Boiler Pressure

RULES FOR
CLASSIFICATION OF
SHIPS / HIGH SPEED, LIGHT CRAFT AND

NAVAL SURFACE CRAFT
MACHINERY AND SYSTEMS
MAIN CLASS
PART 4 CHAPTER 7
BOILERS, PRESSURE VESSELS,

THERMAL-OIL INSTALLATIONS
AND INCINERATORS
JANUARY 2003
CONTENTS
Sec. 1
Sec. 2
Sec. 3
Sec. 4
Sec. 5
Sec. 6
Sec. 7
Sec. 8
App. A
PAGE
General Requirements ................................................................................................................ 5

Materials ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Arrangement ............................................................................................................................... 9
General Design Requirements .................................................................................................. 12
Particular Design Requirements for Boilers............................................................................. 24
Mountings and Fittings ............................................................................................................ 39
Instrumentation and Automation ............................................................................................. 42
Manufacture, Workmanship and Testing ................................................................................. 45
Types and Minimum Dimensions of the Inspection Openings in Boilers and
Pressure Vessels ....................................................................................................................... 51
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Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, January 2003
Pt.4 Ch.7 Contents Page 3
CONTENTS
SEC. 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .......................... 5
A. Classification..........................................................................5
C 400
C 500
C 600
A 100
A 200
D. Openings and Compensations........................................... 18
Application........................................................................5
Cross-references................................................................5
B. Definitions ..............................................................................5
B
B
B
B
100
200
300
400
Terms ................................................................................5
Symbols.............................................................................5
Units ..................................................................................5
Grading .............................................................................5
C. Documentation ......................................................................6
C
C
C
C
100
200
300
400
General ..............................................................................6
Boilers and pressure vessels..............................................6
Thermal-oil installations ...................................................6
Incinerators........................................................................7
D. Seamless Gas Cylinders ........................................................7

D 100
Certification ......................................................................7
E. Signboards .............................................................................7
D
D
D
D
D
100
200
300
400
500
Conical shells of circular sections...................................14

Dished ends.....................................................................15
Unstayed flat end plates ..................................................17
General............................................................................18
Openings not requiring reinforcement ............................18
Openings requiring reinforcement ..................................18
Minimum thickness of standpipes and branches ............19
Welded branch connections ............................................19
E. Covers for Inspection Openings and Manholes .............. 22

E 100
General............................................................................22
F. Heat Exchanger Tubes....................................................... 22

F 100
General............................................................................22
SEC. 5 PARTICULAR DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

FOR BOILERS................................................... 24
A. Shells and Headers of Cylindrical Sections ..................... 24
SEC. 2 MATERIALS........................................................ 8
A 100
A 200
A 300
A. Material Requirements.........................................................8
B. Headers of Rectangular or Irregular Sections ................ 28
A
A
A
A
C. Dished Ends ........................................................................ 29
E 100
100
200
300
400
General ..............................................................................7
General ..............................................................................8
Boilers and pressure vessels..............................................8
Valves and fittings ............................................................8
Thermal-oil installations ...................................................8
B 100
B 200
Scantlings........................................................................24
Efficiency of ligaments between tube holes ...................24
Compensating effect of tube stubs..................................26
Headers of rectangular section........................................28
Headers of irregular form................................................29
SEC. 3 ARRANGEMENT................................................ 9
C 100
C 200
A. Boilers and Pressure Vessels ...............................................9
D. Flat Plates Supported by Stays ......................................... 29
A
A
A
A
A
A
100
200
300
400
500
600
Instruments........................................................................9
Inspection openings ..........................................................9
Drains ................................................................................9
Fuel oil supply...................................................................9
Combustion air supply ......................................................9
Positioning ........................................................................9
B. Thermal-oil Installations ......................................................9

