9 AS 1210-1991 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Australian Standard Pressure vessels SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 1.1 SCOPE This Standard sets out minimum requirements for the materials, design, manufacture, testing, inspection, certification and despatch of fired and unfired pressure vessels constructed in ferrous or non-ferrous metals by welding, brazing, casting, forging, or cladding and lining and includes the application of non-integral fittings required for safe and proper functioning of pressure vessels, This Standard also specifies requirements for non-metallic vessels and metallic vessels with non-metallic linings, For detailed requirements for metallic materials, manufacture and testing, reference should be made to the relevant material Standards, and to AS 4458, AS 3992 and AS 4037. ‘The requirements of this Standard have been formulated on the basis that the required examinations and inspection during manufacture are performed and that appropriate reasonable care is taken of the vessels during subsequent stages in the life of vessels including appropriate inspection for deterioration. 1.2 OBJECTIVE AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA 1.2.1 Objective of the Standard This Standard: aims to specify clear, uniform, safe requirements which— (a) cover the materials, design, manufacture, testing, inspection, certification and despatch of pressure vessels; and (b) facilitate the supply of pressure vessels which meet the purchaser's requirements. 42.2 Performance requirements To meet the above objective, pressure vessels supplied to this Standard are to satisfy the following performance criteria when produced and used in accordance with the contract, the designed service conditions and sound practice— (a) provide reasonably certain protection of all persons involved in various stages of the vessel's life and of adjacent property and environment; (b) provide appropriate economy, performance, reliability. operability, inspectability and maintainability over a reasonably long life; and (©) control risks 0 at least satisfy applicable safety, health and environment laws. The remainder of this Standard gives prescriptive requirements which satisly the above criteria in the matters covered 1.3. APPLICATION This Standard is intended to apply to pressure vessels-— (a) with design pressures above the curves in Figures 1.3.1 and 1.3.2 but not exceeding 24 MPa for welded, forged, brazed or cast metallic vessels or non-metallic vessels unless otherwise agreed by the parties concerned; and (>) with operating temperatures within the temperature limits for various materials and components 25 stated in the appropriate Section of this Standard, COPYRIGHTAS 1210—1997 0 In relation to pressure-containing parts, the following shall be included in the scope of (f% this Standard ¢ (i) Where external piping is to be connected to the vessel— (A) the welding end connection for the circumferential joint for welded connections; (B) the first threaded joint for screwed connections; (C) the face of the first flange for bolted, flanged connections; and (D) the first sealing suctace for proprietary connections or fittings (ii) The weld attaching a non-pressure part to a vessel where the non-pressure part is welded directly to either the internal or external surface of a pressure vessel. (iii) Pressure-retaining covers for vessel openings such as manhole and handhole covers. (iv) Vessel supports which form part of the vessel (v) Protective devices, pressure relief valves and thermal protection where required by the purchaser. This Standard is not intended to apply to liquid storage tanks, large low pressure gas. storage tanks (such as are dealt with in ANSI/API Std 620), nuclear vessels, machinery < such as pump and compressor casings, or vessels subject to pressures caused only by static head of their contents, fire-tube, shell and miscellaneous boilers, water tube boilers, non-integral piping, serially produced pressure vessels, and other plant under pressure but excluded by AS/NZS 1200. Requirements for pressure vessels of advanced design and construction are given in AS 1210 Supplement | Related Standards which provide alternatives to the requirements in this Standard within the scope of their application are AS 2971 and AS 3509. Users of this Standard are reminded that it has no legal authority in its own right, but may acquire legal standing in one or more of the following circumstances: (1) Adoption by a government or other authority having jurisdiction (2) Adoption by a porchaser as the required standard of construction when placing a contract. (3) Adoption where a manufacturer states that a vessel is in accordance with this Standard. COPYRIGHTu AS 1210—1997 SURE (FI RAL PRES Int. INSIDE DIAMETER OF VESSEL (0), m FIGURE 1.3.1 VESSELS SUBJECT TO INTERNAL PRESSURE 100,-— ~ é a |} j | | z 2 : 5 0 - a "I Zoos 4 | é p= (3 + 08mnPa = 10 | | eal | os t os 1526-2530 INSIDE DIAMETER OF VESSEL (D1, m FIGURE 1.3.2 VESSELS SUBJECT TO EXTERNAL PRESSURE 1.4 INTERPRETATION OF STANDARD For interpretation of this Standard refer to ASINZS 1200. 