The document discusses the classification and transformation of second order partial differential equations (PDEs). It provides examples of classifying PDEs as hyperbolic, parabolic or elliptic based on their canonical form. The document also gives examples of transforming PDEs into canonical forms through changes of variables, and using the canonical forms to find general solutions. Key steps include using the principal symbol of a PDE to determine its characteristic curves, and ensuring coefficients match between the original and transformed PDE.
The document discusses the classification and transformation of second order partial differential equations (PDEs). It provides examples of classifying PDEs as hyperbolic, parabolic or elliptic based on their canonical form. The document also gives examples of transforming PDEs into canonical forms through changes of variables, and using the canonical forms to find general solutions. Key steps include using the principal symbol of a PDE to determine its characteristic curves, and ensuring coefficients match between the original and transformed PDE.
The document discusses the classification and transformation of second order partial differential equations (PDEs). It provides examples of classifying PDEs as hyperbolic, parabolic or elliptic based on their canonical form. The document also gives examples of transforming PDEs into canonical forms through changes of variables, and using the canonical forms to find general solutions. Key steps include using the principal symbol of a PDE to determine its characteristic curves, and ensuring coefficients match between the original and transformed PDE.
The document discusses the classification and transformation of second order partial differential equations (PDEs). It provides examples of classifying PDEs as hyperbolic, parabolic or elliptic based on their canonical form. The document also gives examples of transforming PDEs into canonical forms through changes of variables, and using the canonical forms to find general solutions. Key steps include using the principal symbol of a PDE to determine its characteristic curves, and ensuring coefficients match between the original and transformed PDE.
S. Kumaresan School of Math. and Stat. University of Hyderabad Hyderabad 500046 kumaresa@gmail.com
In the following the given PDE is assumed to be
auxx + buxy + cuyy = G(x, y, u, ux , uy ). Ex. 1. Let = (x, y) and = (x, y) be a system of new coordinates. Show that the given equation transforms to Au + Bu + Cu + lower order terms where A = a(x )2 + bx y + c(y )2 B = 2ax x + b(x y + y x ) + 2cy y C = a(x )2 + bx y + c(y )2 . Ex. 2. Let = (x, y) and = (x, y) be a smooth system of coordinates. Show that B 2 4AC = (b2 4ac)(x y y x )2 . Hence conclude that the given PDE and the transformed PDE are of the same type. Ex. 3. Let be non-characteristic for the given equation. Let u, u be known along . Show that the second partial derivatives of u are uniquely determined along . Ex. 4. A curve (s) := (x(s), y(s)) is characteristic for the given PDE iff its principal symbol () := a(x, y)12 + b(x, y)1 2 + c(x, y)22 vanishes at its normal vector. Ex. 5. Let the given PDE be hyperbolic. Assume that the new coordinates and are such that = constant and = constant are characteristic. Show that A = 0 = C in the notation of Ex. 1. Ex. 6. When do you say that the given PDE is hyperbolic, parabolic or elliptic? Give an example of each type. Give an example of a PDE which exhibits all these types. (Tricomis equation uyy yuxx = 0 is one such.) 1
Ex. 7. What are the canonical forms of the given PDE?
Ex. 8. Classify according to type: (a) uxx + 2yuxy + xuyy ux + u = 0. (b) 2xyuxy + xuy + yux = 0. Ex. 9. Classify according to type and find the characteristics of (a) 2uxx 4uxy 6uyy + ux = 0. (b) 4uxx + 12uxy + 9uyy 2ux + u = 0. (c) uxx x2 yuyy = 0, (y > 0). (d) e2x uxx + 2ex+y uxy + e2y uyy = 0. Ex. 10. Find the characteristics of uxx + 2uxy + sin2 xuy = 0. Ex. 11. Find the characteristics of (1 x2 )uxx uyy = 0 in the hyperbolic case. Ex. 12. Transform the equation into a canonical form: (a) 2uxx 4uxy 6uyy + ux = 0. (b) 4uxx + 12uxy + 9uyy 2ux + u = 0. Ex. 13. Find the type, characteristic curves and the canonical form of the following equations. Use the canonical form to find the general solution. (a) xuxx + 2x2 uxy = ux 1. Answer: u(x, y) = x + f (x2 y) + g(y). (b) 3uxx + 10uxy + 3uyy = 0. Answer: u(x, y) = f (y 3x) + g(y x/3). Ex. 14. Reduce to canonical from: (a) uxx + 5uxy + 6uyy = 0. (b) x2 uxx 2xyuxy + y 2 uyy = ex . Answer: u = = y.
2 u 2
1 2
exp(/), where = xy and
Ex. 15. Classify and reduce the equation
uxx 2 sin xuxy cos2 xuxy cos xuy = 0 to canonical form and hence solve it. Answer: u(x, y) = f (y x cos x) + g(y + x cos x). Ex. 16. Reduce the Tricomi equation uxx + xuyy = 0 in its domain of hyperbolicity to its 1 canonical form. Answer: u = 6() (u u ). Ex. 17. Reduce the equation yuxx = (x + y)uxy + xuyy = 0 to its canonical form where it is hyperbolic and solve it there. Ex. 18. Reduce the following equations to a canonical form and hence find general solutions. R (a) yuxx +(x+y)uxy +xuyy = 0, in the hyperbolic case. Answer: u(x, y) = 1 f () d+g() where = y x and = y 2 x2 . (b) uxx + 2uxy + uyy = 0. 2 2 (c) y 2 uxx 2xyuxy + x2 uyy = yx ux + xy uy . (d) y 2 uxx 4xyuxy + 3x2 uyy