B
B
B
B
B
B
B
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Installation.........................................................................9
Circulation system ............................................................9
Control and monitoring system.......................................10
Safety arrangements........................................................10
Insulation and shielding ..................................................10
Exhaust-fired thermal-oil heaters....................................10
Test equipment and signboards.......................................10
C. Incinerators..........................................................................10
C 100
General ............................................................................10
D. Exhaust Gas Boiler or Economisers ..................................11

D 100
D 200
Circulation systems .........................................................11

Soot-cleaning arrangement .............................................11
D
D
D
D
D
D
100
200
300
400
500
600
Dished ends subject to pressure on the concave side......29

Dished ends subject to pressure on the convex side .......29
General............................................................................29
Scantlings........................................................................30
Stay tubes and tube plates within tube nests ..................30
Vertical tube plates in vertical boilers ............................31
Firebox plates under compression ..................................33
Openings in flat plates ....................................................33
E. Furnaces and Fireboxes of Cylindrical Form, Uptakes,

Cross-tubes and Ogee Rings.............................................. 35
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Plain furnaces .................................................................35

Corrugated furnaces ........................................................35
Stiffeners .........................................................................36
Fireboxes for vertical boilers ..........................................36
Openings in furnaces.......................................................36
Dished ends for vertical boiler fireboxes ........................36
Internal uptakes in vertical boilers..................................36
Cross-tubes in vertical boilers.........................................37
Connection of firebox to shell in vertical boilers............37
F. Stays..................................................................................... 37
SEC. 4 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ........ 12
Stay tubes and bar stays .................................................37

Girders for flat firebox and reversal chambers' top
plates ...............................................................................37
A. General.................................................................................12
G. Tubes ................................................................................... 37
A 100
Application......................................................................12
B. Design Criteria ....................................................................12

B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Design pressure ...............................................................12

Calculating pressure........................................................12
Other loadings .................................................................12
Design material temperature ...........................................12
Nominal design stress .....................................................13
Shell thickness ................................................................13
Corrosion allowance .......................................................13
Tolerance and fabrication allowance ..............................13
C. Scantlings of Shells and Flat and Dished Ends.................14

C 100
C 200
C 300
Conditions .......................................................................14
Cylindrical shells ............................................................14
Spherical shells ...............................................................14
F 100
F 200
G 100
G 200
Boiler tubes subjected to internal pressure .....................37

Boiler tubes subjected to external pressure.....................38
H. Access and Inspection Openings ...................................... 38

H 100
General............................................................................38
SEC. 6 MOUNTINGS AND FITTINGS ...................... 39

A. General ................................................................................ 39
A 100
Construction....................................................................39
B. Safety Valves....................................................................... 39
B 100
B 200
B 300
Valves on boilers and steam-heated steam generators....39

Valves on pressure vessels other than boilers and steamheated steam generators ..................................................40
Protection of condensers against overpressure ...............40
DET NORSKE VERITAS
Pt.4 Ch.7 Contents Page 4
C. Stop Valves and Check Valves ......................................... 40

C 100
C 200
Valves on boilers and steam-heated steam generators....40

Valves on pressure vessels other than boilers and steamheated steam generators ..................................................40
SEC. 8 MANUFACTURE, WORKMANSHIP AND

TESTING ............................................................ 45
A. Manufacture ........................................................................45
A 100
General ............................................................................45
D. Blow-down Valves and Test Valves for Boiler Water ..... 41

D 100
D 200
Blow-down valves...........................................................41
Test valves.......................................................................41
E. Gauges.................................................................................. 41
E 100
E 200
Water gauges...................................................................41
Pressure gauges ...............................................................41
SEC. 7 INSTRUMENTATION AND

AUTOMATION ................................................. 42
A. General ................................................................................ 42
A 100
A 200
Cross reference................................................................42
Oil burner control system................................................42
B. Boilers .................................................................................. 42
B 100
B 200
Automatic control ...........................................................42

Monitoring ......................................................................42
C. Exhaust Gas Boilers or Economisers ................................ 42