1.5 NEW DESIGNS, MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING METHODS This Standard does not prohibit the use of materials or methods of design ot manufacture which are not specifically referred to herein. (See AS/NZS 1200 for guidance). 1.6 CLASSES OF VESSEL CONSTRUCTION Welded metallic vessels are categorized into three main clusses. according to the design, manufacture. testing and inspection requirements indicated in Table 1.6. Class 2 is subdivided into classifications 2A and 2B, primarily t0 enable the use of higher weld joint efficiency where spot non-destructive examination is utilized For mixing of classes of welded construction, see Clause 1.7.24 Forged and non-metallic vessels are not classified. coPyRIGHTAS 1210—1997 2 Other vessels are not classified but different levels of construction are identified by— C ( (a) diftecent casting quality factors (see Clause 3.3.1.1(@)) for east construction; and (b) different brazed joint efficiencies for brazed construction TABLE 16 . CLASSIFICATION OF WELDED VESSELS Class 3 vewele Requirement | Class 1 vessels Chass 3 vessels . 2A 2B Material Section 2 Seaioa2 Section 2 Section 2 Design: (see Note) General Section 3 Section 3 Section 3 Section 3 Longit. welded | D-B(1,00) D.8(0.85) 19-8(0.80) D-B(0.70) joints (and max. {Seamless (1.00) | Seamless (1.00) | Seamless (1.00) _] Seamless (1.005 welded joim S-Bbs (0.90) S-Bbs (0.80) $-Bbs (0.75) S-Bbs (0.65) efficiency n) Cite. welded joints | D-B(1.00) D-BO85) D.B(0.80) D-BOI: “© (and max, welded {Seamless (1.00) | Seamless (1.00) | 8-Bbs(0.75) S-Bbs(0.65) joint efficiency n) | S-Bbs (0.90) 3-Bbt 0.80) 5-8(0.65) S-B(0.60); D-Fille lap(0.55) S-Filletlap(0.45) S-Fillet lap with lug welds (0.5) Connections and [See Clause 3.19 | See Clause 3.19 [See Clause 3.19 | See Clause 3.19 branches Manufacture General Section & Section 4 Section 4 Section 4 Postweld heat Generally requited Generally not Generally not Generally not treatment except for some required except for | required except for |eequired except for : ‘metals Some metals some metals some metals (see AS 3992 and (sce AS 3992 and | (see AS 3992 and | (see AS 3992 and AS 4458) AS 4458) AS 4458) AS 4458) Testing: General Section 5 Secvion $ Section 5 Section 5 Welding procedure | Required (see Required (see Required (se Required (see qualification AS 3992) AS 3992), A5 3992) AS 3992) Production weld test | Required (see Required (se Required (see Not Required plates AS 3992), AS 3992) aS 3992) Rodiographic o¢ {100% all main butt | Spot examination | Not required Not required ultrasonie Welds, except as in] all butt welds (see examination AS 4037 ‘AS 4037) Hydrostatic Required (see Required (see Required (see Required (see Clause $.10) Clause 5.10) Clause $.10) Clause 5.10) Tnspection [Section 6 Section 6 Section 6 Section 6 LEGEND, DB = double-welded butt joint or equivalent S-¥bs = single-weided butt joint with backing stip which remains in service SB single-welded butt joint without backing sip. DeFillet lap = double Full fillet tap joint. S-Fillet fap = single Tol Sthes tap jit NOTE: For limits of application of welded joints, see Figure 35.1.5 coPyricxr3 B AS 1210-1997 1.7 APPLICATION OF VESSEL CLASSES AND TYPES 1.7.1 General Compliance with Clauses 1.7.2 and 1.7.3 leads to minimum construction requirements which ensure reasonable protection of life and property. The designer shall identify the hazards with the vessel in operation and examine the consequences of the vessel failing, and assess the risks arising from such failure. This shall include consideration of each of the following aspects: (a) The adequacy of materials, design, manufacture, operation and maintenance. (b) The nature of service conditions, (©) The pressure energy (pressure and volume) of the vessel (d) The nature of contents when released. (©) The location with respect to people and plant. () Where appropriate, the economics of repair, replacement and obsolescence. Vessels that contain substances which are lethal (see AS 3920.1) shall be seamless, forged or of Class 1 welded construction. Examples of lethal substances are hydrogen cyanide, carbonyt ehloride and highly radioactive substances, Packed floating head exchangers shall not be used when the fluid in contact with the joint is lethal or flammable. 