Final Report

DEVELOPMENT OF APPS
FOR MEDICAL SPECIALITIES
A
Management Internship Program Report
Submitted to
SVKMs NMIMSs
SPP School of Pharmacy & Technology Management
MBA (Pharma. Tech.)
By
Mr. Gavin DSouza
under the guidance of
Prof. Haresh Raulgaonkar
Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel

School of Pharmacy & Technology Management,
SVKMs NMIMS,
Vile Parle (W), Mumbai-400056
2015
Statement by the candidate
This is to submit that this written submission in my report entitled Development of mobile apps
for Medical Specialities represents my ideas in my own words and where others ideas or words
have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I also declare
that I have stick to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented
or fabricated or falsified any idea / data / fact / source in my submission. I understand that any
violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the School and can also evoke
penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper
permission has not been taken when needed.
Mr. Gavin DSouza

A019
Forwarded Through,
Mr.Haresh Raulgaonkar
Assistant professor
SPP School of Pharmacy & Technology
Management,
SVKMs NMIMS,
Vile Parle (W),
Mumbai 400056
Certificate
2 | Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS University
The work described in this report entitled Development of Mobile Apps for Medical
Specialities has been carried out by Mr. Gavin DSouza under my supervision. I certify that,
this is his bonafide work. The work described is original and has not been submitted for any
degree to this or any other university.
Date:
Faculty Sign:
Place: Mumbai
Faculty Name: Mr.Haresh Raulgaonkar

Designation: Assistant Professor
______________________
Chairperson
______________________
Dr. R.S. Gaud
Dean
SVKMs NMIMS
Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel
School of Pharmacy & Technology Management,
Vile Parle (W), Mumbai-400056.
Acknowledgement
I would like to take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to
Dr.Mamta Jain,Mr Tejas Thakur and Ms. Vaishali Kulkarni,my industry mentors at Medwiz
Healthcare Communications Pvt.Ltd for all the support and teachings rendered by them.
I would like to thank my mentor Mr. Haresh Raulgaonkar for his exemplary guidance,
monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this management internship.
I would also like to thank my colleagues and family for helping me out with their valuable inputs
as well as moral and material support.
Mr. Gavin DSouza
Abstract
Smartphones and tablets are transforming millions of peoples lives. The use of mobile apps has
transformed many aspects of clinical practice. The use of apps have been increasing in the
healthcare sector for several purposes like diagnosis, treatment, monitoring as well as educating
patients.Mobile apps are tools for physicians and other health care professionals that make
clinical practice more effective at a faster pace. Mobile platforms are more user friendly,
computationally powerful, and readily available, innovators have begun to develop mobile apps
of increasing complexity to leverage the portability mobile platforms can offer. Certain mobile
apps are specifically targeted to assisting patients as well as other healthy individuals in their
own health and wellness management like a Pill reminder app. The other mobile apps are
targeted to healthcare providers as tools to improve and facilitate the delivery of patient care.
Apps have become ubiquitous in many aspects of our lives over the past years, fueled by the
widespread availability of tablet computers and Smartphone. There are thousands of health,
wellness, and medical apps available for download to Apple (iOS) or Android devices (Google
Play Store) from online stores respectively. Harnessing the potential power of apps for healthcare
has become a focal point of innovation, in particular those apps which can be used by healthcare
professionals. This study will help us understand the need of each medical speciality in terms of
app features as well as the extent of adoption of digitization in the diagnosis and treatment of
patients. This study also focuses of the use of apps by medical specialities as a patient teaching
tool that enhances real time point of care education and helps the physician in creating a more
informative and effective real time consultation.
TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Sr.No Contents
1
Title Page
Page No.
i.
Statement by the candidate
ii.
Certificate
iii.
Certificate of Completion
iv.
Acknowledgements
v.
Abstract
vi.
Table Of Illustrations
vii.
8
9
About Medwiz Healthcare Communications Pvt. Ltd.

Chapter 1- Introduction
1
2
1.1 Purpose,Scope,Limitation
1.2 Literature Review
1.2.1 Regulatory approach for mobile apps and mobile

medical apps
1.3 Sources and Research Methodology
10
Chapter 2-Industrial Analysis
8
9
11
2.1 Statistical Analysis
11
2.2 Graphical Analysis
25
2.3 Medical related apps used by Sample Population Doctors

11
Chapter 3-Implementation
12
Chapter 4 Conclusion
4.1 Recommendations
30
33
34
35
36
13
References
14
Annexure 1: Market Research Questionnaire
38
15
Appendix: Initial Information Report
43
About Medwiz Healthcare Communications Pvt. Ltd.

Medwiz Healthcare Communications Pvt. Ltd. is a fast-paced, visionary healthcare
communications agency. Medwiz meets the needs of healthcare clients and providers through
scientific acumen, excellence in delivery and dedicated service.
Medwiz brings commitment, integrity and pride to everything they do. Their goal is to be
recognized as a center of excellence in medical communications by their clients, peers,
employees and the medical community with whom they work with.
Medwiz offers unique value based services catering to the needs of physicians, pharmaceutical
companies, healthcare service providers and patients/consumers. Medical communications,
scientific content-based product promotion strategies for pharmaceutical and device companies,
patient education, web-based solutions comprise the many offerings in its suite of services.
Medwiz uses the full range of communication and publishing strategies to develop high impact
campaigns and services including novel Internet based approaches.
Medwiz specializes in the creation and localization of content to target audiences throughout the
world, including some of the fastest growing pharmaceutical markets such as India and across
the Globe. Their clients include many major pharmaceutical companies. Their expertise spans
many therapeutic areas.
Medwiz's excellence in healthcare communication is built upon:
1. Scientific Excellence
2. Strategy Insight
3. Quality
4. Commitment
5. Integrity
6. Innovation
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose, Scope and Limitations
1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Mobile Apps for Medical Specialities is a newer and untapped sector. The Medical related apps
market has become more congested with apps that contain generic information which do not
completely satisfy the needs of the medical specialities.
Speciality doctors prefer apps that provide authentic scientific data as well as various features
that enable to improve point-of-care patient education as well as help the increase patient
retention after consultation.
2. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
1. To understand and study the importance of Medical related mobile apps.
2. To identify the various missing aspects in the current market of existing medical
related apps and how to improve on them.
3. To analyze and understand the purpose of usage of the medical related apps by the
various medical specialities.
4. To study the need of the various medical specialities in terms of important app
features that will be significant in an app for their respective speciality.
5. To develop the patient profile parameters tailored to the respective speciality which
shall help doctors to provide quick online diagnostic and prescription support and
recent updates in their field to the needy patients.
6. To develop an app that will doctors make patient visits more effective with a pointof-care patient teaching tool.
3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1. The use of technology can help assist the health care professional during clinical
practice with the help of various tools that can be used for the purpose of clinical
referencing, calculations and patient education
2. This study provides information related to the needs in terms of app features of each
medical speciality.
3. The importance of medical related apps in healthcare sector.
4. This study covers various parameters that are essential for a medical related app.
4. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Medwiz interacts regularly with a large network of renowned and practicing doctors across all
specialities by virtue of its collaboration with various national & international medical
associations / institutes.
The scope of this study includes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Development of the structured questionnaire for Doctors to respond.

