SOLUTION (2.

14new)
Known: The geometry and the loads acting on a pinned assembly are given.
Find: Draw a free-body diagram for the assembly and determine the magnitude of the
forces acting on each member of the assembly.
Schematic and Given Data:
1500 N

1500 N
Link 5

nk
Li

45
45

Link 3

nk
Li

45
A

45

1000 mm

Link 1

Assumptions:
1. The links are rigid.
2. The pin joints are frictionless.
3. The weight of the links are negligible.
4. The links are two force members and are either in tension or compression.
Analysis:
1. We first draw a free-body diagram of the entire structure.
1500 N
1

45

45
2
A
Ax

2.
3.
4.

1
45

45
1
Ay

1500 N
C

D
Dy

Taking moments about point A and assuming clockwise moments to be positive,

! MA = 0 = 1500(2) + 1500(1) - Dy(1)
Solving for Dy gives Dy = 4500 N.
Summation of forces in the y-direction and assuming vertical forces positive,
! Fy = 0 = A y + Dy - 1500 - 1500 = A y + Dy - 3000.
2-17

5.

Since, Dy = 4500 N, Ay = 3000 - Dy = -1500 N.

6.
7.

! Fx = 0 gives, Ax = 0.

We now draw a free-body diagram for a section at C.

1500 N
CB
45

DC

8.

! Fx = 0 = - CB + DC sin 45 and
! Fy = 0 = DC sin 45 - 1500

9. Solving simultaneous equations gives DC = 2121 N, CB = 1500 N.

10. We now draw a free-body diagram for a section at A.
AB

45
DA
1500 N

11.

! Fy = 0 = AB sin 45- 1500

! Fx = 0 = AB cos 45- DA

12. Solving simultaneous equations gives AB = 2121 N, DA = 1500 N.

13. We now draw a free-body diagram for a section at D.
B
BD
45

C
2121 N

D
1500 N
4500 N

2-18

14.

! Fy = 0 = 4500 - BD - 2121(sin 45)

Hence, BD = 3000 N.
15. The free-body diagrams for links DC, BC, AB, AD, and BD are:
B
1500
1500 2 = 2121

3000

2121
1500

1500 2 = 2121

1500

3000
A

D
2121
1500

16. We can now draw a free-body diagram of pin B:

1500 N

1500 N

45
2121 N

3000 N

17. Checking for static equilibrium at pin B gives:

! Fx = 2121 cos 45 - 1500 = 0

! Fy = 1500 + 2121 sin 45 - 3000 = 0
18. We can also draw a free-body diagram for pin C:
1500 N
2121 N
1500 N

45
C

2-19

19. Checking for static equilibrium at pin C gives:

! Fx = 1500 - 2121 cos 45 = 0

! Fy = 1500 - 2121 sin 45 = 0
Comment: From force flow visualization, we determine that links 1, 3, and 4 are in
compression and that links 2 and 5 are in tension.
SOLUTION (2.15new5e)
Known: The geometry and the loads acting on a pinned assembly are given.
Find: Draw a free-body diagram for the assembly and determine the magnitude of the
forces acting on each member of the assembly.
Schematic and Given Data:

750 N

750 N
Link 5

45
nk
Li

45
Link 3

45
A

45

nk
Li

1000 mm

Link 1

Assumptions:
1. The links are rigid.
2. The pin joints are frictionless.
3. The weight of the links are negligible.
4. The links are two force members and are either in tension or compression.
Analysis:
1. We first draw a free-body diagram of the entire structure.

2-20

750 N

750 N
1

45

45
2
A
Ax

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

1
45

45
1
Ay

D
Dy

Taking moments about point A and assuming clockwise moments to be positive,

!M A = 0 = 750(2) + 750(1) - Dy(1)
Solving for Dy gives Dy = 2250 N.
Summation of forces in the y-direction and assuming vertical forces positive,
!F y = 0 = Ay + Dy - 750 - 750 = Ay + Dy - 1500.
Since, Dy = 2250 N, Ay = 1500 - Dy = -750 N.
! Fx = 0 gives, Ax = 0.
We now draw a free-body diagram for a section at C.

750 N

CB
45

DC

8.

! Fx = 0 = - CB + DC sin 45 and
!F y = 0 = DC sin 45 - 750

9. Solving simultaneous equations gives DC = 1060.6 N, CB = 750 N.

10. We now draw a free-body diagram for a section at A.
2-21

AB

45
DA
750 N

11.

!F y = 0 = AB sin 45- 750

! Fx = 0 = AB cos 45- DA

12. Solving simultaneous equations gives AB = 1060.6 N, DA = 750 N.

13. We now draw a free-body diagram for a section at D.
B
BD
45

C
1060.6 N

D
750 N
2250 N

14.

!F y = 0 = 2250 - BD - 1060.6(sin 45)

Hence, BD = 1500 N.

15. The free-body diagrams for links DC, BC, AB, AD, and BD are:

2-22

750

750

1060.6

1060.6

1500
B

1500

1060.6

D
1060.6

750

750
A

16. We can now draw a free-body diagram of pin B:

750 N

750 N

45
1060.6 N

1500 N

17. Checking for static equilibrium at pin B gives:

!F x = 1060.6 cos 45 - 750 = 0

!F y = 750 + 1060.6 sin 45 - 1500 = 0
2-23

18. We can also draw a free-body diagram for pin C:

750 N
1060.6 N
45

750 N

19. Checking for static equilibrium at pin C gives:

!F x = 750 - 1060.6 cos 45 = 0 !

!F y = 750 - 1060.6 sin 45 = 0
Comment: From force flow visualization, we determine that links 1, 3, and 4 are in
compression and that links 2 and 5 are in tension.
SOLUTION (2.16new)
Known: A 1800 rpm motor is rotating a blower at 6000 rpm through a gear box having
a known weight.
Find: Determine all loads acting on the gear box when the motor output is 1 hp, and
sketch the gear box as a free-body in equilibrium.
Schematic and Given Data:
10 in.

