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net

2005
2006

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sanaihabib@yahoo.com

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Voice of Sindh E-Book

www.voiceofsindh.net
editor@voiceofsindh.net

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:


Uncountable Noun

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Present Continuous
Present Simple
Past Tense
Past Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continous
Future Tense
Will or Shall
going to

Future Continuous
Future Perfect
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Future Perfect Continuous
Conditional

Have
Do
Be
Should or ought to
Had Better
Would
Can, Could
May, Might
Must
Active Voice and Passive Voice
Direct and Indirect Speech
Short Forms
List of Irregular Verbs
Key to Exercises

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Vocabulary
.


. .
.


.
.
.
- - .
.
.
. Tenses .
.
.
.
1. Intermediate English Grammar by Raymond Murphy.
2. Essential English grammar by Raymond Murphy.
3. Oxford Practice Grammar by John Eastwood.
4. Oxford Pocket English Grammar by AJ Thomson and AV Martinet.
5. A Practical English Grammar by AV Thomson and AV Martinet.

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: ) (

: Letter
.
52 26 . Letter
. .
A letter is the basic sign, which a language is composed of. or
A letter is a written symbol of a particular sound. or
A letter is a conventional mark, primarily used to express a sound of speech.

. . :
) (1 Consonants ) (2 .Vowels
.1 : Consonants
Consonants .
Consonants are the result of audible friction or stopping of the breath in some part of the mouth or
throat.
49 19 . Y ) 2
(W Vowels . y
w Syllable What, who, yet.
) Syllable (.
.2 :Vowels
Vowels .
If the mouth passage is left so open as not to cause audible friction and voiced breath is sent through it,
we have a vowel.
) . ( .
a, e, i, o, u Vowels y w Vowels .
) Syllable . two, my(
Word .
:Word .

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Word is a meaningful spoken sound or its written symbol.
You, He, Class, Course, Learn, Come :
.

.

:
Vocabulary
.
.
.


. .
. .
:Sentence
.
. .
.
.
A group of words, which make complete sense, is called a Sentence. Every sentence has a verb.
A group of words chosen and arranged, so as to present a complete thought is called sentence.

Parts . :
) (1
) (2 .
Subject
.
Predicate .
We must have a subject to speak about and we say or predicate something about that subject.

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A B
1. The duke of Wellington owned a large estate.
2. The poor woodcutter lost his axe.
3. This book belongs to me.
4. The boy laughed.
5. The boy, with a smile on his face ran down the street.
6. I can do these exercises.
7. The work man is unhappy.

A B Predicate
.
.Predicate
.:
Down went the Aslam Khan.
Sweet are the uses of Adversity.
Complement
.
:Enlargement .
. Underline .
1. An honest man is liked by all. 2. Barking dogs seldom bite. 3. A man of virtue (a virtuous man) will
never tell a lie. 4. My brothers book is lost. 5. Her lips began to burn. 6. The king himself was present.
:Object
.
. Transitive Verb .
Object
.
1. Birds build nests. 2. All know her. 3. We should pity the poor. 4. The Rajputs love fighting. 5. The boys tried to
climb the tree.
:Enlargement of Object .

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1. The king caught a large tiger.
Large Enlargement .
:Direct or Indirect Objects
Direct Object .
Indirect Object .

SUBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT DIRECT OBJECT

1. Ahmed gave Nadeem a CD.
2. Ill send my cousin a postcard.
3. We bought all the children an ice cream.
: Complement
Intransitive Verb .
.
Complement .

Subject Verb Complement

1. The Piano is heavy.
2. It was a big problem.
3. Umed Ali is a teacher.
Transitive Verb Complement
.
Subject Verb Object Complement
1. They made him king.
2. The Judge found him innocent.
3. The sad news plunged her into the deepest grief.
:Kinds of Sentence
) . ( . .

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:Assertive or Declarative Sentence .1
. Assertive Sentence
A sentence that makes a statement or assertion is called an Assertive or Declarative sentence.
Those which simply affirm or deny something are called Assertive or Declarative Sentences.
Example:
1. The sun rises in the east. (Affirmative)
2. He does not eat meat. (Negative).
Request Order or Command :Imperative Sentence .2
.
Prohibition Advice
A sentence that expresses a command or entreaty or request is called Imperative Sentence. Or
Those which express some command, request or prohibition are called Imperative Sentences.
Example:
1. Be quiet. (Order or Command)
2. Please excuse me this time. (Request or entreaty)
3. Dont depend upon him. (Prohibition)
:Interrogative sentence .3
.
A sentence that asks question is called Interrogative Sentence.
1. How do you do?
2. Have you finished your work?
3. Is she eating an apple?
:Exclamatory Sentence .4
.
A sentence that expresses strong feelings is called Exclamatory.
1. What a beautiful night it is!
2. How tiresome grammar is!
3. How kind of you!

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:Optative Sentence .5
.
Those which express some wishes are called Optative Sentence.
1. Almighty Allah save the king!
2. May you live the long!
Opatative Sentence :
. Exclamatory Sentence

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Parts of Speech

.
. Parts of Speech
.
Preposition .6 Adverb .5 Verb .4 Adjective .3 Pronoun .2 Noun .1
. Interjection .8 Conjunction .7
.
Noun .1
.

.
Noun is the name of a person, place, thing or idea. Or
Noun is a naming word. Or
The words, most frequently used, are those by which we identify some one or some thing. A noun names
a person, a place, a thing or an idea.
Example
Person: Aslam, Malook, Nazir, Shopkeeper, teacher, Man, Girl, Child.
Place: Quetta, Hala, Asia, Europe, Garden, Hospital.
Idea: Grief, Happiness, Sorrow, courage.

.
Collective Noun .4 Abstract Noun .3 Proper Noun .2 Common Noun .1
Material Noun .5
Common Noun: Cow, Dog, Boy, Girls, Man, Animal.
Proper Noun: God, Hala Old, Aslam, Lahore.
Abstract Noun: Truth, Honesty, Justice, Courage, Grief.

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Collective Noun: Army, Class, Crowd, Herd, Flock, Swarm, etc.
Material Noun: Silver, Wood, Iron, Lead etc.
Functions of Noun
:
.1 Subject .
1. Aslam arrived. 2. Saleem is eating an apple. 3. Karachi is a large city. 5. Honesty is bet policy.
.2 Be, Become, and Seem Complement .
1. Nadeem is an actor. 2. Lakhadinoo is a teacher.
.3 ) (object .
1. I saw Bashir. 2. I purchased the books.
.4 ) (Preposition .
I spoke to Nasim. 2. I went to School.
Number of Noun
.1 : .2 Singular .Plural
. .
.1
Example: Axe, book, fan, table, man, women, leaf
. Plural
.2
.
Example: Axes, books, fans, tables, men, women, leaves
:
.1 s .
Day Days; dog dogs; house houses.
: s
z .
.2 o, ch, sh, ss x es .
Tomato tomatoes; brush brushes; box boxes; church churches; kiss kisses.
Abbreviations o
.
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Dynamo Dynamos; kimono kimonos, piano pianos; kilo kilos; photo photos
( Consonant) y .3
. ies y
baby babies; country countries; fly flies; lady ladies; city cities; army armies; story stories; duty
duties etc.
. s ( Vowel)
chimney chimneys; boy boys; day days; donkey donkeys; guy guys; toy toys; storey storeys; pay
pays; play pays, etc.
. ves fe f fe f 12 .4
calf calves; half halves; knife knives; leaf leaves; life lives; loaf loaves; leaf leaves; self selves;
sheaf sheaves; shelf shelves; thief thieves; wife wives; wolf wolves.
ves f s Hoof, scarf, wharf
.
. s fe f
cliff cliffs; handkerchief handkerchiefs; safe safes; strife strives.
. Vowels .5
foot feet; louse lice; mouse mice; woman woman; goose geese; man men; tooth teeth; ox oxen,
child children
fish fish . .6
.
.
dear, sheep, swine, grouse, trout, salmon
Form Collective Noun .7
:
Cattle, people, vermin, poultry, gentry
. peoples
people
Asia is inhabited by many peoples.

.8
News, mumps, rickets, shingles, billiards, darts, draughts, bowls, dominoes.
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crisis crises; phenomenon phenomena; radius radii; erratum errata; memorandum memoranda; terminus
termini; oasis oases; tempo tempi(tempos.
:
dogma dogmas, gymnasium gymnasiums; formula formulas (formulae is used by Scientists)
: Compound Nouns .10
:(
boy-friend boy-friends; break-in break-ins; travel agent travel agents.
: woman man )(
Man driver men drivers; man servant men servants.
:)(
foot-man footmen; passer-by passers-by; hanger-on hangers-on; looker-on lookers-on, step-son step-sons;
man-of-war men of war; washer-man washer-men; son-in-law sons-in-law; court martial courts martial;
spend-thrift spend-thrifts; knight-errant knight-errants; Editor-in-chief Editors-in-chief; Commander-in-chief
Commanders-in-chief.
. Vowel man )(
kinsman kinsmen; statesman statesmen
: s )(
MPA- MPAs; MNA MNAs; VIP VIPs
. .11
score, dozen, hundred, thousand, million, brace, pair, couple, stone, piece, hundred weight.
Twenty score men laid down their arms.
This radio set cost me three hundred rupees.
I bought tow dozen organs.
He weighed ten stone.
Twenty hundred weight make one ton.
Four pice make one anna.
ics .12
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acoustics, athletics, ethics, ethics, hysterics, mathematics, physics, politics
.
Mathematics is an exact science.
.13
Arms (weapons), particulars, damages (compensation); premises (quarters), earnings, riches, savings, goods/wares,
greens (vegetables); spirits (alcohol); grounds, stairs, outskirts, surroundings, pains (trouble/effort), valuables.
: .14
Advice, knowledge, baggage, furniture, information, luggage, rubbish
Uncountable Noun
. Uncountable Nouns
: Uncountable Nouns .
experience, horror, pit, beauty, fear, information, relief, courage, help, knowledge, suspicion, death, hope, mercy,
work, bread, cream, gold, paper, tea, beer, dust, ice, sand, water, cloth, gin, jam, soap, wine, coffee, glass, oil, stone,
wood, baggage, damage, luggage, weather, shopping, parking, furniture, etc.
Uncountable nouns used in sentences.
1. I eat rice every day. I like rice.
2. Theres sand in my shoes.
3. Akber was listening to (some) music.
4. Have you got any money?
5. It wasnt your fault. It was bad luck.
6. There is no electricity in this house.
7. We havent got enough water.
8. Can I have some water?
9. Shall we sit on the grass?
10. The money is quite safe.
11. I love music.
a/an Uncountable Nouns
. a little no any some .
: . of + Drop slice piece bit
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a bit of news, a grain of sand, a pot of jam, a cake of soap, a pane of glass, a sheet of paper, a drop of oil, a piece
of advice, a carton of orange juice, a tine of paint, a bottle of water, a box/packet of cereal, a jar of jam, a tube of
toothpaste, a glass of water, a cup of coffee, a kilo of cheese, five metres of cable, twenty litters of petrol, half a
pound of butter, a piece of wood, a piece/slice of bread, a piece/sheet of paper, a bar of chocolate, a loaf of bread
etc.
Sentences:
1. We had some fun.
2. That wont be any fun.
3. There was only a little bread left.
4. Would you like some butter?
5. Can I give you some advice?
6. We got some information from the tourist office.
7. Thats wonderful news!
Countable

. .

