MISSILE DEFENCE SYSTEMS AND

SCADA IMPLEMENTATION
INTRODUCTION

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems are widely used in instrumentation
and control applications. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System, in other words
SCADA, is the system that collects the input data in digital form with high accuracy and in short
time which is then processed by a microcomputer. A typical Data Acquisition System consists of
individual sensors with necessary signal conditioning, data conversion, multiplexing, data
transmission, storage and display elements.

SCADA involves in interconnecting a

microcomputer to a data acquisition system to control a process involving several input signals
like temperature, pressure, flow.
EVOLUTION OF DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM :
Analog indicators and dial instruments are used in the early stages to measure the physical
quantities like temperature and pressure. The measurements obtained from that analog indicators
are subjected to gross errors which are mainly due to human mistakes while reading the
instruments and recording. A great care should be taken in reading and recording the data. At
the second stage, digital indicators are used for measurement purpose which produce the
measured quantity in digital format. The main disadvantage in using digital indicators is that
recording the data or storage is not possible. Now a days a digital computer is used to monitor,
print, control, and record the data automatically without the intervention of a human being.

SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA

ACQUISITION
(SCADA)

STUDY OF SCADA SYSTEMS

A Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
Requirements for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
by
Jadi Daniel (13B81A0216)
B. Bala Kishore(13B81A0212)
R. Bhanu prakash(13B81A0213)
Under the esteemed guidance of
Mrs.Deepika Kalluri
Associate Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELCTRONICS ENGINEERING

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
VASTHU NAGAR, MANGALPALLY,
HYDERABAD-501510
ANDHRA PRADESH
2016

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(AUTONOMOUS)
MANGALPALLY
HYDERABAD-501510
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled, STUDY OF STATIC EXCITATION
SYSTEM, is a bonafide work done,Jadi Daniel (13B81A0216), B.Bala Kishore (13B81A0212),
R.Bhanu Prakash(13B81A0213) in partial fulfillmentof therequirements for the Degree of
BACHELOR

OF

TECHNOLOGYwith

specialization

in

ELECTRICAL

AND

ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING, submitted to Department of ELECTRICAL &

ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING,

CVR

COLLEGE

OF

ENGINEERING,

Mangalpally,Hyderabad during the year 2016-2017.

Project Guide

Head of the Department

(Mrs. Deepika Kalluri )

(Dr. S.VENKATESWARLU)

Assistant Professor
EEE Dept.

Acknowledgment

With great pleasure we want to take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude to
all the people who helped in making this project work a grand success.

We are grateful to Dr. N.Suresh BabuSenior Scientist for his valuable suggestions and
guidance given by him during the execution of this project work.

First of all we would like to thank Dr. S.VENKATESWARLU, Head of the Department
of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,Dr. K.Dhanvanthri, and Professor of EEE Dept. for
being moral support throughout the period of work.

We would like to thank the Teaching & Non-teaching staff of Department of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering for sharing their knowledge with us.

Last but not the least; we thank authority of CVR College of engineering and friends who
have directly or indirectly helped us in this project.

Deepika Kalluri

ABSTRACT

Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is a system for remote monitoring and
control that operates with coded signals over communication channels (using typically one
communication channel per remote station). The control system may be combined with a data
acquisition system by adding the use of coded signals over communication channels to acquire
information about the status of the remote equipment for display or for recording functions. It is
a type of industrial control system (ICS). Industrial control systems are computer-based systems
that monitor and control industrial processes that exist in the physical world.
This technology is used while testing missiles , by this you can control, acquire data remotely
without being physically present near missile testing location.

CONTENTS:

Page no.

1. Supervisory control as a process control09

2. Factors influencing SCADA..10
3. Block diagram of SCADA.10
4. Sensors11
5. Signal conditioning elements..14
6. SCADA in Missiles.18
7. Missile parts and functions..21
8. Static Test26
9. Guided Missiles...29
10. Conclusion...34

SUPERVISORY CONTROL AS A PROCESS CONTROL :

SCADA are used in scientific areas like space research centres, biomedical field, telemetry and
in industries.
The project aims in answering the questions :
1) What is the purpose of SCADA in a Process Industry?
2) How the process variables are controlled with SCADA?

The block diagram of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System shows the
purpose of SCADA for the measurement and control in any process industry. The process
involved in thermal power plant requires the following controls :
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

COMBUSTION CONTROL
FEED WATER CONTROL
STEAM FLOW CONTROL
FURNACE TEMPERATURE CONTROL
MEASUREMENT OF FLUE GASES, CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL ANALYSIS OF
FEED WATER.