Motor
1 hp
1800 rpm

Blower
6000 rpm

Gear box
20 lb

Assumption: The friction losses in the gear box are negligible.

Analysis:
2-24

12.45 lb
7.55 lb

35.01 lb in.
Gear box

A
Direction of
rotation

10.50 lb in.
Direction of
rotation

20 lb

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

5252(1)

From Eq. (1.3), T = 5252n W =

1800
T = 2.92 lbft = 35.01 lbin. (motor shaft)

1800 rpm
To the blower, T = 35.01 6000 rpm = 10.50 lbin. (to blower)
Mounting torque reaction = 35.01 - 10.50 = 24.51 lb in.
Mounting forces = 24.51 lb in./ 10 in. = 2.45 lb. The mounting force acts upward
at A and downward at B.
Add 10 lb acting upward at A and B to support the gravity load, giving 12.45 lb
upward at A and 7.55 lb upward at B.

SOLUTION (2.17new5e)
Known: A 1800 rpm motor is rotating a blower at 6000 rpm through a gear box having
a weight of 40 lb.
Find: Determine all loads acting on the gear box when the motor output is 1 hp, and
sketch the gear box as a free-body in equilibrium.
Schematic and Given Data:
10 in.

Blower
6000 rpm

Motor
1 hp
1800 rpm
Gear box
40 lb

Assumption: The friction losses in the gear box are negligible.

2-25

Analysis:
12.45 lb + 10 lb = 22.45 lb
7.55 lb + 10 lb = 17.55 lb

35.01 lb in.
Gear box

A
Direction of
rotation

10.50 lb in.
Direction of
rotation

40 lb

1.

5252(1)
W
From Eq. (1.3), T = 5252
=
n
1800
T = 2.92 lbft = 35.01 lbin. (motor shaft)

2.

1800 rpm
To the blower, T = 35.01 6000 rpm = 10.50 lbin. (to blower)

3.

Mounting torque reaction = 35.01 - 10.50 = 24.51 lb in.

4.

Mounting forces = 24.51 lb in./ 10 in. = 2.45 lb. The mounting force acts upward
at A and downward at B.

5.

Add 20 lb acting upward at A and B to support the gravity load, giving 22.45 lb
upward at A and 17.55 lb upward at B.

Comment: In textbook problem 2.16, the gear box weights 20 lb.

SOLUTION (2.18new)
Known: The motor operates at constant speed and develops a torque of 100 lb-in.
during normal operation. A 5:1 ratio gear reducer is attached to the motor shaft; i.e., the
reducer output shaft rotates in the same direction as the motor but at one-fifth the motor
speed. Rotation of the reducer housing is prevented by the torque arm, pin-connected
at each end as shown in Fig. P2.18. The reducer output shaft drives the load through a
flexible coupling. Gravity and friction can be neglected..
Find: Determine the loads applied to (a) the torque arm, (b) the motor output shaft, and
(c) the reducer output shaft.
Schematic and Given Data:

2-26

500 lb in.
Torque
80 lb

640 in.lb
Bending

100 lb in.
Torque

80 lb

Assumption: The friction losses in the gear box are negligible.

Analysis:
1. The force in the torque arm is 80 lb tension.
2. The loads on the reducer input shaft are 100 lb in. torque, plus 80 lb vertical load
and 640 in lb bending moment in the plane of the motor face.
3. The load on the reducer output shaft is 500 lb in. torque.

2-27

SOLUTION (2.26)
Known: An engine and propeller rotate clockwise viewed from the propeller end. A
reduction gear housing is bolted to the engine housing through the bolt holes shown.
The power and angular velocity of the engine are known.
Find:
(a) Determine the direction and magnitude of the torque applied to the engine housing
by the reduction gear housing.
(b) Determine the magnitude and direction of the torque reaction tending to rotate
(roll) the aircraft.
(c) Find an advantage of using opposite-rotating engines with twin-engine propellerdriven aircraft.
Schematic and Given Data:

Engine
150 hp
3600 rpm
Reduction gear
ratio = 1.5
Propeller

Assumption: The friction losses are negligible.

Analysis:
1.

5252(150)
From Eq. (1.3), engine torque, T = 5252n W =
= 219 lb ft
3600

2.

Reduction gear torque, T = 219(1.5) = 328 lb ft

2-35

328 lb *
A

328 lb ft

328 lb ft
Propeller

109 lb ft

219 lb ft
219 lb ft

328 lb*
A

Engine
150 hp
3600 rpm

109 lb ft
Reduction gear
ratio = 1.5

328 lb ft from aerodynamic forces

3.
4.
5.

The attachment forces apply an equal and opposite torque of 328 lbft ccw
tending to "roll" the airplane--see (*) in the above figure.
Thus, the torque applied to the engine housing by the reduction gear housing is
109 lb ft counter-clockwise, and the torque reaction tending to rotate the aircraft is
328 lb ft counter-clockwise.

Torque reactions applied to the air frame by the two engines cancel. (This
produces bending in the connecting structure, but does not require a compensating
roll torque from the aerodynamic control surfaces.)

2-36

SOLUTION (2.31)
Known: A gear reduction unit and a propeller of an outboard boat operate with a
known motor torque and a known thrust.
Find: Show all external loads acting on the assembly.
Schematic and Given Data:
Z
20 Nm
Rotation

Forward
direction
of boat
Propeller
rotation

thrust = 400 N

500 mm
2:1 ratio bevel gear

150 mm

Assumption: The effects of gravity and friction are negligible.

