Fortigate Cookbook 54 PDF

The FortiGate Cookbook 5.
February-18-16
Copyright 2016 Fortinet, Inc. All rights reserved. Fortinet, FortiGate, FortiCare and FortiGuard, and
certain other marks are registered trademarks of Fortinet, Inc., in the U.S. and other jurisdictions, and other
Fortinet names herein may also be registered and/or common law trademarks of Fortinet. All other product or
company names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Performance and other metrics contained herein
were attained in internal lab tests under ideal conditions, and actual performance and other results may vary.
Network variables, different network environments and other conditions may affect performance results. Nothing
herein represents any binding commitment by Fortinet, and Fortinet disclaims all warranties, whether express or
implied, except to the extent Fortinet enters a binding written contract, signed by Fortinets General Counsel, with
a purchaser that expressly warrants that the identified product will perform according to certain expressly-
identified performance metrics and, in such event, only the specific performance metrics expressly identified in
such binding written contract shall be binding on Fortinet. For absolute clarity, any such warranty will be limited to
performance in the same ideal conditions as in Fortinets internal lab tests. In no event does Fortinet make any
commitment related to future deliverables, features, or development, and circumstances may change such that
any forward-looking statements herein are not accurate. Fortinet disclaims in full any covenants,
representations,and guarantees pursuant hereto, whether express or implied. Fortinet reserves the right to
change, modify, transfer, or otherwise revise this publication without notice, and the most current version of the
publication shall be applicable.
ii
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Training Services - http://campus.training.fortinet.com
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Please report errors or omissions in this or any Fortinet technical document to techdoc@fortinet.com.
iii
Table of Contents
Change Log 8
Introduction 9
Tips 10
Getting Started 12
Installing a FortiGate in NAT/Route mode 13
Installing a FortiGate in Transparent mode 18
VDOM configuration 23
Troubleshooting your FortiGate installation 36
Creating security policies 40
Creating a virtual wire pair 47
Limiting bandwidth with traffic shaping 52
Managing FortiSwitches with a FortiGate 58
Security 60
Sandboxing with FortiSandbox and FortiClient 61
Protection from Botnet C&C attacks 70
Enforcing network security using a FortiClient Profile 76
Why you should use SSL inspection 84
Preventing certificate warnings 87
Protecting web applications 97
Troubleshooting web filtering 102
WiFi 103
WiFi network on a schedule 104
Extending WiFi range with mesh topology 107
Assigning WiFi users to VLANs dynamically 114
WiFi RADIUS authentication with FortiAuthenticator 123
Authentication 130
802.1X with VLAN Switch interfaces on a FortiGate 131
VPNs 136
iv
IPsec VPN with FortiClient 137
Site-to-site IPsec VPN with two FortiGates 145
IPsec troubleshooting 151
SSL VPN using web and tunnel mode 153
SSL VPN troubleshooting 165
Expert 167
Single Sign-On using LDAP and FSSO agent in advanced mode 168
Single Sign-On using FSSO agent in advanced mode and FortiAuthenticator 176
SSO using a FortiGate, FortiAuthenticator, and DC Polling 187
Configuring ADVPN in FortiOS 5.4 194
Glossary 205
v
Change Log
Date Change description
Feb 18, 2016 Initial publication
Change Log 8
Introduction
FortiGate is a network security appliance that can apply a number of features to your network traffic, providing a
consolidated security solution to match the needs of any network, big or small.
The FortiGate recipes is divided into the following sections:
l Getting Started: recipes to help you start using your FortiGate.

l Security: recipes about using a FortiGate to protect your network.
l WiFi: recipes about managing a wireless network with your FortiGate.
l Authentication: recipes about authenticating users and devices on your network.
l VPNs: recipes about virtual private networks (VPNs), including authentication methods.
l Expert: recipes about advanced FortiGate configurations for users with a higher degree of background
knowledge.
Some recipes are part of more than one of the above sections. When a recipe is part of multiple sections, it is
located in the section that appears first in the Cookbook.
This version of the complete FortiGate cookbook was written using FortiOS 5.4.0.
Introduction 9
Tips
Before you get started, here are a few tips about using the FortiGate Cookbook:
Understanding the basics

Some basic steps, such as logging intoyour FortiGate, are not included in most recipes. This information can be
found in the QuickStart guide for your product.
Screenshots vs. text

The FortiGate Cookbook uses both screenshots and text to explain the steps of each example. The screenshots
display the entire configuration, while the text highlights key details (i.e. the settings that are strictly necessary for
the configuration) and provides additional information. To get the most out of the FortiGate Cookbook, start with
the screenshots and then read the text for more details.
Model and firmware

GUI menus, options, and interface names may vary depending on the which model you are using and the firmware
build.
For example, some FortiGate have a default interface called lan, while on other FortiGate models this interface is
called internal.
Ports
The specific ports being used in the documentation are chosen as examples. When you are configuring your unit,
you can substitute your own ports, provided that they have the same function.
For example, in most recipes, wan1 is the port used to provide the FortiGate with access to the Internet. If your
FortiGate uses a different port for this function, you should use that port in the parts of the configuration that the
recipe uses wan1.
IP addresses and object names

IP addresses are sometimes shown in diagrams to make it easier to see the source of the addresses used in the
recipe. When you are configuring your product, substitute your own addresses. You should also use your own
named for any objects, including user accounts, that are created as part of the recipe. Make names as specific as
possible, to make it easier to determine later what the object is used for.
Tips 10
Text elements
Bold text indicates the name of a GUI field or feature. When required, italic text indicates information that you
must enter. Italics are also used for notes, which contain information you may find useful.
Selecting OK/Apply
Always select OK or Apply when you complete a GUI step. Because this must be done frequently, it is an
assumed step and is not included in most recipes.
IPv4 vs IPv6 policies

Most recipes in the FortiGate Cookbook use IPv4 security policies. However, the majority of them could also be
done using IPv6 policies. If you wish to create an IPv6 policy, go to Policy & Objects > IPv6 Policy.
Turning on FortiOS features

Some FortiOS features can be turned off, which means they will not appear in the GUI. If an option required for a
recipe does not appear, go to System > Feature Select and make sure that option is turned on.
Also, on some FortiGate models, certain features are only available using the CLI. For more information about
this, see theFeature/Platform Matrix.
11 Tips
Getting Started
This section contains information about basic tasks to get a FortiGate unit up and running, including installation,
as well common roles and configurations a FortiGate unit can have in your network.
Installation
l Installing a FortiGate in NAT/Route mode
l Installing a FortiGate in Transparent mode
l VDOM configuration
l Troubleshooting your FortiGate installation
Setting up your FortiGate

l Creating security policies
l Creating a virtual wire pair
Common configurations
l Limiting bandwidth with traffic shaping
Using a FortiGate with other Fortinet products

l Managing FortiSwitches with a FortiGate
Getting Started 12
Installing a FortiGate in NAT/Route mode
In this example, you will learn how to connect and configure a new FortiGate unit in NAT/Route mode to securely
connect a private network to the Internet.
In NAT/Route mode, a FortiGate unit is installed as a gateway or router between two networks. In most cases, it
is used between a private network and the Internet. This allows the FortiGate to hide the IP addresses of the
private network using network address translation (NAT).
Getting Started 13
1. Connecting the network devices and logging onto the FortiGate
Connect the FortiGates Internet-facing
interface (typically WAN1) to your ISP-
supplied equipment and Connect a PC to
the FortiGate using an internal port
(typically port 1).
Power on the ISPs equipment, the

FortiGate unit, and the PC on the internal
network.
From the PC on the internal network,

connect to the FortiGates web-based
manager using either FortiExplorer or an
Internet browser (for information about
connecting to the web-based manager,
please see your models QuickStart
Guide).
Login using an admin account (the

default admin account has the username
admin and no password).
Getting Started 14
2. Configuring the FortiGates interfaces
Go to Network > Interfaces and edit the
Internet-facing interface (in the example,
wan1).
If your FortiGate is directly connecting to

your ISP, set Addressing Mode to
Manual and set the IP/Netmask to the
public IP address your ISP has provided
you with.
If you have ISP equipment between your FortiGate and the Internet (for example, a router), then the wan1 IP will
also use a private IP assigned by the ISP equipment. If this equipment uses DHCP, set Addressing Mode to
DHCP to get an IP assigned to the interface.
If the ISP equipment does not use DHCP, your ISP can provide you with the correct private IP to use for the
interface.
Edit the lan interface (called internal on

some FortiGate models).
Make sure the interface's Role is set to

LAN.
Set Addressing Mode to Manual and

set the IP/Netmask to the private IP
address you wish to use for the
FortiGate.
15 Getting Started
3. Adding a default route
Go to Network > Static Routes and
create a new route.
Set Destination to Subnet, Destination

IP/Mask to 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0, the Device
to the Internet-facing interface, and the
Gateway to the gateway (or default
route) provided by your ISP or to the next
hop router, depending on your network
requirements.
A default route always has a Destination

IP/Mask of 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0. Normally,
you would have only one default route. If
the static route list already contains a
default route, you can edit it or delete it
and add a new one.
4. (Optional) Setting the FortiGates DNS servers

The FortiGate units DNS Settings are
set to use FortiGuard DNS servers by
default, which is sufficient for most
networks. However, if you need to
change the DNS servers, go to Network
> DNS, select Specify, and add Primary
and Secondary servers.
5. Creating a policy to allow traffic from the internal network to the Internet
Some FortiGate models include an IPv4 security policy in the default configuration. If you have one of these
models, edit it to include the logging options shown below, then proceed to the results section.
Getting Started 16
Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy
and create a new policy. Give the policy
a Name that indicates that the policy will
be for traffic to the Internet (in the
example, Internet).
Set the Incoming Interface to the lan

interface and the Outgoing Interface to
the Internet-facing interface. Set
Source, Destination Address,
Schedule, and Services as required.
Make sure the Action is set to ACCEPT.

Turn on NAT and make sure Use
Outgoing Interface Address is
selected.
Scroll down to view the Logging

Options. In order to view the results
later, enable Log Allowed Traffic and
select All Sessions.
5. Results
You can now browse the Internet using
any computer that connects to the
FortiGates internal interface.
You can view information about the

traffic being processed by your FortiGate
by going to FortiView > All Sessions
and selecting the now view.
Select Add Filter and filter for Policy,

selecting the name of your new policy.
Only traffic flowing through the new
policy is displayed.
17 Getting Started
Installing a FortiGate in Transparent mode
In this example, you will learn how to connect and configure a new FortiGate unit in Transparent mode to securely
connect a private network to the Internet.
Transparent mode is used if you want to apply security scanning to traffic without applying routing or network
address translation (NAT), such as when a FortiGate is used as an Internal Segmentation Firewall (ISFW).
Getting Started 18
1. Changing the FortiGates operation mode
From the PC on the internal network,
connect to the FortiGates web-based
manager using either FortiExplorer or an
Internet browser (for information about
connecting to the web-based manager,
please see your models QuickStart
Guide).
Login using an admin account (the

Go to the Dashboard and enter the following command into the CLI console widget, substituting your own IP
addresses where necessary:
config system settings
set opmode transparent
set manageip 192.168.200.111 255.255.255.0
set gateway 192.168.200.99
end
You can now access the FortiGate using

the new Management IP address (in the
example, https://192.168.200.111).
Go to the Dashboard. The System

Information widget shows the
Operation Mode is Transparent.
Getting Started 19
2. (Optional) Setting the FortiGates DNS servers
The FortiGate units DNS Settings are
set to use FortiGuard DNS servers by
default, which is sufficient for most
networks. However, if you need to
change the DNS servers, go to Network
> DNS, select Specify, and add Primary
and Secondary DNS servers.
3. Creating a policy to allow traffic from the internal network to the Internet
Some FortiGate models include an IPv4 security policy in the default configuration. If you have one of these
models, edit it to include the logging options shown below, then proceed to the results section.

and create a new policy. Give the policy
a Name that indicates that the policy will
example, Internet).
Set the Incoming Interface to the

internal interface (called internal on
some FortiGate models) and the
Outgoing Interface to the Internet-
facing interface (typically wan1). Set
Source, Schedule, and Services as
required.
Make sure the Action is set to ACCEPT.
Scroll down to view the Logging

Options. In order to view the results
later, enable Log Allowed Traffic and
select All Sessions.
20 Getting Started
4. Connecting the network devices
Go to the Dashboard and locate the System Resources widget. Select Shutdown to power off the FortiGate
unit.
Alternatively, you can enter the following command in the CLI Console:
execute shutdown
Wait until all the lights, except for the power light, on your FortiGate have turned off. If your FortiGate has a
power button, use it to turn the unit off. Otherwise, unplug the unit.
You can now connect the FortiGate unit

between the internal network and the
router.
Connect the wan1 interface to the router

internal interface and connect the internal
network to the FortiGate internal
interface port.
Power on the FortiGate unit.
Getting Started 21
5. Results
You can now browse the Internet using
any computer that connects to the
FortiGates internal interface.
You can view information about the

traffic being processed by your FortiGate
by going to FortiView > All Sessions
and selecting the now view.
Select Add Filter and filter for Policy,

selecting the name of your new policy.
Only traffic flowing through the new
policy is displayed.
22 Getting Started
VDOM configuration
This example illustrates how to use virtual domains (VDOMs) to host multiple FortiOS instances on a single
FortiGate.
In this example, two companies (called Company A and Company B) use the same FortiGate but have different
Internet service providers (ISPs). To provide both departments with network and Internet connectivity, each
company has its own VDOM (called VDOM-A and VDOM-B) that are managed independently.
The root VDOM will be used to manage the FortiGate's global settings.
23
1. Switching to VDOM mode and creating two VDOMs
Connect a PC to FortiGate using an
Ethernet cable, as described in your
model's QuickStart Guide.
Log in using the admin account (the

Go to the Dashboard and locate the

System Information widget. Find
Virtual Domain and select Enable.
You will be required to re-login after

enabling virtual domains because the
GUI menu options change.
Certain FortiGate models will not show the above option in the System Information widget. For these models, go
to the Dashboard and enter the following command in the CLI Console:
config system global
set vdom-admin enable
end
Enter y when you are asked if you want to continue.
You will be required to re-login to the GUI after enabling virtual domains because the GUI menu options change.
24
Make sure that Global is selected from
dropdown menu located in the top-left
corner. This allows you to make changes
to the global configuration.
Go to System > VDOM and create two

VDOMs: VDOM-A and VDOM-B.
In this example, the Inspection Mode is

set to Proxy for VDOM-A. This will allow
this VDOM to use both proxy and flow-
based security scanning.
The Inspection Mode for VDOM-B is

set to Flow-based, so only flow-based
security scanning is available.
2. Configuring the root VDOM for FortiGate management

Go to Network > Interfaces. By default,
all interfaces are in the root VDOM.
Edit the interface you wish to use to

manage the FortiGate (in the example,
mgmt). If you wish to use this interface
exclusively for FortiGate management,
you can enable Dedicated
Management Port.
Set Administrative Access to HTTPS,

PING, and SSH.
25
Go to System > Administrators and edit
the admin account.
Select Change Password to add a

password to this account.
Enable Restrict login to trusted hosts

and add the IP/Netmask of the admin
PC. This ensures that the admin must
login using the admin PC to be able to
manage the FortiGate.
3. Adding interfaces to VDOM-A

In this example, two interfaces will be added to VDOM-A: one for Internet access and one for use by the local
network.
If an interface is used in an existing FortiGate configuration, its VDOM assignment cannot be changed.
Because some FortiGate models have a default configuration, you may need to delete existing policies and
routes in order to add a particular interface.

interface that VDOM-A will use for
Internet access (in the example, wan1).
[tippy title="*" class="myclass"
showheader="false" width="auto"
height="auto"]In the example, the
interface's Link Status is Down
because nothing is currently connected
to the interface.[/tippy]
Set Virtual Domain to VDOM-A and

Role to WAN.
If your FortiGate is directly connecting to your ISP, set Addressing Mode to Manual and set the IP/Netmask
to the public IP address your ISP has provided you with (in the example, 172.20.121.46/255.255.255.0).
26
If you have some ISP equipment between your FortiGate and the Internet (for example, a router), then the wan1
IP will also use a private IP assigned by the ISP equipment. If this equipment uses DHCP, set Addressing
Mode to DHCP to get an IP assigned to the interface.
If the ISP equipment does not use DHCP, your ISP can provide you with the correct private IP to use for the
interface.

interface that will be connected to
VDOM-A's internal network (in the
example, port1).
Set Virtual Domain to VDOM-A and

Role to LAN.
Set Addressing Mode to Manual,

assign an IP/Network Mask to the
interface (in the example,
192.168.100.1/255.255.255.0), set
Administrative Access to HTTPS,
PING, and SSH.
4. Adding interfaces to VDOM-B