FACTORS INFLUENCING SCADA :

The important factors to be considered for a supervisory control and data acquisition system are :
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Accuracy and resolution.

Number of channels to be monitored.
Sampling rate per channel.
Signal conditioning requirements of each channel.
Cost.

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION OF DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM :

Supervisory control and data acquisition system is considered simply as a data acquisition
system in which that data is processed by a microcomputer.

SENSORS:
Generally transducers are used as sensors. A transducers senses the desired input in one physical
form and converts into an output in another physical form. When the dimensional units of the
inputs and output signals are same, then the functional element is termed as a transformer. The
input variable to the transducer can be pressure, acceleration, temperature and the output of
transducer may be displacement, voltage or resistance depending on the type of transducer.
TYPES OF TRANSDUCERS :
The transducers are classified as two types :
a) Active
b) Passive
ACTIVE TRANSDUCERS :
Active transducers are self generating elements which convert the physical quantity into an
electrical signal without any external power source.
Ex:

Photo voltaic cell, bourdon gauge, tacho-generator for the measurement of speed.

PASSIVE TRANSDUCERS :

Passive transducers are power operated elements which requires some source of auxiliary power
like compressed air, electricity, hydraulic supply for their operation.
Ex: Differential transformer.
DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF A TRANSDUCER:
The transducer element should sense the desired input signal and should be insensitive to other
signals present in the measurand.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

It should have good reproducibility (precision).

It should have good accuracy.
It should have amplitude linearity.
It should be able to withstand hostile environments without demage.
It should not alter the quantity to be measured.
The transduction of the input signal can take place in a single stage or two stages.
Bourdon tube acts as a primary transducer as it converts pressure into displacement. The

LVDT attached to the free end of the Bourdon tube is the secondary transducer as it converts
displacement into electrical voltage. The combined effect of primary and secondary transducers
convert the pressure signal into corresponding voltage signal.

The important transducers

commonly used are:

TEMPERATURE TRANDUCERS :

A)
B)
C)
D)

TRANSDUCER
Themocouple (or) Themopile
Liquid in glass thermometer
RTDs, Thermistors
Pressure thermometer

OUTPUT VARIABLE OF TRANSDUCER

Voltage
Displacement
Resistance
Pressure

DISPLACEMENT TRANSDUCERS :
TRANSDUCER

OUTPUT VARIABLE OF TRANSDUCER

10

A) Linear

Variable

Differential Inductance

Transformer (LVDT)
B) Potentiometers

Resistance

TRANSDUCERS FOR FLOW RATE AND FLOW VELOCITY:

TRANSDUCER
OUTPUT VARIABLE OF TRANSDUCER
A) Venturimeter / Orificemeter (FLOW Pressure
RATE)
B) Hot wire anemometer

Residence

(FLOW VELOCITY OF GASES)

PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS:
TRANSDUCER
A) Manometer
B) Bourdon tube
C) Pirani gauge

OUTPUT VARIABLE OF TRANSDUCER

Movement of liquid in a column
Displacement
Resistance

FORCE TRANSDUCERS :
TRANSDUCER
A) Resistance strain gauges
B) Piezo electric transducer
C) Pirani gauge

OUTPUT VARIABLE OF TRANSDUCER

Resistance
Voltage
Resistance

SIGNAL CONDITIONING ELEMENTS:

As all the data to be acquired, will not originate from identical sources, signal conditioning
becomes necessary.

11

FUNCTIONS OF SIGNAL CONDITIONING ELEMENTS :

1) Scaling linear transducers.
2) Correcting the curvature of a non-linear transducer, such as thermocouple.
The common signal conditioning circuits used in DAS are:
MULTIPLEXER :
The multiplexer accepts multiple (several) analog inputs and select each input signal in turn; so
that DAS requires only one A/D converter and a single recorder.
The multiplexer select the inputs at the rate of 150 inputs/sec, but the rate is limited by
the time required for recording. A multiplexer is considered as multiway switch. The factors
considered in the design of multiplexers are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Low closed resistance.

High open circuit resistance.
Short operating times.
Long operation life.

The various configurations of the DAS depend on the type of multiplexer:

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER :
The function of an ADC is to produce a digital representation of an analog input voltage V1 by
comparing it to a reference voltage Vr.
D=V1/VR
Where D is a binary fraction.

