Estimating involves forecasting the total cost of a construction project. The total cost is made up of the costs of individual work elements. Good estimates are produced from experience and cost data recorded as 'hour constants'. The output of estimating is the unit rate of each work element. Major cost elements include: materials, labor, plants, establishment charges, and profit. The total cost is the sum of individual work element costs.
Estimating involves forecasting the total cost of a construction project. The total cost is made up of the costs of individual work elements. Good estimates are produced from experience and cost data recorded as 'hour constants'. The output of estimating is the unit rate of each work element. Major cost elements include: materials, labor, plants, establishment charges, and profit. The total cost is the sum of individual work element costs.
Estimating involves forecasting the total cost of a construction project. The total cost is made up of the costs of individual work elements. Good estimates are produced from experience and cost data recorded as 'hour constants'. The output of estimating is the unit rate of each work element. Major cost elements include: materials, labor, plants, establishment charges, and profit. The total cost is the sum of individual work element costs.
Estimating involves forecasting the total cost of a construction project. The total cost is made up of the costs of individual work elements. Good estimates are produced from experience and cost data recorded as 'hour constants'. The output of estimating is the unit rate of each work element. Major cost elements include: materials, labor, plants, establishment charges, and profit. The total cost is the sum of individual work element costs.
BY ASSOC. PROF. SETI MARIAM AYOP UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA MALAYSIA INTRODUCTION In construction activities, estimating is defined as forecasting the total cost of a construction project.
The total cost of the construction
project is made up of the cost of various individual work elements that involve in the project. INTRODUCTION Estimating the cost of these individual work elements of the construction project requires knowledge on:
Characteristics of the work
How the work is done At what phases of the construction that particular work appear Experience in doing or attending the work INTRODUCTION Good and accurate estimates are produced from the combination of experience and availability of recorded cost data of the work element.
For the purpose of estimating, this
cost data are recorded as HOUR CONSTANTS either for labour or plant used. INTRODUCTION
These HOUR CONSTANTS are the
labour or plant hours taken to produce one unit of work element.
These HOUR CONSTANTS are not /
should not be affected by the any fluctuation in the labour pay rates or plant hire rates per hour. INTRODUCTION But these rates per hour must be:
Kept up to date
Suitable to the productivity level
of the labour and plant used or available
Suitable for the volume of work
INTRODUCTION To ensure a good and sound estimate is achieved, it is vital for the estimator to: Go through the contract documents drawings, specifications and bills of quantities
Visit the site and take note the
conditions of the site that may affect the estimate of the work INTRODUCTION Bills of quantities are normally prepared in accordance to the Standard Method of Measurement to ensure: The right units for work elements such as m, m, m linear or kg are used; and The right content of the work element is considered and priced for INTRODUCTION
Therefore, it is appropriate that if
the estimating work is done in accordance to the Standard Method of Measurement.
The output from the estimating work
is called the UNIT RATE of the individual work element. INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS OF COST Some of the major elements of cost are: 1. Material cost 2. Labour cost 3. Plant cost 4. Establishment Charges 5. Water for the work 6. Power supply 7. Small plants and tools ESTIMATING THE TOTAL COST The total cost of the work is made up of the cost of various individual work elements.
For estimating and tendering the
construction project, these two elements must be included:
1. Establishment charges 2. Profit THE MATERIAL COST In estimating the cost of the material involved in a unit rate of work, the cost to be considered are: 1. The material cost itself 2. Percentages for wastage 3. Transportation and delivery cost 4. Storing cost 5. Cost of hauling the material from store to the work place THE LABOUR COST There are 2 types of labour cost to be included: 1. The cost of labour supervision and administration which considered in Establishment Charges
2. The cost of direct labour, hands-on
to work being estimated which is given in labour hour constants and to be included directly to the unit rate of the work THE PLANT COST There are 2 types of plant cost involved in: 1. Small plant and tools such as shovels, pails, wheelbarrows and any other non-mechanised tools.
They are allowed for in a percentage
addition to the estimated cost of the work OR priced in the PRELIMINARY SECTION of the BQ THE PLANT COST Mechanical plants such as concrete mixers, dumpers, excavators, lorries and etc. There are 3 ways these mechanical plants can be obtained:
1. Purchased cash 2. Hire purchase 3. Rental THE PLANT COST The working cost of plant per hour comprises the following: 1. The hiring rate of the plant per hour and allowing for: - The capital cost of the plant - The depreciation of the plant
Or The rental rate of the plant per hour THE PLANT COST 2. The cost of maintenance:
- The cost of repairs and renewals
- The cost of insurance and licences - The cost of fuel, lubricating and greasing - The operators wages
For rental equipment, the wages of the
operators and cost of maintenance are paid by the suppliers
(G.R. No. 7313. August 9, 1912.) PRUDENCIO DE JESUS, Plaintiff-Appellant, vs. LA SOCIEDAD ARRENDATARIA DE GALLERAS DE PASAY ET AL., Defendants-Appellants PDF
(G.R. No. 7313. August 9, 1912.) PRUDENCIO DE JESUS, Plaintiff-Appellant, vs. LA SOCIEDAD ARRENDATARIA DE GALLERAS DE PASAY ET AL., Defendants-Appellants PDF