In this example, multiple interfaces will be added to VDOM-B: one for Internet access and four additional
interfaces for use by the internal network. These four interfaces will be combined into a hardware switch
interface called LAN-B, which the FortiGate treats as a single interface. This example also adds a DHCP server
to LAN-B to provide IP addresses for the VDOM-B's internal network.

interface that VDOM-B will use for
Internet access (in the example, wan2).
Set Virtual Domain to VDOM-B and

Role to WAN. Set an appropriate
Addressing Mode and IP/Netmask (in
the example,
172.20.120.100/255.255.255.0).
27
Go to Network > Interfaces and edit a
physical interface that will be used by
VDOM-B's internal network (in the
example, port5).
Set Virtual Domain to VDOM-B and

Role to LAN.
Repeat this process for any other

physical interfaces that will be used by
VDOM-B (in the example, port6, port7,
and port8).
Go to Network > Interfaces and create

a new interface to be used by VDOM-B's
internal network, called LAN-B.
Set Type to Hardware Switch and

Virtual Domain to VDOM-B. Add
VDOM-B's physical interfaces as
Physical Interface Members. Set Role
to LAN.
Set Addressing Mode to Manual,

assign an IP/Network Mask to the
interface (in the example,
192.168.200.1/255.255.255.0), set
Administrative Access to HTTPS,
PING, and SSH and enable DHCP
Server.
28
5. Adding administrators to each VDOM
Go to System > Administrators. Create
an administrator for VDOM-A, called
admin-a.
This administrator will be able to access

and configure VDOM-A, without
accessing either the root VDOM or
VDOM-B. The account will also not be
able to affect global settings.
Enter and confirm a Password. Set

Type to Local User and Administrator
Profile to prof_admin. Remove the root
VDOM from the Virtual Domains list,
then add VDOM-A.
Create an administrator that can access

VDOM-B, called admin-b.
Enter and confirm a Password. Set

Type to Local User and Administrator
Profile to prof_admin. Remove the root
VDOM from the Virtual Domains list,
then add VDOM-B.
29
6. Configuring VDOM-A
Access VDOM-A's configuration using
the dropdown menu and go to Network >
Static Routes to add a default route.

requirements.
30
Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policies
and create a new policy to allow Internet
access for VDOM-A. Give the policy a
Name that indicates that the policy will
example, Internet-VDOM-A).
Set Incoming Interface to port1,

Outgoing Interface to wan1, Source to
all, Destination Address to all, and
Service to ALL. Make sure NAT is
enabled.
Because this VDOM uses proxy

inspection, you can enable a variety of
security profiles that use either proxy or
flow-based inspection.
For testing purposes, under Logging

Options, enable Log Allowed Traffic
and select All Sessions.
31
7. Configuring VDOM-B
Access VDOM-B's configuration using
the dropdown menu and go to Network >
Static Routes to add default route.

requirements.
32
and create a new policy to allow Internet
access for VDOM-B. Give the policy a
Name that indicates that the policy will
example, Internet-VDOM-B).
Set Incoming Interface to LAN-B,

Outgoing Interface to wan2, Source to
all, Destination Address to all, and
Service to ALL. Make sure NAT is
enabled.
Because this VDOM uses flow-based

inspection, you can only enable security
profiles that use flow-based inspection.
For testing purposes, under Logging

Options, enable Log Allowed Traffic
and select All Sessions.
33
8. Results
Using a PC located on VDOM-A's
internal network, browse to the IP of the
LAN-A interface (in the example,
https://192.168.100.1).
Login to the VDOM using admin-a's

credentials. When the GUI loads, only
the options for configuration VDOM-A
appear.
Generate Internet traffic for VDOM-A.
Go to FortiView > Policies and select

the now view. You can see traffic flowing
through the Internet-VDOM-A policy.
Right-click on the policy, then select Drill

Down to Details. You can see more
information about the traffic.
34
Logout of the VDOM, then attempt to
login using the global admin's
credentials. You will not be able to log in.
You can also not log in using admin-b's
credentials.
Using a PC located on VDOM-B's

internet network, browse to the IP of the
LAN-B interface (in the example,
https://192.168.200.1).
Login to the VDOM using admin-b's

credentials. When the GUI loads, only
the options for configuration VDOM-B
appear.
Generate Internet traffic for VDOM-B.

through the Internet-VDOM-B policy.
35
Troubleshooting your FortiGate installation
If your FortiGate does not function as desired after completing the installation, try the following troubleshooting
methods.
Most methods can be used for FortiGates in both NAT/Route and Transparent mode. Any exceptions are marked.
1. Use FortiExplorer if you cant connect to the FortiGate over Ethernet.

If you cant connect to the FortiGate GUI or CLI, you may be able to connect using FortiExplorer. See your
FortiGate units QuickStart Guide for details.
2. Check for equipment issues.

Verify that all network equipment is powered on and operating as expected. Refer to the QuickStart Guide for
information about connecting your FortiGate to the network. You will also find detailed information about the
FortiGate unit LED indicators.
3. Check the physical network connections.

Check the cables used for all physical connections to ensure that they are fully connected and do not appear
damaged. Make sure that each cable connects to the correct device and the correct Ethernet port on that device.
Also, check the Unit Operation widget in the Dashboard to make sure the connected interfaces are shown in
green.
4. Verify that you can connect to the internal IP address of the FortiGate unit
(NAT/Route mode).
Connect to the web-based manager from the FortiGates internal interface by browsing to its IP address. From the
PC, try to ping the internal interface IP address; for example, ping 192.168.1.99.
If you cannot connect to the internal interface, verify the IP configuration of the PC. If you can ping the interface
but cant connect to the web-based manager, check the settings for administrative access on that interface.
5. Verify that you can connect to the management IP address of the FortiGate unit
(Transparent mode).
From the internal network, attempt to ping the management IP address. If you cannot connect to the internal
interface, verify the IP configuration of the PC and make sure the cables are connected and all switches and other
36
devices on the network are powered on and operating. Go to the next step when you can connect to the internal
interface.
6. Check the FortiGate interface configurations (NAT/Route mode).

Check the configuration of the FortiGate interface connected to the internal network, and check the configuration
of the FortiGate interface that connects to the Internet to make sure Addressing Mode is set to the correct mode.
7. Verify the security policy configuration.

Verify that the internal interface to Internet-facing interface security policy has been added and is located near the
top of the policy list. Check the Sessions column to ensure that traffic has been processed (if this column does
not appear, right-click on the title row, select Sessions, and select Apply).
If you are using NAT/Route mode, check the configuration of the policy to make sure that NAT is turned on and
that Use Destination Interface Address is selected.
8. Verify that you can connect to the Internet-facing interfaces IP address

(NAT/Route mode).
Ping the IP address of the FortiGates Internet-facing interface. If you cannot connect to the interface, the
FortiGate unit is not allowing sessions from the internal interface to the Internet-facing interface.
9. Verify the static routing configuration (NAT/Route mode).

Verify that the default route is correct. View the Routing Monitor and verify that the default route appears in the
list as a static route. Along with the default route, you should see two routes shown as Connected, one for each
connected FortiGate interface.
10. Verify that you can connect to the gateway provided by your ISP.
Ping the default gateway IP address from a PC on the internal network. If you cannot reach the gateway, contact
your ISP to verify that you are using the correct gateway.
11. Verify that you can communicate from the FortiGate unit to the Internet.
Access the FortiGate CLI and use the command execute ping 8.8.8.8. You can also use the execute
traceroute 8.8.8.8 command to troubleshoot connectivity to the Internet.
37
12. Verify the DNS configurations of the FortiGate unit and the PCs.
Check for DNS errors by pinging or using traceroute to connect to a domain name; for example: ping
www.fortinet.com. If the name cannot be resolved, the FortiGate unit or PC cannot connect to a DNS server
and you should confirm that the DNS server IP addresses are present and correct.
13. Confirm that the FortiGate unit can connect to the FortiGuard network.
Once registered, the FortiGate unit obtains antivirus and application control and other updates from the FortiGuard
network. Once the FortiGate unit is on your network, confirm that it can reach FortiGuard.
First, check the License Information widget to make sure that the status of all FortiGuard services matches the
services that you have purchased. Go to your FortiGuard settings and expand Web Filtering and Email
Filtering Options. Select Test Availability. After a minute, the GUI should show a successful connection.
14. Consider changing the MAC address of your external interface (NAT/Route
mode).
Some ISPs do not want the MAC address of the device connecting to their network cable to change and so you
may have to change the MAC address of the Internet-facing interface using the following CLI command:
config system interface

edit
set macaddr
end
end
15. Check the FortiGate bridge table (Transparent mode).

When the FortiGate is in Transparent mode, the unit acts like a bridge sending all incoming traffic out on the other
interfaces. The bridge is between interfaces on the FortiGate unit. Each bridge listed is a link between interfaces.
Where traffic is flowing between interfaces, you expect to find bridges listed. If you are having connectivity issues
and there are no bridges listed, that is a likely cause. Check for the MAC address of the interface or device in
question.
To list the existing bridge instances on the FortiGate unit, use the following CLI command:
diagnose netlink brctl name host root.b

show bridge control interface root.b host.
fdb: size=2048, used=25, num=25, depth=1
Bridge root.b host table
port no device devname mac addr ttl attributes
38
3 4 [glossary_exclude]wan1[/glossary_exclude] 00:09:0f:cb:c2:77 88
3 4 [glossary_exclude]wan1[/glossary_exclude] 00:26:2d:24:b7:d3 0
3 4 [glossary_exclude]wan1[/glossary_exclude] 00:13:72:38:72:21 98
4 3 internal 00:1a:a0:2f:bc:c6 6
1 6 [glossary_exclude]dmz[/glossary_exclude] 00:09:0f:dc:90:69 0 Local Static
3 4 [glossary_exclude]wan1[/glossary_exclude] c4:2c:03:0d:3a:38 81
3 4 [glossary_exclude]wan1[/glossary_exclude] 00:09:0f:15:05:46 89
3 4 [glossary_exclude]wan1[/glossary_exclude] c4:2c:03:1d:1b:10 0
2 5 [glossary_exclude]wan2[/glossary_exclude] 00:09:0f:dc:90:68 0 Local Static
If your devices MAC address is not listed, the FortiGate unit cannot find the device on the network. Check the
devices network connections and make sure they are connected and operational.
16. Either reset the FortiGate unit to factory defaults or contact the technical assist-
ance center.
If all else fails, reset the FortiGate unit to factory defaults using the CLI command execute factoryreset.
When prompted, type y to confirm the reset.
Resetting the FortiGate unit to factory defaults puts the unit back into NAT/Route mode.
You can also contact the technical assistance center. For contact information, go to support.fortinet.com.
39
Creating security policies
In this recipe, you will create and order multiple security policies in the policy table, to apply the appropriate policy
to various types of network traffic.
In the example, three IPv4 policies will be configured:
l Internet: a policy allowing general Internet access to the LAN

l Mobile: a policy allowing Internet access while applying web filtering for mobile devices[tippy title="*" class-
s="myclass" showheader="false" width="auto" height="auto"]In this example, a wireless network has
already been configured that is in the same subnet as the wired LAN.[/tippy]
l Admin: a policy allowing the system administrators PC (named SysAdminPC) to have full access
A fourth policy, the default Implicit Deny policy, will also be used.
40
1. Configuring the Internet policy
and edit the policy allowing outgoing
traffic. Set Name to Internet.
Set Service to HTTP, HTTPS, and

DNS.
Ensure that you have enabled NAT. In

order to view the results later, enable
Log Allowed Traffic and select All
Sessions.
41
2. Creating the Mobile policy
and create a new policy. Set Name to
Mobile.
Set Incoming Interface to lan, Source

Device Type to Mobile Devices (a
custom device group that includes
tablets and mobile phones), Outgoing
Interface to your Internet-facing
interface, and Service to HTTP, HTTPS,
and DNS.
Using a device group will automatically

enable device identification on the lan
interface.
Enable NAT.
Under Security Profiles, enable Web

Filter and set it to use the default profile.
Enable SSL Inspection and and set it to
certificate-inspection to allow HTTPS
traffic to be inspected. Doing this will
enable Proxy Options; set that to use
the default profile.
Enable Log Allowed Traffic and select

All Sessions.
42
3. Defining SysAdminPC
Go to User & Device > Custom
Devices & Groups and create a new
device. This will identify the system
administrator's PC.
Select an approprate Alias, then set the

MAC Address. Set the appropriate
Device Type.
43
4. Creating the Admin policy
and create a new policy. Set Name to
Admin.
Set Incoming Interface to lan, Source

Device Type to SysAdminPC,
Outgoing Interface to your Internet-
facing interface, and Service to ALL.
Enable NAT. Enable Log Allowed

Traffic and select All Sessions.
44
5. Ordering the policy table
Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy to
view the policy table. Select the By
Sequence view, which shows the
policies in the order that they are used by
the FortiGate.
Currently, the policies are arranged in the

order they were created.
In order to have the correct traffic flowing

through each policy, they must be
arranged so that the more specific
policies are located at the top.
To rearrange the policies, select the

column on the far left (in the example,
Seq.#) and drag the policy to the desired
position, as shown on the right.
6. Results
Browse the Internet using the system administrators PC, a different PC, and a mobile device.

through all three security policies.
Right-click on the Admin policy and

select Drill Down to Details.
View the Sources tab to confirm that this

policy is being used exclusively by
SysAdminPC.
(Optional) Attempt to make an SSL connection to a web server with all three devices. Only the system
45
administrators PC will be able to connect.
46
Creating a virtual wire pair
In this example, you will create a virtual wire pair (consisting of port3 and port4) to make it easier to protect a web
server that is behind a FortiGate operating as an Internal Segmentation Firewall (ISFW). Users on the internal
network will access the web server through the ISFW over the virtual wire pair.
A virtual wire pair consists of two interfaces that have no IP addresses and all traffic received by one interface in
the pair can only be forwarded out the other; as controlled by firewall policies. Since the interfaces do not have IP
addresses, you can insert a virtual wire pair into a network without having to make any changes to the network.
In FortiOS 5.4, virtual wire pair replaces the feature port pairing from earlier firmware versions. Unlike port pairing,
virtual wire pair can be used for a FortiGate in NAT/Route mode, as well as Transparent mode.
47
1. Adding a virtual wire pair
Interfaces used in a virtual wire pair
cannot be used to access the ISFW
FortiGate. Before creating a virtual wire
pair, make sure you have a different port
(in the example, port1) configured to
allow admin access using your preferred
protocol.
Go to Network > Interfaces and select

Create New > Virtual Wire Pair.
Add port3 and port4 add to the virtual wire

pair.
]If the interfaces you wish to use are part

of a switch, such as the default
lan/internal interface, you will need to
remove them before they can be added to
the virtual wire pair.
48
2. Adding virtual wire pair firewall policies
Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Virtual
Wire Pair Policy and create a policy will
allow users on the internal network to
connect to the server. Give the policy an
appropriate name (in the example,
Network-server-access).
Select the direction that traffic is allowed

to flow (from port3 to port4).
Configure the other firewall options as

needed. In the example, AntiVirus is
enabled to protect the server.
49
Create a second virtual wire pair policy
allowing traffic from port4 to exit out of
port3. This policy allows the server to
connect to the Internet, in order to
download updates.
50
3. Results
To test both virtual wire pair policies, connect to the web server from a PC on the internal network, and also
connect to the Internet from the web server.
Go to FortiView > Policies to see traffic

flowing through both policies.
51
Limiting bandwidth with traffic shaping
When a particular IP address uses too many resources, you can prevent that IP from consuming your bandwidth
indiscriminately. In this recipe, you learn how to use Traffic Shaping on your FortiGate to limit the bandwidth for a
specific IP address.
This recipe also explains how to configure traffic shaping to set a maximum bandwidth limit for uploads and/or
downloads to 200 kb/s.
52
1. Enabling Traffic Shaping
Go to System > Feature Select and
under Additional Features enable
Traffic Shaping.
Two new traffic shaping menus, Traffic

Shapers and Traffic Shaping Policy,
will appear under Policy & Objects.
2. Creating a firewall address

Go to Policy & Objects > Addresses to
define the address you would like to
limit. Select Create New and select
Address from the drop down menu.
Enter a name: limited_bandwidth. Set

Type to IP/Netmask. Set the
Subnet/IP Range to the internal IP
address you wish to limit (in this
example, 192.168.10.10/32. Set
Interface to Any.
3. Configuring a traffic shaper to limit bandwidth

Go to Policy & Objects > Traffic
Shapers and select Create New to
define a new shared Traffic Shaper
profile.
Set Type to Shared.
Shared shapers affect upload speeds,