12

V1=VR(b1/2+b2/2+.+bn/2n)
Vi=VR/2n(2n-1*b1+2n-2*b2+.+bn)
The expression in brackets represent an integer in the range of 0 to 2n-1.
Equation (1) shows that the ADC quantizes an analog voltage in the range 0 to VR by
approximating it to discrete voltage which is an integral multiple of VR/2n.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF ADC :

1. RESOLUTION : It is defined as the smallest change in the input voltage that can be
detected and encoded by the ADC. The ADC resolution is expressed by the number of
bits in its output code. ADC resolution is also expressed in terms of full scale value.
Full scale value (FS) = 1/2n*100%.
2. ACCURACY : The absolute accuracy or error of an ADC at a given output code is
defined as the difference between the theoretical analog value (VD) and the actual input
VA required to produce that code.
VD=VR(b1/2+b2/4++bn/2n)
Where b1,b2,.,bn are 0 or 1.
Accuracy is expressed as a percentage, ppm or fraction of the voltage corresponding to
the LSB i.e., VR/2n.
RELATIVE ACCURACY = VR/2n.
3. CONVERSION TIME : The conversion time is the time taken by an ADC to produce
the valid digital output corresponding to the analog input. It is the time taken between
the issue of start of conversion (SOC) command to the ADC and the receipt of end of
conversion (EOC) signal from the ADC.
The conversion time of ADCs ranges from few microseconds to tens of milliseconds. It
depends on the factors like the conversion technique used or the number of bits.

13

4. NOISE REJECTION : It is defined as the ability of the ADC to reduce the effect of
noise. Noise in the input signal, converter circuitry and operating environments limits
the ADC resolution.

The external noise is minimized by grounding and shielding

techniques. The generation of noise with in the ADC is reduced by proper circuit design.
A voltage noise rejection factor (VNR) in power supply noise is defined as
VNR = Ni / No
Where Ni = Normalized input noise.
No = Normalized output noise.

DATA PRESENTATION ELEMENT :

The data presentation element can be either visual type, graphic recording type or a magnetic
tape.
VISUAL DISPLAY TYPE : Storage CRO, Multi-Channel CRO.
GRAPHIC RECORDING TYPE :It gives a permanent record of the imput data. Heated
Stylus, Ink Recorder on paper charts, Optical Recording Systems like Mirror Galvanometer
recorder or Ultra Violet Recorders on special photo sensitive layer are used as graphic recording
type elements.
Depending on the data presentation elements, DAS are classified as

DATA DISPLAY SYSTEMS : Systems that measure signals and reproduces the

information immediately in a form suitable for human inspection.

DATA RECORDING SYSTEMS : Systems that record measured signals so that

subsequent analysis may be performed on the record information.

INTEGRATED DATA SYSTEMS : The systems process the input signals after
measuring and use new information directly to perform some control operation.

SCADA is widely used in different areas like chemical, gas, water, communications and power
systems.
The list of applications of SCADA can be listed as follows.

14

1. Testing and controlling of Missile's:All the parts of a missile which are manufactured in
various sectors of defence has to undergo tests.Also the missiles which are inducted in
defence has to be controlled.For all these purposes SCADA system is used.
2. Electric power generation, transmission and distribution: Electric utilities use SCADA
systems to detect current flow and line voltage, to monitor the operation of circuit breakers,
and to take sections of the power grid online or offline.
3. Water, Waste Water Utilities and Sewage:

State and municipal

water utilities use

SCADA to monitor and regulate water flow, reservoir levels, pipe pressure

and other

factors.
4. Buildings, facilities and environments: Facility managers use SCADA to control HVAC,
refrigeration units, lighting and entry systems.
5. Mass transit and Railway Traction: Transit authorities use SCADA to regulate electricity
to subways, trams and trolley buses; to automate traffic signals for rail systems; to track and
locate trains and buses; and to control railroad crossing gates.
SCADA IN MISSILES:
Missile is basically any object thrown at a target with the aim of hitting it is a missile.
Thus, a stone thrown at a bird is a missile. The bird, by using its power of reasoning may evade
the missile (the stone) by moving either to the Left, right, top or bottom with respect to the flight
path (trajectory) of the missile. Thus, the missile in this case has been ineffective in its objective
of hitting the bird (the target) . Now, if the stone too is imparted with some intelligence and quick
response to move with respect to the bird, to overcome aiming errors and the bird's evasive
actions and hit it accurately, the stone now.becornes a guided missile. The incorporation of
energy source in a missile to provide the required force for its movement ,intelligence to go in
the correct direction (guidance) and effective manoeuvring (control) are mainly the technologies
of guided missiles. They help in making a missile specific to a target, that is, they determine the
size, range and state of motion of a missile.
The missile's can be broadly classified on the basis of their features such as type of target; range;
mode of launching; system adopted for control, propulsion or guidance; aerodynamics; etc. They
are also termed in a broad sense as strategic or tactical, defensive or offensive.

