z
Given that z 2 = 2 i, z
1.
, find z in the form a + ib.
(Total 4 marks)
R.
METHOD 1
z = (2 i)(z + 2)
= 2z + 4 iz 2i
z(1 i) = 4 + 2i
M1
4 2i
z = 1 i
4 2i 1 i
1 i
z = 1 i
A1
M1
A1
=3i
METHOD 2
let z = a + ib
a ib
a ib 2 = 2 i
M1
a + ib = (2 i)((a + 2) + ib)
a + ib = 2(a + 2) + 2bi i(a + 2) + b
a + ib = 2a + b + 4 + (2b a 2)i
attempt to equate real and imaginary parts
a = 2a + b + 4( a + b + 4 = 0)
and b = 2b a 2( a + b 2 = 0)
M1
A1
Note: Award A1 for two correct equations.
b = 1;a = 3
z=3i
A1
[4]
2.
The complex numbers z1 = 2 2i and z2 = 1
diagram. Given that O is the origin,
(a)
i 3 are represented by the points A and B respectively on an Argand
find AB, giving your answer in the form
a b 3 , where a, b
;
(3)
(b)
calculate
B
AO
in terms of .
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
R.
(a)
=
=
12 ( 2 3 ) 2
AB =
88 4 3
A1
2 2 3
(b)
M1
A1
METHOD 1
arg z 1
Note: Allow 4
and
, arg z 2
4
3
A1A1
3.
Note: Allow degrees at this stage.
IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition
3 4
(accept )
12
= 12
B
AO
A1
Note: Allow FT for final A1.
METHOD 2
attempt to use scalar product or cosine rule
M1
B 1 3
cos AO
2 2
A1
B
AO
12
A1
[6]
3.
Given that z = cos + i sin show that
n
z
(a)
Im
1
0, n
zn
;
(2)
z 1
Re z 1 = 0, z 1.
(b)
(5)
(Total 7 marks)
R.
(a)
using de Moivres theorem
1
n
n
z + z = cos n + i sin n + cos n i sin n (= 2 cos n), imaginary
part of which is 0
M1A1
1
n
z n
z =0
so Im
AG
z 1 cos i sin 1
z 1 cos i sin 1
(b)
(cos 1 i sin )(cos 1 i sin )
(cos
1 i sin )(cos 1 i sin )
=
M1A1
Note: Award M1 for an attempt to multiply numerator and denominator
by the complex conjugate of their denominator.
2
z 1 (cos 1)(cos 1) sin
real denominator
z 1
Re
M1A1
Note: Award M1 for multiplying out the numerator.
cos 2 sin 2 1
real denominator
A1
AG
=0
[7]
4.
z i
Consider the complex number = z 2 , where z = x + iy and i =
(a)
1 .
If = i, determine z in the form z = r cis .
(6)
IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition
( x 2 2 x y 2 y ) i( x 2 y 2)
(b)
Prove that =
( x 2) 2 y 2
.
(3)
(c)
Hence show that when Re() = 1 the points (x, y) lie on a straight line, l1, and write down its gradient.
(4)
Given arg (z) = arg() = 4 , find z.
(d)
(6)
(Total 19 marks)
R.
(a)
METHOD 1
z i
z2 =i
z + i = iz + 2i
(1 i)z = i
M1
A1
i
z = 1 i
A1
EITHER
z=
cis
2
3
2cis
M1
2 3
1
3
cis
cis
or
2
4
4
2
z=
A1A1
OR
1 i
1 1
i
2 2
z= 2
2 3
1
3
cis
cis
or
2
4
2 4
z=
M1
A1A1
METHOD 2
x i( y 1)
x 2 iy
i=
M1
A1
A1
x + i(y + 1) = y + i(x + 2)
x = y; x + 2 = y + 1
1
1
;y
2
solving, x = 2
1 1
i
z= 2 2
2 3
1
3
cis
cis
or
2
4
2 4
z=
A1
A1A1
Note: Award A1 fort the correct modulus and A1 for the correct argument,
but the final answer must be in the form r cis .