Reverse shapers affect download
speeds, and Per IP shapers affect both
upload and download speeds
simultaneously.
Enter the name limited_bandwidth for your shaper and set the Traffic Priority to Medium.
53
Setting a Traffic Priority will only have an impact if you have enabled Traffic Shaping in ALL your other Internet
access policies using the same two interfaces. There must also be some variation, for example you will not see
any differences while all policies are set to the default setting (High).
Select Max Bandwidth and enter 200 kb/s (0.2 Mbps). If you would like to set a Guaranteed Bandwidth
make sure the rate is lower than the Max Bandwidth. Apply your changes.
By default, shared shapers apply

shaping by evenly distributing the
bandwidth to all policies using it. You
can also enable Per Policy shaping to
apply shaping individually to each
policy. Right-click your new limited_
bandwidth shaper, and select Edit in
CLI from the drop down menu.
Enter the following CLI commands:

set per-policy enable
end
Now that Per Policy shaping is enabled,

edit your limited_bandwidth shaper and
set Apply Shaper to Per Policy.
Now, each security policy using this

shaper will have the same distribution of
bandwidth, regardless of the number of
policies using the shaper. In this
example, 200 kb/s (0.2 Mbps) each.
4. Verifying your Internet access security policy

and look at your general Internet access
policy. Take a note of the Incoming
interface, Outgoing interface, Source
and Destination.
If necessary, edit your policy and ensure

that Logging Options is set to All
54
Sessions for testing purposes.
4. Create two Traffic Shaping Policies

Go to Policy & Objects > Traffic
Shaping Policy and select Create New
to create a shaping policy that will set
regular traffic to high priority.
Under Matching Criteria, set Source,

Destination, Service to match your
Internet Access policy.
Under Apply Shaper, set the Outgoing

Interface to match your Internet Access
policy and enable Shared Shaper and
Reverse Shaper. Shared Shapers
affect upload speeds and reverse
shapers affect download speeds. Set
both shapers to high-priority.
Select Create New to create a second

traffic shaping policy that will affect the
IP address you wish to limit.
Under Matching Criteria, set Source to

limited_bandwidth. Set Destination
and Service to ALL. Apply the shaper to
the same Outgoing Interface. Enable
Shared Shaper and Reverse Shaper
and set both shapers to limited_
bandwidth.
55
Order your traffic shaping policies so
that your more granular limited_
bandwidth policy is above your general
high-priority Internet access policy.
Click on the far left column of the policy

and move it up or down to change the
sequence order.
5. Results
When a computer with the IP you have
specified, 192.168.10.10, browses the
Internet from your internal network, its
bandwidth will be restricted by the
amount you set in your shaper.
Go to FortiView > Sources to view

traffic, and use the search field to filter
your results by the Source IP
(192.168.10.10).
Go to FortiView > Traffic Shaping to

view the current bandwidth usage for
any active shapers. Users on the local
network will have high-priority traffic.
The IP address you have specified will receive limited-bandwidth treatment and may experience dropped
bytes. Your limited-bandwidth shaper should not exceed 200kbps. Note that the results show the Bytes
(Sent/Received) in Megabytes (MB) and the Bandwidth in kilobits per second (kbps).
56
You can also view these results in a
bubble graph by changing the graph type
in the drop down menu. Sort by
Bandwidth to verify that your regular
traffic is using more bandwidth.
You can also double-click on either

shaper to see more granular information.
Select the Destinations tab to see
which websites are using up the most
bandwidth.
57
Managing FortiSwitches with a FortiGate
Manage up to 16 FortiSwitches from the FortiGate web-based manager or CLI. You can create and assign VLANs
and configure port information. The connection between the FortiSwitch and the FortiGate is called a FortiLink.
Prerequisites
A. Connect a cable from any FortiSwitch port to an unused internal port on the FortiGate.
1. If necessary, enable the port for FortiLink auto-discovery (using the FortiSwitch CLI).
-> In general, the last four copper ports on the FortiSwitch are enabled for auto-detect by default.
Refer to the documents below for specific details.
B. You may need to enable the Switch Controller using the FortiGate web-based manager.
1. Go to System > Config > Features.
2. Turn on the WiFi & Switch Controller feature.
3. Select Apply.
C. This recipe is applicable to FortiSwitchOS 3.3.0 and above.
Procedure
From the FortiGate web-based manager:
1. Go to System > Network > Interfaces and edit the new FortiLink port.
2. Set Addressing mode to Dedicate to Extension Device.
3. Select OK.
4. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > Managed Devices > Managed FortiSwitch.
-> This page displays the faceplate for each managed FortiSwitch. The FortiLink for the new managed
switch will display as a dashed line (FortiLink connection not established).
-> After a short delay (while FortiGate sets up the connection), the FortiLink displays as a solid line
(FortiLink established). For smaller FortiSwitch models, such as FS-108D-POE, the delay may be up to 3
minutes.
Notes
1. In FortiOS 5.4, new FortiLink features include:
a. POE configuration from the FortiGate.
b. Link Aggregation Group (LAG) support for Fortilink.
58
c. Auto-detect the switch FortiLink ports
d. Improved user interface for Managed FortiSwitches, switch ports and VLANs.
2. Refer to the document below to see the FortiSwitch and FortiGate models that support FortiLink.
For additional information, see Managing

FortiSwitch with a FortiGate (FortiOS 5.4),
which is also available in the FortiOS 5.4
Handbook.
59
Security
This section contains information about using a FortiGates security features, including antivirus, web filtering,
application control, intrusion protection (IPS), email filtering, and data leak prevention (DLP). This section also
includes information about using SSL inspection to inspect encrypted traffic.
AntiVirus
l Sandboxing with FortiSandbox and FortiClient
DNS Filtering
l Protection from Botnet C&C attacks
Endpoint Control
l Enforcing network security using a FortiClient Profile
SSL Inspection
l Why you should use SSL inspection
l Preventing certificate warnings
Web Application Firewall

l Protecting web applications
Web Filtering
l Sandboxing with FortiSandbox and FortiClient
l Troubleshooting web filtering
Security 60
Sandboxing with FortiSandbox and FortiClient
In this recipe, you will set up sandboxing to send suspicious files to a FortiSandbox Appliance for further
inspection. The FortiSandbox tests the files for threats that can get past other detection methods using a variety of
virtual machines (VMs).
You will also configure your FortiGate to automatically receive signature updates from FortiSandbox and add the
originating URL of any malicious file to a blocked URL list. Finally, you will configure FortiClient to use extended
scanning that includes FortiSandbox.
This feature is currently only available in FortiClient 5.4 for Windows.
This recipe was tested using FortiOS 5.4 Beta 4, FortiSandbox 2.1.0, and FortiClient for Windows 5.4 Beta 2.
Security 61
1. Connecting the FortiSandbox
Connect the FortiSandbox to your
FortiGate as shown in the diagram, so
that port 1 and port 3 on the FortiSandbox
are on different subnets.
FortiSandbox port 3 is used for outgoing communication triggered by the execution of the files under analysis. It
is recommended to connect this port to a dedicated interface on your FortiGate (in the example, port 15), to
protect the rest of the network from threats currently being investigated by the FortiSandbox.
FortiSandbox port 3 must be able to

connect to the Internet. On the FortiGate,
go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy
and create a policy allowing connections
from the FortiSandbox to the Internet
(using the isolated interface on the
FortiGate mentioned above).
On the FortiSandbox, go to System >

Network > Static Routing and add
static routes for both port 1 and port 3.
The static route for port 3 must have the

Destination/IP Mask 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0,
while port 1 is assigned the
Destination/IP Mask for traffic in the
local network.
Security 62
Once the FortiSandbox has access to
the Internet through port 3, it will begin to
activate its VM licenses.
Before continuing with this recipe, wait

until a green arrow shows up beside
Windows VM in the FortiSandboxs
System Information widget, found at
System > Status. This indicates that the
VM activation process is complete.
2. Enabling Sandbox Inspection

On the FortiGate, go to System > Config
> FortiSandbox. Select Enable
Sandbox Inspection and select
FortiSandbox Appliance.
Set the IP Address (in the example,

172.20.121.128) and enter a Notifier
Email, where notifications and reports
will be sent.
63 Security
If you select Test Connectivity, the
Status shows as Service is not
configured because the FortiGate has
not been authorized to connect to the
FortiSandbox.
On the FortiSandbox, go to File-based

Detection > File Input > Device. Edit
the entry for the FortiGate.
Under Permissions, enable Authorized.
On the FortiGate, go to System >

FortiSandbox and select Test
Connectivity. The Status now shows
that Service is online.
Security 64
3. Configuring sandboxing in the default AntiVirus profile
Go to Security Profiles > AntiVirus and
edit the default profile.
Under Inspection Options, enable both

Send Files to FortiSandbox Appliance
for Inspection and Use FortiSandbox
Database.
If FortiSandbox discovers a threat, it

creates a signature for that file that is
added to the FortiGates AntiVirus
signature database.
65 Security
4. Configuring sandboxing in the default Web Filter profile
Go to Security Profiles > Web Filter
and edit the default profile.
Under Static URL Filter, enable Block

malicious URLS discovered by
FortiSandbox.
If the FortiSandbox discovers a threat,

the URL that threat came from will be
added to the list of URLs that will be
blocked by the FortiGate.
5. Configuring sandboxing in the default FortiClient profile

Go to Security Profiles > FortiClient
Profiles and edit the default profile.
Under AntiVirus, enable Realtime

Protection, then enable Scan
Downloads, followed by Scan with
FortiSandbox. Enter the IP of the
FortiSandbox.
Decide if you want to wait for

FortiSandbox results before sending files
to the PC running FortiClient, or if you
want downloaded files to be sent at the
same time as they are being scanned by
FortiSandbox.
Security 66
Enable Use FortiSandbox signatures
to make sure new virus signatures and
blocked URLs from the FortiSandbox are
added to FortiClient's databases.
This profile will be pushed to any device running FortiClient that is registered to your FortiGate. These settings
can also be configured from within FortiClient's AntiVirus settings.
6. Applying AntiVirus and Web Filter scanning to network traffic

and view the policy list. If a policy has
AntiVirus and web filtering scanning
applied, the profiles will be listed in the
Security Profiles column.
If scanning needs to be added to any

security policy (excluding the Implicit
Deny policy) select the + button in the
Security Profiles column for that policy,
then select the default AntiVirus Profile,
the default Web Filter Profile, the
appropriate Proxy Options, and the
deep-inspection profile for SSL
Inspection Options (to ensure that
encrypted traffic is inspected). Then
select OK.
67 Security
7. Results
If your FortiGate discovers a suspicious
file, it will now be sent to the
FortiSandbox. To view information about
the files that have been sent on the
FortiGate, go to FortiView >
FortiSandbox to see a list of file names
and current status.
You can also view results on the

FortiSandbox by going to System >
Status and viewing the Scanning
Statistics widget.
There may be a delay before results

appear on the FortiSandbox.
Open FortiClient using a Windows PC on

the internal network. Make sure it is
registered to your FortiGate.
Go to AntiVirus > Realtime Protection

Enabled and edit the settings. You will
see that the Realtime Protection
settings match the FortiClient Profile
configured on the FortiGate. These
settings cannot be changed using
FortiClient.
On the FortiGate, go to Monitor >

FortiClient Monitor. Select the
FortiClient device, then select
Quarantine.
Security 68
The PC is now quarantined by FortiClient
and cannot connect to the Internet or
other network devices.
A message appears in FortiClient, telling

the user to contact the system
administrator.
FortiClient cannot be shutdown on the

PC. It can also not be uninstalled or
unregistered from the FortiGate.
If the PC had downloaded a suspicious file that the FortiSandbox determined was malicious, quarantine would
be applied automatically.
The quarantine can only be released from the FortiClient Monitor on the FortiGate.
69 Security
Protection from Botnet C&C attacks
This recipe uses a new FortiGuard feature: the Botnet C&C (command and control) database to protect your
network from Botnet C&C attacks.
For this recipe, you will create a new DNS Filter Profile called Botnet&Facebook, block access to all known C&C
addresses, and block access to the Social Networking FortiGuard category. In addition, you will enhance this with
a Static Domain Filter in order to block access to www.facebook.com, and all of its affiliated subdomains.
For this recipe to work, your device must be licensed for the FortiGuard Web Filtering service. DNS filtering is only
available when Inspection Mode is Proxy-based.
A video of this recipe is available here.
Security 70
1. Enabling the DNS Filter Security Feature
Go to System > Feature Select, and
enable DNS Filter under Security
Features. Select Apply.
2. Creating the DNS Filter Profile and enabling Botnet C&C database
Go to Security Profiles > DNS Filter,
and create a new profile called
Botnet&Facebook.
Right-click and block the Social

Networking category from the
FortiGuard category based filter table.
Under Options, enable Block DNS

requests to known botnet C&C.
Security 71
3. Configuring Static Domain Filter in DNS Filter Profile
In the DNS Filter Profile, enable Domain
Filter under Static Domain Filter. You
will now be able to add domains of your
choosing.
Select Create and enter

*.facebook.com.
Set Type to Wildcard, and set Action to

Block. Make sure Status is enabled.
This will block access to Facebook, and
all its other affiliated subdomains.
72 Security
4. Creating a DNS Filtering firewall policy
Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy,
and create a firewall policy that allows
Internet access.
Set Incoming Interface to the internal

interface and set Outgoing Interface to
the external interface.
Set Source to all and set Destination

Address to all.
Set Schedule to always, set Services

to ALL, and make sure NAT is enabled.
Under Security Profiles, enable DNS

Filter and select the Botnet&Facebook
DNS Filter profile this will
automatically enable Proxy Options.
Security 73
5. Results
To confirm that the DNS Filter Profile has
been added, go to Policy & Objects >
IPv4 Policy. The policy will now have the
DNS filter icon in the Security Profiles
column.
To confirm that the filter is working

correctly, open a browser and attempt to
browse to www.facebook.com. The
DNS request will be blocked.
74 Security
To confirm that the known Botnet C&C
feature is working correctly, browse to a
known Botnet site the example is
nateve.us. Again, the DNS request will
be blocked.
Note that the blocked pages may look

different on other web browsers.
Security 75
Enforcing network security using a FortiClient Profile
In this recipe, you will learn how to enforce a FortiClient Profile on an internal network such that only internal
devices registered with FortiClient can access the Internet and the corporate network. You will edit the default
FortiClient Profile to enforce realtime antivirus protection and malicious website blocking.
This recipe requires you to enable FortiHeartBeat on a FortiGate interface. When you enable FortiHeartBeat on an
interface, the option to enforce FortiClient registration becomes available. Devices connecting to that interface are
forced to register to the FortiGate and install FortiClient before getting access to network services.
FortiGates come with a free FortiClient license allowing a limited number of devices to register to the FortiGate
and download FortiClient. Your FortiGate gets the latest version of FortiClient for Mac and for Windows from
FortiGuard. When devices register with the FortiGate they download and install one of these copies of FortiClient.
You can see the status of your FortiClient licensing and purchase additional FortiClient licenses from the License
Information Dashboard Widget.
This recipe was tested using FortiClient version 5.4.
A video of this recipe is available here.
Security 76
1. Enabling endpoint control on the FortiGate
On the FortiGate, go to System >
Feature Select and make sure that
Endpoint Control is enabled.
2. Enforcing FortiClient registration on the internal interface

Go to Network > Interfaces and select
the internal interface.
Under Restrict Access, enable

FortiHeartBeat.
Under Admission Control, enable

Enforce FortiHeartBeat for all
FortiClient.
You can also Exempt Sources and/or

Exempt Destinations/Services. If you
were to exempt a source device, that
device would not require FortiClient
registration to access network services
or the Internet.
3. Configuring the FortiClient Profile

Configuring a FortiClient Profile allows you to control the security features enabled on the registered endpoint.
The profile is automatically downloaded to FortiClient when it registers to the FortiGate.
You can add additional FortiClient Profiles to define exceptions to the default profile. The configuration of the
exception profiles includes devices, users, or addresses to which the exception applies.
Security 77
Go to Security Profiles > FortiClient
Profiles and edit the default profile to
provide realtime antivirus protection that
scans files as they are downloaded or
copied to the device, block malicious
websites and block attack channels.
78 Security
4. Results
In this image, an internal device has
FortiClient installed but not registered
with a FortiGate. This is indicated by the
Attention banner, and also because the
option to Register Endpoint is available.
When a user on this device attempts to

browse the Internet, an Endpoint
Security Required page appears
instructing the user to install and register
endpoint security in the form of
FortiClient.
Security 79
A download link is provided at the bottom
of the page. When the user clicks on this
link, the FortiGate responds with a
download of the latest FortiClient
software.
Similarly, since the device requires a

registered FortiClient to access network
services, internal servers (such as
Exchange mail servers) will also be
blocked, unless otherwise exempted
see Step 2.
By comparison, a registered device appears below. The device shows as registered, with a lock icon next to the
device name in the upper right corner.
80 Security
FortiClient should automatically attempt
to register to the nearest FortiGate,
provided that FortiHeartBeat has been
enabled and registration enforced.
A user on this device can verify their

registration status by clicking on the
device name.
FortiClient displays the device's On-Net/Off-Net status, Hostname, Domain, registered FortiGate's serial
number (SN), and IP address.
Upon registration, the FortiGate updates

the FortiClient configuration to match the
FortiClient Profile and downloads the
latest FortiGuard antivirus database to
the device.
You can verify that the registered

configuration update matches the
FortiClient Profile.
Security 81
Depending on the FortiClient Profile, the
user may also have the option to
Unregister the device. This can be
disabled on the FortiGate in Security
Profiles > FortiClient Profiles, under the
Advanced tab.
The registered device can now access

corporate network services and browse
the Internet.
82 Security
To verify the status of the endpoints on
the FortiGate, go to User & Device >
Device List.
Note that this list also includes

unregistered endpoints and any other
connected device.
By default, this list shows On-Net/Off-Net Status, endpoint Device (Hostname and device name), endpoint IP
Address, and the device's operating system (OS).
To view only the status of FortiClient

connections, go to Monitor > FortiClient
Monitor.
The FortiClient monitor shows both

registered and unregistered FortiClients,
including On-Net/Off-Net status.
For further reading, check out the