Countable Uncountable

1. I bought a paper. (= a newspaper) 1. I need some paper to write on.

2. Ill have a glass of orange juice, please. 2. I bought a piece of glass for the window.

3. Have you got an iron? (for clothes) 3. The bridge is made of iron.

4. I switched all the lights on. 4. Theres more light by the window.

5. Ive been to France many times. 5. I cant stop. I havent got time.

6. The journey was a great experience. 6. He has enough experience for the job.

7. I run a small business. (= a company) 7. I enjoy doing business. (=buying and selling)

8. We finally found a space in the car park. 8. There are hundreds of satellites out in space.

9. Im peeling the potatoes. 9. Would you like some potato?

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10. Nadeem was eating an apple. 10. Is there apple in this salad?

11. There is a hair on your shirt. 11. I must brush my hair.

12.Rugby is a sport. ( = a particular sport) 12. Do you like sport? ( = sport in general)

13. We heard a sudden noise outside. 13. Constant noise can make you ill.

Gender
.
.
. Masculine Gender .1
Man, Boy, bachelor, lion, her, king, father, brother
. Feminine Gender .2
Woman, girl, spinster, lioness, heroine, queen, mother, sister
Common .3
. Gender
mouse, singer, bird, child, cousin, servant, friend, pupil, person, student, orphan, relation, deer, sheep, calf, neighbour,
spouse, teenager, infant, baby, parent, dancer
.4
. Neuter Gender
book, table, tree, pen, stone, cupboard, desk, water
Case
.
. .
Nominative Case .1
.
Any Noun (or Pronoun) that is the subject of a verb is said to be in the nominative case.
Examples
The Sepoy arrested the thief. (Who arrested? The sepoy).
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The pot was broken by Naeem. (What was broken? the pot)
He bought a silver watch. ( who bought? He)
. what who :
) ( .2
. Accusative (objective) case
Any Noun (or Pronoun) that is the object of verb or governed by a preposition is said to be in the objective (or
accusative) case.
The sepoy arrested the thief. (Whom did sepoy arrest: - the Thief)
He bought a silver watch. (What did he buy? a silver watch)
. what whom :
.
) ( .3
. Possessive case
A noun (or Pronoun) used to show possession is said to be in the possessive case or genitive case.
1. This is Saleems book.
2. Is that your brothers bat?
3. My uncles house is far from here.
. whose
Whose book is this? Saleems.
Whose bat is that? Your brothers
Whose house is farm from here? Your Uncles.
. of
Formation of Possessive/Genitive case
Apostrophe ` ` ) s s .1
.(
a mans job; the peoples choice; mens work; the crews quarters a womans intuition; the horses mouth, the
butchers shop; the bulls horns, a childs voice; womens clothes; the childrens room; Russias exports.
s .2
.

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a girls school; the students hostel; the eagels nest, the Smiths car
. s .3
The Phythagorass Theorem; Archimedes Law Sophocles plays.
` s .4
.
Mr. Joness (or Mr. Jones house); Yeatss (or Yeats) poems.
.` s Compounds .5
My brother-in-laws guitar
.
Henry the Eighths wives; the Prices Waless helicopter
.` s .6
The PMs Secretary; the MPAs brief case,; the VIPs escort.
. Possessed :
The daughter of the politician = the politicians daughter.
the intervention of America = Americas intervention;
the plays of Shakespeare = Shakespeares plays.

.
the ships bell; Yachts mast : .1
: .2
a weeks holiday; todays paper; tomorrows weather; in two years time; ten minutes break; two hours delay.
: a two-hour delay a ten minute delay
We have ten minutes break / a ten-minute break.
: expressions money+ .3
$1s worth of stamps; ten dollars worth of ice cream.
: For+noun+sake.4
for heavens sake; for goodness sake

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: .5
a stones throw; journeys end; the waters edge.
:
: omit
You can buy it at the Chemists.
He is going to the Dentists.
We had lunch at Bills.
We met at Anns.
house/home surgery shop
.
( of+Noun) +
.
The leg of the table (not the tables leg)
The cover of the book (no the books cover)

. of+noun
Address of Vocative Case .4
. Nominative
The Vocative case (Nominative of Address) is the case of the person or thing addressed.
Listen to me, Ahmed.
O death, where is thy sting?
Where are you wandering, Sattar!
. Dative Case .5
A noun or Pronoun is in the Dative Case when it forms the Indirect Object of a Verb.
Example:
1. Aziz gave Dani a ball.
2. I bought Ummama a doll.
3. Fetch the boy a book.

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4. She made Aneesa a new dress.
Pronoun .2
.
Pronoun is a word used in place of Noun. Or
A pronoun is a word used in place of noun to avoid its (nouns) repetition. Or
Pro means for. Therefore Pronoun means for noun.
Example:
Ahmed is a little boy. Ahmed is very clever. Everybody likes Ahmed.
.
. . .
Ahmed is a little boy. He is very clever. Everybody likes him.
Some pronouns: he, him, she, her, his, they, you, I, me, we,

: 7
I, you, he, it, they, we, me, him, her, his, it, us, them :Personal pronoun .1
myself, yourself, himself, ourselves, herself, itself, themselves, oneself :Reflexive Pronoun .2
This, those, these, that :Demonstrative Pronoun .3
Each, either, neither :Distributive Pronoun .4
All, one, many, some, any :Indefinite Pronoun .5
who, whose, whom, which, that :Relative Pronoun .6
who, what, whose, which :Interrogative Pronoun .7
Personal Pronoun
.
The pronouns, which stand for the names of person or thing, are called Personal Pronoun.
First Person
.
A pronoun referring to the person speaking, is First Person.
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Example: I, me, we, us, mine, our, ours

. Second Person
A pronoun referring to the person spoken to is Second Person.
Example: You, your, yours.

. Third Person Singular
A pronoun referring to the person or thing spoken of, is Third Person.
Example: He, She, it, they, its, his, her, him, their, them.

Person Number Gender Nominative Case Possessive Case Objective Case

Singular Common I My Mine Me

First
Plural Common We Our Ours Us

Singular Common Thou Thy Thine Thee

Second
Plural Common You Your Yours You

Masculine He His His Him

Singular Feminine She Her Hers Her

Third
Neuter It Its Its It

Plural Common They Their Theirs Them

Second :
. First Person Third Person Person
You, he and I will go to Murree tomorrow.
. First Person
I and he called Salim names.
We and you stole eggs.
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Adjective .3
.
.
A word which adds something to the meaning of noun or pronoun is called Adjective. Or
A word used with a noun to describe or point out the person, animal, place or thing, which the noun names or to
tell the number, quantity is called an Adjective. Or
Adjectives are words which qualify or describe things, persons, or places. Or
Adjectives are describing words.
Example:
1. Imran Khan is a fast bowler.
2. He is a clever boy
3. Your voice is sweet.
Kinds of Adjectives
this, that, those, these :Demonstrative Adjective .1
each, every, either, neither :Distributive Adjective .2
some, any, no, little, few, many, much, one twenty :Quantitative Adjective .3
which, what, whose :Interrogative Adjective .4
my, your, his, her, its, our, their :Possessive Adjective .5
clever, fat, golden, good, heavy :Adjective of Quality .6
:
1. What kind? 2. Which one? 3. How many?
A white car went on this road three minutes ago.
. what kind . three this white
. How many Which one


.

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.
.

This is my book. These are your friends. 3. That is his car. 4. Those are our cows.

This book is very interesting. These pencils are mine. That boy is naughty. Those flowers are yours.

Each of the boys won a prize. Neither of the charges is just. Either of you can stay.

Each boy won the prize. 2. Neither statement is true. 3. Either road leads to the station.

Which of these books do you prefer? 2. Which is your brother? 4. What is she singing? Whose is this?

Which pen do you prefer? 2. Which way shall we take? 3. What song are you singing? 4. Whose pen is this?

This book is mine. Those books are yours. That book is hers. This book is his. This book is ours. This book is
theirs.

This is my book. Those are your books. That is her book. This is his book. This is our book. This is their book.
Degrees of Adjectives
:
1. Positive Degree. 2. Comparative Degree. 3. Superlative Degree.
.1
. Positive Degree
The simple form of Adjective is called the Positive Degree.
Example: Rich, Tall, heavy, merry, fat, Tired, good etc.
Comparative Degree .2
.

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When comparing two objects and saying that one possesses a certain quality in greater degree than the other, we
use the Comparative Degree.
Example: Richer, taller, bolder, heavier, merrier, fatter, redder, more tired, better
.3
. Superlative Degree
The superlative form of the adjective is used when comparing more than two objects.
Example: Richest, Tallest, boldest, heaviest, merriest, fattest, reddest, most tired, best.
Formation of Degree
Comparative Degree est er Syllable .1
. Superlative Degree
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Rich Richer Richest
Brave Braver Bravest
Big Bigger Biggest
Bright Brighter Brightest
most more Syllables .2
. Superlative Comparative
Positive Comparative Superlative
Interested More interested Most Interested
Frightening More frightening Most frightening
Superlative Comparative Two syllables .3
. .
Doubtful More doubtful Most doubtful
obscure More obscure Most obscure
. Superlative Comparative .4
bad worse worst
good better best
little less least

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many/much more most
old elder eldest
old older oldest
. the Superlative than Comparative :
Verb .4

.

A verb is a word, which states something about a person or thing. Or
A verb which describes and narrates something is called verb. Or
Verb is a doing word. Or
A verb is may tell us: (1) what a person or thing does. Example: Nasim laughs. (2) What is done to a
person or thing? Example: The window is broken. (3) What a person or thing is. Example: I feel sorry. He
is grieved.
.
. : .

Transitive .2 Intransitive Verb .1

. Intransitive Verb
A verb that does not take objects is called Intransitive. Or
A verb is an intransitive when it expresses a simple action without reference to an object.
He talked nicely. The train arrived late. Shahid laughed.
Transitive Verb .2

.
.
Transitive is derived from a Latin word, which means going over or passing over. Verbs that take objects
are called transitive verbs.
The rat bit the dog. The dog killed the cat.
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Auxiliary Verbs

Tenses .
Auxiliary Verbs .
I have a knife. (have=possess).
I have lost my knife.
. . Possession
have
Principal Verb . .
have lost .
. Auxiliary verb
.
have May, will, shall, do, :
be
:
1. May: may, might 2. Be: is, am, are, was, were, been, being 3. Will: will, would 4. Shall: shall, should 5. Do: do,
did, does 6. Have: has, have, had.
Forms of Verb
Tense .
. .
1. Present 2. Past tense 3. Past participle 4. Present Participle.
.1 :Present Infinitive To
. to go, to come, to write to Present.
Will Shall .
.2 :Past Tense Past
Tense went, came, wrote .
.3 :Past Participle Have
gone, come, written .
.4 :Present Participle Be
.
Gerund going, coming, writing .
I am writing. (Present participle); Your writing is illegible. (Gerund).
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:
ed .
d, ed, t Regular Verb Weak Verb .