Accept 135 for the argument.
(b)
x ( y 1)i
(
substituting z = x + iy to obtain w = x 2) yi
use of (x + 2) yi to rationalize the denominator
IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition
(A1)
M1
x( x 2) y ( y 1) i( xy ( y 1)( x 2))
( x 2) 2 y 2
A1
( x 2 2 x y 2 y ) i( x 2 y 2)
( x 2) 2 y 2
AG
x 2 2x y 2 y
(c)
( x 2) 2 y 2 = 1
Re =
x2 + 2x + y2 + y = x2 + 4x + 4 + y2
y = 2x + 4
which has gradient m = 2
(d)
M1
A1
A1
A1
EITHER
arg (z) = 4
x = y (and x, y > 0)
2
i(3x 2)
2 x 3x
2
2
( x 2) x
( x 2) 2 x 2
=
tan
if arg() =
3x 2
2 x 2 3x
(A1)
3x 2
2 x 2 3x
(M1)
1
M1A1
OR
arg (z) = 4
x = y (and x, y > 0)
2
2
arg (w) = 4
x + 2x + y + y = x + 2y + 2
A1
M1
M1
solve simultaneously
2
2
x + 2x + x + x = x + 2x + 2 (or equivalent)
A1
THEN
2
x =1
x = 1 (as x > 0)
A1
Note: Award A0 for x = 1.
z =
A1
Note: A1low FT from incorrect values of x.
[19]
5.
Consider the complex numbers z = 1 + 2i and w = 2 +ai, where a
Find a when
(a)
w = 2z;
(3)
(b)
Re (zw) = 2 Im(zw).
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
R.
(a)
z =
w = 2z
5 and w=
4 a2
4 a2 2 5
attempt to solve equation
M1
Note: Award M0 if modulus is not used.
IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition
a = 4
(b)
A1A1
zw = (2 2a) + (4 + a)i
forming equation 2 2a = 2 (4 + a)
a=
3
2
N0
A1
M1
A1
N0
[6]
6.
If z is a non-zero complex number, we define L(z) by the equation
L(z) = lnz + i arg (z), 0 arg (z) < 2.
(a)
Show that when z is a positive real number, L(z) = ln z.
(2)
(b)
Use the equation to calculate
(i)
L(1);
(ii)
L(1 i);
(iii)
L(1 + i).
(5)
(c)
Hence show that the property L(z1z2) = L(z1) + L(z2) does not hold for all values
of z1 and z2.
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
R.
(a)
so L(z) = ln z
(b)
z = z, arg(z) = 0
AG
A1A1
N0
(i)
A1A1
N2
A1A1
N2
A1
N1
L(1) = ln 1 + i = i
(ii)
(iii)
(c)
L(1 i) =
ln 2 i
L(1 + i) =
7
4
ln 2 i
3
4
for comparing the product of two of the above results with the third
for stating the result 1 + i = 1 (1 i) and L (1 + i) L (1) + L (1 i)
hence, the property L(z1z2) = L(z1) + L(z2)
does not hold for all values of z1 and z2
M1
R1
AG
N0
[9]
7.
2
Find, in its simplest form, the argument of (sin + i (1 cos )) where is an acute angle.
(Total 7 marks)
R.
2
2
2
(sin + i (1 cos)) = sin (1 cos) + i 2 sin (1 cos)
M1A1
Let be the required argument.
2 sin 1 cos
2
tan = sin 1 cos
M1
2 sin 1 cos
1 cos 1 2 cos cos
2
2 sin 1 cos
2
= cos 1 cos
IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition
(M1)
A1
= tan
A1
A1
[7]
z
z 1 where z = x + iy, y 0 and z2 + 1 0.
Consider w =
2
8.
Given that Im w = 0, show that
= 1.
(Total 7 marks)
R.