FortiClient 5.4 Administration Guide.
Security 83
Why you should use SSL inspection
Most of us are familiar with Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) and how it protects a variety of activities
on the Internet by applying Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encryption to the web traffic.
The benefits of HTTPS are obvious, as encryption keeps your private data safe from prying eyes. However, there
are risks associated with its use, since encrypted traffic can be used to get around your normal defenses.
For example, you might download a file containing a virus during an e-commerce session. Or you could receive a
phishing email containing a seemingly harmless downloader file that, when launched, creates an encrypted
session to a command and control (C&C) server and downloads malware onto your computer. Because the
sessions in these attacks are encrypted, they might get past your network's security measures.
To protect your network from these threats, SSL inspection is the key your FortiGate uses to unlock encrypted
sessions, see into encrypted packets, find threats, and block them. SSL inspection not only protects you from
attacks that use HTTPS, but also from other commonly used SSL-encrypted protocols, such as SMTPS, POP3S,
IMAPS, and FTPS.
Security 84
Full SSL inspection
To make sure that all SSL encrypted content is inspected, you must use full SSL inspection (also known as deep
inspection). When full SSL inspection is used, the FortiGate impersonates the recipient of the originating SSL
session, then decrypts and inspects the content. The FortiGate then re-encrypts the content, creates a new SSL
session between the FortiGate and the recipient by impersonating the sender, and sends the content to the
sender.
When the FortiGate re-encrypts the content it uses a certificate stored on the FortiGate. The client must trust this
certificate to avoid certificate errors. Whether or not this trust exists depends on the client, which can be the
computers OS, a browser, or some other application, which will likely maintain its own certificate repository. For
more information about this, see the recipe Preventing certificate warnings.
There are two deployment methods for full SSL inspection:
1. Multiple Clients Connecting to Multiple Servers:
l Uses a CA certificate (which can be uploaded using the Certificates menu).

l Typically applied to outbound policies where destinations are unknown (i.e. normal web traffic).
l Address and web category whitelists can be configured to bypass SSL inspection.
2. Protecting SSL Server
l Uses a server certificate (which can be uploaded using the Certificates menu) to protect a single server.
l Typically used on inbound policies to protect servers available externally through Virtual IPs
l Since this is typically deployed outside-in (clients on the Internet accessing server(s) on the internal side
of the FortiGate), server certificates using the public FQDN of the server are often purchased from a com-
mercial Certificate Authority and uploaded to the FortiGate. This avoids client applications generating SSL
certificate errors due to certificate mismatch.
More detail is available in the FortiOS Handbook. Also, check the Fortinet Knowledge Base for these technical
notes:
l How to Enable SSL inspection from the CLI and Apply it to a Policy
l How to block web-based chat on Gmail webmail using App Sensor + SSL inspection
SSL certificate inspection

FortiGates also supports a second type of SSL inspection, called SSL certificate inspection. When certificate
inspection is used, the FortiGate only inspects the header information of the packets.
Certificate inspection is used to verify the identity of web servers and can be used to make sure that HTTPS
protocol isn't used as a workaround to access sites you have blocked using web filtering.
85 Security
The only security feature that can be applied using SSL certificate inspection mode is web filtering. However,
since only the packet is inspected, this method does not introduce certificate errors and can be a useful alternative
to full SSL inspection when web filtering is used.
Troubleshooting
The most common problem with SSL inspection is users receiving SSL errors when the CA certificate is not
trusted. This is because by default the FortiGate uses a certificate that is not trusted by the client. There are two
ways to fix this:
1. All users must import the FortiGates default certificate into their client applications as a trusted certificate.
2. Configure the FortiGate to use a certificate that is already trusted by your clients. For example, a cer-
tification signed by a CA that your clients already trust.
The first method can be more labor intensive because you have to distribute a certification to all clients. This can
also be an ongoing problem as new clients are added to your network. The second method is usually less work but
may require paying for a CA. Both of these methods are covered in the recipe Preventing Certificate Warnings.
If you choose to install the certificate on client applications, this can be done with greater ease in a Microsoft
Active Directory domain environment by using Group Policy Objects to install the certificate on domain members.
Check that the Group Policy has propagated to all computers by opening Internet Explorer on a workstation PC,
opening Tools > Internet Options > Content > Certificates >Trusted Root Certification Authorities, and
ensuring that the FortiGate's certificate is present.
For corporate-owned mobile devices, MDM solutions like AirWatch, MobileIron, or Fiberlink, use Simple
Certificate Enrollment Protocol (SCEP) to ease certificate enrollment.
Best practices
Because all traffic needs to be decrypted, inspected, and re-encrypted, using SSL inspection can reduce overall
performance of your FortiGate. To make sure you aren't using too many resources for SSL inspection, do the
following:
l Know your traffic Know how much traffic is expected and what percent of the traffic is encrypted. You
can also limit the number of policies that allow encrypted traffic.
l Be selective Use white lists or trim your policy to apply SSL inspection only where it is needed.
l Use hardware acceleration - FortiGate models with either the CP6 or CPU processor have an SSL/TLS
protocol processor for SSL content scanning and SSL acceleration. For more information about this, see
the Hardware Acceleration handbook.
l Test real-world SSL inspection performance yourself - Use the flexibility of FortiGates security policy
to gradually deploy SSL inspection, rather than enabling it all at once.
Security 86
Preventing certificate warnings
In this recipe, you will prevent users from receiving a security certificate warning when your FortiGate applies full
SSL inspection to incoming traffic.
When full SSL inspection is used, your FortiGate impersonates the recipient of the originating SSL session, then
decrypts and inspects the content. The FortiGate then re-encrypts the content, creates a new SSL session
between the FortiGate and the recipient by impersonating the sender, and sends the content to the end user. This
is the same process used in "man-in-the-middle" attacks, which is why a user's device may show a security
certificate warning.
For more information about SSL inspection, see Why you should use SSL inspection.
Often, when a user receives a security certificate warning, they simply select Continue without understanding
why the error is occurring. To avoid encouraging this habit, you can prevent the warning from appearing in the first
place.
There are two methods for doing this, depending on whether you are using Using the default certificate or Using a
self-signed certificate.
Security 87
Using the default certificate
All FortiGates have a default certificate that is used for full SSL inspection. This certificate is also used in the
default deep-inspection profile. To prevent your users from seeing certificate warnings, you can install this
certificate on your users' devices.
If you have the right environment, you can distribute the certificate and have it installed automatically.
1. Downloading the certificate used for full SSL inspection

Go to Security Profiles > SSL/SSH
Inspection. Use the dropdown menu in
the top right corner to select deep-
inspection, the profile used to apply full
SSL inspection.
The default FortiGate certificate is listed

as the CA Certificate. Select Download
Certificate.
2. Installing the certificate on the user's browser

Internet Explorer, Chrome, and Safari (on Windows or Mac OS):
The above browsers use the operating system's certificate store for Internet browsing. If your users will be using
these applications, you must install the certificate into the certificate store for your OS.
Security 88
If you are using Windows 7/8/10, double-
click on the certificate file and select
Open. Select Install Certificate to
launch the Certificate Import Wizard.
Use the wizard to install the certificate

into the Trusted Root Certificate
Authorities store. If a security warning
appears, select Yes to install the
certificate.
If you are using Mac OS X, double-click

on the certificate file to launch Keychain
Access.
Locate the certificate in the Certificates

list and select it. Expand Trust and
select Always Trust. If necessary, enter
the administrative password for your
computer to make this change.
89 Security
If you have the right environment, the certificate can be pushed to your users' devices. However, if Firefox is
used, the certificate must be installed on each individual device, using the instructions below.
Firefox (on Windows or Mac OS)

Firefox has its own certificate store. To avoid errors in Firefox, then the certificate must be installed in this store,
rather than in the OS.
Go to Tools > Options > Advanced or

Firefox > Preferences > Advanced and
find the Certificates tab.
Select View Certificates, then select the

Authorities list. Import the certificate
and set it to be trusted for website
identification.
3. Results
Before installing the certificate, an error
message would appear in the browser
when a site that used HTTPS was
accessed (the example shows an error
message appearing in Firefox).
Security 90
After you install the certificate, you
should not experience a certificate
security issue when you browse to sites
on which the FortiGate unit performs SSL
content inspection.
If you view information about the

connection, you will see that it is verified
by Fortinet.
91 Security
Using a self-signed certificate
In this method, a self-signed certificate is created using OpenSSL. This certificate will then be installed on the
FortiGate for use with SSL inspection.
In this recipe, OpenSSL for Windows version 0.9.8h-1 is used.
1. Creating a certificate with OpenSSL

If necessary, download and install Open SSL. Make sure that the file openssl.cnf is located in the BIN folder for
OpenSSL.
Using Command Prompt (CMD), navigate to the BIN folder (in the example, the command is cd
c:\OpenSSL\openssl-0.9.8h-1-1bin\bin.
Generate an RSA key with the following command:

OpenSSL genrsa -aes256 -out fgcaprivkey.pem 2048 -config openssl cnf
This RSA key uses AES 256 encryption and a 2058-bit key.
When prompted, enter a pass phrase for encrypting the private key.
Use the following command to launch OpenSSL, submit a new certificate request, and sign the request:
openssl req - new -x509 -days 3650 -extensions v3_ca -key fgcaprivkey.pem -
out fgcacert.pem - config openssl.cnf
The result is a standard x509 binary certificate that is valid for 3,650 days (approx. 10 years)
When prompted, re-enter the pass phrase for encryption, then enter the details required for the certificate
request, such as location and organization name.
Two new files have been created: a public certificate (fgcacert.pem) and a private key (in the example,
fgcaprivkey.pem).
2. Enabling certificate configuration in the web-based manager

Go to System > Feature Select. Under Additional
Features, enable Certificates and Apply the
changes.
Security 92
3. Importing the self-signed certificate
Go to System > Certificates and select Import >
Local Certificate.
Set Type to Certificate, then select your Certificate

file and Key file. Enter the Password used to create
the certificate.
The certificate now appears on the Local CA

Certificates list.
4. Edit the SSL inspection profile

To use your certificate in an SSL inspection profile go
to Security Profiles > SSL/SSH Inspection. Use the
dropdown menu in the top right corner to select deep-
inspection, the profile used to apply full SSL
inspection.
Set CA Certificate to use the new certificate.
Select Download Certificate, to download the

certificate file needed in the next step.
5. Importing the certificate into the web browser

Internet Explorer, Chrome, and Safari (on Windows or Mac OS):
93 Security
The above browsers use the operating system's certificate store for Internet browsing. If your users will be using
these applications, you must install the certificate into the certificate store for your OS.
If you are using Windows 7/8/10, double-click on the

certificate file and select Open. Select Install
Certificate to launch the Certificate Import Wizard.
Use the wizard to install the certificate into the

Trusted Root Certificate Authorities store. If a
security warning appears, select Yes to install the
certificate.
If you are using Mac OS X, double-click on the

certificate file to launch Keychain Access.
Locate the certificate in the Certificates list and select

it. Expand Trust and select Always Trust. If
necessary, enter the administrative password for your
computer to make this change.
Security 94
If you have the right environment, the certificate can be pushed to your users' devices. However, if Firefox is
used, the certificate must be installed on each individual device, using the instructions below.
Firefox (on Windows or Mac OS)

Firefox has its own certificate store. To avoid errors in Firefox, then the certificate must be installed in this store,
rather than in the OS.
Go to Tools > Options > Advanced or Firefox >

Preferences > Advanced and find the Certificates
tab.
Select View Certificates, then select the Authorities

list. Import the certificate and set it to be trusted for
website identification.
6. Results
Before installing the certificate, an error message
would appear in the browser when a site that used
HTTPS was accessed (the example shows an error
message appearing in Firefox).
After you install the certificate, you should not

experience certificate errors when you browse to sites
on which the FortiGate unit performs SSL content
inspection.
95 Security
If you view information about the certificate in the
browser, you will see that your self-signed certificate is
used.
Security 96
Protecting web applications
In this recipe, you will use a Web Application Firewall profile to protect web applications, such as Internet
browsers, from being attacked. In this example, the default profile will be targeted to block SQL injection attempts,
as well as generic attacks.
Web Application Firewall is only available when Inspection Mode is Proxy-based.
Security 97
1. Enabling Web Application Firewall
Go to System > Features and enable
Web Application Firewall. Select Show
More and enable Multiple Security
Profiles.
Apply your changes.
2. Editing the default Web Application Firewall profile

Web Application Firewall profiles are created with a variety of options, called Signatures and Constraints.
Once these options are enabled, Action can be set to Allow, Monitor, or Block, and Severity can be set to
High, Medium, or Low.
You can also use a Web Application Firewall profile to enforce an HTTP method policy, which controls the
HTTP method allowed when accessing websites that match the specified pattern.
Security 98
Go to Security Profiles > Web
Application Firewall and edit the default
profile.
In this example, the signatures for SQL

Injection (Extended) and Generic
Attacks (Extended) have been enabled,
with the Action set to Block and
Severity set to High.
99 Security
3. Applying the profile to a security policy
and edit the policy that allows
connections from the internal network to
the Internet.
Under Security Profiles, enable Web

Application Firewall and set it to use the
default profile. Set the appropriate Proxy
Option and set SSL/SSH Inspection to
use the deep-inspection profile.
Using the deep-inspection profile may

cause certificate errors. For information
about avoiding this, see Preventing
certificate warnings.
4. Results
Long URLs, such as this link, can be
used to simulate an attack on your web
browser.
After selecting one of these links, a

replacement message will appear,
stating that the transfer has been blocked
by the Web Application Firewall.
Security 100
Go to Log & Report > Web Application
Firewall and filter for Action: block to
view information about blocked traffic.
5. Offloading to a FortiWeb
If you have a FortiWeb, you may be able to offload the functions of the Web Application Control to your
FortiWeb. To find out if this option is available, refer to the FortiOS or FortiWeb Release Notes for information
about device compatibility.
Go to System > External Security

Devices and enable HTTP Service.
Enter your FortiWeb's IP address.
If necessary, enable Authentication and

enter the FortiWeb's password.
101 Security
Troubleshooting web filtering
This section contains tips to help you with some common challenges of FortiGate web filtering.
The Web Filter option does not appear in the GUI.

Go to Feature Select and enable Web Filter.
New Web Filter profiles cannot be created.

Go to Feature Select and enable Multiple Security Profiles.
Web Filtering has been configured but is not working.

Make sure that web filtering is enabled in a policy. If it is enabled, check that the policy is the policy being used for
the correct traffic. Also check that the policy is getting traffic by going to the policy list and adding the Sessions
column to the list.
An active FortiGuard Web Filtering license displays as expired/unreachable.