Irregular Verb . ) 2 ( .
.5 Adverb

. .
Adverb Add Verb .
.

.


.
An Adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Adverb is a modifying word.
An Adverb is a word that qualifies a verb, an adjective or another verb. It tells when, where, how, how
much or how often an action occurs.
Adverbs give us more information about verbs.
They describe verbs by telling us more about the action of the verb.
They may also describe adjectives or other adverbs.
Many adverbs end in ly. Many do no not. Some words are sometimes adverbs, at other times they are
prepositions or adjectives. To identify an adverb you have to understand its function in the sentence.
Example: Razia arrived late.
Late what happened
The Director visited the school yesterday.
yesterday when happened
We kept the furniture inside.
inside Where the action happened

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He picked up glasses carefully.
How the action took place carefully
How often does she practice daily?
How often an action happened daily
A word which is used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or anther adverb, is called
Adverb.
1. He worked the sum quickly.
2. This flower is very beautiful.
3. She pronounced the word quite correctly.
4. Nazir is running fast.
Kinds of Adverb
bravely, quickly, fast, well, happily, hard :Adverb of Manner .1
by, down, here, near, there, up :Adverb of Place .2
now. still, then, today, yet :Adverb of Time .3
always, never, occasionally, often, twice :Adverb of Frequency .4
certainly, definitely, luckily, surely :Adverb of sentence .5
fairly, hardly, rather, quite, too, very :Adverb of Degree .6
when? where? why? :Interrogative .7
when, where, why :Relative .8

.
.

Used as Adverbs Used as Adjectives

Come back soon. the back door
You can dial Rome direct. The most direct route
The train went fast. a fast train

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They worked hard. (energetically) The work is hard
An ill made road You look ill/well.
Turn right here. the right answer
She went straight home a straight line
He led us wrong. This is the wrong way.
Preposition .6

Position .
.
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in the
sentence.
Prepositions most often help show relation of time, place, manner or kind.
Time: After, Before, During, since, until.
Place: About, below, near, above, across, beside, on, down, at, between, over, against, beyond, through,
around, into, under, behind, inside, up.
Manner or kind: By, for, like, of, with.
.
.
There is a boy in the garden.
The cat jumped off a chair.
He is fond of coffee.
).
.
(
Abide by= You must abide by your promise.
Abound with: This house abounds with rats.
Abound in= Her conversation abounds in good things.
Conjunction .7

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.
Conjunctions are words which join words or sentences with each other. Or
Conjunctions are joining words.
Example: although, because, but, and, if either
1. She came to me and spoke against her husband.
2. Choose a watch or a clock.
3. It was a case of a miser and his money.
4. Did you know that she was my sister?
5. He will pass, if he works hard.

Correlative Conjunctions .3 Sub-ordinating Conjunctions .2 Coordinating Conjunctions.1
. Correlative Conjunctions
:
Either or : Either he is mistaken or his mother.
Neither nor: He was neither a rogue nor a fool.
Though yet: Though he is poor, yet he is honest.
Both and: He is both a poet and philosopher.
Such as: There is no such country as you mention
Such that: Such as his love for her that he sacrificed even his life for her sake.
So as: He is not so clever, as you think/understand.
As as: It is as clear as sun.
As so: As you sow, so shall you reap.
so that: He was so tired that he could not go any further.
scarcely when: He had scarcely recovered from fever when he caught a bad cold.
Not only but also: He is not only honest but also sincere.
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No sooner than: No sooner did the bell ring than the boys left the class.
whether or: I dont care whether you go or stay.
Interjection .8



.
.
An interjection is a word used merely to express some sudden feeling of the mind or it is a sudden
outburst of feeling. Or
An interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion. Interjection may express:
Joy: Hurah! Huzza!
Grief: Alas!
Surprise: Ha! what!
Approval: Bravo!
Example:
1. Hello! what are you doing there?
2. Alas! he is dead.
3. Hurrah! we have won the game.
4. Ah! have they gone?
5. Oh! I got such a fright.
6. Hush! dont make noise.
:
Ah me!; For Shame!; Well done!; Good gracious!

Article
.a/an, the : .
.
.
. Indefinite Article an a
.
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I saw a boy in the bazaar.
I found an inkpot lying in the room.
A dog needs exercise.
Javed is an actor.
The sun was hot, so he bought an ice cream.
. an a a,e,i,o,u :

What a hot day! Such a long queue!
They cost 25p a kilo. Its cheep at $1 a metre.
He drives at sixty kilometers an hour.
We eat three times a day.
a few, a lot, a great deal, a great many, a couple
.
. the .2
The cow is a useful animal.
The ostrich is a huge bird.
Amna is in the garden.
The beds are comfortable.
. the .3
The poor are often happier than the rich.
Honour the brave, feed the hungry, clothe the naked, care for the fatherless.
. an a .4
. the
A traveler followed a path through a forest and came to a bridge over a river. He crossed the bridge over
the river and was glad to leave the path through the forest behind him.
His car hit a tree. You can still see the mark on the tree.

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Material Noun Abstract Noun Proper Noun .5
.
Abbotabad is a beautiful city.
Honesty is the best policy.
Gold is more precious than silver.
General sense
.6
.
Man is mortal.
Woman is a mans mate.
What kind of flower is it?

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Tenses

The Present Continuous .1

:
Subject + am/is/are + Present Participle (ing form of verb)
Conjugation

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative Interrogative

I am working I am not working Am I working? Am I not working?

You are working You are not working Are you working Are you not working?

He/she/it is working He/she/it is not working Is he/she/it working? Is he/she/it not working?

We are working We are not working Are we working? Are we not working?

You are working You are not working Are you working? Are you not working?

They are working They are not working Are they working? Are they not working?

Use
. .1
1. Amjad is watching Television.
2. It is raining.
3. I am not wearing a coat as it isnt cold.
4. Why are you sitting at my desk?
5. Whats the baby doing? ~ Hes tearing up a Rs. 100 note.

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6. Im getting the lunch ready.
7. The train is coming, look.
8. Were looking for a post office.
9. Naeema isnt wearing her new dress.
2. What are you doing?
3. Who is Vicky dancing with?
4. Please dont make so much noise. Im working.
5. Wheres Maroosha? Shes having bath. (not she has a bath)
6. Lets go out now. It isnt raining any more. (not it doesnt rain)
7. (at a party) Hello, Jane, are you enjoying the party? (not do you enjoy)
8. Im tired. Im going to bed now. Goodnight!
9. (0n the phone) Were having dinner now. Can phone again later?
10. You can turn off the television. Im not watching it.
.2
. .
1. Im reading an interesting book at the moment. Ill lend it to you when Ive finished it.
2. Catherine wants to work in Italy, so she is learning Italian. (but perhaps she isnt learning Italian exactly at
the time of speaking)
3. Some friends of mine are building their own house. They hope it will be finished before the next summer.
4. Youre working hard today. Yes, I have a lot to do.
5. Is Susan working this week? No shes on holiday.
6. The population of the world is rising very fast.
7. Is your English getting better?
8. Im quite busy these days. Im doing a course at college.
9. I must back to the office. Were working on a new project.
10. He is teaching French and learning Greek.
.3
1. A: What are you doing on Saturday evening? ~ B: Im going to the theatre.
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2. A: What time is Cathy arriving tomorrow? ~ B: At 10.30. Im meeting her at the station.
3. Im not working tomorrow, so we can go out somewhere.
4. Ilyas isnt playing football on Saturday. Hes hurt his leg.
5. Ahmed is getting married next month.
6. Im meeting Peter tonight. He is taking me to the theatre.
7. Are you doing anything tomorrow afternoon? Yes, Im playing tennis with Ann.
Exercise 1: Complete the sentences with one of the following verbs in the correct form:
Come, get, happen, look, make, start, stay, try, work
5. You ---------------------- hard today. ~ Yes, have a lot to do.
6. I ----------------- for Christine. Do you know where she is?
7. It ------------- dark. Shall I turn on the light?
8. They havent got any where to live at the moment. They ---------- with friends until they find
somewhere.
9. Are you ready, Ann? ~ Yes, I ------------------------.
10. Have you got an umbrella? It -------------- to rain.
11. You -------------------- a lot of noise. Could you be quieter? I---------------- to concentrate.
12. Why are all these people here? What--------------------?
Exercise 2: Put the verbs into the present continuous:
1. Aziz ----------- (work) in a travel agency at the moment.
2. Where ---------- (you / work)?
3. I ------- (no / do) anything at the moment. I ------- (look) for a job.
4. Jack and Jill ------- (wait) to hear their exam results.
5. Meanwhile they ------- (help) their father in his shop.
6. He -------- (not / pay) them very much.
7. Why isnt Tom here? What ------ (he /do)?
8. He -------- (talk) to Ann on the phone. He ------- (make) arrangements for tonight.
9. They --------- (go) to a concert together.

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10. But he ------------ (not / pay) for her. She ----------- (pay) for herself.
The simple Present Tense or Present Indefinite Tense .2
Form
Subject + First form of Verb + Complement
Conjugation

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative Interrogative

I work I do not work Do I work? Do I not work?

You work You do not work Do you work? Do you not work?

He/she/it works He/she/it does not work Does he/she/it work? Does he/she/it not work?

We work We do not work Do we work? Do we not work?

You work You do not work Do you work? Do you not work?

They work They do not work Do they work? Do they not work?

subject :
does, . es ss, sh, ch, x o ) . es s
I y Y .( goes, kisses, watches, rushes
. He tries I try He carries I carry . es
Use
.1
.
.
1. Nurses look after patients in hospital.
2. I usually go away at weekends.
3. The earth goes round the sun.
4. I like big cities.

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5. The shops open at 9 oclock and close at 5.30.
6. Tim works very hard, He starts at 7.30 and finishes at 8 o clock in the evening.
7. We do a lot of different things in our free time.
8. It costs a lot of money to stay at luxury hotels.
9. Post Offices sell stamps.
10. Bees make honey.
11. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
12. Excuse me, do you speak English
13. It does not rain very much in summer.
14. What do you usually do at weekends?
15. What do you do? (Whats your job?)
16. I always go to bed before midnight.
17. Most people learn to swim when they are children.
18. My parents live in Karachi. They have lived there all their lives.
19. Ahmed isnt lazy. He works very hard most of the time.
20. I work every day from 9 oclock to 5.30.
21. Aziz has a shower every morning.
22. It rains a lot in winter.
23. I dont watch television very often.
24. What do you usually do at the weekend?

States .2
1. I think it is a good programme.
2. Nazneen likes her job.
3. Reporting means a lot to her.
4. Paper burns easily.
5. I promise Ill write to you.

