1) The document discusses several case studies involving the use of geophysical techniques, including the mapping of an ophiolite complex in Tibet using Landsat imagery, seismic hazard assessment in Albania, and seismic imaging of hydraulically fractured zones.
2) It also discusses issues related to subsalt overpressure that can impact drilling risks, and a case study of the Agua del Toro Dam in Argentina where insufficient geological studies affected underground excavations and construction.
3) The document provides details on various geophysical methods like direct current, magnetotelluric, controlled source electromagnetic, downhole seismic testing, seismic tomography, and seismic imaging using microearthquakes induced by hydraulic fracturing.
1) The document discusses several case studies involving the use of geophysical techniques, including the mapping of an ophiolite complex in Tibet using Landsat imagery, seismic hazard assessment in Albania, and seismic imaging of hydraulically fractured zones.
2) It also discusses issues related to subsalt overpressure that can impact drilling risks, and a case study of the Agua del Toro Dam in Argentina where insufficient geological studies affected underground excavations and construction.
3) The document provides details on various geophysical methods like direct current, magnetotelluric, controlled source electromagnetic, downhole seismic testing, seismic tomography, and seismic imaging using microearthquakes induced by hydraulic fracturing.
1) The document discusses several case studies involving the use of geophysical techniques, including the mapping of an ophiolite complex in Tibet using Landsat imagery, seismic hazard assessment in Albania, and seismic imaging of hydraulically fractured zones.
2) It also discusses issues related to subsalt overpressure that can impact drilling risks, and a case study of the Agua del Toro Dam in Argentina where insufficient geological studies affected underground excavations and construction.
3) The document provides details on various geophysical methods like direct current, magnetotelluric, controlled source electromagnetic, downhole seismic testing, seismic tomography, and seismic imaging using microearthquakes induced by hydraulic fracturing.
1) The document discusses several case studies involving the use of geophysical techniques, including the mapping of an ophiolite complex in Tibet using Landsat imagery, seismic hazard assessment in Albania, and seismic imaging of hydraulically fractured zones.
2) It also discusses issues related to subsalt overpressure that can impact drilling risks, and a case study of the Agua del Toro Dam in Argentina where insufficient geological studies affected underground excavations and construction.
3) The document provides details on various geophysical methods like direct current, magnetotelluric, controlled source electromagnetic, downhole seismic testing, seismic tomography, and seismic imaging using microearthquakes induced by hydraulic fracturing.
nation of landslide and erosion mapping along the pro- and also by the lack of detailed studies on the key loca- posed alignment and interpretation of air photographs led tions, such as the dam itself. The dam suffered changes to the recommendation to abandon the remainder of the and rotations of the axis and excavation problems in the alignment and adopted an alternative route, considered to pressure tunnel, undoubtedly caused by mbLnterpretation be more stable. -from Author of the local geology before construction. -from Author
944180 Mapping the Xigaze (Tibet) ophiolite complex 944185 Some aspects of seismic hazard assessment in with Landsat Thematic Mapper data national and local leveb in Albania J . P . Matthews & A. S. G. Jones, Journal of Himalayan S. Kociaj, in: Comprehensive approach to earthquake Geology, 3(1), 1992, pp 97-101. disaster mitigation, ed A. V o g e l & others, (Vieweg; Decorrelation stretch and band ratio image enhancement Progress in Earthquake Research & Engineering, Vol. 4), techniques have been applied to a Landsat Thematic 1993, pp 85-117. Mapper (TM) scene covermg the remote Xigaze Ophiolite. Albania is one of the most active seismic countries in the Vegetation or soil cover is sparse in this region, so maps Mediterranean Region. The seismic hazard assessment was generated from satellite imagery can compliment informa- based on three main elements: earthquake loci on the basis tion gathered from field surveys. From Landsat data, a map of seismological and geological data; maximum seismic has been drawn of the main ophiollte massif which gives a energy to be released by the expected earthquake loci; and more accurate overview of the distribution of lithologies surface effects of this energy expressed either through than do previously published maps. -from Authors strong ground motion parameters or through seismic inten- sities. Hazard maps for the whole country are described, and case studies of hazard assessment on a local level are Structural and geotechnical mapping presented. -G.E.Hodgson
944181 An expert system approach to liquefaction
