Exercises 3.1 195,
‘As we will sce in Section 3.3, we can determine the behavior of a function fat
a critical point ¢ by further examining f’, bat we must look beyond what /* does
atc itself
Exercises 3.1
Finding Extrema from Graphs
In Exercises 1-6, determine from the graph wheter the function has
any abvolte extreme values on a,b. Then explain how your answer
is consent with Theewem 1
2
yomie vase
L D4, D4 13x
ap - op «ee +
4;
yap)
po L is
ope op ee
6
: vate
a a 14 Los
op ee ope
Absolute Extrema on Closed Intervals
In Exercises 7-22, find the ssolte maximum ard minimum valves of
‘ach function onthe given interval. Thea graph the fonction, Identity
{he pots om the graph where the absolue extrema oveur, and include
‘heir coordinates.
roa
6.
vn.
18. f(0)
Be)
20. 90)
a. 0
DH)
Tn Exercises 23-26, find the function's shsolote maximum and mini-
‘um values and say where they are assumed.
2 sayau8, ~1sxe8
A, fuy=, -1ere8
25. 9(@)=6", 322051
26, he) = 268", 275028
Local Extrema in the Domain
In Fxercises 27 and 28, find the values of any local maxims and
minima the fonctions may have on the given domains, and say where
they are assumed. Which exitems, i any, are absolute forthe given
domain? 196 chapter 3: Applications of Derivatives
Wa) fo)n2-2e. ter & CAS Explorations and Projects
B sGhag
1) Saas gp Bezel
‘local maximum ne a local minimum value at 0
‘When the French mathematician Michel
Rolle published his thearem in 1691, his goal
‘was to show that between every rw 2708 of |
«polynomial fonction hee always lies a zero
‘ofthe polynomial we now know to be the
function’ derivative. (The moder version of
the theorem i not resticied to polynomials)
Rolle disusted the new methods of
callus, bowever, and spent a reat deal of
time and energy denouncing ther wse and
attacking FH’ all to por (he fet)
calculus book. Its ionic that Rolle is known
today ony for bis inadvertent contribution to
fel he tried to suppress
The Mean Value Theorem
1faboay fll rely from rest nea the surface ofthe earth is position #seconds into
the falls + = 4.912 m, From tis we deduce thatthe body's velocity and acceleration
ate v = ds/di = 9.81 msec and a = ds/di? = 9.8 mise’. Bui suppose we sated
with the body's acceleration. Could we work backward to find ils velocity and
Aisplacement functions?
‘What we are really asking here is what functions can have a given derivative
More generally, we might ask what kind of function can have a panicular kind
of derivative. What kind of funcion has a postive derivative, fr instance, oF a
negative derivative, ofa derivative thats always 2e;0? We answer these questions
by applying corollaries ofthe Mean Value Theorem.
Rolle’s Theorem
‘Toete is strong geometric evidence that between any two poinis where a differen-
Fable curve crosses the x-asis there is a point on the curve where the tangent is
horizontal. A 300-year-old theorem of Michel Rolle (1652-1719) assures us that
this is indeed the ease Byercises 32 203,
Exercises 3.2
Finding c in the Mean Value Theorem
Find the value or values ofc that satisfy the equation
fb) fla)
boa
1 the conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem forthe Functions and
inervals in Exercises 1-4,
1 feyax hoe,
5, (0.1)
mu
Checking and Using Hypotheses
Which of the functions in Exercises 5-8 stsy the hypotheses of the
‘Mean Value Theorem onthe given interval, and which do not? Give
ressons fOr Sour answers.
S& fa, 1,8) 6 f=,
1 f0)=VHI=,_ 10.10
s po0- | eset
0. °
9. The funtion
son |s eis!
frosts end x=! sd tenon (0, ni
Gores co (1) ome How san 6? Dos
Roles home ty the dthave ha 0 be tr smear Ih
(6:9 Gre mts or or ae
Serna ob dort tt
: zo
or=[Pesen 081
mere Lessa
‘satisfy th hypotheses of the Mean Value Theorem on he interval $B 93,
loon
Roots (Zeros)
AL. a) Plot the zeros of each polynomial on a line together with
the zeros of isis derivative
D ysen4
yor tir 15
a
Po 34a (e+ Nee
iy) yaa 3 42160 = (eH 28)
1b) Use Rolle's theorem wo prove that between every to Zero
OF ag ye ayn ag tere His a 7270 of
ne Dag? boot
12, Suppose that fi continuous on [a,b] and thet f has tees
eros in the interval. Show that J has at least one 2er0 in
(a. 3). Generalize this res,
1B, Show that if > 0 throughout an interval fa bl, then f has
at most one Jero in fa, 6]. What iff" <0 throughout [a, 4]
instead?
14, Show that a cubic polynomial can have at most he real zeros.
Theory and Examples
1S. Show that at some instant during a 2h anromobile tip the car's
speedometer reading will equal the average speed forthe wip.