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6. Its all right. I forgive you.
.3
1. Car bomb kills Two
2. Peace talks fail
3. Mass Murderer escapes
: .4
1. The train leaves Plymouth at 11.30 and arrives in London at 14.45.
2. What time does the film begin?
3. Its Wednesday tomorrow.
4. I start my new job on Monday.
5. What time do you finish work tomorrow?
Exercise 3: Choose the right verb for the following sentences.
digs, looks, puts, brings, paints, flies, makes, cures
1. A pilot ------------- an aero plane.
2. A doctor --------------------- sick people
3. An artist ---------------------- pictures
4. A gardener -------------------- after plants.
5. A baker ---------------------- bread and cakes.
6. A postman --------------- letters.
7. A fireman -----------------out fires.
8. A miner ------------- coal from under the ground.
Exercise 4: Complete the sentences by putting in the verbs. Use the present simple. You have to decide if the
verb is positive or negative.
1. My friend is finding life in Paris a bit difficult. He --------------- (speak) French.
2. Most students live quite close to the college, so they ----------- (walk) there.
3. My sports kit is really muddy. This Shirt --------------- (need) a good wash.
4. Ive got four cats and two dogs. I --------------------- (love) animals.

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5. No breakfast for Mark, thanks. He ----------------- (eat) breakfast.
6. Whats the matter? You ------------- (look) very happy.
7. Dont try to ring the bell. it --------------- (work).
8. I hate telephone answering machines. I just ------------------------ (like) talking to them.
9. Mathew is good at badminton. He ---------------------- (win) every game.
10. We always travel by bus. We --------------- (own) a car.
. :

.
Past Tense .3

Subject + second form of verb
Conjugation

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative Interrogative

I worked I did not work Did I work? Did I not work?

You worked You did not work Did you work? Did you not work?

He/she/it worked He/she/it did not work Did he/she/it work? Did he/she/it not work?

We worked We did not work Did we work? Did we not work?

You worked You did not work Did you work? Did you not work?

They worked They did not work Did they work? Did they not work?

.1
1. I was tired last night.
2. Where was the Ann Yesterday?
3. The weather was good last week.
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4. You were late yesterday.
5. They werent here last Sunday.
6. When I was child, I was afraid of dogs.
7. We were hungry after the journey but we werent tired.
8. The hotel was comfortable but wasnt expensive.
9. Was the weather good when you were on holiday?
10. Those shoes are nice. Were they expensive?
11. Why were you late this morning?
12. Ahmed worked in a bank from 1986 to 1998.
13. Yesterday it rained all morning. It stopped at lunchtime.
14. We enjoyed the party last night. We danced a lot and talked to a lot of people. The party finished at
midnight.
15. I usually get early but this morning I got up at 9.30.
16. We did a lot of work yesterday.
17. Caroline went to the cinema three times last week.
18. Jameel came into the room, took off his coat and sat down.
19. We went to the cinema but we didnt enjoy the film.
20. We invited them to our party but they decided not to come.
21. The police stopped me on my way home last night.
22. She passed her examination because she studied very hard.
23. Did you go out last night? ~ Yes, I went to the cinema but I didnt enjoy the film much.
24. What did you do at the weekend?
25. I didnt do anything.
26. I was angry because they were late.
27. Was the weather good when you were on holiday?
28. They werent able to come because they were so busy.
29. Did you go out last night or were you too tired?

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30. I knew what the problem was.
31. When did you buy this car? ~ About three years ago.
32. I wasnt well last week.
33. The gates were open.
34. The car did not stop. The driver did not look to his right
35. What did you tell the police? ~ Nothing.
36. Did you ring home? ~ Yes I did.
37. I had breakfast at six. We took some photos. The train left on time.
38. Those cakes were nice.
39. The van crashed into the car.
.2
He always carried an umbrella.
They never drank wine.
Exercise 5: Complete the sentences. Use one of these verbs in the past simple:
clean, die, enjoy, finish, happen, open, rain, start, stay, want.
1. I ----------- my teeth three times yesterday.
2. It was hot in the room, so I ----------------- the window.
3. The concert------------------------at 7.30 and -------------------- at 10 oclock.
4. When I was child, I --------------------- to be doctor.
5. The accident ----------------- last Sunday afternoon.
6. Its nice day today but yesterday it ------------------ all day.
7. We ----------------- our holiday last year. We --------- at a very nice place.
8. Amjads grandfather ------------- when he was 90 years old.
Exercise 6: Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative.
1. It was warm, so I ----- off my coat. (take)
2. The film wasnt very good. I ---------------- it very much. (enjoy)
3. I knew Sarah was very busy, so I ----------- her. (disturb)
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4. I was very tired, so I ------------ to bed early. (go)
5. The bed was very uncomfortable. I ----------- very well. (sleep)
6. Sue wasnt hungry, so she ---------- anything. (eat)
7. We went to Kates house but she ----------- at home. (be)
8. It was a funny situation but nobody -------------- . (laugh)
9. The window was open and a bird --------------- into the room. (fly)
10. The hotel wasnt very expensive. It ------- very much. (cost)
11. I was in a hurry, so I --------- time to phone you. (have)
12. It was hard work carrying the bags. They ---------- very heavy. (be)
used to
Routine
. Used to
1. When I was child, I used to like chocolate.
2. I used to read a lot of books but I dont read much read these days.
3. When I was child I didnt use to like tomatoes.
The Past Continuous tense .4

Subject+ was / were + present participle (ing form of verb)

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative Interrogative

I was working I was not working Was I working? Was I not working?

You are working You are not working Are you working Were you not working?

He/she/it was working He/she/it was not working Was he/she/it working? Was he/she/it not working?

We were working We were not working Were we working? Were we not working?

You were working You were not working Were you working? Were you not working?

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They were working They were not working Were they working? Were they not working?

.1
.
1. Soft music was playing. People were walking in the park.
2. I wasnt dreaming. I really was in the New York City.
3. why did you give our secret away? What were you thinking of?
4. Was Mubeen already waiting for you when you got there?
5. What you were doing at 11.30 yesterday? Were you working?
6. What did he say? I dont know. I wasnt listening.
7. It was raining, so we didnt go out.
8. In 1985, we were living in Canada.
9. Today shes wearing a skirt, but yesterday she was wearing trousers.
10. I work up early yesterday. It was a beautiful morning. The sun was shining and birds were singing.
11. This time last year I was living in Brazil.
12. What were you doing at 10 oclock last night?
13. I waved to her but she wasnt looking.
14. I was walking home when I met Hasnain.
15. Aneeta was watching television when the phone rang.
16. Tom burnt his hand when was cooking the dinner.
17. I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book.
18. While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back.
19. When Kashif arrived, we were having dinner.
Exercise 7: What can you say in these situations? Add a sentence with the past continuous to say that any action
lasted a long time.
1. You had to make phone calls. The calls went on all evening.
------------------------------------------------------------------------- .
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2. You had to wait in the rain. The wait last for half an hour.
----------------------------------------------------------------------- .
3. You had to make sandwiches. This went on all afternoon.
----------------------------------------------------------------------.
4. You had to sit in a traffic jam. You were there for two hours.
-------------------------------------------------------------------.
5. You neighbour play loud music. This went on all night.
--------------------------------------------------------------.
Exercise 8: Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.
1. Jane ------------- (wait) for me when I arrived.
2. What ------------- (you/do) this time yesterday? ~ I was asleep.
3. -------------------- (you/go) out last night? ~ No, I was too tired.
4. Was Kashmala at the party last night? ~ Yes, she ----------- (wear) a really nice dress.
5. How fast --------------- (you/drive) when the accident ------------- (happen)?
6. Jan Muhammad ------------------ (take) a photograph of me while I ----------- (not/look)
7. We wee in a very difficult position. We ----------- (not known) what to do.
8. I havent seen Imtiaz for ages. When I last -------- (see) him, he ---------------- (try) to find a job in
Karachi.
9. I --------- (walk) along the street when suddenly I ----------- (hear) footsteps behind me. Somebody ---------
(follow) me. I was frightened.
10. When I was young, I -------------- (want) to be a bus driver.
Present Prefect .5

Subject + has / have + past participle (Third form of verb)

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative Interrogative

I have worked I have not worked Have I worked? Have I not worked?

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You have worked You have not worked Have you worked? Have you not worked?

He/she/it has worked He/she/it has not worked Has he/she/it worked? Has he/she/it not worked?

We have worked We have not worked Have we worked? Have we not worked?

You have worked You have not worked Have you worked? Have you not worked?

They have worked They have not worked Have they worked? Have they not worked?

.


.
1. Ive lost my passport. (= I cant find my passport now)
2. Where is Ummama? ~ Shes got to bed. (= she is in bed now)
3. Weve bought a new car. (= we have a new car now)
4. Its Ayeshas birthday tomorrow and I havent bought her a present.
5. Babur is on holiday. ~ Oh, where has he gone?
6. Can I take this newspaper? Have you finished with it?
7. I cant find my bag. Have you seen it? (= do you know where it is now?)
8. Ow! Ive cut my finger.
9. The police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery.
10. Weve washed the dishes. (Theyre clean now)
11. The aircraft has landed. (Its on the ground now)
12. Weve eaten all the eggs. (There arent any left)
13. Theyve learnt the words. (They know the words.)
a short time Just . yet just, already
Yet . sooner than expected
already . ago
. Until now

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1. Weve just come back from our holiday.
2. Ive just had an idea.
3. Would you like something to eat? No, thanks. Ive just had lunch.
4. Hello. Have you just arrived?
5. Dont forget to post the letter, will you? Ive already posted it.
6. What time is Mark leaving? Hes already gone.
7. It isnt a very good party. Most people have already gone home.
8. My brother has already crashed his new car.
9. Its eleven oclock and you havent finished breakfast yet.
10. Has your course started yet?
11. Has it stopped raining yet?
12. Ive written the letter but I havent posted it yet.

.
1. Dave: Have you traveled a lot, Jane?
2. Jane: Yes, Ive been to lots of places.
3. Dave: Really? Have you ever been to China?
4. Jane: Yes, Ive been to China twice.
5. Dave: What about India?
6. Jane: No, I havent been to India.
7. Weve never had a car.
8. Have you read Hamlet? No, I havent read any of Shakespeares plays.
9. Sajjad really loves that film. Hes seen it eight times!
10. What a boring film! Its the most boring film Ive ever seen.
today / this morning / this evening etc.
.
1. Ive drunk four cups of coffee today. (perhaps Ill drink more before today is finished)
2. Have you had a holiday this year (yet)?
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3. I havent seen Tom this morning. Have you?
4. Rameez hasnt worked very hard this term.
Exercise 9: Complete the sentences with a verb from the list.
break, buy, decide, finish, forget, go, go, invite see, not/see, take, tell
1. Can I have this newspaper? ~ Yes, I------------ with it.
2. I ---------------------------- some new shoes. Do you want to see them?
3. Where is Ummama? ~ She -------------------- out.
4. Im look for Pashmeena. ----------------- you ------------------ her?
5. Look! Somebody ----------------- that window.
6. Does Lisa know that youre going away? ~ Yes, I ----------------- her.
7. I cant find my umbrella. Somebody ----------------------------------- it.
8. Im looking for Sarah. Where --------------- she ---------------?
9. I know that woman but I ---------------------------- her name.
10. Sue is having a party tonight. She -------------------- a lot of people.
11. What are you going to do? ---------------- you -------------------------- ?
12. Where are my glasses? ~ I dont know. I ----------------- them.
Exercise 10: Complete Bs answers. Some sentence are positive and some negative. Use a verb from this lit:
be, be, eat, happen, have, meet, play, read, see, see, try.