METHOD 1
w
Substituting z = x + iy to obtain
x yi
x yi 2 1
x yi
x y 2 1 2 xyi
2
A1
2 2
Use of (x y + 1 2xyi) to make the denominator real.
x yi x
w
Im
y 1 2 xyi
y 1 4 x y
(A1)
M1
A1
y x 2 y 2 1 2x 2 y
y 1 4 x 2 y 2
2
y 1 x y
2
= x y 1 4 x y
2
(A1)
2 2
Im w = 0 1 x y = 0 i.e. z = 1 as y 0
A1
R1AG
N0
METHOD 2
2
w (z + 1) = z
(A1)
2 2
w(x y + 1 + 2ixy) = x + yi
A1
Equating real and imaginary parts
2 2
w (x y + 1) = x and 2wx = 1, y 0
Substituting
1
x y2 1
x
2 x to give 2 2 x 2 x
1 2
x
y 1
2x
2 or equivalent
2
2
x + y = 1, i.e. z = 1 as y 0
8.
(c)
(a)
4
Use de Moivres theorem to find the roots of the equation z = 1 i.
(b)
Draw these roots on an Argand diagram.
M1A1
A1
(A1)
R1AG
z2
z
If z1 is the root in the first quadrant and z2 is the root in the second quadrant, find 1 in the form a + ib.
1
(1 i) 4
R.
(a)
z=
Let 1 i = r(cos + i sin )
IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition
r 2
= 4
1
4
M1
n
n
cos i sin
16 2
16 2
2 cos 2n i sin 2n
4
4
1
28
1
28
2 cos isin
4
4
z=
A1
A1
cos i sin
16
16
1
4
M1
Note: Award M1 above for this line if the candidate has forgotten to
add 2 and no other solution given.
1
7
7
2 8 cos
i sin
16
16
=
1
15
15
2 8 cos
i sin
16
16
=
1
9
9
2 8 cos i sin
16
16
A2
Note: Award A1 for 2 correct answers. Accept any equivalent form.
(b)
A2
Note: Award A1 for roots being shown equidistant from the origin
and one in each quadrant.
A1 for correct angular positions. It is not necessary to
see written evidence of angle, but must agree with the diagram.
z2
z1
(c)
15
15
2 8 cos
i sin
16
16
1
7
7
2 8 cos i sin
16
16
IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition
M1A1
7
cos
i sin
2
2
=
=i
( a = 0, b = 1)
(A1)
A1
N2
[12]
2
10.
Given that (a + bi) = 3 + 4i obtain a pair of simultaneous equations involving a and b. Hence find the two square
roots of 3 + 4i.
(Total 7 marks)
2
2
R.
a + 2iab b = 3 + 4i
Equate real and imaginary parts
2
2
a b = 3, 2ab = 4
(M1)
A1
2
Since b = a
4
a2 2 3
a
4
a 3a2 4 = 0
(M1)
A1
(M1)
Using factorisation or the quadratic formula
a = 2
b = 1
3 4i = 2 + i, 2 i
A1A1
[7]
11.
10
Given that z = 10 , solve the equation 5z + z * = 6 18i, where z* is the conjugate of z.
(Total 7 marks)
R.
5zz* + 10 = (6 18i)z*
Let z = a + ib
5 10 + 10 = (6 18i)(a bi) (= 6a 6bi 18ai 18b)
Equate real and imaginary parts
6a 18b = 60 and 6b + 18a = 0
a = 1 and b = 3
z = 1 3i
M1
M1A1
(M1)
A1A1
A1
[7]
12.
Solve the simultaneous equations
iz1 + 2z2 = 3
z1 + (1 i)z2 = 4
giving z1 and z2 in the form x + iy, where x and y are real.