Personal interviews with identified doctors and capturing their responses
Analysis of the responses
Developing the Apps features and inputs for the respective Apps. (Actual
development of IT based algorithms is NOT in the scope of the project)
The survey in terms of personal interviews with Doctors across each of the following Specialities
mentioned below in Table 1
Cardiology
Pulmonology
Neurology
M.D. Medicine
Orthopaedics
Oncology
Psychiatry
Ophthalmonolgy
Paediatrics
Nephrology
E.N.T
Urology
Table 1
Gynaecology
Gastroenterology
Dermatology
M.S.Gen.Surgeon
5. LIMITATIONS:
Every research has its own limitations. It is not possible that a research is accomplished without
having bounding and limitation. The results of this study have been interpreted taking into
account a few limitations which are as following.
1. Demographic diversity of data collected: Primarily, the data was gathered from only few
localities.
2. Limited time provided by doctors as well as other time constraints.
3. The responses obtained were not from different parts of the country and hence the
research stands true just for a particular part of the country.
1.2 Literature Review

Terminology
Mobile Application (Mobile App)
Mobile Medical App
For purposes of this guidance, a mobile For purposes of this guidance, a mobile medical
application or mobile app is defined as a app is a mobile app that meets the definition of
software application that can be executed (run) device in section 201(h) of the Federal Food,
on
mobile
platform
(i.e.,
handheld Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) 4; and
commercial off-the-shelf computing platform, either is intended:

with or without wireless connectivity), or a web-
to be used as an accessory to a regulated
medical device; or
to transform a mobile platform into a
based software application that is tailored to a

mobile platform but is executed on a server.
regulated medical device

Table 1.1
Recent review studies have highlighted the scope and the future prospects of mobile devices in
health management and health care. Usage of mobile technology in health care can be broadly
grouped into two categories, the first being communication and the second, care.
Care of the patient could be provided through newer mobile devices by software applications
that:
1. Can provide diagnosis and treatment recommendations through a patient-specific
analysis,
2. Maintain patient health records (e.g., MediTouch),
3. Provide access to evidence-based patient-care guidelines (e.g, UpToDate), and
4. Can transform the mobile phone into a medical device with the addition of an
attachment [e.g.,AliveCors AliveECG app, which can convert the mobile phone into
an electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor].
Purpose of Usage
Literature Research and
Examples
New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, PubMed/MEDLINE,
Review
PubSearch, PubMed on Tap, Medscape, Docwise, Read by QxMD,
Drug References
askMEDLINE, PICO, and Disease Associations etc.

Epocrates, Skyscape RxDrugs/Omnio, Micromedex, FDA Drugs,
DrugDoses.net etc.
Patient Management
1. Clinical Decision Making
Johns Hopkins Antibiotic Guide (JHABx),Dynamed, UpToDate, 5Minute Clinical Consult (5MCC), 5-Minute Infectious Diseases Consult
2. Lab test apps
(5MIDC), ePocrates ID, Infectious Disease Notes (ID Notes) etc

Pocket Lab Values ,Lab Pro Values, Normal Lab Values, Daviss
3. Mobile apps can also be
Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, Pocket Guide to Diagnostic Tests etc

iPhone iSeismometer app, iMurmur, Perfect OB wheel, CHEST App
used directly to conduct

simple examinations
Medical Calculators
Epocrates, MedMath, MedCalc, Calculate, Medical Calculator,

Archimedes, uBurn Lite, Paeds ED etc
Others that are available are:
Vancomycin ClinCalc Full
SoftforcessAntibiotic Dosage Calculator
Patient Monitoring
Medical Education and Training
MedCalc 3000Pharmacology
The app iWander etc
QuantiaMD ,Medscape,Ambulatory,3D4 Medical ( Group of
apps),Neuromind,iRadiology
Table 1.3
(Table 1.3 states the uses for Mobile Devices and Apps along with examples by Healthcare Professionals)
Benefits provided by Mobile Devices and Apps for Healthcare Professionals

Mobile devices and apps have provided many benefits for HCPs, allowing them to make more
rapid decisions with a lower error rate, increasing the quality of data management and
accessibility, and improving practice efficiency and knowledge.
Most importantly, these benefits have been shown to have a positive effect on patient care
outcomes, as evidenced by a reduction in adverse events etc
These and other benefits mobile devices and apps provide to HCPs are discussed in Table below
Convenience
Practice of evidence-based medicine at the point of care more

convenient
One small device that fits in a lab-coat pocket
Better Clinical
Decision-Making
Mobile tools for supporting evidence-based medicine and clinical

decision-making as being drug reference, medical textbook, disease
diagnosis, and medical calculator apps
Improved Accuracy
The completeness and accuracy of patient documentation