15

On the basis of target they could be called

Anti-tanwanti-armour

Anti-personnel

Anti-aircraft helicopter

Anti-ship/anti-submarine

Anti-satellite or Anti-missile.

Another classification of missiles which is very popular is based on the method of launching.

Surface-to-surface-missiles (SSM)

Surface-to-air missiles (SAM)

Air-to-air missiles (AAM)

Air-to-surface missiles (ASM).

Some of the well known missile's in India are ,

1. Nirbhay: It is a long range, subsonic cruise missile being developed in India by the
Defence Research and Development Organisation. Operational Range: 1,000 km
2. Brahmos: It is a supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from submarines,
ships, aircraft or land. It is a joint venture between India's Defence Research and
Development Organisation (DRDO) and Russian Federation's NPO Mashinostroeyenia
who have together formed BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited. The name BrahMos is a
portmanteau formed from the names of two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the
Moskva of Russia. Operational Range: Approx. 300500 km
3. Brahmos-II: Brahmos-II or Brahmos Mark II is a hypersonic cruise missile currently
under joint development by India's Defence Research and Development Organisation
(DRDO) and Russia's NPO Mashinostroeyenia, which have together formed BrahMos
Aerospace Private Limited. It is the second of the BrahMos series of cruise missiles.
Design of multiple variants will arm the Project 15B destroyers of the Indian Navy.
Operational Range: 300 km
4. Prithivi missiles : It is a tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missile (SRBM)
developed by DRDO of India under the Integrated Guided Missile Development

16

Program. It is deployed by India's Strategic Forces Command. The Government of India

launched the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program in 1983 to achieve selfsufficiency in the development and production of wide range of Ballistic Missiles,
Surface to Air Missiles etc. Prithvi was the first missile to be developed under the
Program. DRDO attempted to build Surface-to-air Missile under Project Devil. Prithvi
III class (codenamed Dhanush) is a two-stage ship-to-surface missile Operational Range:
150 km (Prithvi I) , 250-350 km (Prithvi II) and 350 - 600 km (Prithvi III) .
5. Akash: It is a medium-range mobile surface-to-air missile defence system developed by
the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Ordnance Factories
Board and Bharat Electronics (BEL) in India. Operational Range: 100km .
6. Nag: It is a third generation "fire-and-forget" Note 1 anti-tank missile developed in India.
It is one of five missile systems developed by the Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO) under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program
(IGMDP). Helina, (Helicopter-launched Nag) with a range of 78 km, launched from
twin-tube stub wing-mounted launchers on board the armed HAL Dhruv and HAL
Light Combat Helicopter produced by state-owned Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL).
NAMICA (Nag Missile Carrier) is a tank destroyer built for the army. It is equipped
with a thermal imager for target acquisition. NAMICA is a modified BMP-2 ICV
produced as "Sarath" in India. The carrier weights 14.5 tonnes in full combat load and
is capable of moving 7 km/h in water. Operational Range: Land version: 500m to
4km (Air-launched: 7-10km).
7. Agni: It is a family of Short to Medium range ballistic missiles developed by India
under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. On 28 Mar 2010, a trial
was conducted with a special Strategic Forces Command (SFC) nuclear-capable Agni-I
ballistic missile, with a range of 700 km from the Wheelers Island off the coast of
Orissa, thus making Agni-I missile operational by army.