(Total 9 marks)
R.
iz1 + 2z2 = 3
z1 + (1 i)z2 = 4
1
3
iz1
2
z2 = 2
1
3
iz 1
2 =4
z 1 + (1 i) 2
1
3 1
3
iz 1 i 2 z 1 i
z1 2
2 2
2 =4
1
1
5 3
z iz i
2 1 2 1 2 2
z1 iz1 = 5 + 3i
IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition
M1A1
A1
EITHER
Let z1 = x + iy
(M1)
x + iy ix i y = 5 + 3i
Equate real and imaginary parts
x+y=5
x + y = 3
2y = 8
y = 4 x = 1 i.e. z1 = 1 + 4i
2
1
3
i(1 4i)
2
z2 = 2
M1
A1A1
M1
1
3
i 2i 2
2
z2 = 2
7 1
i
z2 = 2 2
A1
OR
5 3i
z1 = 1 i
(5 3i)(1 i) 5 8i 3
(
1
i)(1
i)
2
z =
1
z1 = 1 + 4i
M1
M1A1
A1
1
3
z2 = 2 i(1 + 4i) + 2
M1
1
3
i 2i 2
2
z2 = 2
7 1
i
z2 = 2 2
A1
[9]
13.
2 bi 7 9
i
10 10 .
Find b where 1 bi
(Total 6 marks)
R.
METHOD 1
20 + 10bi = (1 bi)(7 + 9i)
20 + 10bi = (7 + 9b) + (9 + 7b)i
Equate real and imaginary parts
(M1)
A1A1
(M1)
EITHER
7 + 9b = 20
b=3
(M1)A1
OR
10b = 9 + 7b
3b = 9
b=3
(M1)A1
METHOD 2
( 2 bi)(1 bi) 7 9i
(1 bi)(1 bi)
10
=
2 b 2 3bi 7 9i
10
1 b 2
Equate real and imaginary parts
IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition
(M1)
A1
(M1)
9
2 b2
7
10 Equation A
1 b
3b
9
2
10 Equation B
1 b
From equation A
2
2
20 10b = 7 7b
2
3b = 27
b = 3
A1
From equation B
2
30b = 9 + 9b
2
3b 10b + 3 = 0
By factorisation or using the quadratic formula
1
b = 3 or 3
Since 3 is the common solution to both equations b = 3
A1
R1
[6]
14.
2
Given that z = (b + i) , where b is real and positive, find the value of b when arg z = 60.
(Total 6 marks)
R.
METHOD 1
since b > 0
arg(b + i) = 30
(M1)
A1
1
b = tan 30
b= 3
M1A1
A2
N2
METHOD 2
2
arg(b + i) = 60
arg(b2 1 + 2bi) = 60
M1
2b
(b 2 1) = tan 60 = 3
3b 2 2b 3 = 0
M1A1
A1
( 3b 1)(b 3 ) = 0
since b > 0
b=
(M1)
A1
N2
[6]
15.
Consider the complex geometric series e
(a)
1 2i 1 3i
e e
4
+ 2
+ ....
Find an expression for z, the common ratio of this series.
(2)
(b)
Show that z < 1.
(2)
(c)
Write down an expression for the sum to infinity of this series.
(2)
(d)
(i)
Express your answer to part (c) in terms of sin and cos .
(ii)
Hence show that
IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition
10
1
1
4 cos 2
2
4
cos +
cos 2 +
cos 3 + ... = 5 4 cos .
(10)
(Total 16 marks)
R.
(a)
1 i
e
z= 2
1 2i
e
2
i
z= e
A1
(b)
z
z< 1AG
(c)
(d)
(M1)
N2
1
2
A2
a
Using S = 1 r
e i
1
1 e i
2
S =
(i)
(M1)
A1
e i
cis
1 i
1
1 e
1 cis
2
2
S =
cos i sin
1
1 (cos i sin )
2
N2
(M1)
(A1)
1 2i 1 3i
e e ...
i
4
Also S = e + 2
1
1
cis2 cis3 ...
2
4
= cis +
1
1
1
1
cos cos 2 cos 3 ... i sin sin 2 sin 3 ...