1.7.2, Welded construction 1.9.2.1 Vessels of Class 1 welded construction Class \ construction shall be used for —~ (a) vessels constructed of materials of thicknesses which require Class I construction (see Table 1.7); (b) vessels designed with a welded joint efficiency which requires Class I construction (see Table 3.5.1.7), (©) vessels which are to be pneumatically tested to a pressure greater than 20 percent of the test pressure required by Clause 5.10.2.1 prior to hydrostatic testing; (d) vessels containing lethal substances referred to in Clause 1.7.1; (©) vessels for special non-corrosive applications, e.g. vacuum insulated cryogenic vessels, where it is not practicable to provide inspection openings for subsequent inspection (see Clause 3.20.6(b)); and (O transportable vessels required by Clause 3.26 to be of Class { construction. 1722 Vessels of Class 2 welded construction Class 2A ot 2B construction shall be used as a minimum for— (a) vessels constructed of materials of thicknesses which require Class 2 construction (see Table 1.7); (>) vessels designed with a welded joint efficiency which require Class 2 construction (see Table 3.5.1.7); and (c) transportable vessels having a capacity not greater than 5 m? water capacity and allowed by Clause 3.26 to be of Class 2 construction, 1.7.2.3 Vessels of Class 3 welded construction Class 3 construction may be used where Class I or 2 construction is not necessary. 1.7.24 Mixed classes of welded construction Mixing of classes of welded construction is permitted, provided that the following conditions apply (a) The class of construction used for any part or joint is not a lower class than that required by Clause 1.1.2.1 or Clause 1.1.2.2, as applicable at the part or joint COPYRIGHTAS 1210-1997 4 (b) Where full radiography is not required by this Standard but the longitudinal joints ey of a vessel are fully radiographed, Type B (see Clause 3.5.1.1) circumferential joints < shalt be spot radiographed in accordance with the relevant requirements for the Clause ‘spot examination’ of AS 4037. amples of pressure vessels where mixed classes of construction may be used are— (i) vessels having different sections exposed to different process conditions which warrant different classes of construction, e.g. major refinery towers and heat exchangers; Gi) vessels having different wall thicknesses over the length of the vessel owing 10 external load considerations (e.g. wind or self-weight) or different diameters; and Gii) Class 1 shell joined to a Class 1 end by a Class 2 weld which meets all the provisions and limitations for Class 2 construction. Mixing of classes of construction to this Standard and AS 1210 Supplement 1 is permined provided— (A) _ the relevant requirements of both Standards apply to the components concerned; (B) the design, marking and manufacturer's data report record joint compliance; and i x (C) the parties concerned agree. 1.7.3. Other types of construction The limits of application of different types of cast, forged or brazed construction are specified in the relevant clauses for these types of construction. The limits of application for non-metallic vessels are specified in Section 10. COPYRIGHTe ts TABLE 1.7 NOMINAL MINIMUM SHELL MATERIAL THICKNESS REQUIRING CLASS 1 OR 2 CONSTRUCTION” AS 1210-1997 Material (Note 6) Nominal shell thickness (Note 1) F Chass Class 2 : Typical standaéd or Group Type nominal composition | construction | construction [Carbon and carbon-manganeve sieel > 32 AS 1s 7 >20 AU [ow strength) ieee aa (Nore 2) x [Carbon and carbon-manganese steel 332 az Jas 15 . >t (medium strength) eiteeioeeeeeee (Note 2) a "Ad [catbon and carbon-manganese steel [AS 1594: XF400, XFS] > 32 sa (high yield strength) JAPISL:_X52, 60, 65,70 | _ (Note 2) a [Alloy steel (alloy <4) CE Mo: Cr Mo; % 8 4Mn-4Mo 220 a C_ [Alloy steel 4S total alloy <3) [1 Crs Moz 1 Cr Mo S16 so Di__|Cow alloy steel (vanadium type) [4 Cr-vs Mo- V AIL = 5 Bm Cel Mo: 5 Cre Mo: D2 Jatloy steel (3s tol aloy <10) 4° ll - E_ [3 Nickel seed Ba Ni 316 3e F__ |) Nickel steer lan an = Galley steel quenched and tempered [AS 3507 700 PV Ait = 12 Cr Type 410) 1 |Marensitic chromium ste! = e z 15 Ce Type 429) at 72 Cr-Al (Type 405) ‘Air = (Note 3) Sec 12 Clow C (Type 4108) All = J |Ferritic high chromium steet swore) 12 Clow C (Type 4105) >38 >s leNove 5) 18 CrBNi (Type 304) 18 Cr-12Ni-2.5 Mo (Type K [Austenitic chromium: nickel steel > 7 kel steel | 38 10 18 Cr-lONi-Ti (Type 