Agni-I Operational Range:700-1250km

Agni-II Operational Range:2000-3000km

Agni-III Operational Range:3500-5000km

Agni-IV Operational Range: 4000km

Agni-V Operational Range:5000-8000km

17

Agni-VI Operational Range:8000-10000km

The missile's which are using in defence have to be operated at different conditions.
For example, the soldiers in saichen glacier have to launch a missile at very low temperature and
the soldiers at desert area have to operate at high temperatures. So all the missile's has to
withstand for any climatic conditions.Here SCADA is used to test its performance and its
condition at different climatic condition. It is also used to control the missile in deflections and
during trajectory path.
SCADA will acquire the data which is in analog system and then it is converted to digital data.
For this purpose it uses different types of sensors. The measurement of temperature, humidity,
pressure,surface tensions,..etc, can be done without physical presence, but by this SCADA
system. All the sensors attached to it will sense's the data and it is given in the form of analog
data to the conversion system where it is converted to digital data and it is displayed on the
monitor. We can adjust the parameter's by using respective sensors.
MISSILE PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS.
A tactical missile is from 5 to 20 feet long, 6 inches to 1 foot in diameter, and weighs from 200 to
2,000 pounds. The size is determined by the expected distance to the target (longer distances
require more fuel capacity) and the type of target (bigger, heavier targets required more
explosive). ' Most of the missile body is made of a titanium alloy, which provides high strength
and low weight. Inside the missile are hundreds of electronic, digital and mechanical subsystems
that perform thousands of operations to guide the missile from its launcher to its target. A tactical
missile travels at about the speed of sound (700 mph), but some travel almost twice that speed.
Each missile costs tens to hundreds of thousands of dollars. Its flight time is measured in
seconds.
A missile can be divided functionally into 8 sections: radome, guidance, warhead, autopilot,
dorsal fins, rocket motor, steering control and control surfaces. These missile sections are
described below.
1. Radome. A housing made of ceramic material similar to the household "Corningware" and
located at the front end ("nose") of the missile. Here are some radomes on the production line .

18

The radome is non-metallic to act as an electromagnetic (EM) "window" for radar or heatseeking EM devices located inside the missile. Radar (Radio Ranging and Detection), transmits
EM pulses that bounce off the target and return to the radar set to provide target location,
direction and speed.
2. Guidance. A system that receives radio information from its launch controller (a computer,
not a human), directing it to launch the missile and calculate its most efficient path to the target.
The Guidance system also transmits all missile functions back to its launch controller for
continuous monitoring of missile subsystem performance.
3. Warhead. A system containing missile internal "homing" radar and an explosive surrounded
by thousands of serrated iron pieces or other destroying material, depending on the nature of the
anticipated target. As the missile approaches ("homes in on") the target, its internal radar
electronically "sees" and locks onto the target to guide the missile towards it. Not all missiles
have this "homing" radar. If not, its launch control must continuously direct it to the target.
4. Autopilot.A system that provides missile location, direction, velocity and "attitude" (up, down
sideways, etc.) and the capacity to change its motion via the Control Surfaces. The Autopilot
contains an antenna to receive and transmit information to its home controller. It also contains a
battery that supplies electrical power to the missile electronic and microprocessor components.
&bnsp; Transmissions to and from the missile must be encoded and decoded to prevent
electronic spying by other countries' surveillance radars.

5. Dorsal Fins. The fins, along with the missile body, provide surfaces against which air exerts
pressure. These dorsal surfaces are used by the Control Surfaces to change the direction and
attitude of the missile.

6. Rocket Motor.A mixture of solid chemical fuels. When ignited, the chemicals propel the
missile from its launcher into space.

19

7. Steering Control. A system that electrically changes the Control Surfaces that change the
missile motion. It reacts to information sent to it by the Autopilot .

8. Control Surfaces. These are four "fins" that act against air resistance to change the direction
of the missile.

In summary, a guided missile is a combination of electrical, digital and mechanical parts

segregated into sections. Each section has specific functions that must operate accurately and
safely; otherwise, the missile mission is electronically aborted and the missile is destroyed.
Internal controls monitor each function to assure proper coordination among parts. This
information is radioed to the launch controller, so that it knows at all times how well each part of
the missile is performing to achieve.

Missile Launch & Target-destruction Process.

The missile launching and target destruction process can be divided into seven stages: long-range
and short-range surveillance, target identification, target tracking, missile pre-launch, launch,
midcourse guidance, homing, and intercept. Each of these phases is described below:

1. Surveillance:A systematic search by the launcher (ship, plane, or ground station) radars and
more radars for targets in the hemisphere surrounding it. Another target tracking diagram that
starts from search at the lower right and ends with intercept at the upper left.

2. Identification: "Friend or foe?". All commercial and military airplanes and some weapons and
personnel have "transponders", which are receiver- transmitters that receive radio signals on one

20

frequency and return a specific identification (ID) signal on another frequency. When the target
code matches a "friendly" code in the launcher electronic library, no launcher action is taken.
However, if the ID matches a "foe" code, or if there is no response, the missile launcher assumes
a "foe" and prepares to destroy the target. Tragedies can occur when a friendly transponder is
inoperable.

3. Pre-launch: The Weapons Officer in charge of missile launch (in airplanes, this would be the
pilot) selects a particular missile to attack the target with a push of a button. The selected missile
then automatically tests ("checks") hundreds of its subsystems within milliseconds to assure their
satisfactory operation. Also, the communications link from the launcher to the missile and the
missile to the launcher are automatically tested for satisfactory functioning. If a subsystem or
communications link fails after a few attempts, the missile declares itself inoperable (a "dud")
and the Weapons Officer selects another missile. On a ship, the missiles are stored in launch
boxes below deck. This image shows the white launch canister covers behind the gun on the
front deck and behind the superstructure on the rear deck of the ship.