If this occurs, make sure web filtering is enabled in one of your security policies. The FortiGuard service will
sometimes show as expired when it is not being used, to save CPU cycles.
If web filtering is enabled in a policy, go to your FortiGuard settings and expand Web Filtering. Under Port
Selection, select Use Alternate Port (8888). Select Apply to save the changes. Check whether the license is
shown as active. If it is still inactive/expired, switch back to the default port and check again.
Security 102
WiFi
These recipes describe how to use FortiAPs to add WiFi (or Wi-Fi) services to your network.
FortiAPs, managed by FortiGates, provide a full suite of WiFi features. Small offices can use FortiAPs to quickly
add WiFi. Enterprises and educational institutions can take advantage of FortiAP access control features. Each
WiFi network, or SSID, is represented by a WiFi network interface to which you can apply firewall policies,
security profiles, and other features in the same way you would for wired networks.
Getting started with WiFi

l WiFi network on a schedule
l Extending WiFi range with mesh topology
WiFi authentication
l Assigning WiFi users to VLANs dynamically
l WiFi RADIUS authentication with FortiAuthenticator
WiFi 103
WiFi network on a schedule
In this example, a school enables its WiFi network only during school hours. The school is open from 8am to 6pm
Monday through Friday.
A schedule applied in the security policy would control access to the Internet, but outside of the scheduled period
the SSID would still be visible and clients could associate with it. In this example, the schedule is applied in the
SSID configuration. The SSID is available only during the scheduled hours.
This configuration was tested with FortiOS 5.4 Beta 3 and FortiAP v5.2-build0245.
WiFi 104
1. Create the schedule
Go to Policy & Objects > Schedules.
Create a recurring schedule for school
hours (in the example, 8am-6pm,
Monday through Friday).
2. Create the SSID

Go to WiFi Controller > SSID and create
the WiFi interface.
Set a Name and IP/Network Mask for

the interface.
Enable DHCP Server to provide a range

of IP addresses for your WiFi clients.
WiFi 105
Set Schedule to the new schedule, and
configure the other WiFi Settings as
required.
3. Create the security policy

and create a policy that allows Internet
access for mobile devices on the
Student-net wireless network. Give the
policy a name that identifies what it is
used for (in the example, Student-WiFi-
Internet).
Set Incoming Interface to the wireless

interface and Outgoing Interface to the
Internet-facing interface. Set Schedule
to the new schedule and make sure NAT
is enabled.
Results
Verify that mobile devices can connect to the Internet outside of class time, when the schedule group is valid.
Verify that the SSID is not available after scheduled times.
106 WiFi
Extending WiFi range with mesh topology
In this example, a second FortiAP are used to extend the range of a WiFi network. The second FortiAP is
connected to the FortiGate WiFi controller through a dedicated WiFi backhaul network.
In this example, both FortiAPs provide the example-staff network to clients that are in range.
More mesh-connected FortiAPs could be added to further expand the coverage range of the network. Each AP
must be within range of at least one other FortiAP. Mesh operation requires FortiAP models with two radios, such
as the FortiAP-221C units used here.
WiFi 107
1. Creating the backhaul SSID
Go to WiFi Controller > SSID.
Create a new SSID. Set Traffic Mode to

Mesh Downlink.
You will need the pre-shared key when

configuring the mesh-connected FortiAP.
2. Creating the client SSID

Go to WiFi Controller > SSID. Create
the WiFi network (SSID) that clients will
use.
Configure DHCP to provide IP

addresses for your clients.
WiFi 108
3. Creating the FortiAP Profile
Go to WiFi Controller > FortiAP

Profiles and create a profile for the
Platform (FortiAP model) that you are
using.
Configure Radio 1 for the client channel

on the 2.4GHz 802.11n/g Band.
Configure Radio 2 for the backhaul

channel on the 5GHz 802.11ac/n Band.
109 WiFi
4. Configuring the security policy
and create a new policy.
5. Configuring an interface dedicated to FortiAP

Go to Network > Interfaces and edit an
available interface (in this example, port
15). Set Addressing mode to Dedicate
to Extension Device.
WiFi 110
6. Preauthorizing FortiAP-1
Go to WiFi Controller > Managed
FortiAPs and create a new entry.
Enter the serial number of the FortiAP

unit and give it a name. Select the
FortiAP profile that you created earlier.
Doing this will allow FortiAP-1 to go

online as soon as it is connected to the
FortiGate. Optionally, you could connect
the FortiAP to the FortiGate and then
manually authorize it at that point, as will
be done with FortiAP-2.
7. Configuring FortiAP-2 for mesh operation

Connect FortiAP-2's Ethernet port to the FortiGate network interface that you configured for FortiAPs.

FortiAPs. Click Refresh every 15
seconds until FortiAP-2 is listed. Select
the AP, then select Authorize.
Edit FortiAP-2. Under Managed AP

Status, select Connect to CLI.
Log in with the username admin, then enter the following CLI commands, substituting your SSID and password
where necessary:
111 WiFi
cfg -a MESH_AP_TYPE=1
cfg -a MESH_AP_SSID=fortinet.mesh.root
cfg -a MESH_AP_PASSWD=hardtoguess
cfg -c
exit
Disconnect FortiAP-2 from the FortiGate.
8. Connecting and authorizing the FortiAPs

Connect FortiAP-1. Go to WiFi
Controller > Managed FortiAPs. Click
Refresh every 15 seconds until FortiAP-1
is listed.
Power up FortiAP-2. Periodically click

Refresh. With a minute or two, Radio 2 of
FortiAP-1 will indicate 1 client and
FortiAP-2 will be listed as mesh-
connected.

FortiAPs. Edit FortiAP-2. Enter the
Name and select the FortiAP Profile
that you created earlier.
Click Refresh to update the display as

needed. Within a minute or two, FortiAP-
2 will be listed as Online.
WiFi 112
9. Results
Go to Monitor > WiFi Client Monitor. Both backhaul and client SSIDs are shown. Click Refresh as needed to
see updated information.
Connect to the network near FortiAP-2.

The FortiAP column shows the client is
associated with the mesh-connected
FortiAP-2.
Connect to the network near FortiAP-1.

The FortiAP column shows the client is
associated with FortiAP-1.
113 WiFi
Assigning WiFi users to VLANs dynamically
Virtual LANs (VLANs) are used to assign wireless users to different networks without requiring the use of multiple
SSIDs. Each user's VLAN assignment is stored in the user database of the RADIUS server that authenticates the
users.
This example creates dynamic VLANs for the Techdoc and Marketing departments. The RADIUS server is a
FortiAuthenticator.
WiFi 114
1. Configure the FortiAuthenticator
Go to Authentication > RADIUS

Service > Clients to register the
FortiGate as a client.
Enter a Secret (a password) and
remember it. It will also be used in the
FortiGate configuration.
Go to Authentication > User

Management > Local Users and create
local user accounts as needed.
WiFi 115
For each user, add these RADIUS
attributes which specify the VLAN
information to be sent to the FortiGate.
Tunnel-Private-Group-Id specifies the
VLAN ID.
In this example, jsmith is assigned

VLAN 100 and twhite is assigned VLAN
200.
2. Add the RADIUS server to the FortiGate configuration
Go to User & Device > RADIUS

Servers. Select Create New.
Enter the FortiAuthenticator IP address

and the server secret that you entered on
the FortiAuthenticator. Optionally, you
can click Test Connectivity. Enter a
RADIUS user's ID and password. The
result should be "Successful".
3. Create an SSID with dynamic VLAN assignment
Go to WiFi Controller > SSID. Create a

new SSID.
116 WiFi
Set up DHCP service.
Select WPA2 Enterprise security and

select your RADIUS server for
authentication.
Set the default VLAN ID to 10. This
VLAN is used when RADIUS doesn't
assign a VLAN.
Go to the Dashboard and use the CLI config wireless-controller vap

edit example-wifi
Console to enable dynamic VLANs on
set dynamic-vlan enable
the SSID. end
WiFi 117
4. Create the VLAN interfaces
Go to Network > Interfaces.
Create the VLAN interface for default

VLAN-10 and set up DHCP service.
118 WiFi
Create the VLAN interface for marketing-
100 and set up DHCP service.
WiFi 119
Create the VLAN interface for techdoc-
200 and set up DHCP service.
5. Create security policies
Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy.
Create a policy that allows outbound

traffic from marketing-100 to the Internet.
120 WiFi
In Logging Options, enable logging for
all sessions.
Create a policy that allows outbound

traffic from techdoc-200 to the Internet.
For this policy too, in Logging Options

enable logging for all sessions.
6. Create the FortiAP Profile

Profiles.
Create a new profile for your FortiAP

model and select the new SSID for both
Radio 1 and Radio 2.
WiFi 121
7. Connect and authorize the FortiAP
Go to Network > Interfaces and choose an unused interface. Set Addressing mode to Dedicated to Extension
Device. Connect the FortiAP unit to the this interface and apply power.

FortiAPs.
Right-click on the FortiAP unit. Select

Authorize.
Right-click on the FortiAP unit again.

Select Assign Profile and select the
FortiAP profile that you created.
Results
The SSID will appear in the list of available wireless networks on the users devices. Both twhite and jsmith can
connect to the SSID with their credentials and access the Internet. (If a certificate warning message appears,
accept the certificate.)
Go to Log & Report > Forward Traffic.
Note that traffic for jsmith and twhite

pass through
different policies.
(The column selections were customized

for clarity.)
The security policies could be made

different so that Marketing and Techdoc
departments were allowed different
access, but didn't think that was fair.
122 WiFi
WiFi RADIUS authentication with FortiAuthenticator
In this example, you use a RADIUS server to authenticate your WiFi clients.
The RADIUS server is a FortiAuthenticator (v4.00-build0008) that is used authenticate users who belong to the
employees user group.
WiFi 123
1. Create the user accounts and user group on the FortiAuthenticator
Management > Local Users and create
a user account.
User Role settings are available after

you click OK.
Create additional user accounts as

needed, one for each employee.

Management > User Groups and
create the local user group employees
on the FortiAuthenticator.
WiFi 124
2. Register the FortiGate as a RADIUS client on the FortiAuthenticator
Go to Authentication > RADIUS
Service > Clients and create a client
account.
Enable all of the EAP types.
3. Configure FortiGate to use the RADIUS server

Go to User & Device > RADIUS
Servers and add the FortiAuthenticator
as a RADIUS server.
125 WiFi
4. Create the SSID and set up authentication
Go to WiFi Controller > SSID and define
your wireless network.
Set up DHCP for your clients.
WiFi 126
Configure WPA2 Enterprise security that
uses the RADIUS server.
5. Connect and authorize the FortiAP

Go to Network > Interfaces and
configure a dedicated interface for the
FortiAP.
127 WiFi
Connect the FortiAP unit. Go to WiFi
Controller > Managed FortiAPs.
When the FortiAP is listed, select and

authorize it.

Profiles and edit the profile.
This example used a FortiAP-221C, so

the FAP221C-default profile applies.
For each radio:

l Enable Radio Resource Provision.
l Select your SSID.
WiFi 128
6. Create the security policy
and add a policy that allows WiFi users
to access the Internet.
Results
Connect to the example-staff network
and browse Internet sites.
Go to Monitor > Client Monitor to see

that clients connect and authenticate.
129 WiFi
Authentication
This section contains information about authenticating users and devices.
Authentication, the act of confirming the identity of a person or device, is a key part of network security. When
authentication is used, the identities of users or host computers must be established to ensure that only
authorized parties can access the network.
External authentication
l 802.1X with VLAN Switch interfaces on a FortiGate
WiFi authentication
l Assigning WiFi users to VLANs dynamically
l WiFi RADIUS authentication with FortiAuthenticator
Authentication 130
802.1X with VLAN Switch interfaces on a FortiGate
This recipe follows on from the general introductory video, Managing FortiSwitch from FortiGate, which uses the
FortiLink protocol.
Using 802.1X with VLAN Switch interfaces on the FortiGate secures the network at the switch port by requesting
a connecting user to authenticate. In most deployments the user database will be external to the FortiGate.
This example uses FortiAuthenticator for the RADIUS authentication server, however the example is generic
enough to be adapted to any authentication server supported by the FortiGate and the EAP protocol. Also this
example can be adapted for other products which make use of 802.1X, such as wireless access points.
In this example we will configure EAP-TTLS.
There are three elements to be configured:

l The supplicant, which identifies the client, in this case a Ubuntu host.
l The authenticator, which translates EAP to RADIUS messages, and vice-versa. This is the FortiGate switch controller.
l The authentication server, which processes the RADIUS messages. This is the FortiAuthenticator.
The topology is as shown:
1. Configuring a CA
In this example we configure EAP-TTLS which requires, as a minimum, server certificate validation. To do this
we use FortiAuthenticator, we create a CA root, self signed, and a service certificate for the authentication
server. The supplicant requires access to the CA certificate in order to validate the server authentication.
131 Authentication
On FortiAuthenticator, go to Certificate Management
> Certificate Authorities > Local CAs and create a
new Local CA. Enter a Certificate ID and Name (CN).
Leave all other settings default.
This creates a root CA certificate that is self signed.

This certificate must be copied to the supplicant.
Go to Certificate Management > End Entities > Local

Services and create a new service. Enter a Certificate
ID, Issuer (your local CA), and Name (CN). Leave all
other settings default.
This creates a certificate for the authentication server.
2. Configuring RADIUS authentication

The FortiAuthenticator will be the RADIUS sever and the FortiGate the RADIUS client.
On the FortiAuthenticator, go to Authentication >

RADIUS Service > Clients and create a new client.
Enter the Name, Client name/IP, and shared Secret.
For Realms, use the local user realm and set EAP
types to use EAP-TTLS.
Authentication 132
Go to Authentication > User Management > Local
Users and create a local user and password.
This is your user account for 802.1X authentication.
Go to Authentication > RADIUS Service > EAP and

select the local CA and local service certificates for the
server's authentication.
On the FortiGate, go to User & Device > RADIUS

Servers and create a new server connection. Enter
Name, Primary Server IP/Name, and Primary Server
Secret.
Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > VLANs
Modify your VLAN and change the admission control

authentication method to RADIUS, and select you
RADIUS server.
(This example follows on from the local user

configuration, given in the video.)
Test the RADIUS configuration from the the FortiGate CLI:
# diagnose test authserver radius myRADIUS mschap2 mike@local mypassword

authenticate 'mike@local' against 'mschap2' succeeded, server=primary assigned_
rad_session_id=790684157 session_timeout=0 secs idle_timeout=0 secs!
3. Configure the supplicant and test

We will configure the 802.1X supplicant settings on the wired interface of our Ubuntu host. Use the settings in
the following screenshot to test your connection.
133 Authentication
Edit your wired connection and select 802.1X security.
Chose Tunneled TLS (TTLS), your CA certificate,
MSCAPv2 for Inner authentication, and the
Username.
4. Results
Check FortiAuthenticator's log messages, look for
802.1x authentication successful.
Authentication 134
Using ifconfig, you should see that you have been
allocated an address from the DHCP server.
If this does not work, check again the RADIUS client

works using the testauth command. If that is ok, check
your certificates, paying attention to the valid from date
and time.
135 Authentication
VPNs
This section contains information about configuring a variety of different Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), as well
as different methods of authenticating VPN users. FortiGates support two types of VPNs: IPsec and SSL.
IPsec VPNs use Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) to create a VPN that extends a private network across a public
network, typically the Internet. In order to connect to an IPsec VPN, users must install and configure an IPsec
VPN client (such as FortiClient) on their PCs or mobile devices.
SSL VPNs use Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) to create a VPN that extends a private network across a public
network, typically the Internet. Connections to an SSL VPN are done through a web browser and do not require
any additional applications.
IPsec
l IPsec VPN with FortiClient
l Site-to-site IPsec VPN with two FortiGates
l IPsec troubleshooting
SSL
l SSL VPN using web and tunnel mode
l SSL VPN troubleshooting
VPNs 136
IPsec VPN with FortiClient
In this example, you will allow remote users to access the corporate network using an IPsec VPN that they
connect to using FortiClient for Mac OS X, Windows, or Android. Traffic to the Internet will also flow through the
FortiGate, to apply security scanning.
In this example, FortiClient 5.4.0.493 for Mac OS X is used.
VPNs 137
1. Creating a user group for remote users
Go to User & Device > User Definition.
Create a local user account for an IPsec
VPN user.
Go to User & Device > User Groups.