321) igh chromium steel 27 CrOSNi-O2C (Type c Jea6) at - Ferrie-austenitic chromium-nickel [22 CrSNi-3Mo M > > steel [s31803, * ‘ [Aluminium and W alloys Various eae a [Copper and is alloys [Various se 56 Non [AIl grades except those ferrous below >38 >s metals |Nickel and its alloys IN-CrRE NEFECr Ni-Mo, Ni-Mo-Cr, >10 s10 INi-Cr-Mo-Nb [Other [Various Nowe 7 Noe? + This Table does not pr t Class 1 or Class 2 the minimum thickness over Which these coastructions must be used NoTEs: 1 See also Clause 1.7, and for elad plate, see Cluuse 3.3.1.2 2 This may be increased to 40 mm wher tw fully Killed fine gratn practice with longutudinal impacts of 27 youles at ~20°C ss used 3 Welded with strait ehtumium cluctrades 4 Weldez with any electrode other than ia Note S COPYRIGHT ‘onstruction below thickness shown; however it aominates 4 preheut of not less than 100°C 45 used wr the steel used 8 madeAS 1210—1997 16 5 Weled wi clestndes which produce an austenite chromium-acke sel wld or + nonhardening nickel, Gy cchromium-iron deposit a 6 For basis of grouping of steels, see AS 3992 and for specific materials, see Table 3.3.1 7. By agreement between the parties concesned. 1.8 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard. the following definitions shall apply. 1.8.1 Actual thickness—the actual thickness of the material used in the vessel part, which may be taken as the nominal thickness, minus any applicable manufacturing under tolerance (see Clause 3.4.2(i)). 1.8.2 Construction—as used in this Standard, is an all-inclusive term comprising the terms given in Figure 1.8.2 Construction a Design Manufacture Supply Casting Fabrication Forging Examination and testing Welding Botting Brazing FIGURE 1.8.2 TERMS USED IN CONSTRUCTION 1.8.3 Corrosion—includes oxidation, scaling, mechanical abrasion, erosion and all other forms of wastage. 18.4 Desiga—drawings, calculations, specifications, models and all other information 2 necessary for the complete description of the vessel and its manufacture, w w 1.8.5. Desigaer—a body corporate, firm or person who designs pressure equipment oF is responsible for the design. 1.8.6 Design lifetime—the lifetime specified for each vessel component operating in the creep (high temperature) range and used in determining material design strength; expressed ia hours of service at specified conditions. NOTE: The design lifetime retaies only to the ercep performance of the relevant component and is not necessarily related to the life of the vessel, 1.8.7 Design pressure—the maximum gauge pressure, at a designated temperature, which is allowed at the top of the vessel in its operating position. (Also known as maximum allowable working pressure) 1.8.8 Design strength—the maximum allowable stcess for use in the equations for the calculation of the minimum thickness or dimensions of pressure parts (see Clause 3.3). 1.8.9 Design temperature—the metal temperature at the coincident calculation pressure used to select the design swreagth for the vessel part under consideration (see Clause 3.2.2) COPYRIGHT” as r2n 1.8.10 Fired heater—a pressure vessel in which a liquid is heated below its atmospheric boiling temperature or a process fluid is heated in tubes above or below its atmospheric boiling temperature by the application of fire, the products of combustion or elecwiic power or simitar high temperature means. NOTE: This is intended to include hot water boilers and fired process heaters. 1.8.11 Inspection body—a body corporate or firm responsible for inspection which may be any one or more of design verification, fabrication inspection, in-service inspection and certification of inspection results. 1.8.12 Ligament efficiency—the ratio (expressed as a decimal) of the lowest calculated working strength of the ligaments between holes, for any way in which any ligament might fail, to the calculated working strength of the solid plate adjacent. 1.813 Manufacturer—a body corporate, firm or person Who manufactures the pressure vessel NOTE: The manufacturer may include the designer. 1.8.14 Material design minimum temperature (MDMT)—a characteristic minimum temperature of a material. It is used in design to select material with sufficient notch toughness to avoid brittle fracture and the temperature at which the material can be used at full design strength 1.8.15 Maximum operating temperature—the highest metal temperature to which the vessel part under consideration is subjected under normal operation. It is determined by the technical requirements of the process (see Clause 3.2.2.4 for maximum. service temperature for liquefied gas) 1.8.16 Maximum operating pressure—the highest pressure to which the vessel part under consideration is subjected under normal operation. It is determined by the technical requirements of the process (see Clause 3.2.1). 