C 100
Instruments and Monitoring............................................42
D. Water Heaters ..................................................................... 42

D 100
Monitoring ......................................................................42
E. Thermal-oil Heaters ........................................................... 43

E 100
E 200
E 300
Automatic control ...........................................................43

Monitoring ......................................................................43
Indication ........................................................................43
B. Workmanship...................................................................... 45
B
B
B
B
B
100
200
300
400
500
Cutting of plates ..............................................................45

Welded joints ..................................................................45
Tolerances for shells .......................................................45
Fitting of tubes ................................................................46
Doors and plugs ..............................................................46
C. Heat Treatment...................................................................46
C 100
C 200
C 300
Post-weld heat treatment.................................................46

Heat treatment of plates after hot or cold forming..........46
Heat treatment of tubes after bending .............................47
D. Testing..................................................................................47
D 100
D 200
D 300
D 400
D 500
D 600
Extent of non-destructive testing (NDT) ........................47

Performance of non-destructive testing (NDT) ..............47
Acceptance criteria for non-destructive testing and
repair of defects...............................................................48
Welding production test (WPT)......................................49
Hydraulic test ..................................................................50
Performance test..............................................................50
E. Marking ...............................................................................50
E 100
General ............................................................................50
APP. A TYPES AND MINIMUM DIMENSIONS OF

THE INSPECTION OPENINGS IN BOILERS AND
PRESSURE VESSELS
51
A. Definitions and Dimensions ...............................................51
F. Incinerators ......................................................................... 43
F 100
Monitoring ......................................................................43
A 100
A 200
Examination holes...........................................................51
Man-holes........................................................................51
DET NORSKE VERITAS
Pt.4 Ch.7 Sec.1 Page 5
SECTION 1
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
A. Classification
A 100 Application
101 The rules in this chapter apply to:
boilers, including mountings
pressure vessels, including mountings, necessary for performing the main functions listed in Pt.1 Ch.1 Sec.2 of the
Rules for Classification of Ships
other pressure vessels containing:
toxic fluids
fluids with flash point below 100C
fluids with temperature above 220C
fluids with pressure above 40 bar
compressed gases where pV 1.5
without intervening valves, are to be considered as parts of the

boiler.
102 A thermal-oil installation is defined as an arrangement
in which thermal-oil is heated and circulated for the purpose of
heating cargo- or fuel oil or for production of steam and hot
water for auxiliary purposes.
103 An incinerator is defined as a permanently installed arrangement for the purpose of burning products such as sludge
oil with flash point above 60C and other waste products
which do not cause danger of explosion.
B 200 Symbols
201 The symbols used are as given below in addition to those
specifically stated in the relevant sections.
p =design pressure in bar

V =volume in m3
thermal-oil installations
permanently installed incinerators.
102 Boilers and pressure vessels according to 101 are subject
to certification by the Society.
A 200 Cross-references
201 Pressure vessels for liquefied gases are to meet the requirements in the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.5
Sec.5.
Cargo process pressure vessels, as defined in the Rules for
Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.5 Sec.1, are to be graded as
class I pressure vessels. However, the selections of materials,
qualification of welding procedures and production weld tests
are to be according to the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5
Ch.5 Sec.2 and Sec.5. Non-cargo process pressure vessels, as
defined in the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.5
Sec.1, are to meet the requirements of Ch.7.
Boiler installations on liquefied gas carriers with gas operated
machinery are to meet the requirements in the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.5 Sec.16.
202 Pressure vessels for refrigerating plants are, in addition
to the requirements in this chapter, to meet the requirements of
the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.10.
B. Definitions
B 100 Terms
101 A boiler is defined as a welded container or a pipe arrangement in which steam or hot water with a temperature exceeding 120C is generated by the application of heat,
resulting from the combusting of fuel (solid, liquid or gaseous)
or from hot combustion gases.
Superheaters, economisers, reheaters and other pressure parts
including valves and fittings, connected directly to the boiler
p
D
T
c
=
=
=
=
=
Rm
R mt
R eH
R et
Rm/100000 =
Rp1.0
calculating pressure, in bar