More accurate diagnostic coding, more frequent documentation of
side effects, and increased medication safety through reduced medical
errors
Increased Efficiency
Enhanced
Productivity
Meaningful adoption of: Health information technology (EHRs, eprescribing, health information exchange, analytics/decision support,
patient support tools [websites, mobile apps,], and mobile health
technologies [ tablets, Smartphones] can improve the efficiency of
clinical practice.
Use of mobile devices at the point of care has helped streamline

workflow and increase the productivity of HCPs
Mobile apps help increase productivity by improving professional and
personal time and information management
1.2.1 Regulatory approach for mobile apps and mobile medical apps
FDA intends to apply its regulatory oversight to only those mobile apps that are medical devices
and whose functionality could pose a risk to a patients safety if the mobile app were to not
function as intended.
A. Mobile medical apps: Subset of mobile apps that are the focus of FDAs regulatory
oversight
The following are mobile apps that FDA considers to be mobile medical apps subject to
regulatory oversight:
a) Mobile apps that are an extension of one or more medical devices by connecting
to such device(s) for purposes of controlling the device(s) or for use in active
patient monitoring or analyzing medical device data.
b) Mobile apps that transform the mobile platform into a regulated medical device
by using attachments, display screens, or sensors or by including functionalities
similar to those of currently regulated medical devices.
c) Mobile apps that become a regulated medical device (software) by performing
patient-specific analysis and providing patient-specific diagnosis, or treatment
recommendations.
B. Mobile Apps for which FDA intends to exercise enforcement discretion (meaning that FDA
does not intend to enforce requirements under the FD&C Act)
FDA intends to exercise enforcement discretion for mobile apps that:
a) Help patients (i.e., users) self-manage their disease or conditions without
providing specific treatment or treatment suggestions;
b) Provide patients with simple tools to organize and track their health information;
c) Provide easy access to information related to patients health conditions or
treatments;
d) Help patients document, show, or communicate potential medical conditions to
health care providers;
e) Automate simple tasks for health care providers;
f) Enable patients or providers to interact with Personal Health Record (PHR) or
Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems.
1.3 Sources and Research Methodology

RESEARCH DESIGN:
A structured questionnaire was framed and survey was conducted. The questionnaire comprised
of a blend of demographic questions as well as objective type questions to gather the required
data. There were also ranking type of questions involved and a rating type of question involved.
Questions were also based on the 5 point Likert scale.Statistical software SPSS and MS Excel
was used to analyse the data.
The sample population consisted of Medical Practitioners (doctors) either having a private
practice or those practicing in Government Hospitals within Mumbai City limits.
SAMPLING DESIGN:
Sample size: The sample size was 476 respondents consisting of Doctors across 16 Medical
Specialities
Sample area: Mumbai, Thane
Sample procedure: Convenient Random Sampling
Data Collection Method and Instruments:
The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire. A copy of questionnaire for the
doctors has been duly attached towards the end of the report.
Primary Data:
Primary data was collected from the Doctors all over Mumbai and Thane.
Secondary Data:
Secondary data was collected from various websites, research papers and books. This data was
utilized for designing questionnaire for primary research.
Data Collection tool & technique:
Structured questionnaire.
Procedure:
The research was related to development of Apps for Medical Specialties which is an
information tool for the doctors or physicians hence the target respondents were Doctors across
all the 16 medical specialties.
Participants:
The participants in this survey were 476 doctors across 16 medical specialities, practicing in
Mumbai and Thane. Composition of the sample: The composition of the 476 respondents is as
follows
Sr.No.
Specialty
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Cardiology
Oncology
Orthopaedics
Gynaecology
Pediatrics
Respiratory/ Pulmonology
No. of
Doctors
45
10
101
77
72
19
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
M.D. Medicine
Gastroenterology
Ophthalmology
Psychiatry
Urology
Nephrology
Neurology
E.N.T
Dermatology
M.S. Surgery
37
19
21
21
8
6
7
15
13
5
TOTAL
476
Fig 1
Table 1.4
CHAPTER
2:
INDUSTRIAL
ANALYSIS
The data received from the Speciality doctors
have been analyzed in two different ways:
2.1. Statistical Analysis
a) One Sample t-test
Major Specialities
Minor Specialities
b) Cross Tabulation
c) Frequency Tables
2.2. Graphical Analysis
2.1) STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

a) One Sample t-test:
One Sample t-test was performed to identify the significant features in an app. The responses for
each specialty were analysed separately and the features that are important to each speciality
were identified.
The respondents (across all specialities) were asked about their preference for important features
in an app and were asked to rate these individual features on a scale of 1 to 5.
The features are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Treatment Guidelines
Flowcharts
Medical Calculators
Medical Literature
3D Animations
Drug Reference Guide
Treatment Recommendations
The responses for this question were analysed using SPSS software by IBM.
The sample population that consisted of Medical Specialists across 16 specialities has been
divided into two distinct groups i.e. Major Specialities and Minor Specialities on the basis of
priority as well as predefined parameters by the organization.
The Medical Specialties that fall under each group are as follows:
Major Specialities
i.
Cardiology
ii.
Orthopaedic
iii.
Gynaecology
iv. M.D Medicine
v. Oncology
vi.
Paediatrics
vii.
Gastroenterology
viii.
Opthalmology
ix.
Psychiatry
x.
Pulmonology
Minor Specialities
i. Neurology
ii. Nephrology
iii.
E.N.T
iv. Dermatology
v. Urology
vi. M.S. General Surgeon
MAJOR SPECIALITIES
1. Significance (2-Tailed)
Hypothesis:
App Feature
Ho: =3, Doctors do not consider the App Feature to be a significant nor
insignificant feature in an app
H1: 3, Doctors specifically consider the App Feature to be a
significant/insignificant feature in an app
Treatment
Guideline
s
Flowchart
s
Medical
Speciality
Medical
Calculator
s
Medical
Literatur
e
3D
Animation
s
Drug
Referenc
e Guide
Treatment
Recommen
-dations
Significance value
Cardiology
.000
.789
.000
.000
.000
.000
.051
Orthopaedic
.000
.011
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
Gynaecology
.000
.088
.000
.000
.458
.000
.324
M.D Medicine
.000
.571
.000
.000
.487
.000
.090
Oncology
.002
.619
.004
.000
.840
.000
.299
Paediatrics
.000
.850
.000
.000
.469
.000
.469
Gastroenterolog
y
Ophthalmology
.124
.578
.018
.000
.490
.002
.426
.000
.001
.000
.000
.065
.000
.550
Psychiatry
.008
.102
.049
.000
.268
.000
.086
Pulmonology
.000
.604
.022
.000
.022
.000
.009
Table 1.5
Hypothesis test result and interpretation:

(Table 1.6)
Significance Value of the Reject
the
App Feature <=0.05
hypothesis
null The App Feature

is
statistically significant.
Significance Value of the Accept Null Hypothesis

App Feature >=0.025
The App Feature is

statistically insignificant
2. Mean
App Feature
Treatment
Guideline
s
Flowchart
s
Medical
Calculator
s
Medical
Literatur
e
3D
Animation
s
Drug
Referenc
e Guide
Treatment
Recommen
-dations
Medical
Speciality
Cardiology
1.7111
3.0444
1.5778
1.3556
1.9111
1.6444
2.6444
Orthopaedic
1.8020
2.6436
2.5446
1.6040
1.7327
1.9208
2.3564
Gynaecology
1.6753
3.2208
1.9610
1.7013
2.8831
1.5974
2.8442
M.D Medicine
1.4054
3.1081
1.5135
1.4595
2.8378
1.7297
2.6216
Oncology
1.7000
3.2000
2.0000
1.2000
2.9000
1.5000
2.5000
Paediatrics
1.6111
2.9722
1.7778
1.6944
2.8889
1.7639
2.8889
Gastroenterolog
y
Ophthalmology
2.3684
2.7895
2.2105
1.5263
2.7368
1.8421
3.2632
1.6667
1.8095
4.0000
1.2857
2.2857
1.6667
2.8095
Psychiatry
2.0952
3.5238
2.3333
1.1429
3.3810
1.2381
2.4762
Pulmonology
1.3684
2.8421
2.2632
1.6316
2.2632
1.4211
2.2105
Table 1.7
Interpretation and Conclusion: (Refer Table 1.7)

1. The App Features that were analyzed are:-Treatment Guidelines , Flowcharts, Medical
Calculators, Medical Literature,3D Animations, Drug Reference Guide and Treatment
Recommendations
2. If the Mean of the App Feature for the Particular Medical Speciality is:22 | Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS University
Close to 1- The App Feature is considered as MOST IMPORTANT

Close to 2- The App Feature is considered as MORE IMPORTANT
Close to 3- The App Feature is considered as IMPORTANT
Close to 4- The App Feature is considered as LESS IMPORTANT
Close to 5- The App Feature is considered as LEAST IMPORTANT
3. Interpretation
App Feature
Medical
Speciality
Cardiology
Treatment
Guideline
s
Flowchart
s
Medical
Calculator
s
Medical
Literature
3D
Animation
s
Drug
Reference
Guide
Treatment
Recommen
-dations
Orthopaedic
Gynaecology
M.D Medicine
Oncology
Paediatrics
Gastroenterolog
y
Ophthalmology
Psychiatry
Pulmonology
Table 1.8
Doctors consider the feature as significant in a mobile app for the respective speciality
Doctors consider the feature as insignificant in a mobile app for the respective speciality
Most important feature
Interpretation and Conclusion: (Refer to Table 1.8)

1. The above table denotes the App features that Doctors of the particular speciality regard
as significant/insignificant in a mobile app for the respective speciality.
2. All of the above Medical Specialities regard Medical literature and Drug Reference
Guide as a significant app feature.
3. All of the above Medical Specialities except Gastroenterology regard Treatment
Guidelines as a significant app feature.
4. Orthopaedics and Ophthalmologist considered Flowcharts related to surgical procedures
as an important feature in an app for their respective speciality.
5. Medical Calculators is an insignificant feature for only Ophthalmology out of the above
mentioned Medical Specialities.
6. Cardiologist, Orthopaedics and Pulmonologist consider 3D animations as an essential
feature inorder to utilize the feature as a Patient Teaching tool.
7. Out of all the above Medical Specialities, Orthopaedic and Pulmonology consider
Treatment Recommendations as an important feature.
8. An important feature for Psychiatrist apart from the seven features mentioned above is a
feature to detect and identify any Drug-Drug Interactions.
MINOR SPECIALITIES
1. Significance (2-Tailed)
Hypothesis:
App Feature
Ho: =3, Doctors do not consider the App Feature to be a significant nor
insignificant feature in an app
H1: 3, Doctors specifically consider the App Feature to be a
significant/insignificant feature in an app
Treatment
Guideline
s
Flowcharts Medical
Medical
3D
Drug
Calculators Literature Animations Referenc
e Guide
Medical
Speciality
Treatment
Recommendations
Significance value
Neurology
.084
.035
.231
--*
.654
--*
.407
Nephrology
.034
.465
.025
.007
1.000
.034
.034
E.N.T
.077
.120
.001
.000
.388
.044
.132
Dermatolog
y
Urology
.051
1.000
.095
.001
.121
.000
.819
.026
.598
.002
.000
1.000
.000
.111
M.S.
General
Surgeon
.025
.305
.621
.025
.749
.109
.016
Table 1.9
* t cannot be computed because the standard deviation is 0.
Hypothesis test result and interpretation: (Refer to Table 2.0)

Significance Value of the App Reject the null hypothesis
Feature <=0.05
The App Feature

statistically significant.
is
Significance Value of the App Accept Null Hypothesis

Feature >=0.025
The
App
Feature
statistically insignificant
is
Table 2.0
2. Mean
App Feature
Treatment
Guideline
s
Flowchart
s
Medical
Calculator
s
Medical
Literatur
e
3D
Animation
s
Drug
Referenc
e Guide
Treatment
Recommen
-dations
Medical
Speciality
Neurology
1.8571
1.7143
2.4286
1.0000
3.2857
1.0000
2.4000
Nephrology
1.8333
2.6667
1.6667
1.5000
3.0000
1.8333
1.8333
E.N.T
2.2667
2.4667
1.8667
1.8000
2.6667
2.2667
2.4000
Dermatolog
y
Urology
2.1538
3.0000
2.3077
1.5385
2.3077
1.6154
2.9231
1.8750
2.7500
1.7500
1.2500
3.0000
1.3750
2.2500
M.S.
General
Surgeon
1.6000
3.6000
2.6000
1.6000
3.2000
1.8000
3.8000
Table 2.1
Interpretation and Conclusion:

1. The App Features that were analyzed are:-Treatment Guidelines, Flowcharts, Medical
Calculators, Medical Literature,3D Animations, Drug Reference Guide and Treatment
Recommendations
2. If the Mean of the App Feature for the Particular Medical Speciality is: Close to 1- The App Feature is considered as MOST IMPORTANT
Close to 2- The App Feature is considered as MORE IMPORTANT
Close to 3- The App Feature is considered as IMPORTANT
Close to 4- The App Feature is considered as LESS IMPORTANT
Close to 5- The App Feature is considered as LEAST IMPORTANT
3. Interpretation
App Feature
Medical
Speciality
Treatment
Guideline
s
Flowchart
s
Medical
Calculator
s
Medical
Literature
3D
Animation
s
Drug
Reference
Guide
Treatment
Recommen
-dations
Neurology
Nephrology
E.N.T
Dermatolog
y
Urology
M.S.
General
Surgeon
Table 2.2
Doctors consider the feature as significant in a mobile app for the respective speciality
Doctors consider the feature as insignificant in a mobile app for the respective speciality
Most important feature
Interpretation and Conclusion: (Refer Table 2.2)

1. All of the above Medical Specialities regard Medical literature and Drug Reference
Guide as a significant app feature.
2. Nephrology, Urology and M.S. Surgeon regard Treatment Guidelines as a significant app
feature.
3. Only Neurologist considered Flowcharts related to surgical procedures as an important
feature in an app.
4. Treatment Recommendations as an app feature is considered insignificant by M.S.
General Surgeon for their speciality.
b) Cross tabulation:
Hypothesis:
Ho: There is no association between the two variables.
H1: There is association between the two variables
1.Usage of medical Apps in Clinical practice * Medical Related Apps on

Smartphone
Chi-Square Tests
Value
df
Asymp. Sig. (2sided)
Pearson Chi-Square
50.950
Likelihood Ratio
.000
56.152
.000
Linear-by-Linear Association
49.017
.000
N of Valid Cases
476
a. 2 cells (25.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum

expected count is .36.
Table 2.3
Interpretation: (Refer to Table 2.3 )

The Chi-square test output shows a significance level of .000 (Pearsons) has been achieved. This
means that the Chi-square test is showing an association between the two variables i.e. Usage of
medical Apps in Clinical practice and Medical Related Apps on Smartphone at 100%
confidence level (100 0). Thus we conclude that at 95% confidence level, the two variables are
significantly associated with each other. Here, the significance value is lesser than 0.05. Thus, we
reject the null hypothesis and can say that there is association between the two variables.
2. Age * Medical Related Apps on Smartphone

Fig 1.2
Chi-Square Tests
Value
df
Asymp.
Sig.
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square
51.440a
.000
Likelihood Ratio
48.242
.000
15.703
.000
N of Valid Cases
476
From the graph (Fig 1.2), 53 out of 99

doctors that belong to the age group of
50
years and above do not have any
(2medical related apps on their
Smartphones.
The other age groups majorly have 1-5

medical related apps on their
Smartphones.
Table 2.4
a. 5 cells (31.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .12.
Interpretation: (Refer to Table 2.4) :

means that the Chi-square test is showing an association between the two variables i.e. Age and
Medical Related Apps on Smartphone at 100% confidence level (100 0). Thus we conclude
that at 95% confidence level, the two variables are significantly associated with each other. Here,
the significance value is lesser than 0.05. Thus, we reject the null hypothesis and can say that
there is association between the two variables.
3. Age * Usage of medical Apps in Clinical practice
Fig 1.3
Chi-Square Tests
Value
df
Asymp. Sig. (2sided)
Pearson Chi-Square
13.971
.003
Likelihood Ratio
13.895
.003
9.953
.002
N of Valid Cases
476
From the graph ( Fig 1.3), The Doctors

of the age groups of 41-50 years and 50
years and above, have a large
difference of opinion regarding the
usage of medical apps in clinical
practice as compared to the remaining
age groups
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is 20.35.
Table 2.5
Interpretation: (Refer to Table 2.5):

means that the Chi-square test is showing an association between the two variables i.e. Age and
Usage of Medical Apps in Clinical Practice at 99.997% confidence level (100 0.003). Thus
we conclude that at 95% confidence level, the two variables are significantly associated with
each other. Here, the significance value is lesser than 0.05. Thus, we reject the null hypothesis
and can say that there is association between the two variable
Conclusion
Variables
Hypothesis
Significance
Level
Ho: There is no 0.000
association
between the two
variables.
H1: There is
association
between the two
variables
Confidence Inference
level
100%
Since value of significance level
is < = 0.05, we reject the null
hypothesis at 95% confidence
level and conclude that, there is
significant association between
the variables.
Age
and
Medical Related
Apps
on
Smartphone

association
between the two
variables.
H1: There is
association
between the two
variables
100%

the two variables
Age and
Usage of Medical
Apps in Clinical
Practice

association
between the two
variables.
H1: There is
association
between the two
99.997%

these variables.
Usage of medical
Apps in Clinical
practice
and
Medical Related
Apps
on
Smartphone
variables
Table 2.6
c) Frequency Table
1. Medical Related Apps on Smartphone
Frequency
None
1-5 applications
6-10 applications
11-15 applications
Valid
Total
138
299
38
1
476
Percent
29.0
62.8
8.0
.2
100.0
Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
29.0
91.8
99.8
100.0
29.0
62.8
8.0
.2
100.0
Table 2.7a
2. Age
Valid
Below 30 years
31-40 years
41-50 years
50 years and above
Total
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
56
136
185
99
476
11.8
28.6
38.9
20.8
100.0
11.8
28.6
38.9
20.8
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
11.8
40.3
79.2
100.0
Table 2.7b
3. Usage of medical Apps in Clinical practice
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
36.3 and Technology

36.3
36.3SVKMs NMIMS University
31 | Shobhaben Pratapbhai
School of Pharmacy
Management,
Yes Patel 173
Valid
No
Total
303
476
63.7
100.0
63.7
100.0
100.0
Table 2.7c
2.2) GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

1. Age
Fig1.4: Age composition of the doctors

Interpretation:
In this sample of 476 doctors,
12% of the Doctors were below 30 years of age

28% of the Doctors were from the age group of 31-40 years
39% of the Doctors were from the age group of 41-50 years
21% of the Doctors were above 50 years of age
2. Popularity of the existing Apps.