2-42

Analysis:
Z
Z
MZ

400 N X
MZ = 20 Nm

X
MY

Mounting flange
MY = 200 Nm
Y

Y
MX

MZ = 20 Nm
MX = 40 Nm

Forward
direction
of boat travel

Suggested notation

Propeller
rotation

500 mm

MX = 40 Nm
2:1 ratio bevel gears
are inside this housing.
400 N
150 mm

2-43

SOLUTION (2.32)
Known: A rider is applying full weight to one pedal of a bicycle.
Find: Draw as free-bodies in equilibrium:
(a) The pedal, crank, and pedal sprocket assembly.
(b) The rear wheel and sprocket assembly.
(c) The front wheel.
(d) The entire bicycle and rider assembly.
Schematic and Given Data:

800 N
160
40 R

330 R

330 R
100 R

600

400

Assumptions:
1. The bicycle can be treated as a two-dimensional machine.
2. The bicycle weight is negligible.
Analysis:
1. For the pedal, crank, and pedal sprocket assembly, the chain force is F =
800(160/100) = 1280 N
800 N
160
1280 N

1280 N

100 R
800 N

2.

For the rear wheel and sprocket assembly,

rear wheel gravity load = 800(440/1000) = 352 N
2-44

rear wheel friction force = 1280(40/330) = 155.2 N

horizontal bearing force = 1280 + 155.2 = 1435.2 N
352 N

1280 N
1435.2 N

155.2 N

352 N

3.

For the front wheel, front wheel gravity load = 800(560/1000) = 448 N

448 N

448 N

4.

For the entire bicycle and rider assembly, the drawing is given below.

800 N

155.2 N
352 N

448 N

2-45

Comments: The drawing does not show the rearward 155.2 N inertia force necessary
to establish FH = 0. It would be located thru the center of gravity of the cycle-plusrider, the location of which is not given. Since this vector would be at some distance
"h" above the ground, the resulting counter clockwise couple, 155.2 h, would be
balanced by decreasing the vertical force on the front wheel and increasing the vertical
force on the rear wheel, both by (155.2 h/1000) N.
SOLUTION (2.33new)
Known: A small rider is applying full weight to one pedal of a bicycle.
Find: Draw as free-bodies in equilibrium:
(a) The pedal, crank, and pedal sprocket assembly.
(b) The rear wheel and sprocket assembly.
(c) The front wheel.
(d) The entire bicycle and rider assembly.
Schematic and Given Data:

400 N
160
40 R

330 R

330 R
100 R

400

600

Assumptions:
1. The bicycle can be treated as a two-dimensional machine.
2. The bicycle weight is negligible.
Analysis:
1. For the pedal, crank, and pedal sprocket assembly, the chain force is F =
400(160/100) = 640 N

2-46

400 N
160
640 N

1280 N

100 R
400 N

2.

For the rear wheel and sprocket assembly,

rear wheel gravity load = 400(440/1000) = 176 N
rear wheel friction force = 640(40/330) = 77.5 N
horizontal bearing force = 640 + 77.5 = 717.5 N
176 N

640 N
717.5 N

77.5 N

176 N

3.

For the front wheel, front wheel gravity load = 400(560/1000) = 224 N

224 N

224 N

4.

For the entire bicycle and rider assembly, the drawing is given below.

2-47

400 N

77.5 N
176 N

224 N

Comments: The drawing does not show the rearward 77.5 N inertia force necessary to
establish FH = 0. It would be located thru the center of gravity of the cycle-plus-rider,
the location of which is not given. Since this vector would be at some distance "h"
above the ground, the resulting counter clockwise couple, 77.5 h, would be balanced by
decreasing the vertical force on the front wheel and increasing the vertical force on the
rear wheel, both by (77.5 h /1000) N.
SOLUTION (2.34)
Known: A solid continuous round bar is shown in Fig. P2.34 and can be viewed as
comprised of a straight segment and a curved segment segments 1 and 2. We are to
neglect the weight of the member.
Find: Draw free body diagrams for segments 1 and 2. Also, calculate the force and
moments acting on the ends of both segments.
Schematic and Given Data:

2-48

L
! R

torque
axis

(3)

Top View
(1)

(2)

bending
axis

P
x

(3)
(1)

(2)
Side View

Assumption: The weight of the round bar is negligible.

Analysis:
1. For section 1 to 2, M = Px
2.

For section 2 to 3, M = P(L cos + R sin ) and T = P[L sin + R(1 - cos )].

SOLUTION (2.35)
Known: The spring clip shown in Fig. P2.35 has a force P acting on the free end. We
are to neglect the weight of the clip.
Find: Draw free-body diagrams for segments 1 and 2 straight and curved portions of
the clip. Also, determine the force and moments acting on the ends of both segments.
Schematic and Given Data:

2-49

Segment 2

R
!

P
L

Segment 1

Assumption: The weight of the clip is negligible.

Analysis:

2
P

M
2
P
L
x
1

1.

In the straight section 1 to 2, M = Px, and the shear force V = P. At section 2,

M = PL.

2.

In the curved section 2 to 3, M = P(L + R sin ). The shear force V = P and the
moment M = PL at section 2 and at section 3.

Comment: Note that at the top of the curved section the member is in axial
compression.
SOLUTION (2.36)
2-50

Known: A semicircular bar of rectangular cross section has one pinned end -- see Fig.
P2.36. The free end is loaded as shown.
Find: Draw free-body diagrams for the entire semicircular bar and for a left portion of
the bar. Discuss what influence the weight of the semicircular bar has on this problem.
Schematic and Given Data:

R
P

Assumptions:
1. Deflections are negligible.
2. The friction forces at the pinned end are negligible.
3. The semicircular bar is in static equilibrium.
4. The weight of the semicircular bar is negligible except where we address the effect
of weight, then the force of gravity is the only body force.
Analysis:
1. A free body diagram for the entire member is shown below (ignoring the weight of
the bar).

