Power Circuits and Electromechanics

Chapter 06

Synchronous Machines

Presenter: Hoang-Hon Trinh

Industrial and Civil Automation Lab
Tel: 0903767041
trinhhoanghon09@gmail.com
www.icalabhcmut.edu.vn

25/07/2015 6:06 CH

Power Circuits and Electromechanics

Over view

Rotating machines

Presenter: Hoang-Hon Trinh

Industrial and Civil Automation Lab
Tel: 0903767041
trinhhoanghon09@gmail.com
www.icalabhcmut.edu.vn

25/07/2015 6:06 CH

Over view!
* Qualitative analysis
How does a rotating machine can work?

* Quantitative analysis
Using balanced energy method
The rate of change
_ Power out
= Power in
of stored energy

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How does a rotating machine can work?

* Objects
Synchronous machine
Asynchronous machine

* Structure
Stator
Rotor

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Stator

Balanced windings
Single phase
Two phases
Three phases
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Balanced currents
* Corresponding to number of phases
Single phase current
Balanced two-phase currents
Balanced three-phase currents

* rotating field of flux

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Single phase
* Flux characteristics
Fixed direction
Magnitude is time-varying as sine signal

Ni i sin sin

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Two-phase rotating field

* Constraints
Perpendicular of two windings
90 degrees difference of phase angle current
Current magnitudes equal together

* two-phase rotating field

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Three-phase rotating field

* Constraints
120 degree difference of winding directions
120 degree difference of phase angle current
Current magnitudes equal together

* three-phase rotating field

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Conclusions
* Stator is static
* Is flux is rotating
With

60 f
ns
p

(1)

4 poles of
stator windings

6 poles of
stator windings

Where
f: frequency of electric source
p: number of pair of poles
p can be changed by designing the stator windings
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Conclusions
* Given a rotor
The same number of poles with stator
Then rotor will rotate follow stators field

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Power Circuits and Electromechanics

Quantitative analysis

Rotating machines

Presenter: Hoang-Hon Trinh

Industrial and Civil Automation Lab
Tel: 0903767041
trinhhoanghon09@gmail.com
www.icalabhcmut.edu.vn

25/07/2015 6:06 CH

Objects

Electro-mechanical systems
Transformers
Synchronous machine
Asynchronous machine
DC machine

Linkage flux i

See also example

Voltage equations vi

Energy or co-energy

Equivalent voltage equations

Force and torque from

electrical origin

Electrical equivalent circuits

Analysis and determination of systems

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Power Circuits and Electromechanics

Single phase

Rotating machine

Presenter: Hoang-Hon Trinh

Industrial and Civil Automation Lab
Tel: 0903767041
trinhhoanghon09@gmail.com
www.icalabhcmut.edu.vn

25/07/2015 6:06 CH

Single phase rotating machine

* 2 electrical ports
Stator: s, vs
Rotor: r, vr

* 1 mechanical port
Rotor rotates: Te,

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Single phase rotating machine

* Linkage flux

s N s2 L0is N s N r L0 1 2 ir Lsis Lsr ir

r N s N r L0 1 2 is N L0ir Lsr is Lr ir
2
r

* Co-energy

where:Lsr M cos

1
1
2
W Ls is Lr ir2 Lsr is ir
2
2
'
m

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(2)

(3)
(4)

16

Single phase rotating machine

* Torque of electric origin
'

W
dLsr
e
m
T
i i
i i M sin

if :

is I s cos s t
ir I r cos r t

s r

s r

(5)

T e I s I r M cos st cos r t sin

(6)

Mechanical power

pm T m m I s I r M cosst cosr t sin

e

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(7)

17

Single phase rotating machine

Mechanical power

pm T m m I s I r M cos st cos r t sin

e

Let mt
Frequency condition
For average power: Pm 0
m s r

Pm

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m I s I r sin

(8)

(9)

(10)

4
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Single phase rotating machine

* Voltage equations

d s
vs is Rs
dt
d r
vr ir Rr
dt
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(11)

19

Power Circuits and Electromechanics

Two-phase

Rotating machine

Presenter: Hoang-Hon Trinh

Industrial and Civil Automation Lab
Tel: 0903767041
trinhhoanghon09@gmail.com
www.icalabhcmut.edu.vn

25/07/2015 6:06 CH

Two-phase rotating machine

* Four electrical ports
* One mechanical port

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Two-phase rotating machine

* Linkage flux

as Ls

0
bs
ar M cos

br M sin

0
Ls

M cos
M sin

M sin
M cos

Lr
0

* Co-energy

M sin ias
M cos ibs
iar
0

Lr
ibr
(12)

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
W Ls ias Ls ibs Lr iar Lr ibr Miasiar cos
2
2
2
2
Mibs iar sin Mias ibr sin Mibsibr cos
'
m

(13)

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Two-phase rotating machine

* Torque of electric origin

T I r I s M sin
e

(14)

Mechanical power

Pm m I r I s M sin
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ICA Lab

(15)