None
Other
5%
14%
DocGuide
18%
MedCalc
18%
Micromedex
18%
Epocrates
Medscape
45%
21%
PubMed
UpToDate
85%
39%
Fig 1.5
3. No. of Medical related Apps that doctors possess on their Smartphone

Fig1.6
Interpretation:
About 63% of doctors possess 1-5 Medical apps on their smartphone

8% of the doctors possess 6-10 Medical apps on their smartphone
0% doctors possess 11-15 Medical apps on their smartphone
29% of the doctors possess no medical apps on their smartphone
Conclusion:
From the above data majority of the doctors possess 1-5 medical related apps on their
smartphones. The reasons that could be responsible for the same are as follows:
1. Too many apps available that contain unauthentic data therefore doctors refrained from
downloading these medical related apps.
2. Awareness about these medical related apps is low amongst the doctors.
3. Doctors prefer apps that are a one-stop solution for their medical needs.
4. Use of Apps in Clinical Practice
Fig1.7
Interpretation and Conclusions:
1. About 63.70% of Doctors do not use Medical Apps in Clinical Practice and only 36.30%
of Doctors use them in Clinical practice.
2. Out of the 36.30% of doctors that affirmed the usage of medical related apps in clinical
practice, Cardiologists and Orthopaedics were the majority.
3. The recent technological advances in the field of clinical practice have led to the
development of various medical related apps for diverse purposes. The technology of
medical related apps is in its conception stage and thus it is gradually being accepted by
the Indian medical speciality doctors.
4. Majority of the doctors refrain from using apps in clinical practice may be due to the
following reasons:
Lack of authentic information
Generic data overcrowding the app
Doctors feel the apps should be used to assist them in clinical practice and not
substitute them
Lack of physician friendly interface
Lack of trust due to unauthentic sources
Time constraints
Lack of patient interest
5. Frequency of usage of medical apps

The Respondents (doctors) from each speciality were asked about their frequency of
usage of medical apps. The following were the options were given:
a. Several times a day
b. Once or twice a day
c. Once a week
d. Rarely used
e. Never used
Their responses were recorded and tabulated as follows: (Refer Table 2.8 )
Frequency
Speciality
Several
times a day
Once Table
or 2.8
Once a week
twice a day
Rarely used
Never used
Cardiology
Orthopaedics
Gynaecology
M.D Medicine
Oncology
Paediatrics
Gastroenterology
Ophthalmology
Psychiatry
Pulmonology
Neurology
Nephrology
E.N.T
Dermatology
Urology
M.S.
General
Surgeon
6. Purpose of usage of Apps

The Respondents across all the specialities were asked about the purpose of usage of
mobile medical apps.
1.
Specialty
Purpose
Cardiology
Information and time management, For CME
Orthopedics
Gynecology
Pulmonology
Gastroenterology
2.
Neurology
Pediatrics
Information and time management, For CME,
M.D. General Medicine
Clinical reference
Psychiatry
Nephrology
ENT
3.
4.
Oncology
Information and time management, For CME,
MS
Clinical decision making

Information and time management, Clinical
reference, Clinical decision making, For CME
5.
Urology
Information
communication
6.
and
and
reference, For CME

Clinical reference,
Ophthalmology
time
management,
consulting,
Information
Clinical
and
management
7.
Dermatology
Clinical reference, For CME

Table 2.9
2.3 Medical Related Apps used by the Sample Population Doctors

I.
Cardiologist
a) HealthKart Plus / 1mg
b) QxMD
c) Prognosis: Your Diagnosis
d) DrawMD
e) ECG Reader Guide
f) MediTAS
g) GFR Calculator
h) Cardiac Score
i) Doc on Demand
j) Skyscape
k) Cardiac Drugs
l) Univadis
m) mdCurrent : Global Medicine, Local focus (INDIA)
n) mDiabetes, mhealth
time
o) Baseline ECG
II.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
Orthopedics
Infosys App
AO Surgery Reference ( AO foundation)
AO Trauma (AO Foundation)
UNIVADIS
DocPlexus
Orthobullets
vuMedia
Easy Clinic
HealthKart
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Psychiatrists
Clinical Scales
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
Psychiatry-Pro
Fig1
MedPage Today
1mg/HealthKartPlus
III.
IV.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Pediatricians
IAP Immunisation
ABG Interpreter
Calculate by QxMD
AXON Pediatric Software
Easy Clinic
V. Ophthalmologists
a) Eye care
b) Eye Handbook(EHB)
c)
d)
e)
f)
VI.
WebMD
e-MD
EyeXam
Smart app
Other Specialities
a) Nephrologists: KDIGO (Clinical practice guidelines for kidney)
b) Urologist: Urology UpToDate
c) Pulmonologist: TB Updates
d) Oncologists: Ranbaxy Oncology, GFR/BSA
e) Gynecologist: OB Wheel
CHAPTER 3: IMPLEMENTATION
Making the Apps Features and their linkages to the developed inputs shall be termed as the
success of this project.
1. Orthopaedics and Cardiologists considered 3D Animations( For Patient Education) as
an important feature.
2. The above mentioned medical specialities also use medical related apps at a frequency of
once or twice a day and thus concluded to develop a patient teaching app for these two
specialities.
3. Providers use tools to educate at the point-of-care to create a better structure for
consultation, which can improve the efficiency of the conversation with the patient as
well as help the patient retain more information.
4. These apps that were developed contain 3D Anatomy and other interesting features that
will assist the doctor in making the patients understand about their conditions more
effectively.
5. The app will be a patient teaching platform that will enhance real time point-of-care
education.
6. COMPETITORS IN PATIENT TEACHING APP MARKET:
DrawMD: Each of our draw MD apps is concentrated on a specific medical
specialty and provides drawing templates that support a variety of patient
conversations about conditions and procedures.( Multiple Specialities)
AO Surgery Reference [ASOR] ( AO foundation): It describes the complete
surgical management process from diagnosis to aftercare for all fractures of a
given anatomical region.(For Orthopaedics)

AO Trauma(AO Foundation): Surgical Procedures, Videos, Practice Exercise,
Publications( For Orthopaedics)