2
4
2
4
S =
(ii)
(M1)
A1
Taking real parts,
1
1
cos
i
sin
cos cos 2 cos 3 ... Re
1
2
4
1 (cos i sin )
2
(cos i sin )
Re
1
1
1 cos i sin
2
2
=
1
1
1 cos i sin
2
2
1
1
1 cos i sin
2
2
1
1
cos cos 2 sin 2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1 cos sin
2
4
1
cos
2
1
1 cos (sin 2 cos 2 )
4
=
( 2 cos 1) 2
4( 2 cos 1)
( 4 4 cos 1) 4 2(5 4 cos )
=
A1
M1
A1
IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition
A1
A1
11
4 cos 2
5
= 4 cos
A1AG
N0
[25]
16.
2
The roots of the equation z + 2z + 4 = 0 are denoted by and ?
(a)
i
Find and in the form re .
(6)
(b)
Given that lies in the second quadrant of the Argand diagram, mark and on an Argand diagram.
(2)
(c)
Use the principle of mathematical induction to prove De Moivres theorem, which states that cos n + i sin n
n
+
= (cos + i sin ) for n
.
(8)
(d)
Using De Moivres theorem find
(e)
3
2
in the form a + ib.
(4)
3
3
Using De Moivres theorem or otherwise, show that = .
(3)
(f)
Find the exact value of * + * where * is the conjugate of and * is the conjugate of .
(5)
(g)
n
Find the set of values of n for which is real.
(3)
(Total 31 marks)
2 4 16
1 i 3
2
R.
(a)
z=
i
1 + i 3 re r = 2
3 2
3
= arctan 1
i 3 = rei r = 2
3
2
3
= arctan 1
M1
A1
A1
2
i
2e 3
2
i
2e 3
A1
A1
A1
(b)
A1A1
IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition
12
n
(c)
cos n + i sin n = (cos + i sin )
Let n = 1
Left hand side = cos 1 + i sin 1 = cos + i sin
1
Right hand side = (cos + i sin ) = cos + i sin
Hence true for n = 1
Assume true for n = k
k
cos k + i sin k = (cos + i sin )
cos(k + 1) + i sin(k + 1) = (cos + i sin )k(cos + i sin )
= (cos k + i sin k)(cos + i sin )
= cos k cos sin k sin + i(cos k sin + sin k cos)
= cos(k + 1) + i sin(k + 1)
Hence if true for n = k, true for n = k + 1
However if it is true for n = 1
true for n = 2 etc.
hence proved by induction
M1A1
M1
M1A1
A1
A1
R1
(d)
i
3
8e i2
2e 3
2
4
i
4e 3
4
4
2 cos
2i sin
3
3
=
A1
(M1)
2
i 3
2
1 i 3
2
= 2
(e)
(f)
A1A1
3
i2
a = 8e
3
i2
= 8e
2
2
3
3
Since e and e
are the same =
A1
A1
R1
EITHER
= 1 +
i 3
* = 1
= 1
i 3
i 3
* = 1 +
i 3
i 3 ) (1 + i 3 ) = 1 2 i 3 3 = 2 2 i 3
* = (1 i 3 )(1 i 3 ) = 1 + 2 i 3 3 = 2 + 2 i 3
* + * = 4
* = (1 +
A1
M1A1
A1
A1
OR
Since * = and * =
* = 2e
* =
2
3
2e
2
i
2e 3
2
3
4e
2
i
2e 3
4
3
4
i
4e 3
i
4
e 3
* + * =
4
4
4
4
4 cos
i sin
cos
i sin
3
3
3
3
=
4
1
8 cos
8 4
3
2
=
M1A1
A1
4
i
e 3
(g)
n
= 2 e
i2
n
3
This is real when n is a multiple of 3
IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition
A1
A1
M1A1
R1
13
i.e. n = 3N where N
+
[31]
IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition
14