1.8.17 May--indicates that a statement is optional 1.8.18 Minimum calculated thickness—the minimum thickness calculated, according to the equations to resist loadings, before corrosion or other allowances are added, 1.8.19 Minimum operating temperature (MOT)—the lowest metal temperature to Which the vessel part under consideration is subjected during normal operation. It is determined by the technical requirements of the process or a lower temperatuce where specified by the purchaser. 1.8.20 Minimum required thickness—the minimum thickness required which is equal to the minimum calculated thickness plus corrosion and other allowances. 1.8.21 Nominal thickness —the nominal thickness of material selected as commercially available (and to which specified manufacturing tolerances are applicable). 1.8.22 Parties concerned—the purchaser, designer, manufacturer, design verifying and inspection bodies, supplier, installer and owner as appropriate. 1.8.23 Pressure, calculation —the pressure (internal or external) used in conjunction with the design temperature to determine the minimum thickness or dimensions of the vessel part under consideration (see Clause 3.2.1) 1.8.24 Pressures—unless otherwise noted, all pressures used in this Standard are gauge Pressures of the difference in pressures on the opposite sides of the vessel part COPYRIGHTAS 1210— 1997 8 1.8.25 Pressure vessel—a vessel subject to internal or external pressure. It includes interconnected parts and components, valves, gauges and other fittings up to the first point of connection to connecting piping, It also includes fired heaters and gas cylinders, but excludes any vessel that falls within the definition of a boiler or pressure piping in this, Standard NOTE: Gas cylinders are not covered by this Standard. It is intended that the above definition includes vessels, such as heat exchangers, evaporators, air receivers, steam type digesters, steam type sterilizers, autoclaves, reactors, calorifiers and pressure piping components, i.e. separators, strainers and the like. See Clause 1.3 for vessels specifically included and excluded. It should also be noted that throughout this Standard ‘pressure vessels" are referred to as ‘vessels’ 1.8.26 Purchaser—a body corporate, firm ot person who buys the pressure equipment from the manufacturer. 1.8.27 Qualified welding procedure—a welding procedure satisfying the requirements of AS 3992, 1.8.28 Regulatory authority—any Commonwealth, State or , Territory regulatory authority in Australia with the responsibility for pressure equipment safety and includes an officer of that authority with delegated responsibility by that authority. / 1.8.29 Shall—indicates that a statement is mandatory. . 1.8.30 Should—indicates a recommendation. 1.8.31 Welding terms and welding symbols—(See AS 2812). 19 UNITS Except where specifically noted, units used in the Standard are based on newtons, millimetres and degrees Celsius. ns in this Standard are defined in relation to 1.10 NOTATION symbols used in equ: the particular equations in which they occur. LIL INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED BY THE PURCHASER AND MANUFACTURER Appendices E and F summarize the information required in various clauses to be supplied by the purchaser and manufacturer, respectively. 1.12, DESIGNATION Pressure vessels built to this Standard shall be designated by the number of this Standard, ic. AS 1210, and the method or class of construction (see Clause 7.1(h)) as follows: a 7 For Class 1 welded construction AS 1210— For Class 2A welded construction AS 1210—2A, AS 1210~2B, For Class 2B welded construction For Class 3 welded construction AS 1210—3 NOTE: See AS 1210 Supplement | for designation of vessels constructed 10 that Supplement Por brazed construction AS 1210—B. For cast construction AS 1210-—C. AS 1210—F. For forged construction For mixed construction An appropriate combination of symbols (e.g, AS 12101724, COPYRIGHT9 AS 1210-1997 1.13 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS A jist with titles of the documents referred to in this Standard, is given in Appendix R. Where reference is made to a Standard by its number only, the reference applies to the cucrent edition of the Standard and as amended, unless otherwise agreed to by the parties concerned. Where reference is made to a Standard by number, year and where relevant an amendment number. the reference applies to that specifig document. coPyRIGHT