Eye Handbook: ( For Ophthalmology)
Coherent RX : Highly detailed set of MRI based 3d anatomy images allows
gastroenterologists to explain complex medical concepts more effectively. (For
Gastroenterology)
3D4 Medical Apps: Uses 3D technology to navigate and explore an animated,

virtual human body. (For Multiple Specialities)
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 CONCLUSION
Medical as well as medical related apps are invaluable tools for Healthcare Professionals
(HCPs), and as their features and uses expand, they are expected to become even more widely
incorporated into nearly every aspect of clinical practice. It is observed that some HCPs remain
reluctant to adopt their use in clinical practice. Medical apps provide the HCP with many
advantages but currently they are being used without a thorough understanding of their
associated risks and benefits. Authentication, evaluation, validation, and the development of bestpractice standards for medical apps which can be used as medical devices for diagnostic support
are greatly needed to ensure a fundamental level of quality and safety when these tools are used.
Innovative and technologically-inclined physicians, epidemiologists, and reconstructive surgeons
are particularly well placed to utilize the existing mobile software applications and also to create
applications that could address health issues. Educators in medicine, dermatology, public health
as well as the practicing physicians and surgeons need to embrace this new technology, study its
further adoption, and assist in the responsible integration of these devices into the art and
practice of medicine.
The main determinant of an apps value may ultimately be its ability to provide meaningful,
accurate, and timely information and guidance to the end user in order to serve the vital purpose
of improving patient outcomes.
4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendations for a Medical Related Mobile App
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Updation of apps on a regular basis such that the content is not outdated.
Patient teaching tools
App based notification of medical news
The app should be functional even without internet.
The most important feature required in a medical related app: Drug-Drug interaction
Focused content or task, not overloaded with information
To develop apps for medical students.
The Medical related Apps should be authenticated along with a physician-friendly
interface.
9. The Medical Related apps must have information that is specific to the particular
speciality.
10. Should be compatible with all existing operating systems( iOS, Android and Windows)
11. The App should be available in various local languages
Recommendations for a Patient teaching App
1.
2.
3.
4.
Interactive Animations
Long and Short Videos to help the patients visualize the process
Popping description about the complication(during the course of the video)
Drawing and Encircling particular portions/ segments of the given anatomical portion of
the body
5. Score based discussion
6. The features should be available in various local languages inorder to enhance patient
understanding as well as eliminate language as a barrier.
7. Visually changing anatomy during a condition along with change in the vital sign
indicators
8. Effects of missing parts
9. Greet the Doctor with his/her name upon opening of the app
10. Customization according to patient profile parameters.
REFERENCES
Articles:41 | Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS University
1. The scope of mobile devices in health care and medical education review article of
Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research
(JIPMER),Pondicherry, India by Devi Prasad Mohapatra dated August 11, 2015
2. Mobile Medical Applications: Guidance for Food and Drug Administration Staff issued
on February 9, 2015.
3. Patient Apps for Improved Healthcare report by IMS Institute for Healthcare
Informatics dated October 2013.
4. Cancer Scenario in India with Future Perspectives a publication by ResearchGate
5. mHealth: A new vision for healthcare a report by Mckinsey &Company
Web References:1.
2.
3.
4.
http://jaeselle.com/2010/10/digpharm-day-1-social-media-mobile-workshops/
http://www.androidapps.biz/app/com.aranoah.healthkart.plus
http://www.qxmd.com/apps/the-ecg-guide-for-iphone-ipad-android-blackberry
http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2015/06/new-vu-app-takes-smart-look-at-clinical-information-
sharing/
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7MIc7OtoCQ
6. http://profitable-practice.softwareadvice.com/point-of-care-education-6-apps-in-action1213/
7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBDcCVSxuko
8. http://www.nexj.com/2014/04/24/nexj-systems-inc-acquires-liberate-ideas-inc/
9. http://liberatehealth.us/
10. http://www.urologymatch.com/app_reviews
11. http://mobihealthnews.com/23740/apples-top-118-apps-for-doctors-nurses-andpatients/10/
12. http://applications.3d4medical.com/orthopedic_education#overview
13. http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Life-Sciences-HealthCare/gx-lshc-healthcare-and-life-sciences-predictions-2020.pdf
14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4029126/
15. http://www.imshealth.com/portal/site/imshealth/menuitem.762a961826aad98f53c753c71
ad8c22a/?
vgnextoid=e0f913850c8b1410VgnVCM10000076192ca2RCRD&vgnextchannel=a64de5
fda6370410VgnVCM10000076192ca2RCRD&vgnextfmt=default
For preparation of doctors list:1. https://www.practo.com/
2. http://www.justdial.com/
3. http://www.mogsonline.org/
4. http://www.csi.org.in/
5. http://www.iapindia.org/
ANNEXURE 1
QUESTIONNAIRE
Development
Specialities
of
Apps
for
Medical
Questionnaire
1. Practice setting type:
o Public
o Private
o Both
2. Age:
o Below 30 years
o 31-40 years
o 41-50 years
o Above 50 years
3. Since how long have you been practicing medicine:
o 1-5 years
o 6-10 years
o 11-15 years
o 16 years and above
4. What is the approximate number of patients seen by you on an
average in a week?
o Less than 50
o 51 to 75
o 76 to 100
o More than 100
5. What percentage of the above are new patients and how many
are follow up patients?
Percentage of New Patients
of Follow up Patients
6. Device
o
o
o
o
o
Percentage
used most frequently :

Mobile Phone
Tablets
Desktop
Laptop
Other:____________________
7. Do you own an application Smartphone?

o No
o Yes- iPhone
o Yes- Google, Android
o Yes- Others : ____________________
8. Are you aware about the following medical applications? If yes,
please tick
o UpToDate
o PubMed/MEDLINE
o Medscape
o Epocrates,
o Micromedex
o MedCalc
o DocGuide
o Other:____________________
9. Concerning your Smartphone, do you own any medical related

applications?
o No
o Yes 1-5 applications
10. Do you use medical applications in your clinical practice?
o Yes
o No
11. How often do you utilize medical applications on your
Smartphone or other electronic gadgets?
o Several times a day
o Once or twice a day
o Once a week
o Rarely used
o Never used
12. For what purpose do you use these medical apps?