A B

1. Whats Georges sister Like? Ive no idea. ---------------- her.

2. How is Amy these days? I dont know. I ----------- her recently.

3. Are you hungry? Yes, I -------------- much today.

4. Can you play chess? Yes, but --------------- for ages.

5. Did you enjoy your holiday? Yes, its best holiday -------------- for a long time.

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6. Whats that book like? I dont know. ----------- it.

7. Mike was lat for work again today. Again? He ---------- every day this week.

8. Do you like caviar? I dont know. --------------- it.

9. The car broke down again yesterday. Not again! Thats the second time.

10. Whos that women by the door? I dont know. ----------- before.

Present Perfect continuous Tense .6

Subject + has / have been + present participle (ing form of verb)

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative Interrogative

I have been working I have not been working Have I been working? Have I not been working?

You have been working You have not been working Have you been working? Have you not been working?

He/she/it has been working He/she/it has not been working Has he/she/it been working? Has he/she/it not been working?

We have been working We have not been working Have we been working? Have we not been working?

You have been working You have not been working Have you been working? Have you not been working?

They have been working They have not been working Have they been working? Have they not been working?

.
1. Weve been standing here for ages.
2. It has been raining all day.
3. Have you been waiting for long?
4. Our team hasnt been doing very well lately.
5. Weve been waiting here for twenty minutes.

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6. Listen. That burglar alarm has been ringing since eight oclock this morning.
7. Natasha has been playing the piano since she was four.
8. Ive been swimming. Thats why my hair is wet.
9. My sister has been staying with me for three weeks now.
10. Youve been playing on that computer since seven oclock.
11. I havent been feeling very well recently.
12. What have you been doing lately?
13. I have been looking for a job for two years.
14. Oh heres my key! Ive been looking for it all day.
Exercise 11: What you could say in these situations? Write sentences with the present perfect continuous and a
phrase with for. Use these verbs: read, swim, talk, travel, work
1. Mehran went into the water an hour ago. He doesnt want to come out yet.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Your friends started their journey around the world three months ago. Theyve gone about half way now.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Jamshed got to the office early this morning. Ten hours later hes still there.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Nadia rang Ramsha forty minutes ago, and theyre still on the phone.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Taimur has got an interesting book. He started it quite a long time ago. Ask him how long.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Past Perfect Tense .7

Subject + had + past participle (Third form of verb)

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative Interrogative

I had worked I had not worked Had I worked? Had I not worked?

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You had worked You had not worked Had you worked? Had you not worked?

He/she/it had worked He/she/it had not worked Had he/she/it worked? Had he/she/it not worked?

We had worked We had not worked Had we worked? Had we not worked?

You had worked You had not worked Had you worked? Had you not worked?

They had worked They had not worked Had they worked? Had they not worked?

.1

.
The past perfect tense is used to show that one action happened before another action in the past.
Examples:
1. When Zulfiqar arrived at the party, Manik wasnt there. He had gone home.
2. When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.
3. Kamila didnt want to come to the cinema with us because she had already seen the film.
4. At first I thought Id done the right thing, but I soon realized that Id made a serious mistake.
5. The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadnt flown before. / He had never flown
before.
6. The rabbits crept out of their shelter when the lion had gone.
7. Before the fire-engines arrived, the fire had destroyed the house.
8. When Maria had finished her home work, she turned on the radio.
9. I had already got home before it began to rain.
10. Rameez got a new exercise book yesterday because he had filled his old one.
11. The children came to the party 4 oclock; but before that, Mary and Eric lee had decorated the room, Mrs.
Lee had baked cakes, and Mr. Lee had bought a small present for everybody.
. Present Perfect Tense .2
1. I didnt know who she was. Id never seen her before. (=before that time)

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2. We werent hungry. Wed just had lunch.
3. The house was dirty. They hadnt cleaned it for weeks.
4. We could not get into the house. Id lost the key.
Exercise 12: Read the situation and write sentences from the words in brackets.
1. You went to Jills house but she wasnt there. (she / go / out) ----------------------------
2. You went back to your home town after many years, It wasnt the same as before. (it /change / a lot) --------------
------------------------------------------
3. I invited Raeshma to the party but she couldnt come. (she / arrange / to do something else) --------------------------
-----------------------
4. You went to the cinema last night. You arrived at the cinema late. (the filem / already / begin) -----------------------
----------------------------
5. I was very pleased to see Tim again after such a long time. (I / not / see / him for five years) ------------------------
------------------------------------
6. I offered Samina something to eat but she wasnt hungry. (she / just / have / breakfast) --------------------------------
------------------.
Exercise 13: Put the verbs in brackets into the past perfect:
When I last met Paul he was feeling very depressed because recently everything had gone wrong.
1. His wife ------------------ (leave) him.
2. He -------------- (quarrel) with his son.
3. He --------------- (lose) his job.
4. He -------------- (crash) his car.
5. He ------------- (broke) his watch.
6. His landlord ------------- (put up) the rent.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense .8

Subject + had been + present participle (ing form of the verb)
Conjugation

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Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative Interrogative

I had been working I had not been working Had I been working? Had I not been working?

You had been working You had not been working Had you been working? Had you not been working?

He/she/it had been working He/she/it had not been working Had he/she/it been working? Had he/she/it not been working?

We had been working We had not been working Had we been working? Had we not been working?

You had been working You had not been working Had you been working? Had you not been working?

They had been working They had not been working Had they been working? Had they not been working?

1. When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair was untidy and one of them had a
black eye. Theyd been fighting.
2. I was very tired when I arrived home. Id been working hard all day.
3. Our game of tennis was interrupted. Wed been playing for about half an hour when it started to rain very
heavily.
4. Kamal gave up smoking two years ago. Hed been smoking for 30 years.
5. At last the bus came. Id been waiting for 20 minutes.
6. He was out of breath. He had been running.
7. It wasnt raining when we went out. The sun was shining. But it had been raining, so the ground was wet.
8. Anila was sitting in an armchair watching television. She was tired because shed been working very hard.
9. She had been living alone for many years.
10. I found the calculator. Id been looking for it ages.
11. When the company went bankrupt, it has been losing money for months.
12. When I phoned, Natasha had been having a piano lesson.
13. Vaneeza looked very upset. I thought shed been crying.

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Exercise 14: Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets.
1. I was very tired when I arrived home.
(I / work / hard all day) -------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. The two boys came into the house. They had a football and they were both very tired.
(they / play / football) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. There was nobody in the room but there was a smell of cigarettes.
(somebody / smoke / in the room) ----------------------------------------------------------------
4. Anusha woke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened and didnt know where she was.
(she / dream) -----------------------------------------------------------------------
5. When I got home, Manik was sitting in front of the TV. He had just turned it off.
(he / watch / TV) -------------------------------------------------------
Exercise 15: Answer the questions:
When you first met her, had she just started to give lectures? ~
No, shed been giving lectures for quite a long time.
1. Had she just started to paint portraits? ~ -----------------------------
2. Had she just started to sell her paintings? ~ ----------------------------
3. Had she just started to diet? ~ -------------------------------
4. Had she just started to look for house? ~ --------------------------------
The Future Simple Tense .9

Subject + will/Shall + present (Ist form of verb)

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative Interrogative

I will /Ill work or I I will not/I wont work or I Will I/Shall I work? Will I not/Wont I work?
shall work shall not/I shant work

You will/youll work You will not/you wont work Will you work? Will you not/Wont you
work?

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He/she/it will work He/she/it will not/wont work Will he/she/it work? Will he/she/it not work?

We will work or We We will not/wont work or We Will we work? or Shall Will we not work? or
shall work. shall not/shant work we work? Shall we not work?

They will/theyll They will not/ wont work Will they work? Will they not work? or
work Wont they Work?

.1
.
1. (Im sure) hell come back.
2. (I suppose) theyll sell the house.
3. (Perhaps) well find him at the hotel.
4. Theyll (probably) wait for us.
.2
1. Im thirsty. I think Ill make some tea.
2. I dont think Ill do any work tonight. Im too tired.
3. Ill have the vegetable salad, please.
4. Oh, Ive left the door open. Ill go and shut it.
5. What would you like to drink? ~ Ill have an orange juice, please?
6. Did you phone Ruth? ~ Oh no, I forgot. Ill phone her now.
.3
1. Spring will come again.
2. Birds will build nests.
3. People will make plans.
4. Other men will climb these stairs and sit at my desk.
5. These birds will come back next spring.
will shall

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. shall will We I
( intention) . will
: will
1. Ill send you a cheque.
2. Ill wait for you.
. shall
1. I shall be 25 next week.
2. We shall know the result next week.
. shall
1. Shall I pack up your shopping for you? ~ Oh, thank you.
2. Shall we all go out tonight? ~ Good idea.
3. Its very warm in this room. Shall I open the window?
4. Shall I phone you this evening? ~ Yes, please.
5. Im going to a party tonight. What shall I wear?
6. Its a nice day. Shall we go for a walk?
7. Where shall we go for our holidays this year?
. Shall
Exercise 16: Complete the sentences with will (ll) + one of these verbs: be, be, come, get, like, look, meet, pass.
1. Dont worry about you exam. Im sure you---------------
2. Why dont you try on this jacket? It ---------------------- nice on you.
3. You must meet Jansher sometimes. I think you ------------------ him.
4. Its raining. Dont go out. You --------------- wet.
5. Theyve invited me to their house. They ------------------ offended if I dont go.
6. Goodbye. I expect we ------------------------ again before long.
7. Ive invited Sadia to the party I dont think she ---------------------------.
8. I wonder where I --------------------- 20 years from now.

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Exercise 17: Say what your decision is in these situations, or what you offer to do. Use these verbs: answer, carry,
have, post, shut.
1. The phone is ringing. You are the nearest person to it.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
2. The choice on the menu is fish or chicken. You hate fish.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
3. You are meeting a friend at the station. he has two suitcases. Theres a bag, too.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Your friend has written a letter. You are going to walk into town past the post office.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
going to
.1
.
1. Im going to buy some books tomorrow.
2. Sarah is going to sell her car.
3. Im not going to have breakfast this morning. Im not hungry.
4. What are you going to wear to the party tonight?
5. Your hands are dirty. ~ Yes, I know. Im going to wash them.
6. Are you going to invite Ayaz to your party?
7. Theyre going to move house.
8. We arent going to complain.
Prediction .2
.
1. My sister is going to have a baby in March.
2. Its nearly nine now. Were going to be late.
3. Do you think its going to rain?
Exercise 18: Complete the sentences. Use going to + one of these verbs: eat, do, give, lie down, stay, walk, wash,
watch, wear
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My hands are dirty. Im going to wash them.
What are you going to wear to the party tonight?
1. I dont want to go home by bus. I ------------------------------------------------ .
2. Jan Muhammad is going to London next week. He -------------------- with some friends.
3. Im hungry. I --------------- this sandwich.
4. Its Ummamas birthday next week. We --------------------- her a present.
5. Samina says shes feeling very tired. She --------------------------- for an hour.
6. Theres good film on TV this evening, -------------------- you --------------------- it?
7. What -------------------- Raheela -------------------------- when she leaves school?
Present Continuous

.
1. What time are you meeting Anoosha this evening?
2. Im leaving tomorrow. Ive got my plane ticket.
3. Kamlesh is getting married next month.
4. Im not working tomorrow, we can go out somewhere.
5. Were having a party tomorrow.
6. What time are you leaving?
Present Simple

.
1. The concert starts at 7.30.
2. What time does your train leave?
3. The train leaves at seven twenty-three every morning.
4. The match starts at half past seven.
5. Next Friday is the thirteenth.
6. What time does the film begin?