analysis, part 1: development and implementation Geophysical techniques M.A. Chouicha & T. J. Siller, Computers & Geotechnics, 16(1), 1994, pp 1-35. 944186 The geoeleeWical methods in geophysical This paper presents the development of the rule-based exploration expert system, LIQUEFY, which evaluates the liquefaction M. S. Zhdanov & G. V. Keller, (Elsevier;Methods in potential of sites using several commonly accepted Geochemistry and Geophyies, 31),ISBN (hardback) 0 A ~ liquefaction evaluation methods. In this paper the issues in 89678 3, price Dfl 375.00 (US$214.25), 1994, 873 pp, the design of the rule-based are addressed including: index. knowledge acquisition, knowledge representation, and sys- The first four chapters provide an introduction to electrical tem validation. LIQUEFY was developed for the personal techniques in geophysics, covering rock and mineral pro- computer and includes 470 rules, an explanation facility, perties and EM field behaviour. Chapters 5-7 deal with the and methods for handling uncertainty in input data and standard geoelectrical techniques o~ direct current (DC), resulting conclusions. -Authors maj~,neto~Huric ( ~ ) , and controlled source electro.mag- neuc tt~M) memoas, t:napters ~-tl provide oetails on 944182 An expert system approach to liquefaction aspects of geoeiectrical theory common to all techniques, analysis, part 2: evaluation and are: modelling and simulation; insensitivity and sxmu- M . A . Chouicha, T. J. Siller & W. A. Charlie, Computers lation; practical aspects of data aquisition; and interpreta- & Geotechnics, 16(1), 1994, pp 37-69. tion. Chapter 12 provides details of other methodologies, This is the second paper in a two-part series describing the such as airborne EM surveys, borehole techniques , ground development of LIQUEFY. The functional issues in penetrating radar (GPR), and piezoelectric method (PEP). designing LIQUEFY are presented: the implementation of Chapter 13 gives details of 13 case studies using geoelectr- five different methods for liquefaction hazards assessment ical techniques from around the world, whilst the final and their incorporation into a unique framework for chapter provides some generalisations for geoelectrical liquefaction evaluation. The system ~roups the imple- work. Two appendices provide details on mathematical mented liquefaction methods into a preliminary and a final conventions and FORTRAN programming. -R.Gower task. The performance of LIQUEFY is compared to pub- fished case histories. -from Authors 944187 Geophysical testing for rock engineering K. Sassa, in: Comprehensive rock engineering. VoT. 3, ed 944183 Understanding subsalt overpressure may J.A. Hudson, (Pergamon), 1993, pp 635-650. reduce drilling risks In this chapter, seismic testing within a borehole and J. O'Brien & I. Lerche, Oil & Gas Journal, 92(4), 1994, between boreholes, and seismic tomography axe explained. pp 28-34. The 'downhole method' is the most effective method to An analysis of the subsalt physical environment can help measure elastic wave velocities and attenuations in the engineers and geologists understand the potential for over- borehole direction. By use of the 'cross-hole method', pressure, which may lead to drilling problems during average velocities in the rock mass between sources and exptoration near salt sheets. Trapped hydrocarbons in for- receivers are measured. Therefore, average pro])erties of mat ions underlying salt sheets have become a promising the rock mass are obtained by this method. Setsratc tomog- exploration play in the Gulf of Mexico. Although subsalt raphy is the only technique able to obtain the two-dimen- targets share many characteristics with nonsalt targets, the sional distribution of propagation velocities and attenua- presence of the salt body can influence the physical pro- tion characteristics of elastic waves. -from Author l>erties of the target in a number of ways. Some of these factors may be critical to the success of a well and need to 944188 Seismic imaging using micr0,earthquakes be addressed in the prospect evaluation and during well induced by hydraulic fracturing planning. -from Authors L.V. Block, C. H. Cheng, M. C. Fehler & W. S. Phillips, Geophysics, 59(1), 1994, pp 102-112. 944184 The Agua del Toro Dam, Mendoza, Argentina Seismic imaging using microearthquakes induced by - a case of insufficient surface geology studies affecting ydraulic fracturing produces a three-dimensional (3-D), underground excavations S-wave velocity model of the fractured zone, improves the A . J . Amos, in: Comprehensive rock engineering. 1Iol. 5, calculated locations of the microearthquakes, and may lead ed J.A. Hudson, (Pergamon), 1993, pp 133-146. to be.tter estimates of fracture plane orientations, fracture The Agua del Toro dam, pressure tunnel and powerhouse density, and water flow paths. Such information is impor- illustrate the effect of insufficient geological studies on the tant for predicting me amount of heat energy that may be overall construction and represent a case which could have extracted from geothermal reservoir. A fractured zone was failed to deliver a very important source of energy to the . , , created at the Los Alamns Hot Dry Rock Reservoir in Interconnected System or" Argentina during the 1970s. north-central New Mexico within otherwise impermeable The [eology of the Agua del Toro project is by no means basement rock by injecting 21 000 m 3 of water into a simple, being complicated by a rather bizarre stratigraphy borehole under high pressure at a depth of 3.5 kin. Induced