o Information and time management
o Diagnostic support
o Prescription support
o Health record maintenance
o Communication and consulting
o Clinical reference and information gathering
o Clinical decision making
o Patient monitoring
o Continuous Medical Education
13. Do you provide any prescription and diagnostic support to
your patients through online apps?
o Yes
o No
o At times
14. Are there any ethical issues related to providing prescription
and diagnostic support through online apps?
15. Which mobile devices applications

communication and consulting?
o Voice and video calling
o SMS
o E-mail
o Multimedia messaging
o Video conferencing
do
you
prefer
for
16. Do you use medical applications via Smartphones for the

following purposes:
Sr.N
o
1
Purpose
For
reference
guidelines
Yes
No
At
times
For any diagnostic tests or scans

of
treatment
For
Continuous
Medical
Education(CME)
For patient education as a teaching
module
For receiving Medical News
4
5
6
For
time
and
information
management
Solving profession related queries
7
8
For viewing
videos
surgical
procedural
17. Would you be interested in evidence based software apps

that would serve as a useful clinical decision making tools for
differential diagnosis and treatment?
o Yes
o No
18. Would you prefer app based reporting for creating a registry?
o Yes
o No
19. What are the important features you would recommend an
app to possess to fulfill your professional requirements?
Rate according to their importance
(1-Most Important.5-Least important)
Treatment Guidelines
5
Flowcharts
4
Medical Calculators
5
Medical Literature
5
3D animations
4
5
Drug Reference Guide
5
Treatment
4
5
Recommendati
ons
Thank you for your valuable time, Doctor.
Appendix
SPP School of Pharmacy & Technology Management
Management Internship Program
Initial Information Report (IIR)
Name of the Student:
Gavin DSouza
Roll No.:
A019
Contact Details:
Name of the Organization:
Mobile: 9769840901 Email: gavindsouza2312@gmail.com

Medwiz Healthcare Communication Pvt Ltd
Address of the Organization:
1, Ground Floor, B wing, Western Edge-2, Off

Western express Highway, Borivali (E).
City: Mumbai
Main Activity of the Organization:
Pin: 400066
Healthcare Communication Services for physicians,
pharmaceutical companies, healthcare service providers, patients/ consumers

Name of the Head of the Organization:
Dr. Mamta S Jain
Designation and Address of the Head of the

Organization:
Managing Director
City: Mumbai
Telephone Numbers:
Pin: 400066
(O) 022 2870 0500, 022-28805265 (R)
Fax Numbers:
022-28829696
E-mail:
drmamtajain@gmail.com
Name & Designation of the Project Guide:
Vaishali Kulkarni, Director- Marketing Strategy
Telephone Numbers:
(O): 022 28700500 (R): + 91 8450950747
Email:
contact@medwizindia.com
Reporting Date:
4th May 2015
Internship Period:
Facilities Available to the Students:
From: 4th May 2015

To: 30th August 2015
Laptops, Work Stations, Tea Time Refreshments.
Work Timings at the Organization:
10 am to 6 pm
Amount of Stipend Expected to be

Provided (If Any):
Rs. 5000
Description of Project in brief:

Market research project based on Development of the Apps for enabling Doctors to provide online
diagnostic and prescription support and recent updates in their field to the needy patients. This
project aims at developing the patient profile parameters tailored to the respective speciality which
shall help doctors to provide quick online diagnostic and prescription support and recent updates in
their field to the needy patients.
MIP Schedule at the Organization:
1. Development of the structured questionnaire for Doctors to respond.
2. Personal interviews with identified doctors and capturing their responses
3. Analysis of the responses
4. Developing the Apps features and inputs for the respective Apps. (Actual development of IT
based algorithms is NOT in the scope of the project)
The project requires significant amount of field work visiting Doctors for their responses.
Date: 14th May,2015

Mr.Gavin DSouza
Signature of the Student
Ms.Vaishali Kulkarni
Signature of Project Guide (Mentor)
____________________
Mr.Haresh Raulgaonkar
Signature of Training &
Coordinator / Chairperson
Name of Faculty (Supervisor)
____________________________
Signature of Dean
Date: _______________

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DEVELOPMENT OF APPS

FOR MEDICAL SPECIALITIES

MBA (Pharma. Tech.)

Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel

Statement by the candidate

Mr. Gavin DSouza

Faculty Name: Mr.Haresh Raulgaonkar

Mr. Gavin DSouza

Statement by the candidate

About Medwiz Healthcare Communications Pvt. Ltd.

1.2 Literature Review

1.2.1 Regulatory approach for mobile apps and mobile

Chapter 2-Industrial Analysis

2.1 Statistical Analysis

2.2 Graphical Analysis

2.3 Medical related apps used by Sample Population Doctors

Annexure 1: Market Research Questionnaire

Appendix: Initial Information Report

About Medwiz Healthcare Communications Pvt. Ltd.

3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Development of the structured questionnaire for Doctors to respond.

1.2 Literature Review

Mobile Application (Mobile App)

Mobile Medical App

handheld Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) 4; and

commercial off-the-shelf computing platform, either is intended:

to be used as an accessory to a regulated

based software application that is tailored to a

regulated medical device

PubSearch, PubMed on Tap, Medscape, Docwise, Read by QxMD,

askMEDLINE, PICO, and Disease Associations etc.

2. Lab test apps

(5MIDC), ePocrates ID, Infectious Disease Notes (ID Notes) etc

3. Mobile apps can also be

Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, Pocket Guide to Diagnostic Tests etc

used directly to conduct

Epocrates, MedMath, MedCalc, Calculate, Medical Calculator,

Benefits provided by Mobile Devices and Apps for Healthcare Professionals

Practice of evidence-based medicine at the point of care more

Mobile tools for supporting evidence-based medicine and clinical

The completeness and accuracy of patient documentation

Use of mobile devices at the point of care has helped streamline

1.3 Sources and Research Methodology

a) One Sample t-test

2.1) STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Hypothesis test result and interpretation:

null The App Feature

Significance Value of the Accept Null Hypothesis

The App Feature is

Interpretation and Conclusion: (Refer Table 1.7)

Close to 1- The App Feature is considered as MOST IMPORTANT

Interpretation and Conclusion: (Refer to Table 1.8)

Hypothesis test result and interpretation: (Refer to Table 2.0)

The App Feature

Significance Value of the App Accept Null Hypothesis

Interpretation and Conclusion:

Interpretation and Conclusion: (Refer Table 2.2)

1.Usage of medical Apps in Clinical practice * Medical Related Apps on