16, Temperature change. I took 14 see fora thermometer tose
from —I9°C to 100°C when it was takon from a freezer and
placed in boiling water. Show tha somewhere along the way the
mercury was rising at exactly 8.5°Clsec.
17, Suppose tat fis differeiable on [0,1] and that its derivative is
‘ever ero, Show that £0) # f(0)
1B, Show that {in sinal = |b —a) for any numbers @ and
19, Suppose that fis differentiable om fa b} and that Fb) < F(a.
Can you then say anything about the values of f'n fo, 6)?
20, Suppose that fand g ate difeeniable on fo, b) and that f(a) =
14a) and feb) = g(6). Show that there Isat least one point be-
tween @ and & where the ingens to the graphs of fand g ace
parle
21, Lat f be difereniable at every valve of x and suppose that
FUL} Ne that f"< 0 on (00, 1, and that > D on (1, 0).
8) Show that f(2) > | forall
1) Mast /'(l) = 02 Explain,
2 Let flu) = pul tgx-tr be a quadratic function defined on
closed interval [a,b]. Show thal there is exactly one pat ¢
in (a, By at which f satisfies the conclusion of the Mean Valve
Theorer.
A suprising graph, Greph the fonction
Fl) = sinx singe +2) — sin? D.
What does the graph do? Why dees the function behave this way?
Give reasons for your answves.
24, IF the graphs of two functions f(x) and g(x) stat at the same
‘point in the plane and the functions have the time mite of change
at every point, do the graphs have to be identical? Give reasons
for your answer.
28. a)
Show that g(x) = I/x decreses om every interval in its
oan, 204 chapter 3: Applications of Derivatives
1b) Ifthe conclusion in (2) is welly ru, how do you explain
‘he fut that g(t) = 145 actually greater than g(—1) = 19
26, Let fe x function defined onan interval (a, b]. What conditions|
‘oul you place on fo guarantee that
£0) = fa)
baa
inf’ < mac f',
where min and max f° refer w the minimum and maximum
values of f" on (a, B? Give reasons for your answer
27, CALCULATOR Use the inequalities in Exercise 26 to estimate
LOAYif J") = 1/-+x4006 x) for 0 < x < 0.1 and (0)
B28, CALCULATOR Use the inequalities in Exercise 26 10 estimate
AOI if F(2) = 1/1 — 2°) for 0S x 0.1 and FO) =2.
29. The geometric mean of 2 and b. The geometric mean of two
positive numbers a and bis the number v’ab, Show thatthe valve
‘fc in the conclusion ofthe Mean Value Theorem for f(x) = I/
‘on an interval (0, 6] of postive numbers is © = fab.
130, The arithmetic mean of a and b. The arithmetic mean of two
numbers @ and b isthe number (a + B)/2. Show that the value
‘of cin the conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem for f(s) = 3°
‘on any interval [a,b] is ¢ = (a-+-b)/2.
Finding Functions from Derivatives
3, Suppose that f(—1)=3 and that 7G) =0 for all x. Mast
{F(x} = 3 forall? Give reasons for your answer:
3% Suppose that f(0) = Sand that f"(s) = 2 forall. Mast fe
2x45 forall x? Give reasons for your answer,
33, Suppose that (x) = 2x for all x. Find /(2) if
a f=0 b» sa=0 of)
‘3M. What can be said about functions whose derivatives are constant?
Give reasons for your answer,
{In Exercises 35-40, find all possible functions with the given deiva
asa)
36. 0)
>
8
aa)
oO yee
»
a
3a)
»
Ba) y= sin2s by ymond
8 yesin2e toms
Wa) ym see'e b yaw
y= VB-ece
In Exercises 41-44, ind the function wth the given derivative whose
raph passes through the point
re 70.0)
4 ein) PAD)
r@=8-aco, o(,0)
Hor@ ssecranr—1, PO, 0)
Counting Zeros
‘When we solve an equation f(x) = Onumerially, we usually want to
‘nour beforehand now many solutions to Took for in a given interval
With the help of Corollary 3 we can somtimes find ou,
‘Suppose that
1. fis continous on (a, 6] and diferentabie on (a 6),
2 “f(a) and f(b) have opposite signs,
3 f'> Oona b) orf” <0 on (ab).
‘Thon has exactly ono zoro between @ and b It cannot have more
than one because it either increasing on [a,b] oF decreasing on
(o, bh Yet it has atleast one, by the Intermediate Value Theorem
(Geeton 1.5), For example, f(x) =x! + 3x + 1 has exady one 7270
on [=L, 1] because fis diferentiable on [—1, 1], (I) = —3 and
(1D =5 have opposite signs, and fx) = 3274-3 > 0 for all x
ig. 329,
323 The only eal zero of the polynomial y= x8 +3x-41
isthe one shown here between ~1 and 0.
‘Show thatthe functions in Exercises 45-S2 have exactly one
ero in the given interval
8 fear esetl, (2,
uy
(20,0)
4
a6 pop=vs 47,