2.

A free body diagram for a left portion of the member is shown below.
F
M

P
V

3.

At any section, , the loads are M = PR sin, F = P sin, and V = P cos.

2-51

Comments: The weight for each small segment can be added in the free body diagram
at the segment center of mass. An application of the equations of force equilibrium will
establish the forces F, V and P, and the moment M at section .
SOLUTION (2.37)
Known: A bevel gear reducer with known input and output angular velocity is driven
by a motor delivering a known torque of 12 Nm. The reducer housing is held in place
by vertical forces applied at mountings A, B, C and D.
Find: Determine the forces applied to the reducer at each of the mountings:
(a) Assuming 100% reducer efficiency.
(b) Assuming 95% reducer efficiency.
Schematic and Given Data:
100 mm
C
1800 rpm
12 Nm

100 mm
B

Bevel gear
reducer

Attached
to motor
600 rpm

Attached
to load

Assumption: The bevel gear reducer is in static equilibrium.

Analysis:
2-52

360 N
(342 N)

360 N
(342 N)

120 N
100 mm 120 N
A

100 mm
B

Bevel gear
reducer

T = 12 Nm
Attached
to motor

T = 36 Nm
(34.2)
1800 rpm

600 rpm

Note: 95% efficiency in parenthesis.

2-53

Attached
to load

SOLUTION (2.40)
Known: A motor applies a known torque to the pinion shaft of a spur gear reducer.
Find: Sketch free-bodies in equilibrium for
(a) The pinion and shaft assembly.
(b) The gear and shaft assembly.
(c) The housing.
(d) The entire reducer assembly.
Schematic and Given Data:
Rear bearings

4 in.
8 in.

Housing and
gear-shaft assy.
details

Front bearings

Output shaft
6 in.
Output

Mountings

6 in. dia. gear

2 in. dia. pinion

200 lb ft
Reducer assy.
Motor input torque
200 lb ft
Front bearings

Assumptions:
1. The effect of gravity is negligible.
2. The forces between the gears act tangentially.

2-58

Analysis:
600
600
4 in.

1200
1200

8 in.

Front
bearings

1200
600

1200

600

6 in.
Housing and gear-shaft assy.

600 lb ft
(Output shaft)

600 lb ft
1200

600

Output

1200

600

600

6 in. dia. gear

2400

600
200 lb ft
(Input shaft)

2400
1200
2 in. dia. pinion

Reducer assy.
200 lb ft

1200

2-59

SOLUTION (2.41new)
Given: A rim and hub are connected by spokes (springs) as shown in Figure P2.41.
The spokes are each tightened to a tension of 20 lb.
Find: Draw a free body diagram of (a) the hub, (b) the rim, (c) one spring, and (d) onehalf (180o) of the rim.
Schematic and Given Data: See Figure P2.41.
Rim

Hub

Spring

Assumption:
1. The weight of each component can be ignored.
2. The rim and hub change from circular shapes to oval shapes when the spokes are
tightened.
3. The rim and hub are of homogeneous material that has the same modulus of
elasticity in tension and compression.
4. The cross section of the rim and hub are each uniform.
5. The maximum stress does not exceed the proportional limit.
Analysis:
1. The hub has two opposed radial 20 lb forces pulling it apart.
2.

The ring had two opposed radial 20 lb forces pulling inward.

3.

Each spring has a 20 lb force on each end placing the spring in tension.

4.

A free body diagram of half (180o) of the rim shows a 20 lb force pulling radially
inward and a compressive force of 10 lb acting on each cut end of the half (180o)
ring. At each cut end we show unknown moment M and shear force V.

2-60

20 lb
20 lb

20 lb

(a) the hub

20 lb

(b) the rim

20 lb

10 lb

10 lb

V
M

20 lb
20 lb

(c) one spring

(d) one-half of the rim

Comments:
1. The circular ring may be regarded as a statically indeterminate beam, and can be
analyzed by Castiglianos method see Section 5.8 and 5.9 of the textbook.
Section 5.9 discusses the case of redundant reactions -- a statically indeterminate
problem.
2.

The compressive force in the ring is given by F = - W sin , where W is the

force in the spring (the inward force exerted by the spring on the ring), and
where is defined in the figure below. The shear force in the ring is given by
V = - W cos . See the figure below for terminology.

2-61

y
Top of ring

R
x
Directions positive
as shown
!
V
M

3.

Bottom of
ring

F
Roark, Formulas for Stress and Strain, gives the following equations obtained
apparently by using Castiglianos method:
M = WR( 0.3183 sin ) = WR( 0.3183 [1/(2 sin )]
x = + 0.137 WR3/EI (increase in diameter in the x-direction)
y = - 0.149 WR3/EI (decrease in diameter in the y-direction)

4.

In the above equations, W= inward force of the spring on the ring, I =

moment of inertia of ring cross section, E = modulus of elasticity, M =
bending moment, F = circumferential tension, V = radial shear at an angular
distance from the bottom of the ring, x = change in horizontal diameter,
and y = change in vertical diameter.

5.

Note that:
max (+M) = 0.3183WR at bottom and top ( = 0, = 180)
max (-M) = - 0.1817WR at sides ( = /2, = - /2)
F (at bottom and top) = 0
V (at bottom and top) = - W

6.

If the ring is connected to the hub by N spokes rather than with two spokes, Roark
points out that the formulas can be combined by superposition so as to cover
almost any condition of loading and support likely to occur.
2-62

SOLUTION SOLUTION (2.42)

Known: An engine rotates with a known angular velocity and delivers a known torque
to a transmission which drives a front and rear axle.
Find: Determine the forces applied to the free-body at A, B, C, and D.

