EDUCATIONAL
LEARNING
TEACHING
(ELT)MANAGEMEN
T
Dosen : Drs.H.M.Syarifuddin,
M.Pd
Wardah Mardiathussolihah
1209206139
PBI C/II
TARBIYAH DAN
PENDIDIKAN
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGRI
SUNAN GUNUNG DJATI
BANDUNG
2010
SENTENCE
What Is a Sentence?
Common definition claims that a sentence is a complete thought. However, it is
more realistic to define a sentence as a satisfying complete pattern of intonation
or expression: that is, a complete utterance.
Major Sentence, Minor Sentence, and Fragments
A major sentence is a grammatically independent group of words that contain
at least two essential structural elements: a subject and a finite verb. Major
sentences constitute 99% or more of most writing.
A minor sentence is an acceptable pattern of expression that nevertheless lacks
either a subject or a finite verb, or both.
1. Exclamations: Oh! Well, I never! Heavens! Wow! Great! Incredible!
2. Questions or responses to questions: When? Tomorrow. How many? Seven.
Why? What for? How come? What else? Really?
3. Common proverbial or idiomatic expressions: Easy come, easy go. Now or
never. In a pigs eye! Sink or swim. Better late than never.
4. Minor sentences used for rhetorical or stylistic effect by writers who know
how to handle them.
Kinds of Major Sentences simple, compound, complex, and compound-
complex.
1. Simple
Denis works.
The dilapidated old building collapsed during the night.
2. Compound
it consists of two or more simple sentences (independent
clauses with coordinating conjunctions)
The clouds massed thickly against the hills; soon the rain fell in torrents.
He wanted to fly, but to she insisted on going by train.
3. Complex
sentence consists of one independent clause and one or
more subordinate clauses.
He claimed that he was innocent. (noun clause as direct object)
She left before the party was over. (adverbial clause modifying left)
4. Compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent
clauses and one or more subordinate clauses.
Because he knew that the job was important, he began very carefully, but as
time passed he grew impatient and therefore he failed to obtain the results
that he had hoped for.
Basic Sentence Patterns
As we've seen, the Subject is usually (but not always) the first element in a
sentence, and it is followed by the verb:
Pattern 1
Subject Verb
David
sings
The dog barked
Susan
yawned
In this pattern, the verb is not followed by any Object, and we refer to this as
an intransitive verb. If the verb is monotransitive, it takes a Direct Object,
which follows the verb:
Pattern 2
Subject
Verb
Direct Object
David
sings ballads
The professor wants to retire
The jury
found the defendant guilty
In the ditransitive pattern, the verb is followed by an Indirect Object and a
Direct Object, in that order:
Pattern 3
Subject
Verb
Indirect Object Direct Object
The old man
gave
the children
some money
My uncle
sent
me
a present
The detectives asked Amy
lots of questions
Adjuncts are syntactically peripheral to the rest of the sentence. They may
occur at the beginning and at the end of a sentence, and they may occur in all
three of the patterns above:
Pattern 4
(Adjunct)
Subject
Verb
Indirect
Direct Object
(Adjunct)
Object
[1] Usually
David
sings
in the bath
[2] Unfortunately
the
wants
to retire
this year
showed the jury
the
in
photographs
chamber
professor
[3] At the start of the the judge
trial
private
Pattern 4 is essentially a conflation of the other three, with Adjuncts added.
We have bracketed the Adjuncts to show that they are optional. Strictly
speaking, Objects are also optional, since they are only required by
monotransitive and ditransitive verbs, as in the examples [2] and [3] above.
Examples of different sentence patterns
1. The wall collapsed
Subject Verb
5
2. During the war, many people lost their homes
(Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object
3. I promised the children a trip to the zoo
Subject -- Verb -- Indirect Object -- Direct Object
4. When he was 12, David moved to London
(Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- (Adjunct)
5. Paul hired a bicycle
Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object
Review The patterns for these sentences are shown in the table below:
(Adjunct)
Subject
Sentence
The
wall
Verb
collapsed
Indirect
Direct
Object
Object
(Adjunct)
=
Pattern
A
Sentence During
many
people
the war
lost
their
homes
Pattern
D
Sentence
promised the
children
a trip to
the zoo
Pattern
C
Sentence When he David
4
moved
was 12
to
London
Pattern
E
Sentence
Paul
hired
bicycle
Pattern
B
More Basic Sentence Patterns
A. Passive voice
Poison killed him. (Active Voice)
He was killed by poison. (passive voice)
B. Liking verbs with complement
Subject
(noun or pronoun)
predicate
subjective complement
(linking verb)
(predicate adjective)
7
Sharon
is
Raw vegetables
rich.
make
good snacks.
C. Verbs followed by a direct object and an objective complement.
Subject
predicate
Noun or
transitive
pronoun
verb
The members
They
direct
object
considered
made
objective complement
(adjective)
Walter
themselves
incompetent.
comfortable.
D. The expletive pattern
Subject
predicate
That life begins at forty
may be true.
No plumbing
was in the cabin.
No solution
existed.
Expletive
It
linking verb
may be
There
was
There
were
complement
true
subject
that life begins at forty.
no plumbing in the cabin.
no solutions.
There were fifteen people at the meeting.
It was difficult to believe him.
Its delightful the way she can imitate her brother.
Simple sentences contain only one independent clause.
Compound sentences join two or more independent clauses (simple
sentences) but no dependent clauses. Compound sentences join ideas of
equal importance.
Complex sentences join one or more dependent clauses (sometimes called
subordinate or embedded clauses) to the independent clause. Complex
sentences are useful when your writing includes some ideas that are more
important than others. The independent clause contains the main idea, and
the dependent clauses convey minor or subordinate ideas.