nominal diameter, in mm
design temperature, in C
corrosion margin, see Sec.4 B700
nominal design stress at design metal temperature, in N/mm2
specified minimum tensile strength at room temperature, in N/mm2
specified minimum tensile strength at design
material temperature in N/mm2
specified minimum upper yield stress at room
temperature, in N/mm2. If the stress-strain curve
does not show a defined yield stress, the 0.2%
proof stress is to be applied
specified minimum lower yield stress at design
material temperature in N/mm2. If the stressstrain curve does not show a defined yield stress,
the 0.2% proof stress is to be applied
average stress to produce rupture in 100 000
hours at design material temperature in N/mm2
1.0% proof stress in N/mm2.
B 300 Units
301 Unless otherwise specified the following units are used
in this chapter:
dimensions (lengths, diameters, thicknesses etc.): mm

areas: mm2
pressures: bar
mechanical properties of materials (ultimate tensile
strength, yield strength etc.): N/mm2.
B 400 Grading
401 For rule purposes, boilers and pressure vessels are graded in classes as shown in Table B1.
It may be required that a pressure vessel is manufactured in accordance with the requirements of a superior class when considering material, temperature, type of fluid, etc.
Pressure vessels containing toxic fluids are to be graded as
class I pressure vessels.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
402 Requirements for manufacturers, material certificates,

testing and heat treatment for the different classes are indicated
in Table B2.
Table B1 Grading of pressure vessels
Steam heated
Other pressure vessels
Class
Boilers
steam generators
II
15000
p > -----------------------D i + 1000
p > 3.5
2)
p 3.5
15000
p -----------------------D i + 1000
III 2)
Material limitations
p > 50 1)
or t > 38
All grades permitted
20000
------------------------ < p 50
D i + 1000
or 16 < t 38
or material design temperature > 150C
Carbon and carbon-manganese

and austenitic stainless steels 3) are to
have a specified minimum tensile
strength 520 N/mm2
Pressure vessels not included

in class I and II
Condensers, vacuum and atmospheric
Carbon and carbon-manganese

and austenitic stainless steels 3) are to
have a specified minimum tensile
strength < 460 N/mm2
p = design pressure in bar, Di = internal diameter in mm, t = shell thickness in mm.

Cargo process vessels for liquefied gas carriers are graded as class I pressure vessels.
1)
Pressure vessels not containing compressible fluids, fluids with flashpoint below 100C or fluids with temperature above 220C may be graded as class
II pressure vessels even if p > 50 bar.
2)
Pressure vessels of class II and III which are calculated with higher joint efficiency factor for welds than the values listed for the class of vessels, and have
scantlings appropriate to a superior class, may be approved for the superior class if the manufacturing and testing are carried out according to the requirements of that class.
3)
For materials other than carbon and carbon-manganese and austenitic stainless steels, the limitations for use in class II and III pressure vessels will be
specially considered, taking into account the weldability of the materials.
Table B2 Requirements to different classes of pressure vessels.

Welding
Approved
Visual and
Material
procedure
Class manufacturer
dimensional
certificates
qualification
Sec.8 A101
inspection
Sec.8 A102
See
I
Required
Required
Required
Sec.2 A103
II
III
Required
See
Sec.2 A103
Required
See
Sec.2 A103
Required
Required
C 100 General
101 For instrumentation and automation, including computer based control and monitoring, see Ch.9 Sec.1.
C 200 Boilers and pressure vessels
201 The following plans are to be submitted for approval:
arrangement plan including arrangement of valves and fittings
dimensional drawings.
Heat
treatment
Welding
production
tests
Sec.8 D400
Hydraulic
test
Sec.8 D500
Required
See
Sec.8 C
Required
Required
Spot required
See
Sec.8 C
Required
for
t 16 mm
Required
Required
C. Documentation
202
Nondestructive
testing
Sec.8 D100
The plans are, as far as applicable, to give particulars on:
scantlings
grade of material
welding procedure specification
welded connections
attachments and supports
design pressure and temperature
calculating pressure
heating surface of boiler and superheater
estimated pressure drop through superheater
estimated evaporation
proposed setting pressure of safety valves on steam drum
superheater, and economiser
pressure vessel class
information on heat treatment and testing of welds