Schematic and Given Data:

Engine
2400 rpm
100 lb ft torque

24 in.
A

Right-front wheel
axle shaft-400 rpm
12 in.
D

B
Left-front wheel
axle shaft-400 rpm

Transmission
2.0 ratio

Front drive shaft-1200 rpm

Rear drive shaft-1200 rpm
Rear axle
(not part of
free-body)

Assumptions:
1. The friction and gravity forces are negligible.
2. The mountings exert only vertical forces.
3. All four wheels have full traction.
Analysis:

2-63

Engine
2400 rpm
100 lb ft torque

24 in.
150 lb
A

Right-front wheel
axle shaft-400 rpm
100 lb
D
150 lb ft
Y

100 lb
150 lb ft

12 in.
C

150 lb
B

Left-front wheel
axle shaft-400 rpm
Front drive shaft-1200 rpm
(T = 100 lb ft)

Transmission
2.0 ratio
100 lb ft
X
Rear drive shaft-1200 rpm

Assume: All four wheels have full traction.

(Engine torque)(Transmission ratio)

Number of drive shafts
= (100)(2)/2 = 100 lb ft

1.

Drive shaft torque =

2.

Wheel torque =

3.

Therefore, A: 150 lb down

B: 150 lb up
C: 100 lb down
D: 100 lb up

(Drive shaft torque)(Axle ratio)

Number of wheels per drive shaft
= (100)(3)/2 = 150 lb ft

SOLUTION (2.43D)
Known: A mixer is supported by symmetric mounts at A and B. The motor torque
should be 20 N.m to 50 N.m. The motor delivers a torque to mixing paddles which, in
turn, stir a fluid to be mixed.
Find: Determine the forces acting on the mixer. Sketch a free-body of the mixer.
Schematic and Given Data:

2-64

y
x

Motor

Mass of mixer
system = 50 kg

Direction
of rotation

The motor delivers a torque of

20 Nm to 50 Nm to the mixer
blades.

200 mm

Decision: A motor with a maximum torque output of 50 N m is selected for analysis.

Assumption: The fluid forces on the paddles create a torque to oppose the rotation of
the paddles. Other fluid forces can be neglected (e.g. the paddles are buoyed up by the
weight of the displaced fluid).
Analysis:
1. The torque exerted on the paddles by the fluid is 50 N m maximum.

2.
3.

Mounting forces to resist torque = (50 N m)/(0.2 m) = 250 N. Thus, a force of 250
N is exerted at A and at B.
Gravitational forces apply F = ma = (50 kg)(9.8 m/s2) = 490 N. Thus, there is a
245 N force upward at A and at B.

4.

The forces are shown on the free body diagram for the maximum motor torque of
50 N m.

245 N

245 N
g

490 N
B

Mass of mixer
system = 50 kg

250 N

250 N
Direction
of rotation
200 mm

2-65

Comment: For torques less than 50 N m, the resultant mounting forces will be smaller.

SOLUTION (2.44new)
Known: A rear wheel driven vehicle travels at a steady speed. The forces opposing the
motion of the vehicle are (i) the drag force, Fd, imposed on a vehicle by the surrounding
air, (ii) the rolling resistance force on the tires, Fr , and (iii) the forces of the road acting
on the tires. The vehicle has a weight W.
Find: Draw a free body diagram of the rear wheel driven vehicle. Describe how the
free body diagram changes if the accelerator pedal is pushed and the vehicle starts
accelerating.
Schematic and Given Data:

Assumptions: The vehicle is operating initially at steady state conditions.

2-66

Comment: The acceleration of the vehicle results from an increase in traction force,
and the additional force to acceleration the vehicle is directly related to its mass and its
acceleration; i.e., F = ma.

SOLUTION (2.45new)
Known:
A front wheel driven vehicle travels at a steady speed. The opposing forces are the (i)
drag force, Fd , imposed on a vehicle by the surrounding air and the (ii) rolling
resistance force on the tires, Fr , opposing the motion of the vehicle, and (iii) the forces
of the road acting on the tires. The vehicle has a weight W.
Find: Draw a free body diagram for a front wheel driven vehicle. Describe how the
free body diagram changes if the accelerator pedal is pushed and the vehicle starts
accelerating.
Schematic and Given Data:

Assumptions: The vehicle is initially operating at steady state conditions.

2-67

Comment: Free body diagrams are shown above. Although the front tire force(s)
decreases with acceleration, this is only a traction problem if the front wheel(s) loses a
grip on the road.

2-68

SOLUTION (2.48)
Known: The geometry and dimensions of the gear and shaft assembly are known.
Find: Draw a free-body diagram of the assembly. Also draw the free-body diagrams
for gear 1, gear 2 and the shaft.
Schematic and Given Data:
20 mm

45 mm
Bearing D

FC

30 mm
F CV
Gear 1

F AH
FA

F CH

20 o
Gear 2

20 o F AV

Bearing B

Assumption: Gravity forces are negligible.

Analysis:

20 mm

45 mm

FC

30 mm

R V1

F CV
Gear 1

20

R H1
F AH

Gear 2
o

FA

20 F AV

R H2
R V2

2-73

F CH

R V1
F CV
R H1

F CH

T
F AH
F AV

R H2
R V2

F CV
F CH

F AH
Gear 1

Gear 2

F AV

2-74

SOLUTION (2.49)
Known: The geometry and dimensions of the gear and shaft assembly are shown in
Figure P2.48. The force FA applied to gear 1 is 550 N.
Find: Determine the magnitude of force FC and list the assumptions.
Assumptions:
1. Frictional losses in the bearings can be neglected.
2. The gears are rigidly connected to the shafts.
3. The shaft is in static equilibrium or operating in a steady state condition.
Schematic and Given Data:
20 mm

45 mm
Bearing D

FC

30 mm
F CV
Gear 1

20 o

F AH
o
F A 20 F AV

F CH

Gear 2
Bearing B

Analysis:

2-75

45 mm
Bearing D

20 mm

F C= 1145.8 N

30 mm
F CV
Gear 1, dia = 50 mm

F AH
o
F A 20 F AV

20

F CH

Gear 2, dia = 24 mm
Bearing B

= 550 N
Z

1. Since " T = 0 about the axis of the shaft, we have " T = FA cos 20 (25 mm) FC
o
cos 20 (12 mm) = 0.
2. Solving the above equation, gives FC = FA(25/12) = 1145.8 N

!
!
Comment: Recall that gear 1 has a diameter of 50 mm and gear 2 has a diameter of 24
mm; i.e., gear 1 has a radius of 25 mm and gear 2 has a radius of 12 mm.