Create a user group for IPsec VPN users
and add the new user account.
VPNs 138
2. Adding a firewall address for the local network
Go to Policy & Objects > Addresses
and create an address for the local
network.
Set Type to IP/Netmark, Subnet/IP

Range to the local subnet, and
Interface to an internal port.
3. Configuring the IPsec VPN using the IPsec VPN Wizard

Go to VPN > IPsec Wizard and create a
new tunnel using a pre-existing template.
Name the VPN connection.
The tunnel name may not have any

spaces in it and should not exceed 13
characters.
Set Template to Remote Access, and

set Remote Device Type to FortiClient
VPN for OS X, Windows, and Android.
Set the Incoming Interface to the

internet-facing interface and
Authentication Method to Pre-shared
Key.
Enter a pre-shared key and select the

new user group, then click Next.
The pre-shared key is a credential for the

VPN and should differ from the users
password.
139 VPNs
Set Local Interface to an internal
interface (in the example, lan) and set
Local Address to the local LAN
address.
Enter an Client Address Range for

VPN users.
The IP range you enter here prompts

FortiOS to create a new firewall object for
the VPN tunnel using the name of your
tunnel followed by the _range suffix (in
the example, IPsec-FCT_range).
Make sure Enable IPv4 Split Tunnel is

not selected, so that all Internet traffic
will go through the FortiGate.
If you do select Enable Split Tunneling,

traffic not intended for the corporate
network will not flow through the
FortiGate or be subject to the corporate
security profiles.
Select Client Options as desired.
After you create the tunnel, a summary

page appears listing the objects which
have been added to the FortiGate's
configuration by the wizard.
VPNs 140
4. Creating a security policy for access to the Internet
The IPsec wizard automatically created a security policy allowing IPsec VPN users to access the internal
network. However, since split tunneling is disabled, another policy must be created to allow users to access the
Internet through the FortiGate.

and create a new policy. Set a policy
name that will identify what this policy is
used for (in the example, IPsec-VPN-
Internet)
Set Incoming Interface to the tunnel

interface and Outgoing Interface to
wan1. Set Source to the IPsec client
address range, Destination Address to
all, Service to ALL, and enable NAT.
Configure any remaining firewall and

security options as desired.
141 VPNs
5. Configuring FortiClient
Open FortiClient, go to Remote Access
and Add a new connection.
Set the Type to IPsec VPN and Remote

Gateway to the FortiGate IP address.
Set Authentication Method to Pre-

Shared Key and enter the key below.
VPNs 142
6. Results
On FortiClient, select the VPN, enter the
username and password, and select
Connect.
Once the connection is established, the

FortiGate assigns the user an IP address
and FortiClient displays the status of the
connection, including the IP address,
connection duration, and bytes sent and
received.
143 VPNs
On the FortiGate unit, go to Monitor >
IPsec Monitor and verify that the tunnel
Status is Up.
The monitor also shows the IP address

of the FortiClient user, under Remote
Gateway.
Browse the Internet, then go to

FortiView > Policies and select the now
view. You can see traffic flowing through
the IPsec-VPN-Internet policy.
Right-click on the policy, then select Drill

Down to Details. You can see more
information about the traffic.
Go to FortiView > VPN to see which

users have connected to the VPN.
VPNs 144
Site-to-site IPsec VPN with two FortiGates
In this example, you will allow transparent communication between two networks that are located behind different
FortiGates at different offices using route-based IPsec VPN. The VPN will be created on both FortiGates by using
the VPN Wizards Site to Site FortiGate template.
In this example, one office will be referred to as HQ and the other will be referred to as Branch.
VPNs 145
1. Configuring the HQ IPsec VPN
On the HQ FortiGate, go to VPN > IPsec
Wizard.
Select the Site to Site template, and

select FortiGate.
In the Authentication step, set IP

Address to the IP of the Branch
FortiGate (in the example,
172.20.120.135). After you enter the
gateway, an available interface will be
assigned as the Outgoing Interface. If
you wish to use a different interface,
select Change.
Set a secure Pre-shared Key.
VPNs 146
In the Policy & Routing step, set the
Local Interface. The Local Subnets
will be added automatically. Set Remote
Subnets to the Branch FortiGate's local
subnet (in the example, 5.5.5.5/24).
A summary page shows the

configuration created by the wizard,
including firewall addresses, firewall
address groups, a static route, and
security policies.
147 VPNs
2. Configuring the Branch IPsec VPN
On the Branch FortiGate, go to VPN >
IPsec Wizard.
Select the Site to Site template, and

select FortiGate.
In the Authentication step, set IP

Address to the IP of the HQ FortiGate (in
the example, 172.20.121.92). After you
enter the gateway, an available interface
will be assigned as the Outgoing
Interface. If you wish to use a different
interface, select Change.
Set the same Pre-shared Key that was

used for HQ's VPN.
VPNs 148
In the Policy & Routing step, set the
Local Interface. The Local Subnets
will be added automatically. Set Remote
Subnets to the HQ FortiGate's local
subnet (in the example, 10.10.10.1/24).
A summary page shows the

configuration created by the wizard,
including firewall addresses, firewall
address groups, a static route, and
security policies.
3. Results
On either FortiGate, go to Monitor >
IPsec Monitor to verify the status of the
VPN tunnel. Right-click under Status
and select Bring Up.
149 VPNs
A user on either of the office networks should be able to connect to any address on the other office network
transparently.
If you need to generate traffic to test the connection, ping the Branch FortiGate's internal interface from the HQ's
internal network.
VPNs 150
IPsec troubleshooting
This page contains tips to help you with some common challenges of IPsec VPNs.
The options to configure policy-based IPsec VPN are unavailable.

Go to Feature Select and enable Policy-based IPsec VPN.
The VPN connection attempt fails.

If your VPN fails to connect, check the following:
l Ensure that the pre-shared keys match exactly.

l Ensure that both ends use the same P1 and P2 proposal settings.
l Ensure that you have allowed inbound and outbound traffic for all necessary network services, especially if
services such as DNS or DHCP are having problems.
l Check that a static route has been configured properly to allow routing of VPN traffic.
l Ensure that your FortiGate unit is in NAT/Route mode, rather than Transparent.
l Check your NAT settings, enabling NAT traversal in the Phase 1 configuration while disabling NAT in the
security policy.
l Ensure that both ends of the VPN tunnel are using Main mode, unless multiple dial-up tunnels are being
used.
l If you have multiple dial-up IPsec VPNs, ensure that the Peer ID is configured properly on the
l FortiGate and that clients have specified the correct Local ID.
l If you are using FortiClient, ensure that your version is compatible with the FortiGate firmware by reading
the FortiOS Release Notes.
l Ensure that the Quick Mode selectors are correctly configured. If part of the setup currently uses firewall
addresses or address groups, try changing it to either specify the IP addresses or use an expanded
address range.
l If XAUTH is enabled, ensure that the settings are the same for both ends, and that the FortiGate unit is set
to Enable as Server.
l If your FortiGate unit is behind a NAT device, such as a router, configure port forwarding for UDP ports 500
and 4500.
l
l Remove any Phase 1 or Phase 2 configurations that are not in use. If a duplicate instance of the VPN tun-
nel appears on the IPsec Monitor, reboot your FortiGate unit to try and clear the entry.
If you are still unable to connect to the VPN tunnel, run the following diagnostic command in the CLI:
VPNs 151
diag debug application ike -1
diag debug enable
The resulting output may indicate where the problem is occurring. When you are finished, disable the diagnostics
by using the following command:
diag debug reset

diag debug disable
The VPN tunnel goes down frequently.

If your VPN tunnel goes down often, check the Phase 2 settings and either increase the Keylife value or enable Autokey Keep Alive.
152 VPNs
SSL VPN using web and tunnel mode
In this example, you will allow remote users to access the corporate network using an SSL VPN, connecting
either by web mode or tunnel mode and with FortiClient. This allows users to access network resources, such as
the Internal Segmentation Firewall (ISFW) used in this example.
For users connecting via tunnel mode, traffic to the Internet will also flow through the FortiGate, to apply security
scanning to this traffic.
During the connecting phase, the FortiGate will also verify that the remote users antivirus software is installed
and up-to-date.
VPNs 153
1. Creating a user and a user group
Go to User & Device User Definition.
Create a local user account for a SSL
VPN user.
Go to User & Device > User Groups.

Create a user group for SSL VPN users
and add the new user account.
VPNs 154
2. Creating an SSL VPN portal for remote users
Go to VPN > SSL-VPN Portals. Edit the
full-access portal. The full-access portal
allows the use of tunnel mode and/or web
mode.
Make sure Enable Split Tunneling is not

selected, so that all Internet traffic will go
through the FortiGate.
If you do select Enable Split Tunneling,

traffic not intended for the corporate
network will not flow through the
FortiGate or be subject to the corporate
security profiles. You will also have to
set your corporate network's address as
the Routing Address.
Set Source IP Pools to use the default

IP range SSLVPN_TUNNEL-ADDR1.
Under Predefined Bookmarks, select

create new to add a new bookmark.
Bookmarks are used as links to internal
network resources.
In the example, a bookmark is added to

connect to a FortiGate being used as an
ISFW, which can be accessed at
https://192.168.200.111.
155 VPNs
3. Configuring the SSL VPN tunnel
Go to VPN > SSL-VPN Settings and set
Listen on Interface(s) to wan1.
To avoid port conflicts, set Listen on

Port to 10443. Set Restrict Access to
Allow access from any host.
In the example, the Fortinet_Factory

certificate is used as the Server
Certificate. It is, however,
recommended that you purchase a
certificate for your domain and upload it
for use with an SSL VPN.
Under Tunnel Mode Client Settings,

set IP Ranges to use the default IP
range SSLVPN_TUNNEL-ADDR1.
Under Authentication/Portal Mapping,

add the SSL VPN user group and map it
to the full-access portal.
If necessary, map a portal for All Other

Users/Groups.
VPNs 156
4. Adding an address for the local network
Go to Policy & Objects > Addresses.
Add the address for the local network.

Set Type to IP/Netmark, Subnet/IP
Range to the local subnet, and
Interface to an internal port.
157 VPNs
5. Adding security policies for access to the internal network and Internet
Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy.
Add a security policy allowing access to
the internal network through the VPN
tunnel interface. Set a policy name that
will identify what this policy is used for (in
the example, SSL-VPN-internal)
Set Incoming Interface to ssl.root and

Outgoing Interface to the local network
interface. Select Source and set
Address to all and Source User to the
SSL-VPN user group. Set Destination
Address to the local network address,
Service to ALL, and enable NAT.
Configure any remaining firewall and

security options as desired.
VPNs 158
Add a second security policy allowing
SSL VPN access to the Internet.
For this policy, Incoming Interface is

set to ssl.root, Outgoing Interface is
set to wan1, and Destination is set to
all.
159 VPNs
6. Setting the FortiGate unit to verify users have current AntiVirus software
Go to the Dashboard. In the CLI Console widget, enter the following commands to enable the host to check
for compliant AntiVirus software on the remote users computer:
config vpn ssl web portal
edit full-access
set host-check av
end
7. Results
Web mode:
Using a supported Internet browser,
connect to the SSL VPN web portal
using the remote gateway configured in
the SSL VPN settings (in the example,
172.20.121.46:10443)
Use the SSL VPN user's credentials to

authenticate.
VPNs 160
The web portal appears.
In this example, selecting the ISFW

Bookmark allows you to connect to the
ISFW FortiGate.
161 VPNs
To connect to the Internet, select Quick
Connection. Select HTTP/HTTPS, then
enter the URL and select Launch.
The website will launch.
You can also use the Quick Connection

for other allowed types of traffic, such as
SSH.
VPNs 162
An SSH connection will open in your
browser, connecting to the requested
Host.
Java is required for an SSH connection.
On the FortiGate, go to Monitor > SSL-

VPN Monitor. The user is connected to
the VPN.
Tunnel mode:
If you have not done so already,
download FortiClient from
www.forticlient.com.
Open the FortiClient Console and go to

Remote Access. Add a new connection.
Set VPN Type to SSL VPN, set

Remote Gateway to the IP of the
listening FortiGate interface (in the
example, 172.20.121.46). Select
Customize Port and set it to 10443.
Select Add.
163 VPNs
Connect to the VPN using the SSL VPN
user's credentials.
You are able to connect to the VPN

tunnel.
On the FortiGate, go to Monitor > SSL-

VPN Monitor. The user is connected to
the VPN.
VPNs 164
SSL VPN troubleshooting
This page contains tips to help you with some common challenges for SSL VPN.
There is no response from the SSL VPN URL.

Go to VPN Settings and check the SSL VPN port assignment. Also, verify that the SSL VPN policy is configured
correctly.
You receive an error stating that the web page cannot be found.
Check the URL you are attempting to connect to. It should follow this pattern:
https://<FortiGate IP>:<Port>/remote/login
Ensure that you are using the correct port number in the URL.
FortiClient cannot connect.

Read the Release Notes to ensure that the version of FortiClient you are using is compatible with your version of
FortiOS.
When you attempt to connect using FortiClient or in Web mode, you receive the fol-
lowing error message: Unable to logon to the server. Your user name or pass-
word may not be configured properly for this connection. (-12).
Ensure that cookies are enabled in your browser. Also, if you are using a remote authentication server, ensure that
the FortiGate is able to communicate with it.
The tunnel connects but there is no communication.

Make sure that there is a static route to direct packets destined for the tunnel users to the SSL VPN interface.
You can connect remotely to the VPN tunnel but are unable to access the network
resources.
Examine the policy allowing VPN access to the local network. If the destination address is set to all, create a
firewall address for the internal network. Change the destination address and attempt to connect remotely again.
VPNs 165
Users are unable to download the SSL VPN plugin.
Go to the VPN Portal to make sure that the option to Limit Users to One SSL-VPN Connection at a Time is
disabled. This allows users to connect to the resources on the portal page while also connecting to the VPN
through FortiClient.
Users are being assigned to the wrong IP range.

Ensure that the same IP Pool is used in VPN Portal and VPN Settings to avoid conflicts. If there is a conflict, the
portal settings will be used.
166 VPNs
Expert
FortiGate units can be deployed in many ways to meet a wide range of advanced requirements. This section
contains recipes and articles (which discuss topics in greater depth than a recipe) about a variety of these
configurations.
Recipes and articles in this section are intended for users with a high degree of background knowledge about
FortiGates and computer networking, such as users who have completed Fortinets Network Security Expert
(NSE) 4 level of training.
Authentication
l Single Sign-On using LDAP and FSSO agent in advanced mode
l Single Sign-On using FSSO agent in advanced mode and FortiAuthenticator
l SSO using a FortiGate, FortiAuthenticator, and DC Polling
VPN
l Configuring ADVPN in FortiOS 5.4
Expert 167
Single Sign-On using LDAP and FSSO agent in
advanced mode
This recipe illustrates FortiGate user authentication with FSSO and a Windows DC LDAP server. In this example,
user authentication controls Internet access.
Expert 168
1. Integrating the FortiGate with the Windows DC LDAP server
Go to User & Device > LDAP Servers
to configure the LDAP server.
2. Installing FSSO agent on the Windows DC server

Accept the license and follow the
Wizard.
Enter the Windows AD administrator

password.
Select the Advanced Access method.
Expert 169
In the Collector Agent IP address field,
enter the IP address of the Windows AD
server.
Select the domain you wish to monitor.
170 Expert
Next, select the users you do not wish to
monitor.
Under Working Mode, select DC Agent

Mode.
Reboot the Domain Controller.
Expert 171
Upon reboot, the collector agent will start
up.
You can choose to Require

authenticated connection from
FortiGate and set a Password.
3. Configuring Single Sign-On on the FortiGate

Go to User & Device > Single Sign-On
and create a new SSO server.
Under the Groups tab, select the user

groups to be monitored. In this example,
the "FortiOS Writers" group is used.
4. Adding a user group to the FortiGate

Go to User & Device > User Groups to
create a new FSSO user group.
Under Members, select the "FortiOS

Writers" group.
172 Expert
5. Adding a policy to the FortiGate
and create a policy allowing "FortiOS_
Writers" to navigate the Internet with
appropriate security profiles.
The default Web Filter security profile is

used in this example.
Expert 173
9. Results
Have users log on to the domain, go to
the FSSO agent, and select Show
Logon Users.
From the FortiGate, go to Dashboard to diagnose debug authd fsso list

look for the CLI Console widget and
type this command for more detail about ----FSSO logons----
current FSSO logons: IP: 10.10.20.3 User: ADMINISTRATOR Groups: CN=FORTIOS
WRITERS,CN=USERS,DC=TECHDOC,DC=LOCAL Workstation:
WIN2K8R2.TECHDOC.LOCAL MemberOf: FortiOS_Writers
IP: 10.10.20.7 User: TELBAR Groups: CN=FORTIOS
TELBAR-PC7.TECHDOC.LOCAL MemberOf: FortiOS_Writers
Total number of logons listed: 2, filtered: 0
----end of FSSO logons----
From the FortiGate, go to Monitor >

Firewall User Monitor and verify FSSO
Logons.
Have users go to the Internet and the

security profiles will be applied
accordingly.
Go to Log & Report > Forward Traffic

to verify the log.
174 Expert
Select an entry for details.
Expert 175
Single Sign-On using FSSO agent in advanced mode
and FortiAuthenticator
This recipe demonstrates FortiGate user authentication with FSSO agent installed on a Windows Domain
Controller, and the use of a FortiAuthenticator as an LDAP server. In this example, user authentication controls
Internet access.
Expert 176
1. Configuring an LDAP directory on the FortiAuthenticator
Management > Local Users to create a
user list. Make sure to enable Allow
LDAP browsing.
Expert 177
Management > User Groups to create
a user group and add users to it.
"FortiOS_Writers" user group is used in
this example.
Go to Authentication > LDAP Service >

Directory tree and configure the LDAP
directory tree.
178 Expert
2. Integrating the FortiGate with the FortiAuthenticator
On the FortiGate, go to User & Device >
LDAP Servers to configure the LDAP
server.
3. Installing FSSO agent on the Windows DC

Accept the license and follow the
Wizard.
Enter the Windows AD administrator

password.
Expert 179
Select the Advanced access method for
Windows Directory.
In the Collector Agent IP address field,

enter the IP address of the Windows AD
server.
180 Expert
Select the domain you wish to monitor.
Next, select the users you do not wish to

monitor.
Expert 181
Under Working Mode, select DC Agent
Mode.
When prompted, select Yes to reboot the

Domain Controller.
182 Expert
Upon reboot, the collector agent will start
up.
You can choose to Require

authenticated connection from
FortiGate and set a Password which
will be used in step 4.
4. Configuring Single Sign-On on the FortiGate

and create a new SSO server. In the
Primary Agent IP/Name field, enter the
Collector Agent IP Address used in
step 3. Likewise, enter the Password
required for authentication.
Under the Groups tab, select the user

groups to be monitored. In this example,
the "FortiOS_Writers" group is used.
5. Adding a user group to the FortiGate

Go to User & Device > User Groups to
create new user group. Under Remote
groups, add the remote LDAP server
created earlier in the FortiAuthenticator
(in this example it's called "FAC_
LDAP").
Expert 183
6. Adding a policy to the FortiGate
Writers" to navigate the Internet with

184 Expert
7. Results
Have users log on to the domain, go to
the FSSO agent, and select Show
Logon Users.
From the FortiGate, go to Dashboard to diagnose debug authd fsso list

look for the CLI Console widget and
type this command for more detail about ----FSSO logons----
current FSSO logons: IP: 10.10.20.3 User: ADMINISTRATOR Groups: CN=FORTIOS
WIN2K8R2.TECHDOC.LOCAL MemberOf: FortiOS_Writers
IP: 10.10.20.7 User: TELBAR Groups: CN=FORTIOS
TELBAR-PC7.TECHDOC.LOCAL MemberOf: FortiOS_Writers
Total number of logons listed: 2, filtered: 0
----end of FSSO logons----
Have users belonging to the "FortiOS_

Writers" user group navigate the Internet.
An authentication portal is presented to
allow only authorized users. Security
profiles will be applied accordingly.
Expert 185
Upon successful authentication, from the
FortiGate, go to Monitor > Firewall User
Monitor and verify FSSO Logons.

to verify the log.
186 Expert
SSO using a FortiGate, FortiAuthenticator, and DC
Polling
This recipe demonstrates FortiGate user authentication with a FortiAuthenticator as a Single Sign-On server. In
this example, the FortiAuthenticator is configured to collect the user logon by polling the Domain Controller logs.
User authentication controls Internet access.
Expert 187
1. Configuring the FortiAuthenticator
Go to Fortinet SSO Methods > SSO >
General and configure these general
settings.

