Determining the concentration of
an unknown copper (ii) sulfate solution
using colorimeter
Aim:
The aim of this practical was to determine the concentration of an unknown copper (ii) solution.
Objective:
The objective of this practical was the determination of the concentration of the unknown copper
(ii) solution using a colorimeter.
Introduction:
The colors we see as they are; for example, coal as black or the leaves as green is actually the
part of the visible spectrum which is reflected off their surfaces after a part of the spectrum is
absorbed. This essentially means that the colors we see are the complementary colors or
wavelengths of which are absorbed and the color of a species is due to its ability to absorb light.
Further, with the increase of concentration, the absorbance of a solution also increases. This is
denoted by the Beer Lambert law, where the linear relationship between concentration and
absorbance was instated. The equation for the law in terms of intensities is given below.
Beer lambert law in terms of intensities
(Chemistry LibreTexts, 2017)
The device used to measure the transmittance and absorbance of light passing through a liquid
sample is known as a colorimeter. This was one of the earliest analysis techniques to be
developed. The principle of this device is based on the Beer Lambert law discussed previously.
A beam of light with a specific wavelength is passed through the solution. This transmitted light
is then compared with a standard solution with zero absorbance to give the relative absorbance
of the solution. By using standard calibration curves, concentrations of unknown solutions can
be found. This practical is based on finding the concentration of an unknown solution using
standard calibration curves.
Safety:
Since chemical substances which are irritants and electrical equipment are used, safety
precautions must be followed. The chemicals (CuSO 4) should not be touched with bare hands
and PPE including the lab coat, gloves and appropriate shoes must be worn prior to starting the
practical.
Materials:
CuSO4 salt (9.985g)
Distilled water
Test tubes
Stirring rod
Pipette
Colorimeter
Beaker
Methodology:
1. 9.985g of CuSO4 was measured using the analytical balance.
2. It was dissolved in water to make a 100 ml CuSO4 solution in a volumetric flask.
Figure 1.0
Master stock CuSO4 (0.4M)
3. 5 clean, dry test tubes were labeled 1-5.
4. Pipettes were used to prepare 5 standard solutions according to table 1.0 from
the master solution made in step 2.
Table 1.0
Serial dilution volumes of CuSO4
(Laboratory manual)
Tube CuSO4 0.4 M Distilled H2O
(ml) (ml)
1 2 8
2 4 6
3 6 4
4 8 2
5 10 0
Figure 2.0
Serial dilutions of CuSO4
5. The absorbencies of the CuSO4 solution were measured using the colorimeter and a
suitable wavelength was selected.
6. The absorbencies of the serial dilutions of the copper sulfate solution were
transferred into cuvettes labeled 1-5 and were measured using the selected
wavelength.
Wavelength () Absorbance
(nm)
420 0.00 (reference)
420 0.38
490 0.10
540 0.15
590 0.54
650 1.40
Results: Wavelength Vs Absorbance
Table 2.0
Wavelength Vs Absorbance
Wavelength () Absorbance
(nm)
420 0.00 (reference)
420 0.38
490 0.10
540 0.15
590 0.54
650 1.40
Wavelength Vs Absorbance
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.2
0.8 Absorbance 0
Absorbance
0.54
0.6
0.38
0.4
0.15
0.2 0.1
0
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Wavelength (nm)
Graph 1.0
Wavelength Vs Absorbance
Concentration Vs Absorbance
C 1 V 1C 2 V 2
i. 0.4 * 02 = C2 * 10 = 0.08 moldm-3
ii. 0.4 * 04 = C2 * 10 = 0.16 moldm-3
iii. 0.4 * 06 = C2 * 10 = 0.24 moldm-3
iv. 0.4 * 08 = C2 * 10 = 0.32 moldm-3
v. 0.4 * 10 = C2 * 10 = 0.40 moldm-3
Table 3.0
Concentration Vs Absorbance
Concentration Absorbance
(moldm-3)
0.08 0.38
0.16 0.65
0.24 0.94
0.32 0.95
0.40 1.38
Unknown 0.83
Concentration Vs Absorbance
1.6
1.4 1.38
f(x) = 3.45x
1.2 R = 0.99
1
0.94 0.95
0.8
Absorbance
0.65
0.6
0.4 0.38
0.2
00
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Concentration (moldm-3)
Graph 1.0
Concentration Vs Absorbance
Discussion:
Colorimetry is one of the earliest analysis techniques to be developed. Therefore, colorimeters
often have a limited range of wavelengths to select from to set the filter for analysis of samples.
Unlike theGraph
UV spectrophotometer
2.0 which has a wide range of filters to select from, the filters of
the colorimeter were limited
Concentration to 420, 490, 540, 590 and 650 nm. Though the ideal wavelength
Vs Absorbance
filter for CuSO4 is around 635 nm, since the device is unable to set to that filter, 650 nm filter
with an absorbance 1.40 was used instead. The calculated mass of CuSO4 necessary to
prepare 0.4M solution was 9.98g, however, 9.985g of CuSO4 was used to prepare the master
solution. As seen in the graph, not all points are crossed to give a straight line. This means that
there have been some errors while carrying out the practical. These errors might include
pipetting errors or errors caused in preparing the serial dilutions.
The absorbance levels of the cuvette with concentrations of 0.32 and 0.4 in particular have
larger error bars, indicating a larger window for error. If these points were removed, a more
accurate graph could have been achieved, with a more accurate value for the solution with the
unknown concentration. Also if the procedure was repeated, these errors could have been
minimized by using better precautions. However, during this practical, the cuvettes to which the
solutions were added to were thoroughly washed and dried, making sure that no traces of water
remained on the surface which could have otherwise altered the readings of the colorimeter
Conclusion:
The concentration of the unknown solution with the absorbance of 0.83 was found
as 0.234 moldm-3 using graph 1.0 which was plotted above.
Reference:
Chemistry LibreTexts. (2017). The Beer-Lambert Law. [online] Available at:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Spectroscopy/E
lectronic_Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy_Basics/The_Beer-Lambert_Law
[Accessed 11 Feb. 2017].