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The Future Continuous Tense .10

Subject + will / shall be + present participle (ing form of verb)

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative Interrogative

I will/shall be working I will/shall not be working Shall I be working? Shall I not be working?

You will be working You will not be working Will you be working? Will you not be working?

He/she/it will be working He/she/it will not be working Will he/she/it be working? Will he/she/it not be working?

We will/shall be working We will not be working Shall we be working? Shall we not be working?

They will be working They will not be working Will they been working? Will they not be working?

.
1. Tahseen cant go to the party. Hell be working all day tomorrow.
2. Ill be out at three oclock. Ill be playing golf.
3. When the men leave the building, the police will be waiting for them.
4. What we will be doing in ten years time, I wonder.
5. Im going on holiday on Saturday. This time next week Ill be lying on a beach or swimming in the sea.
6. Dont phone me between 7 and 8. Well be having dinner then.
7. At 10 oclock tomorrow, she will be in her office. She will be working.
Exercise 19: Complete the conversation. Put in a pronoun and the future continuous form of the verb.
1. Daniyal: Im going to go into business when I leave college. Five years from now Ill be running a big
company. I expect (1) ----------------------------- (I / earn) lots of money.
2. Vamiq: I dont know what (2) ----------------- (I / do). What about you, Natasha?
3. What (3) -------------------- (you / do), do you think?

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4. Natasha: Im too lazy to do any work. I intend to marry someone with very rich. (4) ------------------ (I
/give) dinner parties all the time. Well have a cook (5) ---------------- (who / do) all the work, of course.
And youll both get invitations.
5. Vamiq: Youre joking, arent you, Natasha? I expect (6) -------------- (you /play) in an orchestra. Thats
what you really want to do, isnt it?
The Future Perfect Tense .11

Subject + will/shall have + past participle (Third form of verb)

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative Interrogative

I will/shall have worked I will have not worked Shall I Have worked? Shall I have not worked?

You will have worked You will have not worked Will you have worked? Will you have not worked?

He/she/it will have worked He/she/it will have not worked Will he/she/it have worked? Will he/she/it have not worked?

We will/shall have worked We will have not worked Shall we have worked? Shall we have not worked?

They will have worked They will have not worked Will they have worked? Will they have not worked?

.
.
1. I like looking at these pictures, but Ill have had enough by lunch time.
2. Taseer and Laura will have lived here for four years next April.
3. This chess game is going to last ages. They wont have finished it until midnight.
4. Will you have read this by the time its due back to the library? ~ Yes. Ill have finished it by then.
5. Were late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema.
6. Salima always leaves for work at 8.30 in the morning, so she wont be at home 9 oclock. Shell have
gone to work.
Exercise 20: How good is your maths? Can you work out the answers?

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1. Its quarter to six. Mahjabeen is putting something in the oven. It needs to be in the oven for an hour and a half.
When will it have cooked?
It will have cooked at quarter past seven.
2. Its seven oclock in the evening, and Anwar is starting to write an essay. He writes one page every fifteen
minutes. He plans to finish the essay at midnight. How many pages will he have written?
He will have written ---------------------------- pages.
3. Its Monday morning, and Sarah is traveling to work. Its twenty miles from her home to the office. How far will
she have traveled to an from work by the time she gets home on Friday?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Manik is doing press-ups - one every two seconds. How many will he have done after five minutes?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exercise 21: Put the verb in correct form, will be (do)ing or will have (done)
1. Dont phone me between 7 and 8. Well be having (we/have) dinner then.
2. Phone me after 8 oclock. -------------------------------- (we/finish) dinner by then.
3. Tomorrow afternoon were going to play tennis from 3 oclock until 4.30. So at 4 oclock, -------------------
------- (we/play) tennis.
4. Kamil is on holiday and he is spending his money very quickly. If he continues like this, --------------------
(he/spend) all his money before the end of his holiday.
5. Do you think ----------------------------------- (you/still/do) the same job in then years time?
6. Jane is from New Zealand. She is traveling around Europe at the moment. So far she has traveled 1,000
miles. By the end of the trip, ------------------------ (she/travel) more than 3000 miles.
The Future Perfect Continuous Tense .12

Subject + will/shall have been + present participle (ing form of verb)

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative Interrogative

I will/shall have been I will/shall not have been Shall I have been working? Shall I have not been working?
working working

You will have been You will not have been Will you have been working? Will you have not been

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working working working?

He/she/it will have been He/she/it will not have been Will he/she/it have been Will he/she/it have not been
working working working? working?

We will/shall have been We will not have been working Shall we have been working? Shall we have not been
working working?

They will have been They will not have been Will they have been working? Will they have not been
working working working?

.
1. By the end of this year hell have been acting for thirty years.
2. By the end of the month he will haven living/studying here for ten years.
3. By the end of the month he will have been training horses for twenty years.
4. By the end of month he will have been climbing mountains for twenty years.
Conditional Sentences
: .main clause if clause :
If you drop the glass, it will break.
main clause . Main clause it will break if clause If you drop
.
It will break if you drop it.
. .
.1

main clause Present Tense if clause
. Future Tense simple
If I see Jami tomorrow, Ill give him your message.
If I find you passport, Ill post it to you.

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If we go by bus, it will be cheaper.
If you dont hurry, youll miss the train.

if clause
.
Variations in Basic Form
Present Prefect Present Continuous if clasue .1
:
1. If youre looking for Tanseen, youll find him upstairs.
2. If were expecting visitors, the flat will need a good clean.
3. If youve finished your homework, well watch TV.
4. If youve finished with computer, Ill put it away.
may/might/could possibility may/can will Main Clause .2
. can/could ability
1. If you eat all your dinner, you can have a chocolate.
2. If you need a ticket, I can get you one.
3. If Hamid jogs regularly, he might lose weight.
4. If its foggy tonight, the plan may be late.
5. If the ice is thick, we can walk across.
6. If you are tired, sit down (command/advice) OR you should sit down/you had better sit down (advice) OR
why dont you sit down? (advice or suggestion)
7. If you arent too busy, would you help with this? (request)
Automatic Habitual .3
.
1. If you press this button, the light goes on. (automatic result)
2. If you argue with him, he gets angry. (Habitual result).
.2

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. would + infinitive main clause Past Tense if clause
.
1. If he had a garden, he would grow roses.
2. If I won Rs. 500,000, Id give up my job.
3. If I ate cake, Id get fat.
4. If I had your figure, Id eat the whole lot.
5. If we didnt have a car, wed find it difficult to get about.
6. If Raheel got up earlier, she wouldnt always be late.

if clause .1
.
1. If you were in my position, what would you do?
2. If I were you, wouldnt buy that coat.
3. If I were rich, I would have a yacht.
4. If I had a map I would lend it you.
5. If someone tried to blackmail me I would tell the police.
6. If I lived near office Id be in time for work. (But I dont live near my office.)
7. If I were you Id plant some trees round the house.
8. If a burglar came into my room at night, Id scream.
9. If I dyed my hair blue everyone would laugh at me.

: Could might would .1
If you tried again you might succeed.
If I knew her number I could ring her up.
. Past Continuous .2
If I were going by car, Id offer you a lift.
If Raheela was playing here stereo, it wouldnt be so quiet in here.

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.3

Would + perfect infinitive ( had + past participle)
:
If he had been in his office, I would have seen him.


.
1. If I had seen him, I would have warned him.
2. If youd spoken politely, he wouldnt have been angry.
3. If you hadnt made that mistake, youd have passed your test.
4. If Anwar had been more careful, he wouldnt have fallen.
5. If Noman had set his alarm clock, he wouldnt have overslept.

: Past Perfect Continuous .1
If you had been going more slowly, youd have been able to stop.
. Had omit if .2
.
Had the Minister known all the facts, he would have acted differently.
: could might .3
If youd asked him, he might have helped you. (possibility)
If youd asked him, he could have helped you. (ability)

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Ordinary Have.1
Perfect Tenses Auxiliary Verb have
.
.
. got have
. Possess or own
Form

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Present Have (got) or have Havent (got) or dont have Have I (got) etc. or do you have?
etc.

Past Had Hadnt (got) or didnt have Had you (got) etc. or did you
have? etc.

Examples:
1. I have a new car. Or Ive got new car.
2. She has got long hair. Or Sue has long hair.
3. Have they got any children? Or Do they have any children?
4. We have three cats. Or Weve got three cats.
5. Daniyal does not have a car. Or I havent got any money.
6. He has a black beard.
7. I have had this car ten years.
8. She will have fifty thousand a year when she retires.
have .2
:
1. I have/Ive got a headache/toothache/stomach ache.
2. Have you got a cold? Or Do you have a cold?

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3. I have headaches very often.
3 :
. Contract have got
. do .3
. do have(got)
1. Do you have headaches often? ~ No, I dont/Yes, I do.
2. I havent (got) time to do it. Or I dont have time to do it.
3. Have you (got) a visa? Or Do you have a Visa?
4. He hadnt (got) a work permit. Or He didnt have a work permit.
. continuous
have :
encounter entertain give take . Have 4.
. Action verb .
. got do
. Continuous

Take= have a meal/something to eat/a drink/ a cigarette/ a bath/ arrest/ a day off.
Give= have a party: have friends to dinner etc
Encounter= have difficulties / trouble / an adventure / an accident / a dream /nightmare / good or bad days
/ nights / weeks etc.
Undergo= have treatment / operations etc.
Example Sentences:
1. You have a months holiday every year, dont you?
2. Did you have a good journey? ~ Not very. We had an accident on the superhighway.
3. We are having supper with Nadeem tonight.
4. Mr. Jehanzeb is having lunch with a client at the moment.
5. We are having breakfast early tomorrow.
6. She is having twenty people to dinner next Monday.
7. How many English lessons do you a week? ~ I have six.
8. You have coffee at eleven, dont you?
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9. Samun has breakfast in bed, but Muneeza doesnt.
10. Will you have some tea/coffee etc.? Or Have some tea/coffee etc?
11. Did you have a good time at the theatre?
12. Have a good time?
13. I am having a wonderful holiday.
14. I didnt have a very good journey.
15. I have shower every morning.
16. Manik has lunch around one.