2-76

SOLUTION (2.50)
Known: The geometry and dimensions of a gear shaft are shown in Figure P2.48. The
force FA applied to gear 1 is 1000 N.
Find: Determine the forces at bearing D and list the assumptions.
Assumptions:
1. There is no thrust load on the shaft.
2. The free body diagram determined in problem 2.48 is accurate.
3. Frictional losses in the bearings can be neglected.
4. Gravity forces and shaft deflection are negligible.
5. The location of the bearing loads can be idealized as points.
6. The gears are rigidly connected to the shafts.
7. The shaft is in static equilibrium or operating in a steady state condition.
Schematic and Given Data:
20 mm

45 mm
Bearing D

FC

30 mm
F CV
Gear 1

20 o

F AH
o
F A 20 F AV

F CH

Gear 2
Bearing B

Analysis:

2-77

20 mm

45 mm
Bearing D

F C= 2083.3 N

30 mm
F CV
Gear 1, dia = 50 mm

F AH

20

F CH

Gear 2, dia = 24 mm
o

F A 20 F AV
= 1000 N

Bearing B

1. Summing moments about the X axis gives FC = FA (25/12) = 1000(25/12) = 2083.3

N.
2. Using the free body diagram created, we can directly write the equations of
equilibrium for the moments about the bearing B.
3. The sum of the moments about the Z-axis at B is given by
MZB = 0 = FDV(45+30) + (FA cos 20o )(30) + (FC sin 20o )(20)

Solving for FDV = -565.9 N

4. Similarly for the Y axis
MYB = 0 = FDH(45+30) (FA sin 20o )(30) (FC cos 20o )(20)

Solving for FDH = 658.9 N

Comments: Summing moments about the Y axis, MYD = 0 and then the Z axis, MZD
= 0 at bearing D yields bearing forces at B of FBV = 338.7 N and FBH = -2275 N. We
can check the answers by verifying that the sum of the forces in the Y direction and
then the Z direction are both equal to zero.

2-78

SOLUTION (2.51)
Known: The geometry and dimensions of a gear shaft are shown in Figure P2.48. The
force FC applied to gear 2 is 750 N.
Find: Determine the forces at bearing B and list the assumptions.
Assumptions:
1. There is no thrust load on the shaft.
2. The free body diagram determined in problem 2.48 is accurate.
3. Frictional losses in the bearings can be neglected.
4. Gravity forces and shaft deflection are negligible.
5. The location of the bearing loads can be idealized as points.
6. The gears are rigidly connected to the shafts.
7. The shaft is in static equilibrium or operating in a steady state condition.
Schematic and Given Data:
20 mm

45 mm
Bearing D

FC

30 mm
F CV
Gear 1

20

F AH
o
F A 20 F AV

F CH

Gear 2
Bearing B

Assumption: Gravity forces are negligible.

Analysis:

2-79

20 mm

45 mm
Bearing D

F C = 750 N

30 mm
F CV
Gear 1, dia = 50 mm

F AH
o
F A 20 F AV
= 360 N

20

F CH

Gear 2, dia = 24 mm
Bearing B

1. Summing moments about the X axis gives FA = FC (12/25) = 750(12/25) =360N

2. Using the free body diagram created, we can directly write the equations of
equilibrium for the moments about the bearing D.
3. The sum of the moments about the Z-axis at D is given by
MZB = 0 = FBV(45+30) + FA cos 20o (45) - FC sin 20o (45 + 30 + 20)

Solving for FBV = 121.9 N

4. Similarly for the Y-axis
MYB = 0 = -FBH(45+30) + FA sin 20o (45) - FC cos 20o (45 + 30 + 20)

Solving for FBH = -818.8 N

Comments: Summing moments about the Z axis and then the Y axis at bearing D
yields bearing forces at D of FDV = -203.7 N and FDH = 237.2 N. We can check the
answers by verifying that the sum of the forces in the Y direction and then the Z
direction are both equal to zero.

2-80

SOLUTION (2.52)
Known: The solid continuous member shown in textbook Figure P2.52 can be viewed
as comprised of several straight segments. The member is loaded as shown. We are to
neglect the weight of the member.
Find: Draw free-body diagrams for the straight segments 1, 2, and 3. Also, determine
the magnitudes (symbolically) of the force and moments acting on the straight
segments.
Schematic and Given Data:

(2)

L/4

(1)
L

(3)

P
P
L/4

L/2

Analysis:
1. Because of symmetry, we need to look only at one half of the member.
L/2
y

x
(3)

L/2

(2)

L/4

(1)
(4)

2. In Section 1 to 2, the axial compressive force, F = P.

3. In Section 2 to 3, the moment, M = Px, and the shear force,V = P.
4. In Section 3 to 4, the moment, M = PL/2, and the axial tensile force, F = P.