4. Launch:After a satisfactory self-test, the missile ignites its rocket motor, which provides the
force to propel the missile away from its platform.

Also, the missile battery is activated soon after launch to provide electrical power to the missile
components. Total elapsed time from the push of the button by the Weapons Officer to rocket
ignition is only a few seconds, depending on the size and complexity of the missile. The missile
rocket motor pushes the missile upwards and outwards from the missile container.

5. Tracking:The launcher "tracking" radar continuously monitors the target, while computers
continuously calculate target location, direction and speed. Human judgment is involved in
identification too.

21

6. Midcourse:During missile flight, target location, direction, and speed are continuously
calculated by the launcher radar. This information is transmitted from the ship (or plane, or truck)
to the missile via radar, which adjusts its course to intercept the target. Missile functioning is
continuously transmitted to the launcher via radio.

7. Homing.When the missile approaches target vicinity, it activates its own radar and searches
for the target itself, so that launcher radar no longer is required. The image below is what a target
missile (one attacking you) looks like to the attacking missile (one you use to counterattack the
attacker).

8. Intercept (target destruction). The missile IR (Infra-Red) "seeker" determines when the
target is at the optimum distance for maximum explosive effect, whereupon it sends a signal to
the warhead to detonate. The explosive scatters serrated iron fragments or other destroying
material in all directions. Some of these fragments are expected to impair target functioning.
When that occurs, the target is a "kill".

PYROGEN IGNITOR
Pyrogen ignitors are also called as pyro ignitors, pyro initiators and also pyrotechnic initiators.
Pyrotechnic initiators are often controlled electrically (called electro-pyrotechnic initiators), e.g.
using a heated bridgewire or a bridge resistor. They are somewhat similar to blasting caps or
other detonators, but they differ in that there is no intention to produce a shock wave. An
example of such pyrotechnic initiator is an electric match.
Bridgewires, especially connected to longer cables, may be susceptible to initiation by currents
induced by external electromagnetic fields and electrostatic fields.

22

manufacturers often specify 3 key parameters of an electric match: the resistance (often around 2
Ohm), a recommended firing current (often around 1 A), and a maximum no-fire current. The
"test" button on a firing systems typically tests a setup by sending a current limited to well below
the no-fire current (often 0.2 A) to detect common problems

These are the different types of pyro initiators used in missile firing .
BRIDGE WIRE
A bridgewire, bridge wire, or hot bridge wire (HBW) is a relatively thin resistance wire used
to set off a pyrotechnic composition serving as pyrotechnic initiator. By passing of electric
current it is heated to a high temperature that starts the exothermic chemical reaction of the
attached composition. After successful firing, the bridgewire melts, resulting in an open circuit.

COMPOSITION
The energetic material used, often called pyrogen, is usually a pyrotechnic composition
made of a fuel and oxidizer, where the fuel produces a significant amount of hot particles that
cause/promote the ignition of the desired material.
FUEL + OXIDIZER

23

common igniter formula is BPN, BKNO3, or boron potassium nitrate, a mixture of 25%
boron and 75% potassium nitrate by weight.
STATIC TEST OF B2 ROCKET MOTOR
The B2 rocket motor is a monolithic motor with approximately 2800 kg of propellant. The rocket
motor is made of carbon-epoxy composite material. 82 Motor casing of Sl. No. 4 will be used for
this static test. The rocket motor is shown in Figure1. The stage employs a flex nozzle for
attitude control with a vectoring capability of +5 or -5 in resultant plane. The internal
propellant grain configuration is having circumferential slots of two numbers. The motor is
designed for a maximum expected operating pressure of 9.0 MPa. The Nozzle will have a Nozzle
Blank in the divergent portion to withstand an initial pressure of 20 bar. The Flight motor nozzle
area ratio is 22.9. The static test shall be done with a truncated nozzle of area ratio 15.0.

TEST OBJECTIVES
The static testing of the motor will be carried out at sea-level condition with following primary
objectives of performance evaluation.
a. Ballistic performance evaluation of the rocket motor and comparison with pretest
prediction.
b. Ascertaining the burn rate augmentation.

24

c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

To validate the performance of motor case and insulation material.