Exercise 21 : Complete these sentences. Use an expression from the list and put the verb into the correct form
where necessary.
have lunch have a swim have a nice time have a chat have a cigarette have a rest
have a baby have a shower have a good flight have a look have a party
1. I dont eat much during the day. I never have lunch.
2. David likes to keep fit, so he ---------------------------------------------- every day.
3. We ---------------------------- last Saturday. It was great we invited lots of people.
4. Excuse me, can I ------------------------ at your newspaper, please?
5. Wheres Jim? ~ He --------------------- in his room. Hes very tired.
6. I met Anusha in the supermarket yesterday. We stopped and --------------------------.
7. I havent seen you since you came back from Holiday. --------------------?
8. Sushmeeta ----------------------------------- a few weeks ago. Its her second child.
9. I dont usually smoke but I was feeling very nervous, so I ------------------------------------.
10. The phone rang but I couldnt answer it because I ----------------------------------------.
Do .2
Do, did, done, doing :

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. Auxiliary Do
.
. (
1. Did he write to you? ~ Yes, he did/No, he didnt.
2. Do you smoke? ~ Ye, I do/No. I dont.
3. Did you see him? Yes, I did/ No, I didnt.
4. Noman talks too much. ~ Yes, he does/No, he does not.
5. He didnt go. ~ No, he didnt/Oh yes, he did.
Question Tags (
He lives here, does he?
He did not see you, did he?
have is Emphasize
do . s ve
.
1. Youre right. I do agree with you.
2. Your hair is much too long. You do need a haircut.
3. We do hope you can come to our barbecue.
4. I am getting fed up with those dogs. They do make such a noise.
5. The city centre does get crowded, doesnt it?


.
.
.

1. What do you do? ~ I work in bank/school/NGO.

2. I did a lot of things yesterday.
3. Im doing my driving test next week.
4. Jansher has just done a training course.
5. Have the children done their homework?

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6. Amna, could you do me a favour?
7. I go for a run and do exercises every morning.
8. Whats he doing? ~ He is writing a letter.
9. He does not do what hes told.
10. What do you do for a living? ~ I am an artist.
11. I havent got a torch. Will a candle do? (= be suitable/adequate) ~ A candle wont do. Im looking for a
gas leak.
12. Would Five Hundred Rupees do? (= be adequate) ~ No, it wouldnt. I need One thousand rupees.
Be .3
is, am, are, was were, been, being :
. Continuous Tenses Be
He is reading a book.
She was singing.
They will be waiting.
Passive
He is employed by the bank.
He was followed.
He was being followed.
. infinitive be
You are to wait here. Youre not to leave this room.
You are to report to Mr. Ahmed Ali.
Books are to be returned within fortnight.
am/are/is + about +infinitive
.
We are about to open a new branch in your area.
. just
The concerts just about to start. Hurry!

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.
1. Janoo is a carpenter.
2. The dog is in the garden.
3. Malta is an island.
4. The roads were rough and narrow.
5. Gold is a metal.
6. Sameer was tall and fair.
:
1. They will be happy/unhappy.
2. He was excited/clam.
3. I am hot/cold.

1. How old are you? ~ Im ten/I am ten years Old. (not Im ten years.)
2. How old is the tower? ~ It is 400 years old.
3. How tall are you? / What is your Height? ~ I am 1.65 metres.
4. How high are we now? ~ Were about 20,000 feet.
5. What is your weight? or What do you weigh/How much do you weigh? ~ I am 65 kilos Or I weigh 65
kilos.

How much is this melon? Or What does this melon cost? ~ Its Rs. 30.
The best seats are (= cost) Rs. 250.

There is / are / There was /Were

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Be
A policeman is at the . There +be (is/are/was/were) +noun
There is a policeman at the door. : door
Theres a new by pass.
Theres been accident.
Therell be delays.
There was a meeting.
Ought to Should .4
should .

.

. .1

. ought to Should
You look tired. You should go to bed.
The government should do more to help homeless people.
Should we invite Suman to the Party? ~ Yes, I think we should.
Youre not very well. Perhaps, you should see a doctor.
Your uncle was very kind to me. I ought to write him a letter of thanks.
People shouldnt break / oughtnt to break their promises.
. .2
Were should I put this picture, do you think?
Its a difficult problem. How ought we to deal with it?
should suggest, propose, recommend, insist, demand .3
:
1. They insisted that we should have dinner with them.
2. I demanded that he should apologize.
3. What do you suggest I should do?

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should strange, odd, funny, typical natural, interesting, surprised, surprising .4
.
1. Its strange that he should be late. Hes usually on time.
2. I was surprised that she should say such a thing.
. Should .5
What do you think of Jamils suggestion that I should buy a car?
. should its important/vital/necessary/essential that . .6
Its essential that you should be here on time.

Had better .5

.
Its cold. The children had better wear their coats.
The neighbours are complaining. Wed better turn the music down.
My wife is waiting for me. Id better not be late.
:
. Had Better
Would .6
would .1
:
She hoped that he would come to her party.
I thought that he would refuse the invitation.
would used to .2
:
At weekends we would cycle to the beach. Wed take our lunch with us and (would) eat it on the sands.
Afterwards wed swim, or fish from the rocks. Wed come home tired and sun burnt.
When we were children, we lived by the sea. In summer, if the weather was fine, we would all get up
early and go for a swim. (= we did this regularly)

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Whenever Aziz was angry, he would walk out of the room.
. Would you like .3
Would you like a cup of coffee?
Would you like to come to dinner tomorrow evening? ~ Yes, Id love to.
. Id like .4
(at a tourist information office) Id like some information about hotels, please.
(in a shop) Id like to try on this jacket, please.
. would .5
It would be nice to have a holiday but we cant afford it.
Im not going to bed yet. Im not tired and I wouldnt sleep,
I wish ----- would .6
.
The phone has been ringing for five minutes. I wish somebody would answer it.
I wish you would do something instead of just sitting and doing nothing.
Can, could .7

. can
We can see the lake from our bedroom window.
Can you speak any foreign languages?
I can come and see you tomorrow if you like.
: can Could
My grandfather could speak five languages.
We were completely free. We could do what we wanted.
.
What shall we do this evening? ~ We could go to the cinema.
It is a nice day day. We could go for a walk.
When you go to New York next month, you could stay with Babar.
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If you need money, why dont you ask Karen? ~ Yes, I suppose I could.
The phone is ringing. It could be Tim.
I dont know when theyll be here. They could arrive at any time.
. could
Could I borrow your ladder, please? ~ Well, I am using at the moment.
Might May .8
might may .1
. .
It may/might be a bomb. (= Perhaps it is a bomb)
I may/might go to the disco tomorrow. (= Perhaps I will go to the disco.)
Where is bob? ~ He may be in his office. Or He might be having lunch.
It may/might be true.
She may/might know.
I havent decided yet where to spend my holidays. I may go to Ireland.
Take an umbrella with you when go out. It might rain later. (= Perhaps it will rain.)
Aziz may not come to the party tonight. He isnt well.
They might not be a meeting on Friday because the director is ill.
. might may .2
. might
If I knew them better, I might invite them to dinner.
. may/might have (done) .3
I wonder why Kamila didnt answer the phone. ~ She may have been asleep. (= perhaps she was asleep.)
I cant find my bag anywhere. ~ You might have left it in the shop. (= Perhaps you left it in the shop.)
I was surprised that Sarah wasnt at the meeting. ~ She might not have known about it.
I wonder why Kabeer was in such a bad mood yesterday. ~ He may not have been feeling well.
. may/might be ing .4
Dont phone at 8.30. I might/may be watching the football on television.
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. .5
.
What shall we do? Shall we walk? ~ We might as well. Its nice day and I dont want to wait here for an
hour.

( We) might as well do something
.
Must .9
must
. .
My house is very near the motorway. ~ It must be very noisy.
Youve been travellling all day. You must be tired.
Kashmala must get very bored in her job. She does the same thing every day.
The phone rang but I didnt hear it. I must have been asleep.
Ive lost one of my gloves. I must have dropped it somewhere.

Active Voice and Passive Voice

Active Verb
. Active Voice .
My grandfather was builder. He built this house in 1930.
Its a big company. It employs two hundred people.
Bell invented the telephone.
passive
. Passive Voice .
The house is quite old. It was built in 1930.
Two hundred people are employed by the company.
The Telephone was invented by Bell.

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. Passive Voice
.
.
A lot of money was stolen in the robber. (Somebody stole it but we dont know who)
Is this room cleaned every day? (Does somebody clean it? its not important who)
Bananas are exported to Europe.
The liquid is heated to boiling point.
Payments can be made at any post office.
Cars left here will be towed away.
A number of political prisoners have been released.
Talks will be held in London next week.
.
.
Present and past
Active Passive

We make butter from milk. Butter is made from milk.

Present Simple Somebody cleans these rooms every day. These rooms are cleaned every day.
People never invite me to parties. I am never invited to parties.
How do they make butter? How is butter made?

Past Simple Someboday stole my car last week. My car was stolen last week.
Somebody stole my keys yesterday. My keys were stolen yesterday.
They did nt invite me to the party. I wasnt invited to the party.
When did they build these houses? When were these houses built?

Present Continuous They are building a new airport at the A new airport is being built at the
moment. (= it isnt finished) moment.
They are building some new homes near Some new houses are being built near
the river. the river.

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Past Continuous When I was here a few years ago, they When I was here a few years ago, a
were building a new airport. (= it wasnt new airport was being built.
finished at that time)

Present Perfect Look! The have painted the door. Look! The door has been painted.
These shirts are clean. Somebody has These shirts are clean. The have been
washed them. washed.
Somebody has stolen my car. My car has been stolen.

Past Perfect Ann said that somebody had stolen her car. Ann said that her car had been stolen.

Will / can / must / have to etc.

Active Passive

Somebody will clean the office tomorrow. The office will be cleaned tomorrow.
Somebody must clean the office. The office must be cleaned.
I think theyll invite you to the party. I think youll be invited to the party.
They cant repair my watch. My watch cant be repaired.
You should wash this sweater by hand. This sweater should be washed by hand.

They are going to build a new airport. A new airport is going to be built.
Somebody has to wash these clothes. These clothes have to be washed.
They had to take the injured man to hospital. The injured man had to be taken to hospital.

Direct and Indirect speech

.

exact .
Direct Speech .
. Reported Speech Indirect Speech
Direct: Tom said: I am feeling ill.
Indirect: Tom said that he was feeling ill.

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Direct: Tom said: I woke up feeling ill, so I didnt go to work.
Indirect or reported: Tom said (that) he woke up feeling ill, so he didnt go to work. Or Tom said (that)
he dad woken up feeling ill, so he hadnt gone to work.
Direct: Tanveer: Im tired.
Indirect: Tanveer says hes tired.