2-81

SOLUTION (2.53)
Known: A gear exerts the same known force on each of two geometrically different
steel shafts supported by self-aligning bearings at A and B.
Find: Draw shear and bending moment diagrams for each shaft.
Schematic and Given Data:
100 N

100 N

200

300

300

200

140 50 N

Analysis:
FB = -100(200) + 50(640) = 24 N
500

FB = 100 200 = 40 N
500

100 N

100 N

24 N
A

60 N

200

300

40 N

74 N

60 N

200

300

74 N

50 N
140

V
-26 N
14.8 Nm -50 N

-40 N
12 Nm

7 Nm
M

2-82

SOLUTION (2.54)
Known: Six shaft loading configurations are shown in Fig. P2.54. For each
configuration, the 2-in. diameter steel shaft is supported by self-aligning ball bearings at
A and B; and a special 6-in. diameter gear mounted on the shaft caused the forces to be
applied as shown.
Find: Determine bearing reactions, and draw appropriate shear and bending moment
diagrams for each shaft and gear loading configuration.
Schematic and Given Data:
(c) Radial and axial loads
12 in

(f) Radial and axial loads

1200 lb

1200 lb
16 in

8 in

12 in

600 lb
A

3 in

600 lb

3 in

Analysis:

2-83

(c) Radial and axial loads

12 in

(f) Radial and axial loads

1200 lb

1200 lb
16 in

8 in

12 in

600 lb
A

3 in

600 lb

3 in

1200 lb

1200 lb

600 lb
600 lb A

600 lb

250 lb
A

B
550 lb

600 lb

650 lb

B
1450 lb
1200 lb

550 lb
V

V
- 250 lb

-650 lb
4400 in lb
2600 in lb
M

1800 in lb

-3000 in lb

2-84

SOLUTION (2.55)
Known: A pulley of known radius is attached at its center to a structural member. A
cable wrapped 90o around the pulley carries a known tension.
Find:
(a) Draw a free-body diagram of the structure supporting the pulley.
(b) Draw shear and bending moment diagrams for both the vertical and horizontal
portions of the structure.
Schematic and Given Data:
48 in.

12 in.

Cable
100 lb

27 in.

Cable
12 in.
pulley rad.

100 lb

Assumption: The weight of the pulley and the supporting structure is negligible.
Analysis:
1. Free-body diagram of the structural member:
100 lb

100 lb
M = 7500 lb in.

100 lb

100 lb

M = 100 (27+48) = 7500 lb in.

2-85

2.

Vertical portion of member:

100 lb
M = 2700 lb in
M

V
0

+
100 lb

- 2700 lb in.
100 lb

100 lb

100 lb

3.

Horizontal portion of member:

100 lb
2700 lb in.
100 lb

100 lb
7500 lb in.
100 lb

100 lb
V 0

-2700 lb in.
-7500 lb in.

2-86

SOLUTION (2.56)
Known: A bevel gear is attached to a shaft supported by self-aligning bearings at A and
B, and is driven by a motor. The axial force, radial force, and tangential force are
known.
Find:
(a) Draw (to scale) axial load, shaft torque, shear force, and bending moment
diagrams for the shaft.
(b) Determine the values of axial load and torque along the shaft.
Schematic and Given Data:
Fr = 600 N

Ft = 2000 N

Fa = 1000 N
Takes thrust

Does not take thrust

50
B

A
40

Motor attaches
to this end
of shaft

60

Assumptions:
1. The weight of the gear and shaft is negligible.
2. The bearing at A takes all the thrust load.
Analysis:
(a) Since bearing B carries no axial thrust load, Bx = 0. A free body diagram of the
bevel gear and shaft is:
y

600 N

2000 N
x
z

1000 N
Takes thrust

A
Ax
40
Az

Does not take thrust

50

Tx

60
Bz

Ay

By

2-87

From force equilibrium:

600(40) - 1000(50)
1. MzA = 0 : By =
= -260 N
100
2. Fy = 0 : Ay - 600 + By = 0; Ay = 860 N
3.

MyA = 0 : (2000)(40) - (Bz)(100) = 0; Bz = 800 N

4.

Mxx = 0 : Tx - (2000)(50) = 0; Tx = 100,000 N mm

5.

Fx = 0 : Ax - 1000 N = 0; Ax = 1000 N

6.

Fz = 0 : Az + Bz - 2000 = 0; Az = 1200 N

The answers are:

y

2000 N
600 N

1000 N

B y = 260 N

50
Ax = 1000 N

B
40

A y = 860 N
Az = 1200 N

60
800 N = Bz

860 N
V x-y

260 N

34.4 Nm
M x-y

-15.6 Nm

2-88

100 N m = T x

1200 N
V x-z

800 N
48.0 Nm

M x-z

T xx

Fx

100 N m

1000 N

(b) The compressive force between the gear and the bearing A is 1000 N. The torque
between the gear and the bearing B is 50 mm times the tangential gear force, Ft.
For Ft = 2000 N, this torque is (2 kN)(50 mm) = 100 Nm.

2-89

SOLUTION (2.57)
Known: The shaft with bevel gear is supported by self-aligning bearings A and B.
Gear loads are known.
Find: Draw axial load, shaft torque, shear force, and bending moment diagrams for the
shaft.
Schematic and Given Data:
1000 N

200 N

100 N
Takes thrust

Does not take thrust

100
A

50

Pump shaft is
coupled to this
end of shaft

150

Assumptions:
1. The weight of the gear and shaft is negligible.
2. The bearing at A takes all the thrust load.
Analysis: A free body diagram of the shaft with bevel gear is:
1000 N
y

200 N

100 N

x
z

100
Ax

B
Bz
50

Az

Tx

150

Ay

By

2-90

Force equilibrium requires:

100(100) - 200(50)
1. MzA = 0 : By =
=0N
200
2. Fy = 0 : Ay - 200 + By = 0; Ay = 200 N
3.

MyA = 0 : (1000)(50) - (Bz)(200) = 0; Bz = 250 N

4.

Mxx = 0 : Tx - (1000)(100) = 0; Tx = 100 N m

5.