To evaluate the Pyrogen igniter performance.
To evaluate the Flex seal performance.
To evaluate the margins on the nozzle liners (truncated version).
Demonstration of adequacy of motor-nozzle and motor-igniter interfaces.

INSULATION SYSTEM
Salient Features:

Insulation Material : EPDM with Kevlar fibre .

Weight : Insulation weight is 84kg (including LF) .

Type of construction : Extruded sheets hand laid up and

Vulcanized in autoclave.

IGNITER
M/s.PEL Pyrogen Igniter (Type B) will be used in this test. Propellant is a fast buring HTPB
based composite propellant cast in a paper tube followed by assembly. into a composite case.
Propellant is ignited by pyrotechnic charge of BKN03 granules, which are tired by two pyro
cartridge PC 50DQ mounted on the igniter flange. The igniter is shown in the figure below.

TEST SETUP

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The schematic view of Static test setup of B2 is shown in the below figure.

INSTRUMENTATION PLAN
The parameters to be measured, location and number of channels, sampling rate and maximum
expected values are noted down.
PHOTOGRAPHY
Photography coverage for the assembly and static test will be as follows:
1. High speed photography 500 frames / sec at 2 locations given below:

Nozzle to motor Nozzle end flange catering Nozzle exhaust plume

Overall view of the motor

2. Video recording (4 views, HE Side : 2 & NE Side :2 )

3. Plume length Measurement also to be planned.
4. CCTV of all location.
POST TEST OPERATIONS
Remote Operated automated purging with Halon gas immediately after the test from nozzle end.
Quick look observation of the test article and test data.

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GUIDED MISSILES:

Looking back into the history of rockets and guided missiles, we find that rockets were
used in China and India around 1000 AD for fireworks as well as for war purposes. During the
18th century, unguided rocket propelled missiles were used by Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan
against the British. There is a reference that two rockets belonging to Tipu's forces were captured
during the fourth Mysore war in the siege of Seringapatnam in 1799 by companies of the Bengal
and Bombay Artillery of the East India Company. The current phase in the history of missiles
began during the World War I1 with the use of V1 and V2 missiles by Germany. Since then there
has been a tremendous and rapid global advancement in this field.
TYPES OF GUIDED MISSILES: Presently, there are many types of guided missiles. They can
be broadly classified on the basis of their features such as type of target; range; mode of
launching; system adopted for control, propulsion or guidance; aerodynamics; etc. They are also
termed in a broad sense as strategic or tactical, defensive or offensive. On the basis of target they
could be called Anti-tanwanti-armour, Anti-personnel, Anti-aircraft helicopter, Anti-ship/antisubmarine, Anti-satellite, or Anti-missile.

Based on guidance, missiles are broadly classified as :

1.Command guidance
2. Homing guidance
3.Beam rider guidance
4.Inertial navigation guidance

Depending on the aerodynamic control adopted, a missile is called

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1.Wing controlled.
2.Tail controlled, or Canard controlled.

Yet another classification is based on the propulsion system provided in the missile. In rocket
propulsion, we have:
1.Solid propulsion
2.Liquid propulsion
3.Hybrid propulsion
In air-breathing propulsion, we have: Gas turbine engine jet or propeller Ramjets or ram-rockets
Currently, other types of propulsion like ionic, nuclear, plasma, etc. are under research and
development but no known missile uses these.
Missile Propulsion
Propulsion is the means of providing power to accelerate the missile body and sustain, if
necessary, to reach the required target. The basis for the working of missile propulsion systems
are the well-known Newton's laws of motion. In order to aid a quick retrospect, these are stated
here again.

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First Law A body continues in its state of rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted
upon by an unbalanced force.
Second Law The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the impressed force and takes
place in the direction of the force.
Third Law Action and reaction are equal and opposite. That is, if a body exerts a force on
another body, the other body too exerts a force on the first body of the same magnitude but in the
opposite direction.
The propulsion of a missile is achieved with the help of a rocket engine. It produces thrust by
ejecting very hot gaseous matter, called propellant. The hot gases are produced in the combustion
chamber of the rocket engine by chemical reactions. The propellant is exhausted through a
nozzle at a high speed. This exhaust causes the rocket to move in the opposite direction
(Newton's third law). As per the second law, also called the law of momentum, the rate of'
change of momentum causes a force to be developed. The change in momentum of the missile
body including the rocket motor casing, the nozzle and other systems due to the ejected matter
creates a force leading to the propulsive action on the missile body. The missiIe, propelled into
air, would continue to move if there were no other forces acting on it. However, resistance to its
forward movement due to air (commonly called the aerodynamic drag) and the force of gravity
acting downwards towards the centre of the earth are to be taken into account. By using
Newton's first law, also called the law of inertia, compensative forces are imparted to the missile
to overcome these negative forces.
PARTS OF PROPULSION SYSTEM All types of rocket propulsion engines contain a chamber,
a nozzle, and an igniter. The chemical reaction of propellant chemicals (usually a fuel and an
oxidiser) takes place in the chamber and produces gases. The energy due to this high pressure
reaction permits the heating of the product gases to a very high temperature (2000-3500 "C).
These gases subsequently are expanded in the nozzle and accelerated to high velocities (20004500ds). The nozzle design, i.e., its shape and size are critical for the efficient function of the
propulsion system. The theoretical model of the thermodynamic processes inside a rocket furnish
the analytical data necessary for this. The nozzle is essentially a conduit of varying crpss-section
from a maximum area to a section of minimum cross-section (called the throat of the nozzle) and