.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Simple Present Simple Past

I never eat meat, he explained He explained that he never ate meat.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Im waiting for Ann, he said He said (that) e was waiting for Ann.
Present Prefect Past Perfect
I have found a flat, he said He said that he had found a flat.
Present Perfect continuous Past Perfect continuous
He said, Ive been waiting for ages. He said he had been waiting for ages.
Simple Past Past Perfect
I took it home with me, she said. She said she had taken it home with her.
Future Conditional
He said I will/shall be in Paris on Monday. He said he would be in Paris on Monday.
Future continuous Conditional Continuous
th
I will/shall be using car myself on the 24 , she said. She said shed be using the car herself on the 24th.
But note, Conditional Conditional
I said, I would/should like to see it. I said I would/should like to see it.

Third person possessive adjective First Person Pronoun .1

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He said, I have missed my train. - He said hed missed his train.
:
I said, Ive lost my job. - I said Id lost my job.
you/ your .2
He said, Youre late. - He said I was late.
He said, Youve left your umbrella behind. Amina. - He told Amina shed had left her umbrella behind.
. you/your
He told you (that) youd left your umbrella behind.
: that this .3
I said, Ill go later this week/month/year. - I said Id later that week/month/year.
: the these, that, those this
He said, Ill give you this book/these books. He said hed give me the book/ the books.
: it/them this, that/these, those
I made this she said. She said shed made it.
: that clause that
Thats true, he said. - He said that was true.
: expressions .4
Today that day; yesterday the day before; the day before yesterday two days before; tomorrow
the next day/the following day; the day after tomorrow in two days time.
: .5
the next week/month/year the following week/month etc.; last week/month/year the previous
week/month etc.; a week/month/year/ago a week etc. before.

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Short Forms 1
I am .
. Youve You have Im
.
.

m = am Im

s = is or Hes Shes Its

has

re = are Youre Were Theyre

ve = Ive Youve Weve Theyve

have

ll =will Ill Hell Shell Youll Well Theyll

d = Id Hed Shed Youd Wed Theyd

would or
had

: has is s
Shes ill. (= She is ill.)
Shes gone away. (= She has gone away.)
.let us lets
Lets go now. (= Let us go.)
: would had d
Id see a doctor if I were you. (= I would see)
Id never seen her before. (= I had never seen)
that/there/here who/what etc ( s )
.
Whos whats wheres hows thats theres heres wholl therell whod
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Whos that womon over there? (= who is)
Whats happened? (=what has)
Do you think therell be many people at the party? (= there will)
: s
Jameels going out tonight. (= Jameel is)
My friends just got married. (= My friend has)
. s / m / re / ve / ll / d
. Stress
Are you tired? ~ Yes, I am. (not Yes, Im)
Do you know where she is? (not Do you know where shes?)
.

Isnt = is not Havent = have not Shant = shall not

Arent = are not Hasnt = has not) Shouldnt = should not

Wasnt = was not Hadnt = had not Mightnt = might not

Werent= were not Cant = can not Mustnt = must not

Dont= do not Couldnt = could not Neednt = need not

Doesnt = does not Wont = will not Darent = dare not

Didnt = did not Wouldnt = would not

: are Is
He isnt / she isnt / it isnt or hes not / shes not / its not
You arent / we arent / they arent or youre not / were not / theyre not.

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List of Irregular Verbs 2
Present and infinitive Simple Past Past Participle
Abide abode abode
Arise arose arisen
Awake awoke/awaked awoken/awaked
Be was been
Bear bore borne/born*
Beat beat beaten
Become became become
Befall befell befallen
Beget begot begotten
Begin began begun
Behold beheld beheld
Bend bent bent
Bereave bereaved bereaved/bereft*
Beseech besought besought
Bet betted/bet betted/bet
Bid (= command) bade bidden
Bid (= offer bid bid
Bind bound bound
Bite bit bitten
Bleed bled bled
Blow blew blown
Break broke broken
Breed bred bred
Bring brought brought
Broadcast broadcast broadcast
Build built built
Burn burned/burnt burned/brunt
Burst burst burst
Buy bought bought

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Can could be able
Cast cast cast
Catch caught caught
Chide chid chidden
Choose chose chosen
Cleave clove/cleft cloven/cleft*
Cling clung clung
Clothe clothed/clad clothed/clad
Come came come
Cost cost cost
Creep crept crept
Crow crowed/crew crowed
Cut cut cut
Dare dared/durst dared/durst
Deal dealt dealt
Dig dug dug
Do did done
Draw drew drawn
Dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt
Drink drank drunk
Drive drove driven
Dwell dwelled/dwelt dwelled/dwelt
Eat ate eaten
Fall fell fallen
Feed fed fed
Feel felt felt
Fight fought fought
Find found found
Flee fled fled
Fling flung flung
Fly flew flown
Forbear forbore forborne
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Forbid forbade forbidden
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgotten
Forsake forsook forsaken
Freeze froze frozen
Get got got
Gild gilded/gilt gilded/gilt
Gird girded/girt girded/girt
Give gave given
Go went gone
Grind ground ground
Grow grew grown
Hang hanged/hung hanged/hung*
Have had had
Hear heard heard
Hew hewed hewed/hewn
Hide hid hidden
Hit hit hit
Hold held held
Hurt hurt hurt
Keep kept kept
Kneel knelt knelt
Knit** knit knit
Know knew known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Lean leaned/leant leaned/leant
Leap leaped/leapt leaped/leapt
Learn learned/learnt learned/learnt
Leave left left
Lend lent lent
Let let let
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Lie lay lain
Light lighted/lit light/lit
Lose lost lost
Make made made
May might
Mean meant meant
Meet met met
Mow mowed mowed/mown
Must had to
Ought
Pay paid paid
Put put put
Read read read
Rend rent rent
Rid rid rid
Ride rode ridden
Ring rang rung
Rise rose risen
Run ran ran
Saw sawed sawed/sawn
Say said said
See saw seen
Seek sought sought
Sell sold sold
Send sent sent
Set set set
Sew sewed sewed/sewn
Shake shook shaken
Shall should -
Shear sheared/shore sheared/shorn
Shed shed shed
Shine shone shone
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Shoe shoed/shod shoed/shod
Shoot shot shot
Show showed showed/shown
Shrink shrank shrunk
Shut shut shut
Sing sang sang
Sink sank sunk
Sit sat sat
Slay slew slain
Sleep slept slept
Slide slid slid
Sling slung slung
Slink slunk slunk
Slit slit slit
Smell smelled/smelt smelled/smelt
Smite smote smitten
Sow sowed sowed/sown
Speak spoke spoken
Speed speeded/sped speeded/sped
Spell spelled/spelt spelled/spelt
Spend spent spent
Spill spilled/spilt spilt
Spin spun spun
Spit spit spat
Split split split
Spread spread spread
Spring sprang sprung
Stand stood stood
Steal stole stolen
Stick stuck stuck
Sting stung stung
Stink stank/stunk stunk
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Strew strewed strewed/strewn
Stride strode stridden
Strike struck struck
String strung strung
Strive strove striven
Swear swore sworn
Sweep swept swept
Swell swelled swelled/swollen
Swim swam swum
Swing swung swung
Take took taken
Teach taught taught
Tear tore torn
Tell told told
Think thought thought
Thrive thrived/throve thrived/thriven
Throw threw thrust
Tread trod trodden/trod
Understand understood understood
Undertake undertook undertaken
Wake waked/woke waked/woken
Wear wore worn
Weave wove woven
Weep wept wept
Wet wetted/wet wetted/wet
Will would -
Win won won
Wind wound wound
Wring wrung wrung
Write wrote written


*
.
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Key to Exercises
Exercise 1: 1. are working; 2. am looking; 3. is getting; 4. are staying 5. am coming; 6. is starting; 7. are making;
8. is happening.
Execercise 2: 1. is working; 2. are you working; 3. not doing, am looking; 4.are waiting; 5. are helping; 6. is not
paying; 7. is he doing; 8. is talking, is making; 9. are going; 10. is not paying, is paying.
Exercise 3: 1.flies; 2. cures; 3. paints; 4. looks 5. bakes 6. brings 7. puts 8. digs.
Exercise 4: 1. does not speak 2. walk 3. needs 4. love 5. doesnt eat 6. dont look 7. doesnt work 8. dont like 9.
wins 10. dont own.
Exercise 5: 1. cleaned 2. opened 3. started, finished 4. wanted 5. happened 6. rained 7. enjoyed, stayed 8. died.
Exercise 6: 1. took 2. did not enjoy 3. did not disturb 4. went 5. did not sleep 6. didnt eat 7. was not 8. laughed 9.
flew 10. did not cost 11. did not have 12. were
Exercise 7. 1. I was making phone calls all evening. 2. I was waiting in the rain for half an hour. 3. I was making
sandwitches all afternoon. 4. I was sitting in a traffic jam for two hours. 5. My neighbour was playing loud music
all night.
Exercise 8: 1 was waiting 2. were you doing 3. did you go 4. was wearing (wore is also possible) 5. were you
driving happened 6. took wasnt looking 7. did not know 8. saw was trying 9. was walking heard
10. wanted.
Exercise 9: 1. have finished 2. have bought 3. has gone 4. have you seen 5. has broken 6. have told 7. has taken 8.
has she gone 9. have forgotten 10. has invited 11. Have you decided 12. havent seen.
Exercise 10: I have never met. 2. havent seen 3. havent eaten 4. I havent played (it) 5. Ive had 6. I havent
read 7. I have never been 8. I have never tried 9. I have never tried 10. that has happened
Exercise 11: 1. Mehran has been swimming for an hour. 2. My friends have been traveling (around the world) for
three months. 3. Jamshed has been working for ten hours. 4. Nadia and Ramsha have been talking for forty minutes.
5. How long have you been reading the/that/your book?
Exercise 12: 1. She had gone out. 2.It had changed a lot. 3. She had arranged to do something else. 4. The film had
already begun. 5. I had not seen him for five years. 6. She had just had breakfast.
Exercise 13: 1 had left 2. had quarreled 3. had lost 4. had crashed 5. had broken 6. had put up
Exercise 14: 1. I had been working hard all day. 2. They had been playing football. 3. Somebody had been smoking
in the room. 4. She had been dreaming. 5. He had been watching T.V.

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Exercise 15: No, shed been painting portraits for quite a long time. 2. No, shed been selling her paintings for quite
a long time. 4. No, shed been looking for a house for quite a long time.
Exercise16: 1. will pass 2. will look 3. will like 4. will get 5. will be 6. will meet 7. will come 8. will be
Exercse 17: 1. Ill answer it/the phone. 2. Ill have (the) chiken(,please). 3. Ill carry the/your bag (for you). 4. Ill
post it/the letter (for you).
Exercise 18: 1.am going to walk 2. is going to stay 3. am going to eat 4. going to give 5. is going to lie down 6.
Are you going to watch 7. is Raheela going to do.
Exercise 19: 1. I will be earning 2. I will be doing 3. will you be doing 4. I will be giving 5. who will be doing 6.
you will be playing
Exercise 20: 2. twenty 3. She will have traveled two hundred miles. 3. He will have done a/one hundred and fifty
(press-ups).
Exercise 21: 2. Well have finished. 3. well be playing 4. hell have spent 5. youll still be doing 6. shell have
travelled

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