Domain Controllers and add the
Windows DC to the FortiAuthenticator.
Expert 188
Go to Authentication > Remote Auth.
Servers > LDAP to set the Windows AD
as an LDAP server. This will be useful to
import SSO Filtering Objects from
Windows AD to the FortiAuthenticator.

FortiGate Filtering and create a new
FortiGate Filter.
Under Fortinet Single Sign-On

(FSSO), enable Forward FSSO
information for users from the
following subset of
users/groups/containers only.
Under SSO Filtering Objects, select

Import. In the Remote LDAP Server
field, select the LDAP server created in
the previous step (WinLDAP in this
example) and select Apply.
Next, select groups or containers to be

imported, controlled, and monitored by
the FortiAuthenticator. In this example,
the "FortiOS Writers" user group is
selected.
2. Configuring SSO on the FortiGate

and create a new SSO server.
In the Type field, select Fortinet Single-

Sign-On Agent and set the Name, the
Primary Agent IP/Name, the Password
and select Apply & Refresh.
189 Expert
When selecting the Users/Groups field,
the SSO user groups initially polled by
the FortiAuthenticator from the Domain
Controller appear.
In this example, only the "FortiOS

Writers" group appears because of the
FortiGate Filtering configuration in the
previous step.
3. Creating a user group on the FortiGate

Go to User & Device > User Groups
and create a new Fortinet Single Sign-On
(FSSO) user group. Under Members,
select the user group to be monitored. In
this example only "FortiOS Writers"
appears because of the FortiGate
Filtering configured earlier.
Expert 190
4. Adding a policy on the FortiGate
writers" to navigate the Internet with

5. Results from the FortiAuthenticator

Go to Monitor > SSO > Domains to
verify monitored domains. In this
example "techdoc.local" is monitored by
the FortiAuthenticator.
Have users log on to the domain.
Go to Monitor > SSO > SSO Sessions

to verify SSO sessions.
191 Expert
Go to Logging > Log Access > Logs to
verify logs.
You can also verify FSSO users in the

User Inventory widget under System >
Dashboard > Status.
Expert 192
6. Results from the FortiGate
Upon successful authentication, go to
Monitor > Firewall User Monitor and
verify FSSO Logons.
Have authenticated users navigate the

Internet. Security profiles will be applied
accordingly.

to verify the log.
193 Expert
Configuring ADVPN in FortiOS 5.4
In this recipe, we will explore a new VPN feature introduced in FortiOS 5.4.0: ADVPN.
ADVPN (Auto Discovery VPN) is an IPsec technology based on an IETF RFC draft
(https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-sathyanarayan-ipsecme-advpn-03). In simple terms, ADVPN allows a traditional
hub and spoke VPN's spokes to establish dynamic, on-demand direct tunnels between each other so as to avoid
routing through the topology's hub device. ADVPN requires the use of dynamic routing in order to function and
FortiOS 5.4 supports both BGP and RIP. This recipe will focus on using BGP and its route-reflector mechanism as
the dynamic routing solution to use with ADVPN.
ADVPN's primary advantages is that it provides the full meshing capabilities to a standard hub and spoke
topology, greatly reducing the provisioning effort required for full spoke to spoke low delay reachability and
addressing the scalability issues associated with very large fully meshed VPN networks.
BGP (and specifically, iBGP) is a natural fit for ADVPN as its route reflector mechanism resides on the VPN hub
device and mirrors routing information from each spoke peer to each other. Furthermore, dynamic group peers
result in near zero-touch hub provisioning when a new spoke is introduced in the topology.
Expert 194
As pictured, while the static configuration will involve both spoke FortiGate units to connect to our circular hub
FortiGate, Spoke A will be able to establish a dynamic on-demand shortcut IPSec tunnel to Spoke B (and vice
versa) if a host behind either spoke attempts to reach a host behind the other spoke. We will complete the
configuration below and our verification step below will include reachability from 192.168.2.1 (spoke A) to
192.168.3.1 (spoke B) over the dynamically created shortcut link.
This recipe is documented in CLI as configuration such as BGP and ADVPN are best done using the command
line interface. We are assuming basic IP and default routing configuration has been completed on the devices.
195 Expert
1. Configure the Hub FortiGate
Using the CLI, config vpn ipsec phase1-interface
configure phase edit "ADVPN"
set type dynamic
1 parameters. set interface "wan1"
set proposal aes128-sha1
The auto- set add-route disable
discovery set dhgrp 2
commands set auto-discovery-sender enable
enable the set psksecret fortinet
next
sending and
end
receiving of
shortcut
messages to
spokes (the hub
is responsible
for lettings the
spokes know
that they should
establish those
tunnels).
Note:
aggressive
mode is not
supported
currently for
ADVPN.
Configure the config vpn ipsec phase2-interface

phase2 edit "ADVPN-P2"
set phase1name "ADVPN"
parameters. set proposal aes128-sha1
next
This is a end
standard phase
2 configuration.
Configure the config system interface

tunnel interface edit "ADVPN"
set vdom "root"
IP. set ip 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.255
set type tunnel
ADVPN set remote-ip 10.10.10.254
set interface "wan1"
next
Expert 196
requires that end
tunnel IPs be
configured on
each device
connecting to
the topology.
Those IP
addresses need
to be unique for
each peer. A
particularity of
the hub is that it
needs to define
a bogus remote-
IP address
(10.10.10.254 in
our example).
This address
should be
unused in the
topology and it
will not be
actually
considered as
part of the
configuration for
the hub.
Configure iBGP config router bgp

and route- set as 65000
set router-id 10.10.10.1
reflection.
config neighbor-group
iBGP will be our edit "ADVPN-PEERS"
set remote-as 65000
overlay protocol set route-reflector-client enable
of choice for next
enabling end
ADVPN config neighbor-range
communication edit 1
set prefix 10.10.10.0 255.255.255.0
s. We are using
set neighbor-group "ADVPN-PEERS"
an arbitrary next
private AS end
number (65000) config network
in our example, edit 1
197 Expert
and configuring set prefix 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
a dynamic client next
end
group to reduce end
provisioning
requirements.
While we are
advertising our
LAN network
directly ("config
network"
command),
route
redistribution is
a perfectly valid
alternative.
Configure basic config firewall policy

policies to allow edit 0
set name "OUT ADVPN"
traffic to flow set srcintf "lan"
between the set dstintf "ADVPN"
local network set srcaddr "all"
and the ADVPN set dstaddr "all"
set action accept
VPN topology.
set schedule "always"
As we generally set service "ALL"
desire traffic to set status enable
be allowed next
between spokes edit 0
set name "IN ADVPN"
in an ADVPN set srcintf "ADVPN"
setup, we must set dstintf "lan"
remember to set srcaddr "all"
create a policy set dstaddr "all"
allowing spoke set action accept
to spoke set service "ALL"
communication set status enable
s. next
edit 0
set name "ADVPNtoADVPN"
set srcintf "ADVPN"
set dstintf "ADVPN"
set srcaddr "all"
set dstaddr "all"
set action accept
set service "ALL"
Expert 198
set status enable
next
end
2. Configure the Spoke FortiGates

Using the CLI, config vpn ipsec phase1-interface
configure phase edit "ADVPN"
set interface "wan1"
1 parameters. set proposal aes128-sha1
set add-route disable
Note that we are set dhgrp 2
configuring only set auto-discovery-receiver enable
one of the set remote-gw 10.1.1.1
spokes in this set psksecret fortinet
next
example - the
end
parameters that
need to change
for each spoke
are highlighted
in red.
Configure the config vpn ipsec phase2-interface

phase2 edit "ADVPN-P2"
set phase1name "ADVPN"
parameters. set proposal aes128-sha1
set auto-negotiate enable
next
end
Configure the config system interface

tunnel interface edit "ADVPN"
set vdom "root"
IP. set ip 10.10.10.2 255.255.255.255
set type tunnel
Notice that on set remote-ip 10.10.10.1
the spokes, the set interface "wan1"
remote IP is next
actually used end
and points to the
IP defined on
the hub.
Config iBGP. config router bgp

set as 65000
199 Expert
This is a static set router-id 10.10.10.2
standard config neighbor
edit "10.10.10.1"
configuration set soft-reconfiguration enable
and as stated for set remote-as 65000
the hub, next
redistribution end
config network
could be used
edit 1
instead of set prefix 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0
explicit route next
advertisement. end
end
Configure a config router static

static route for edit 3
set dst 10.10.10.0 255.255.255.0
the tunnel IP set device "ADVPN"
subnet. next
end
This is an
important
special step for
the spokes as
they need a
summary route
that identifies all
tunnel IP used
over your
topology to point
towards the
ADVPN
interface. In our
example, we
use
10.10.10.0/24 (if
our network
planning
expects less
than 255 sites).
Be sure to
adequately plan
this IP range as
it needs to be
hardcoded in the
spokes.
Expert 200
Configure config firewall policy
policies. edit 0
set name "OUT ADVPN"
set srcintf "lan"
set dstintf "ADVPN"
set srcaddr "all"
set dstaddr "all"
set action accept
set service "ALL"
set status enable
next
edit 0
set name "IN ADVPN"
set srcintf "ADVPN"
set dstintf "lan"
set srcaddr "all"
set dstaddr "all"
set action accept
set service "ALL"
set status enable
next
end
Results
We can validate B 192.168.1.0/24 [200/0] via 10.0.0.1, ADVPN, 22:30:21
B 192.168.3.0/24 [200/0] via 10.0.0.3 (recursive via 10.0.0.1), 22:30:21
the behaviour of
our configuration
using a few
commands. We
are going to run
these
commands from
SPOKE A.
get router info

routing-table
bgp will at a
minimum
display the
learned routes
from the
topology. Note
201 Expert
the recursive
routing - a result
of our spoke's
required static
route. In this
case, there has
not been any
traffic between
our local subnet
(192.168.2.0/24)
and the other
spoke's subnet,
as the routes are
both going
through the hub.
However once FG # exec ping-options source 192.168.2.1

we initiate a ping
FG # exec ping 192.168.3.1
between both PING 192.168.3.1 (192.168.3.1): 56 data bytes
spokes, we 64 bytes from 192.168.3.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=254 time=38.3 ms
obtain a different 64 bytes from 192.168.3.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=254 time=32.6 ms
display of Warning: Got ICMP 3 (Destination Unreachable)
routing 64 bytes from 192.168.3.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=43.0 ms
information - 64 bytes from 192.168.3.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=31.7 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.3.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=255 time=31.2 ms
routing now
--- 192.168.3.1 ping statistics ---
goes through a
5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0% packet loss
newly round-trip min/avg/max = 31.2/35.3/43.0 ms
established
dynamic tunnel FG # get router info routing-table bgp
directly through
the remote B 192.168.1.0/24 [200/0] via 10.0.0.1, ADVPN, 22:34:13
spoke rather B 192.168.3.0/24 [200/0] via 10.0.0.3, ADVPN_0, 00:02:28
than through the
hub. The ping
hiccup that
occurs is the
tunnel rerouting
through a newly
negotiated
tunnel to the
other spoke.
Our routing
Expert 202
information now
displays the
remote subnet
as being
available
through the
spoke directly,
through
interface
ADVPN_0, a
dynamically
instantiated
interface going
to that spoke.
Some additional FG # diag vpn tunnel list

data can be list all ipsec tunnel in vd 0
------------------------------------------------------
obtained using
name=ADVPN_0 ver=1 serial=a 10.1.1.2:0->10.1.1.3:0
the very useful
bound_if=6 lgwy=static/1 tun=intf/0 mode=dial_inst/3 encap=none/0
diag vpn tunnel parent=ADVPN index=0
list command. proxyid_num=1 child_num=0 refcnt=19 ilast=3 olast=604 auto-discovery=2
We are stat: rxp=7 txp=7 rxb=1064 txb=588
highlighting the dpd: mode=on-demand on=1 idle=20000ms retry=3 count=0 seqno=0
aspects in the natt: mode=none draft=0 interval=0 remote_port=0
output which proxyid=ADVPN-P2 proto=0 sa=1 ref=2 serial=1 auto-negotiate adr