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again enlarging to larger cross-section. The nozzle would be subsonic, sonic or supersonic
depending upon whether the exhaust velocity is below, equal to or greater than the speed of
sound in air. Thus the common shapes of nozzles are convergent type, divergent type, or of the
converging-diverging type. There are also conical and bell-shaped nozzles. Bell shaped nozzle or
contoured nozzle is also named after its inventor as GVR Rao's nozzle. The igniter, though a tiny
element among the components of the rocket engine or rocket motor, has the function of
initiating the propulsion system. The propellant ignition consists of a series of complex rapid
events, commencing with the receipt of an electrical pulse and heat generation and heat transfer
from the ignition products (hot gases and particles) to the propellant grain surface. Flame spread
is achieved to bum the entire surface area to fill the free volume of the chamber. Ignites can be
categorized as pyrotechnic, pyrogen, etc. Conventional igniters are made of heat releasing
compounds such as black powder, metal oxides and metal powder formulations and initiated by
electrical means by passing current through an element (wire) which is imbedded in the
pyrotechnic mixture. There are certain propellant combinations which do not need an igniter and
they are called hypergolic. These propellants burn spontaneously when they come in contact in a
certain proportion.
TYPES OF PROPULSlON SYSTEMS
Missile propulsion will be mainly of the following two types:
1.Air breathing
2. Non-air breathing
The air breathing rocket engines use the surrounding medium of air for the support of their
oxidiser. Thus they can be used only within the Earth's atmosphere whereas in the case of non air
breathing engines the rocket engine itself' carries its fuel and oxidiser on board and hence can be
used in space above the Earth's atmosphere also and is thus independent of the air medium.
MISSILE GUIDANCE
We have already stated that guidance is that aspect of a missile system which helps it to decide
the direction in which the missile should move. Generally this decision has to be taken at very
short intervals of time (IJ50th of a second) during the flight of the missile. For a specific mission,

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particular guidance technique is used. A broad classification of various guidance systems is

presented in the following pages.
The different types of guidance are :
1. Command guidance
2.Homing or seeker guidance
3.Beam rider guidance

Command Guidance
In this method, the guidance signal is transmitted from launch site to the missile, giving the
missile its deviation from 'the path line -pointing from launcher to the target, also called the line
of sight (LOS). The missile has a logic on board to actuate its control mechanism to turn it
towards the LOS. A simplified diagram of command guidance is shown in Fig.7. The signal from
the ground is transmitted by different means
Homing Guidance
Homing guidance is generally used for short-range missiles. In this system the missile receives
the signals reflected/emanating from the target and generates the command to direct its motion
along the instantaneous LO formed between the missile and the target. Figure 8 gives a
schematic sketch of homing guidance system. Active, semi-active and passive homing are the
main types of homing guidance systems.
Beam Rider Guidance
In this method, the guidance system is to illuminate the target by radiation of a beam of energy
from a radar antenna pointed at the target. The missile is fired into this beam arid thereafter gets
guided over the beam till it hits or misses the target . The sensitivity is lesser a1 the
commencement of the flight and towards the end as the missile approaches the target.

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CONCLUSION:
The study project on SCADA and its applications in missile's was done at DRDO (ADVANCED
SIMULATION LABORATORY), Kanchanbagh,Hyderabad under the guidelines of asst.prof
Deepika K, Senior Scientists Dr.Suresh Babu and Dr.Anitha at DRDO. This project tells about
how SCADA system is used in missile's and its applications in testing of missile's and their
control over the missile's.
REFERENCES:
Internet andjournals in IEEE
Information collected from DRDO (ASL)
National technical papers.

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