
hence the outcome of the result of the actions could influence what the tester does
next; therefore the test sessions are not identical.

189. how do you verify the result of your search on search page?

Answer: there are two ways to do it : 1) know the source of data(xml, database) and
compare 2) make up mock data and check against it .

190. what is ad-hoc testing?

Answer: related to monkey testing. A testing phase where the tester tries to break
the system by randomly trying the systems functionality

191. What criteria do you consider for NOT automating the test ?

Answer: 1) Usability testing very hard to automate if user finds it friendly.
2) Tests need to be executed once low priority tests, adhoc.
3) Test without predictable results
4) Dynamic testing, Security testing, Performance testing.
5) Tests need to be verified visually.
6) Tests need to be executed quickly making automation takes time.

192. what are the pros and cons of automating tests at UI layer?

Answer: Pros:
can validate user journey because it mimics user interaction,
can be shown to the customer what tests are run(capture/play
back),

Cons:

can be very brittle ( can break because UI changes but functionality
did not change) ,
progress is slow because of 3rd party connection and response from
the system,
unrecognizable objects on the UI , because it is slow cannot have too
many tests.

193. Why would you want to automate a Test?
Answer:
improve quality by saving time to do test design and exploratory testing,
More accurate results

194. What is smoke testing?

Answer:

also known as build verification testing, smoke testing checks if the most
important function works and the build is stable enough for further testing. It helps
exposing integration and major problems early in the life-cycle. Smoke testing
should be automated if builds are prepared frequently. It is a form or regression
testing with the most major functionality automated.

195. What are the benefits of smoke testing?

Answer:
It exposes defects early.
It uncovers integration problems.
It provides some level of confidence to go forward with more testing.

196. What documents do you refer when you create test cases?

Answer: It depends on what level the test case is used for and what kind of test we
are doing. For black box testing, we use requirements documentation and Use cases,
for white box testing we use the code instead. Refer to V-Model.

197. How would you create test cases without any documentation?

Answer: discussion with business analyst, developer or user.

198. What does a use case document include?

Answer: it includes cover page, revision history, flow of events (alternative flow and
normal flow), exception, special requirements, pre-condition, post-condition.