src: 0:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:0
convey data
dst: 0:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:0
specific to SA: ref=3 options=2f type=00 soft=0 mtu=1438 expire=42680/0B
ADVPN, in this replaywin=2048 seqno=8 esn=0
case the auto- life: type=01 bytes=0/0 timeout=43152/43200
discovery flag dec: spi=9a487db3 esp=aes key=16 55e53d9fbc8dbeaa6df1032fbc80c4f6
ah=sha1 key=20 a1470452c6a444f26a070add087f0d970c18e3a7
and the child- enc: spi=3c37fea7 esp=aes key=16 8fd62a6745a9ba4fda062d4504b76851
parent ah=sha1 key=20 44c606f1ef1bf5739ba62f6572031aa956974d0a
relationship of dec:pkts/bytes=7/588, enc:pkts/bytes=7/1064
new instantiated ------------------------------------------------------
name=ADVPN ver=1 serial=9 10.1.1.2:0->10.1.1.1:0
dynamic tunnel
bound_if=6 lgwy=static/1 tun=intf/0 mode=auto/1 encap=none/0
interfaces. proxyid_num=1 child_num=1 refcnt=22 ilast=8 olast=8 auto-discovery=2
stat: rxp=3120 txp=3120 rxb=399536 txb=191970
dpd: mode=on-demand on=1 idle=20000ms retry=3 count=0 seqno=12
natt: mode=none draft=0 interval=0 remote_port=0
proxyid=ADVPN-P2 proto=0 sa=1 ref=2 serial=1 auto-negotiate adr
src: 0:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:0
dst: 0:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:0
SA: ref=3 options=2f type=00 soft=0 mtu=1438 expire=4833/0B
203 Expert
replaywin=2048
seqno=5ba esn=0
life: type=01 bytes=0/0 timeout=43148/43200
dec: spi=9a487db2 esp=aes key=16 4f70d27edad656cfcacbae61b23d4b11
ah=sha1 key=20 b19ea87c90dd92d1cab58cbf24ae8fe12ee927cb
enc: spi=b3dde355 esp=aes key=16 efbb4440df75018610b4ba8f5756167d
ah=sha1 key=20 81cc9cee3bee1c2dba0eb1e7ac66e9d34b67bde9
dec:pkts/bytes=1465/90152, enc:pkts/bytes=1465/187560
------------------------------------------------------
Expert 204
Glossary
BGP: Border Gateway Protocol is primarily used to connect the networks of large organizations that have two or more
ISP connections, or between other autonomous systems. If used in such a situation, a FortiGate can use BGP
for routing.
BYOD: Bring Your Own Device (also called device management) is the practice of allowing network users to access an
organizations (usually wireless) network with their own computers, smart phones, tablets and other devices.
BYOD has a major impact on networks with large and diverse user bases, such as educational institutions, but
also affects large and small business networks.
CA: A certificate authority (CA) is an entity that issues digital certificates, which are used to establish secure
connections over a network, typically the Internet. The CA acts as a trusted third-party by verifying the identity of
a certificates owner: for example, the certificate found when you go to https://www.facebook.com is verified as
belonging to Facebook.
Certificates: In networking, certificates (including public key certificates, digital certificates, and identity certificates) provide
digital signatures for websites or other electronic communication and allow you to verify whether a digital identity
is legitimate.. A FortiGate can use certificates for many things, including SSL inspection and user authentication.
CLI: The Command Line Interface is a text-based interface used to configure a FortiGate unit. Most steps in the
FortiGate Cookbook use the Graphical User Interface (see GUI), but some configuration options are only
available using the CLI.
DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is a networking protocol that allows devices to request network
parameters, such as IP addresses, automatically from a DHCP server, reducing the need to assign these
settings manually. A FortiGate can function as a DHCP server for your network and can also receive its own
network parameters from an external DHCP server.
Dial-up/dynamic A dial-up VPN, also called a dynamic VPN, is a type of IPsec VPN where one of the endpoints has a dynamic IP
VPN: address.
DMZ: A Demilitarized Zone is an interface on a FortiGate unit that provides external users with secure access to a
protected subnet on the internal network without giving them access to other parts of the network. This is most
commonly done for subnets containing web servers, which must be accessible from the Internet. The DMZ
interface will only allow traffic that has been explicitly allowed in the FortiGates configuration. FortiGate models
that do not have a DMZ interface can use other interfaces for this purpose.
DNS: Domain Name System is used by devices connecting to the Internet to locate websites by mapping a domain
name to a websites IP address. For example, a DNS server maps the domain name www.fortinet.com to the IP
address 66.171.121.34. Your FortiGate unit controls which DNS servers the network uses. A FortiGate can also
function as a DNS server.
DSR: In a typical load balancing scenario, server responses to client requests are routed through a load balancer on
their way back to the client. The load balancer examines the headers of each response and can insert a cookie
before sending the server response on to the client. In a Direct Server Return (DSR) configuration, the server
receiving a client request responds directly to the client IP, bypassing the load balancer. Because the load
balancer only processes incoming requests, load balancing performance is dramatically improved when using
Glossary 205
DSR in high bandwidth applications. In such applications, it is not necessary for the load balancer to receive and
examine the servers responses. So the client makes a request and the server simply streams a large amount of
data to the client.
Dynamic IP A dynamic IP address is one that can change without the devices user having to do anything. Dynamic IP
address: addresses allow networks to control the IP addresses of devices that connect to them. This allows you to connect
portable devices to different networks without needing to manually change their IP addresses.
Dynamic IP addresses are set by network protocols, most often DHCP.
ECMP: Equal Cost Multipath Routing allows next-hop packet forwarding to a single destination to occur over multiple
best paths that have the same value in routing metric calculations. ECMP is used by a FortiGate for a variety of
purposes, including load balancing.
Explicit Proxy: Explicit proxy is a type of configuration where all clients are configured to allow requests to go through a proxy
server, which is a server used as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other
servers. When a FortiGate uses explicit proxy, the clients sending traffic are given the IP address and port
number of the proxy server.
FortiAP: A FortiAP unit is a wireless Access Point that can be managed by a FortiGate. Most FortiAP functions can also
been accomplished using a FortiWiFi unit.
FortiClient: The FortiClient software provides a variety of features, including antivirus, web filtering, firewall, and parental
controls, to individual computers and mobile devices. It can also be used to connect to a FortiGate using either an
SSL or IPsec VPN.
FortiClient is available for Windows, Mac OSX, iOS, and Android, and can be set up quickly. After being installed,
it automatically updates its virus definition files, does a full system scan once per week, and much more.
FortiClient can be downloaded at www.forticlient.com.
FortiOS: FortiOS is the operating system used by FortiGate and FortiWiFi units. It is also referred to as firmware.
FTP: File Transfer Protocol is a standard protocol used to transfer computer files from one host to another host over a
computer network, usually the Internet, using FTP client and server applications.
Gateway: A gateway is the IP address that traffic is sent to if it needs to reach resources that are not located on the local
subnet. In most FortiGate configurations, a default route using a gateway provided by an Internet service
provider must be set to allow Internet traffic.
GUI: The Graphical User Interface, also known as the web-based manager, is a graphics-based interface used to
configure a FortiGate unit and is an alternative to using the Command Line Interface (see CLI). You can connect
to the GUI using either a web browser or FortiExplorer. Most steps in the FortiGate Cookbook use the GUI.
Hardware A hardware switch is a virtual interface that groups different interfaces together, allowing a FortiGate to treat the
switch: group as a single interface. Many FortiGate models have a default hardware switch, called either lan or internal.
HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol is a protocol used for unencrypted communication over computer networks,
including the Internet, where it is used to access websites. FortiGate units handle more HTTP traffic than any
other protocol.
206 Glossary
HTTPS: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure is a protocol that secures HTTP communications using the Secure Sockets
Layer (SSL) protocol. HTTPS is the most commonly used secure communication protocol on the Internet.
Interfaces: Interfaces are the points at which communication between two different environments takes place. These points
can be physical, like the Ethernet ports on a FortiGate, or logical, like a VPN portal.
ISFW: An Internal Segmentation Firewall (ISFW) is a FortiGate in that sits at strategic internal points of the internal
network, rather than on the network edge. This allows extra security measures to be taken around key network
components, such a servers that contain valuable intellectual property.
IPaddress: An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label assigned to each device participating in a computer network
that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. FortiGate units can use IP addresses to filter traffic and
determine whether to allow or deny traffic. Both IP version 4 and IP version 6 (see IPv4 and IPv6) are supported
by your FortiGate.
IPsec: Internet Protocol Security is used to for securing IP communications by authenticating and encrypting each
packet of a session. A FortiGate primarily uses this protocol to secure virtual private networks (see VPN).
IPv4: Internet Protocol version 4 is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP), the main protocol used for
communication over the Internet. IPv4 addresses are 32-bit and can be represented in notation by 4 octets of
decimal digits, separated by a period: for example, 172.16.254.1.
IPv6: Internet Protocol version 6 is the sixth version of the Internet Protocol (IP), the main protocol used for
communication over the Internet (IPv5 never became an official protocol). IPv6 was created in response to the
depletion of available IPv4 addresses. IPv6 addresses are 128-bit and can be represented in notation by 8
octets of hexadecimal digits, separated by a colon: for example, 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000.
IPv6 addresses can be shortened if all the octets are 0000; for example, the previous address can also be
written as 2001:db8::
LAN/internal: The LAN/internal interface is an interface that some FortiGate models have by default. This interface contains a
number of physical ports that are all treated as a single interface by the FortiGate unit. This allows you to
configure access for the entire Local Area Network at the same time, rather than configuring each port
individually.
LDAP: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol is a protocol used for accessing and maintaining distributed directory
information services over a network. LDAP servers are commonly used with a FortiGate for user authentication.
MAC address: A Media Access Control address is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface used for network
communication. A MAC address is assigned to a device by the manufacturer and so this address, unlike an IP
address, is not normally changed. MAC addresses are represented in notation by six groups of two hexadecimal
digits, separated by hyphens or colons: for example, 01:23:45:67:89:ab. Your FortiGate can identify network
devices using MAC addresses.
Multicast: Multicast is a method of group communication where information is addressed to a group of destinations
simultaneously. A FortiGate can use multicast traffic to allow communication between network devices.
NAT: Network Address Translation is a process used to modify, or translate, either the source or destination IP
address or port in a packet header. The primary use for NAT is to allow multiple network devices on a private
network to be represented by a single public IP address when they browse the internet. FortiGate also supports
many other uses for NAT.
Glossary 207
Packet: A packet is a unit of data that is transmitted between communicating devices. A packet contains both the
message being sent and control information, such as the source address (the IP address of the device that sent
the packet) and the destination address (the IP address of the device the packet is being sent to).
Ping: Ping is a utility used to test whether devices are connected over a IP network and to measure how long it takes
for a reply to be received after the message is sent, using a protocol called Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP). If ICMP is enabled on the destination interface, you can ping the IP address of a FortiGate interface to
test connectivity between your computer and the FortiGate. You can also use the CLI command execute ping
to test connectivity between your FortiGate and both internal and external devices.
Ports: See Interfaces and Port Numbers.
Port numbers: Port numbers are communication endpoints used to allow network communication. Different ports are used for
different application-specific or process-specific purposes; for example, HTTP protocol commonly uses port 80.
Pre-shared key: In cryptography, a pre-shared key is a character string (like a password) known by two parties, and used by
those parties to identify each other. Pre-shared keys are commonly used for granting access to IPsec VPNs and
WiFi networks.
Pre-shared keys are different from regular passwords because they are not normally associated with a specific
individuals credentials.
RADIUS: Remote Authentication Dial In User Service is a protocol that provides centralized Authentication, Authorization,
and Accounting (AAA) management for users that connect and use a network service. RADIUS servers are
commonly used with a FortiGate for user authentication, including single-sign on.
RTSP: The Real Time Streaming Protocol is a media control protocol that is used for controlling streaming audio and
video streams. RTSP has a wide range of uses and is often leveraged by other media-related services such as
SIP. It most commonly uses TCP and UDP port 554 but additional ports are used by the actual media controlled
by RTSP.
FortiOS includes an RSTP session helper that opens the ports used by individual RTSP-controlled streams.
FortiRecorder and FortiCamera use RTSP for video streaming.
SCTP: The Stream Control Transmission Protocol is a transport layer protocol (protocol number 132) used most often
for sending telephone signalling messages over carrier IP networks.
Session: A session is the dialogue between two or more communicating devices that include all messages that pass
between the devices; for example, a session is created when a user browses to a specific website on the Internet
for all communication between the users computer and the web server that hosts the site. Sessions are tracked
by a FortiGate unit in order to create logs about the network traffic.
SIP: Session Initiation Protocol is used for controlling multimedia communication sessions such as voice and video
calls over Internet Protocol networks. FortiGate units use this protocol for voice over IP (see VoIP).
Site-to-site A site-to-site VPN allows two networks that are each behind a VPN gateway (for example, a FortiGate unit), to
VPN: establish secure connections with each other over a public network, typically the Internet.
Site-to-site VPNs most often use IPsec and can be established between two FortiGates, or between a FortiGate
and any other IPsec VPN gateway, such as a Cisco ASA or Microsoft Azure.
208 Glossary
SLAAC: Stateless Address Autoconfiguration is a feature of IPv6 that allows devices on an IPv6 network to automatically
get IPv6 addresses. SLAAC is similar to DHCP except that DHCP requires you to run and configure a DHCP
server. SLAAC is built into IPv6 and requires only minor additional configuration. SLAAC is defined by RFC
2462.
SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol is a protocol that monitors hardware on your network. A FortiGate can
use SNMP to monitor events such as high CPU usage, VPN tunnels going down, or hardware becoming
disconnected.
SSH: Secure Shell is a protocol used for secure network services between two devices, including remote command-
line access. SSH can be used to access a FortiGates command line interface (CLI).
SSID: A Service Set Identifier is the name that a wireless access point broadcasts to wireless users. Wireless users
select this name to join a wireless network.
SSL: Secure Sockets Layer is a protocol for encrypting information that is transmitted over a network, including the
Internet. SSL can be used for secure communications to a FortiGate, as well as for encrypting Internet traffic
(see HTTPS) and for allowing remote users to access a network using SSL virtual private network (see VPN).
SSLinspection: Secure Sockets Layer inspection is used by your FortiGate to scan traffic or communication sessions that use
SSL for encryption, including HTTPS protocol.
SSO: Single Sign-On is a feature that allows a user to login just once and remembers the credentials to re-use them
automatically if additional authentication is required. A FortiGate supports both Fortinet single sign-on (FSSO)
and single sign-on using a RADIUS server (RSSO).
Static IP Static IP addresses require user intervention to change. Normally a device that always has a wired connection to
address: an Ethernet network has a static IP address.
Static route: A static route is a manually-configured routing entry that is fixed and does not change if the network is changed
or reconfigured.
Subnet: A subnetwork, or subnet, is a segment of the network that is separated physically by routing network devices
and/or logically by the difference in addressing of the nodes of the subnet from other subnets. Dividing the
network into subnets helps performance by isolating traffic from segments of the network where it doesnt need
to go, and it aids in security by isolating access. The addressing scope of a subnet is defined by its IP address and
subnet mask and its connection to other networks is achieve by the use of gateways.
Subnet Mask: A subnet mask is the part of an IP address that is used to determine if two addresses are on the same subnet by
allowing any network enabled device, such as a FortiGate, to separate the network address and the host
address. This lets the device determine if the traffic needs to be sent through a gateway to an external network
or if it is being sent to host on the local network.
URL: A Uniform Resource Locator is a text string that refers to a network resource. The most common use for URLs is
on the Internet, where they are also known as web addresses.
URLs are used by a FortiGate to locate websites on the Internet and can also be used in web filtering to block
specific sites from being accessed.
VDOM: Virtual Domains are used to divide a single FortiGate unit into two or more virtual instances of FortiOS that
function separately and can be managed independently.
Glossary 209
VLAN: Virtual Local Area Networks are used to logically divide a single local area network (LAN) into different parts that
function independently. A FortiGate uses VLANs to provide different levels of access to users connecting to the
same LAN.
VoIP: Voice over Internet Protocol is a protocol that is used to allow voice communications and multimedia sessions
over Internet Protocol sessions, including the Internet. VoIP protocol is used by a FortiGate when traffic needs to
reach a connected VoIP phone or FortiVoice unit.
VPN: A Virtual Private Network is a private network that acts as a virtual tunnel across a public network, typically the
Internet, and allows remote users to access resources on a private network. There are two main types of VPNs
that can be configured using a FortiGate unit: IPsec VPN (see IPsec) and SSL VPN (see SSL).
WAN/WAN 1: The WAN or WAN1 port on your FortiGate unit is the interface that is most commonly used to connect the
FortiGate to a Wide Area Network, typically the Internet. Some FortiGate models have a WAN2 port, which is
commonly used for redundant Internet connections.
210 Glossary
The FortiGate Cookbook contains a variety of step-by-step examples of how to integrate a FortiGate
unit into your network and apply features such as security profiles, wireless networking, and VPN.
Using the FortiGate Cookbook, you can go from idea to execution in simple steps, configuring a
secure network for better productivity with reduced risk.
Written for FortiOS 5.4
Fortinet.com

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The FortiGate Cookbook 5.

Fortinet Knowledge Base - http://kb.fortinet.com

Technical Documentation - http://docs.fortinet.com

Video Tutorials - http://video.fortinet.com

Training Services - http://campus.training.fortinet.com

Technical Support - https://support.fortinet.com

Feb 18, 2016 Initial publication

The FortiGate recipes is divided into the following sections:

l Getting Started: recipes to help you start using your FortiGate.

Understanding the basics

Screenshots vs. text

Model and firmware

IP addresses and object names

IPv4 vs IPv6 policies

Turning on FortiOS features

Setting up your FortiGate

Using a FortiGate with other Fortinet products

Power on the ISPs equipment, the

From the PC on the internal network,

Login using an admin account (the

If your FortiGate is directly connecting to

Edit the lan interface (called internal on

Make sure the interface's Role is set to

Set Addressing Mode to Manual and

Set Destination to Subnet, Destination

A default route always has a Destination

4. (Optional) Setting the FortiGates DNS servers

Set the Incoming Interface to the lan

Make sure the Action is set to ACCEPT.

Scroll down to view the Logging

You can view information about the

Select Add Filter and filter for Policy,

Login using an admin account (the

You can now access the FortiGate using

Go to the Dashboard. The System

Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy

Set the Incoming Interface to the

Make sure the Action is set to ACCEPT.

Scroll down to view the Logging

You can now connect the FortiGate unit

Connect the wan1 interface to the router

Power on the FortiGate unit.

You can view information about the

Select Add Filter and filter for Policy,

Log in using the admin account (the

Go to the Dashboard and locate the

You will be required to re-login after

Enter y when you are asked if you want to continue.

Go to System > VDOM and create two

In this example, the Inspection Mode is

The Inspection Mode for VDOM-B is

2. Configuring the root VDOM for FortiGate management

Edit the interface you wish to use to

Set Administrative Access to HTTPS,

Select Change Password to add a

Enable Restrict login to trusted hosts

3. Adding interfaces to VDOM-A