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Power Circuits and Electromechanics

Three-phase
synchronous machine

Presenter: Hoang-Hon Trinh

Industrial and Civil Automation Lab
Tel: 0903767041
trinhhoanghon09@gmail.com
www.icalabhcmut.edu.vn

25/07/2015 6:06 CH

Three-phase synchronous machine

* Four electrical ports
ia I m cos s t
ib I m cos s t 120
ic I m cos s t 120

(16)

ir I r constant

* One mechanical port

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Three-phase synchronous machine

* Linkage flux (for round rotor case)

L0
M 0
M 0
M cos ia
a

M
L

M
M
cos

120

0
0
0
ib (17)
b
c M 0
M 0
L0
M cos 120 ic


Lr
ir
r M cos M cos 120 M cos 120

* Co-energy

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
W L0ia L0ib L0ic Lr ir M 0iaib
2
2
2
2
(18)
M 0ibic M 0iaic Miair cos
'
m

Mibir cos 120 Micir cos 120

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Three-phase synchronous machine

* Torque of electric origin

3
T
I a I r M sin
2
e

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(19)

27

Three-phase synchronous machine

* Voltage in steady state

d a
L0
va
L0 I ms sin s t I ms sin st 120
dt
2
(20)
L0
I ms sin s t 120 I r M s sin s t
2
* Equivalent voltage equations

MI r
3
j
Va j L0s I a j
s e
2
2
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(21)

28

Three-phase synchronous machine

* Equivalent voltage equations
* Define

xs

Ear

MI r
3
j
Va j L0s I a j
s e
2
2

3
L0s :synchronous reactance
2

(22)

MI r
MI r

j
j
s e
s :voltage phasor
(23)
2
2
2

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Three-phase synchronous machine

* Equivalent voltage equations

Va jxs I a Ear

(24)

* Electrical equivalent circuits

jxs

Ia
Va

PT

Pm

Elec.

Mech.

Va

Ear

jxsIa

Ear
Ia

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Three-phase synchronous
machine
Va E ar
Ia
jx s

* Consequence

Power in terms of voltage

Total power PT 3Pa 3 ReEar I a*

Taking Va as reference, and consider Ear Ear d

3EarVa 2 d
3EarVa sin d
3
0
(25)
PT Re jEar d Va 0

xs
xs
xs
Va

With motor operation, PT > 0,

we must have d < 0.

jxsIa

Ear
Ia

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Three-phase synchronous
machine

* Consequence
Generator operation
Ear

PT

Pm

Elec.

Mech.

jxsIa

Va

Ia

Va jx s I a Ear

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or

Ear Va jx s I a

(26)

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32

Three-phase synchronous
machine

* Consequence
Generator operation
E ar Va
Ia
jx s

Ear

Va 0 0 E ar d 3Va E ar sin d

PT 3 Re
(27)

jx
x
s
s

jxsIa

Va

Ia

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Three-phase synchronous machine

* Power factor improvement
Synchronous motor can run
Leading or lagging PF
Belong to excited current Ir affect to Ear
Increase Ir (Ear) leading PF
decrease Ir (Ear) lagging PF

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Example 6.5
* A three-phase, 60 Hz, six-pole, wye-connected
synchronous generator is driven by a turbine that
delivers 16910 W to the shaft. The friction and windage
losses are 500 W. The field current is adjusted so that the
voltage Ear proportional to field current on a per phase
basis is Ear = 355 V. The generator supplies a load at 440
V (line-to-line). Find speed, Ear, Ia phasors and real and
reactive power output of the generator. Synchronous
reactance xs = 5 W.

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Solution

PT

Pm

Elec.

Mech.

* Generator operation

PmTurbine 16910W
Prot 500W

The power is supplied to generator

Ear Va jx s I a (26)

PT 16910 500 16410W

3Va Ear sin d
27 : PT
xs

PT xs
16410 5
sin d

0.3033
3Va Ear 3 355 440
3
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Ear
jxsIa

Va
Ia

36

Solution

PT

Pm

Elec.

Mech.

sin d 0.3033 d 17.65440

* Because of generator mode: d>0

Ear Ear d 35517.65440

* Stator current
Ear Va 35517.65440 254
0 E ar Va jx s I a (26)
Ia

27.34 38.04
jxs
j5

* Apparent power

Ear

S 3Ear I a* 35517.65440 27.3438.040

16410 j 24054 VA

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jxsIa

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Va
Ia

37

Thanks!

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Power transformer

Objects

Voltage equations vi

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di1
di2
v1 R1i1 L1
M
dt
dt
di1
di2
0 R2i2 M
L2
RLi2
dt
dt
v2 RL i2
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39

Power transformer
di1
i2
d
v1 R1i1 L1 aM aM i1
dt
dt
a
i2
i2
d
d i2 2 i2
2
2
0 a R2 aM i1 a L2 aM a RL
a
dt
a
dt a
a
i2
2
Equivalent voltage equations
av2 a RL
a

Electrical
equivalent circuits

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40