Fx = 0 : Ax - 100 = 0; Ax = 100 N

6.

Fz = 0 : Az + Bz - 1000 = 0; Az = 750 N

The answers are:

1000 N

200 N
x

100 N
z

100
100 N

50
750 N

250 N
150

200 N

200 N
V x-y

200(50) = 10,000 N mm
M x-y

2-91

100 N m

V x-z

750 N

250 N

750(50) = 37,500 N mm
M x-z

100 N m

T xx

100 N
Fx

2-92

SOLUTION (2.58)
Known: The shaft with a bevel gear and a spur gear is supported by self-aligning
bearings A and B. Neither end of the shaft is connected to another component. The
gear loads are known except for the transmitted force on the spur gear.
Find: Draw axial load, shaft torque, shear force, and bending moment diagrams for the
shaft.
Schematic and Given Data:
1000 N
400 N
200 N

200 N

40

Pt

30

20

80

20

Assumptions:
1. The weight of the components is negligible.
2. The bearing at A carries all the thrust load.
Analysis: A free body diagram of the shaft with bevel gear is:
y

1000 N
400 N
x

200 N

40

Pt

30

Ax
20

Az

200 N

80

20
By

Ay
Bz

2-93

Force equilibruim requires:

1.

Fx = 0 : Ax - 200 = 0; Ax = 200 N

2.

Mxx = 0 : - (30)Pt + (1000)(40) = 0; Pt = 1333.33 N

3.

MyA = 0 : (1000)(20) - (Bz)(100) - (120)Pt = 0; Bz = -1400 N

4.

Fz = 0 : Az - 1000 - 1400 + 1333.33 = 0; Az = 1066.7 N

5.

MzA = 0 : 400(20) - 200(40) - By(100) + 200(120) = 0; By = 240 N

6.

Fy = 0 : Ay - 400 + By - 200 = 0; Ay = 360 N

The answers are:

1000 N
400 N
200 N

200 N
y

40
200 N

Pt

x
z

20

80

360 N

1066.7 N

30

20
240 N

360 N 1400 N
V x-y

200 N

-40 N
M x-y

7200 Nmm

-800 Nmm

-4000 Nmm

2-94

1066.7
! N
V x-z
66.7

-40 N
1333.33
21.33 Nm

26.66 Nm

M x-z

400 Nm

T xx

Fx

66.7 N

200 N

2-95

SOLUTION (2.59)
Known: A shaft has two bevel gears, and neither end of the shaft is connected to
another component. The gear loads are known except for the transmitted force on one
bevel gear.
Find: Draw axial load, shaft torque, shear force, and bending moment diagrams for the
shaft.
Schematic and Given Data:
y
1500 N

500 N
x
150 N
z
150
A

200

120

140

300

100 N
250 N

Pt

Assumptions:
1. The weight of the components is negligible.
2. The bearing at A carries all the thrust load.
Analysis: A free body diagram of the shaft with two bevel gears is:
500 N

1500 N
Az

150 N

Bz

150
A

Ax
200
Ay

300

120

140
By

100 N
250 N

2-96

Pt

From force equilibrium:

1.

Mxx = 0 : - (120)Pt + (1500)(150) = 0; Pt = 1875 N

2.

Fx = 0 : Ax + 150 - 100 = 0; Ax = -50 N

3.

MyA = 0 : (1500)(200) - (Bz)(500) - (640)Pt = 0; Bz = -1800 N

4.

Fz = 0 : Az - 1500 - 1800 + 1875 = 0; Az = 1425 N

5.

MzA = 0 : 150(150) + 500(200) - By(500) - 250(640) +100(120) = 0;

By = -51 N

6.

Fy = 0 : Ay - 500 + By + 250 = 0; Ay = 301 N

The answers are:

y
500 N

1500 N

x
150 N

51 N

150
50 N

200

120

140

300

301 N
100 N
250 N

301 N
V x-y

-199 N
60.2 Nm

-250 N

82.7 Nm
M x-y

23 Nm

-12 Nm

2-97

1425 N
V x-z

-75 N
-1875 N
285 N m
M x-z

262.5 Nm

-225 Nm

T xx

100 N
Fx

-50 N

SOLUTION (2.60)
Known: A static force, F, is applied to the tooth of a gear that is keyed to a shaft.
Find: Identify the stresses in the key, and write an equation for each. State the
assumptions, and discuss briefly their effects.

2-98

Schematic and Given Data:

A

L
F
Key

b
R

t/2
r

Section on A-A

Assumption: The compressive forces on each side of the key are uniform.
Analysis:
1. Compression on key sides

(c L t )r FR ;
2
Hence, c

2FR
or more precisely,
(L) (t) (r)

cL t (r - t ) = FR
2
4
2FR
Lt (r - t/4)
Key shear

so, c =
2.

(bL)r = FR ; hence, = FR
bLr
2-99

Comment: The compressive forces on each side of the key will most probably not be
uniform because of key cocking.
SOLUTION(2.61)
Known: A screw with a square thread is transmitting axial force F through a nut with n
threads engaged.
Find: Identify the types of stresses in the threaded portion of the screw and write an
equation for each. State the assumptions made, and discuss briefly their effect.
Schematic and Given Data:
F

d
D

Assumption: The assumptions will be stated in the analysis section.

Analysis:
1. Compression at interface. Assuming uniform stress distribution, we have
F
=
(D - d)n

(The bending of the thread would tend to concentrate the stress toward the inside
diameter and also produce a tensile stress at the thread root. Geometric inaccuracy may
concentrate the load at one portion of a thread.)
2. Shear at the base of threads. Assuming uniform distribution of across the
cylindrical failure surface, we have
= F
dnt

(The stress concentration would create a higher stress in the thread root. The effect of
thread helix angle is neglected.)

2-100