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Randal Ect 3

The document discusses ideals, quotient rings, homomorphisms, kernels, images, and the First Isomorphism Theorem. It provides examples and definitions of each concept. It also works through an example problem showing that the set of differentiable functions with f(0)=f'(0)=0 forms an ideal in the ring of differentiable functions, and that the quotient ring is isomorphic to the polynomial ring modulo x^2.

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102 views9 pages

Randal Ect 3

The document discusses ideals, quotient rings, homomorphisms, kernels, images, and the First Isomorphism Theorem. It provides examples and definitions of each concept. It also works through an example problem showing that the set of differentiable functions with f(0)=f'(0)=0 forms an ideal in the ring of differentiable functions, and that the quotient ring is isomorphic to the polynomial ring modulo x^2.

Uploaded by

alin444444
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Rings & Arithmetic 3: Ideals and quotient rings

Friday, 14 October 2005


Lectures for Part A of Oxford FHS in Mathematics and Joint Schools

Ideals, examples

Quotient rings

Homomorphisms

Kernel and image

The First Isomorphism Theorem

A worked exercise

0
Ideals
Definition: A subset A of a ring R (commutative, with 1) is
said to be an ideal if

(1) 0 A and a, b A a + b, a A (so A is an


additive subgroup);
(2) (a A, x R) xa A .

Note: If A is an ideal and 1 A then A = R. Thus a proper


ideal is never a subring.

1
Examples of ideals
Examples: {0}, R are always ideals.

Examples: nZ is an ideal in Z.

Examples: Generally, if R is any ring (commutative, with 1) and


a R then aR is an ideal.

Note: Such ideals aR (or Ra) are known as principal ideals.


Notations (a) and haiR are also used by some mathematicians.

2
Quotient rings
Definition: Let A be an ideal in the ring R. The quotient
ring R/A is defined as follows:
Set := {x + A | x R} [additive cosets]
0 := A
1 := 1+A
(x + A) + (y + A) := (x + y) + A
(x + A)(y + A) := (xy) + A .
Check that this is a ring. The issues are:
are + and well-defined?
do the ring axioms hold?

Important example: Zn = Z/nZ


3
Homomorphisms
Definition: Let R, S be rings (commutative, with 1). A function
: R S is said to be a homomorphism if
(0) (0) = 0, (1) = 1
(1) (a + b) = (a) + (b) for all a, b R
(2) (ab) = (a) (b) for all a, b R

Example: The identity map R R is a homomorphism.


Example: If R is a ring, A an ideal then the map x 7 x + A is a
homomorphism R R/A. It is known as the natural projection
or natural epimorphism.
Example: In particular, the map Z Zn where x 7 x (and x
is
the residue class of x modulo n) is a surjective homomorphism.
4
Notes on homomorphisms
Note: If : R S and : S T are ring homomorphisms then
also : R T is a homomorphism.

Note: If : R S is a ring homomorphism then U (R) 6 U (S).

Definition: An isomorphism is an invertible homomorphism. We


write R = S to mean that there exists an isomorphism R S
(and then we say that R, S are isomorphic).

Note: A ring homomorphism : R S is an isomorphism if


and only if it is one-one and onto (injective and surjective).

5
Image and kernel
Definition: Let : R S be a ring homomorphism. We define
the image and kernel of by
Im := {y S | x R : (x) = y}
Ker := {x R | (x) = 0} .

Important Observation: If : R S is a ring homomorphism


then Im is a subring of S and Ker is an ideal in R.

Proof.

6
The First Isomorphism Theorem

First Isomorphism Theorem for rings: If : R S is a ring


homomorphism then Im = R/Ker.

Proof.

7
A worked example
Part of Schools 1987, I, 5. Let D be the ring of all diff-
erentiable functions f : R R with the operations of pointwise
addition and multiplication. Show that
I = {f D : f (0) = f 0(0) = 0}
is an ideal in D.

Let R[x] denote the ring of polynomials in the indeterminate


x with real coefficients, and (x2) the ideal generated by the
polynomial x2. Show that there is a homomorphism from R[x]
onto D/I and deduce that D/I = R[x]/(x2).

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