ib. Pulse Width Modulator.
This is an opamp based design for generating PWM output. There are four stages
of Opamp running on a single-rail power supply. The saw tooth is generated with
the circuit designed by 1st and 2nd opamp. The function of different sections is as
follows.
1. The 1st opamp is configured as a Schmitt Trigger
2. The 2nd opamp is configured as a Miller Integrator
3. The 3rd opamp is used as a low gain amplifier
4. The 4th opamp is used as a comparator to compare the saw tooth with
the reference voltage and generate PWM with different pulse width.
1. The 1st opamp is used as a Schmitt Trigger. The reference voltage for the
Schmitt Trigger is set at Vcc/2 due to the potential divider input given to the
inverting input of the opamp1. The Upper limit voltage is dependant on the
integrator output. Also the lower limit depends on the integrator out put.
2. The opamp2 acts as a millers integrator this inverting type integrator. The
slope of the integrated out put depends on RC of the circuit. The opamp1 and
opamp2 together generates one triangle wave with Vcc/2 as reference line of
symmetry.
3. The 1st two sections of the quad op-amp form a triangle-wave generator, but
now the third section is used as a low-gain amplifier, bringing the trough of the
wave to just above zero volts and the peak to about 10v or as required by the
design.
4. The fourth op-amp section is connected as a comparator, comparing the triangle
wave voltage with a reference voltage set by the potential divider R8 & VR1.
When the wave voltage goes above the voltage at the pot wiper, the comparator
output goes high, else the comparator output goes low.
With the pot turned fully clock-wise the wiper voltage is below about 0.5v and the
load is on 100% of the time. Increasing the wiper voltage (by turning the pot anti-
clockwise) reduces the duty cycle, and it's easy to set a minimum speed just by
changing the value of R8.
Above is the effect of a low reference voltage, with the output "on" for most of the
time, and below the reference voltage is near maximum giving a low duty cycle.
Above is the effect of a low reference voltage, with the output "on" for most of the
time, and below the reference voltage is near maximum giving a low duty cycle.
OPERATION
R8 This sets the minimum speed. With the 10k pot, a 1k resistor will give 0
100% control which is OK for model motors or lighting, 10k will give around 5v
12v range, more suitable for cooling fans.
VR1 can be changed to a 47k pot if it suits you better, changing R8 to 4k747k
depending on your required minimum.
C1 This is the timing capacitor, and with the 47k timing resistor R1 and wave
amplitude control resistors R2 (22k) & R3 (10k) gives a PWM frequency of around
117Hz according to the formula
FREQUENCY = R2 / (4 X R3 X R1 X C1)
Don't change R2 or R3, but you can alter R1 and/or C1 if you want to try different
frequencies.
A 5mm lead pitch fits the board spacing, so a fair selection of miniature polyester
types (or the cheaper my lar) will fit.
PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR
V cc = +12V
100n
10k T
20k O
4
TO IR TRANSMITTER
2
-
V+
1 6 13 P
OUT - -
3 47k 7 9 14
WM
10k + OUT - OUT
V-
L M 3 2 4 (A ) 5 10k 8 12
+ OUT +
L M 3 2 4 (B ) L M 3 2 4 (D ) F
11
10
+
L M 3 2 4 (C ) I
L
V cc = +12V 1k T
22k
E
10K R
10k