hydraulic test pressure
overpressure protection for condensers.
203 Together with the plans strength calculations are to be
forwarded for information.
204 For class III pressure vessels intended for water and lubricating oil, plans need not be submitted for approval if the
temperature of the fluid is less than 95C.
In such cases, certification is to be based on visual inspection,
review of materials certificates and pressure testing.
C 300 Thermal-oil installations
schematic piping diagram
arrangement for fire protection and fire extinguishing in
the heater furnace and in the heater vicinity.
The following plans are to be submitted on request:
calculations of maximum temperature of oil film in the
furnace tubes (the calculations are to be in accordance
with a recognised standard, for example DIN 4754)
material for evaluation of test results.
302 The plans are to give particulars on:
design pressure and design temperature
DET NORSKE VERITAS
materials used
specification with all relevant data for the applicable thermal-oils
details of flange connections with gaskets and packing arrangements for valve spindles and pump shaft seals
details of welded connections, welding procedures and
filler materials.
303
The following plans are to be submitted for information:
cross section of the heater

arrangement plan of the heater showing valves and fittings
manuals for operation and maintenance of the plant, also
including detail instructions for starting up, emptying, dehumidifying and recharging.
C 400 Incinerators
arrangement showing location of incinerator and smokeuptake
cross sections of incinerator
schematic piping diagram.
Guidance note:
Some of the standards recognised by the Society are
BS 5045/Part 1, JIS B 8241, TRG 801, 84/525/EEC
or ISO 4705.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
The following information or documentation is to be submitted:
fully dimensioned drawings of cylinders and fittings

design calculations
name of gases
volumetric capacity
filling pressure at 15C for permanent gases
filling ratio for liquefied gases
test pressure, corrosion allowance and heat treatment
material specification (steel making process, chemical
composition and mechanical properties)
copies of prototype test reports as required by standard
service application.
E. Signboards
D. Seamless Gas Cylinders

D 100 Certification
101 Seamless gas cylinders are to be certified by the Society.
Certification can be based on a standard recognised by the Society when the cylinder is designed, manufactured and tested
in accordance with the standard.
E 100
General
101 Signboards are required by the rules in:

Sec.3 A500 Purging of boilers before firing.
Sec.3 B700 Thermal-oil installations.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
SECTION 2
MATERIALS
A. Material Requirements
A 100 General
101 Materials for boilers and pressure vessels and thermaloil heaters together with their valves, fittings, etc. are to meet
the requirements given in the relevant chapters and sections of
Pt.2.
102 Materials used in cargo process pressure vessels on liquefied gas carriers are in addition to meet the requirements in
the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.5 Sec.2.
103 The materials used are to have certificates according to
Table A1. For definition of the different types of certificates,
see Pt.1 Ch.1 Sec.3 A900 of the Rules for Classification of
Ships.
Table A1 Certificates for materials
Pressure vessel class
I and II
III
Plates
NV 1)
W
Pipes and flanges
W
W
Bolts
TR
TR
1)
For plate heat exchangers, the end plates can be accepted with material works certificates (W).
104 For valves and fittings, requirements for certificates and

certification are specified in Ch.6 Sec.6 C300 of the Rules for
Classification of Ships.
A 200 Boilers and pressure vessels
201 Rolled steels for boilers and pressure vessels designed
for material temperatures not lower than 0C are to comply
with the specifications given in Pt.2 Ch.2 Sec.2 B.
Semi-killed, fully killed and fine grain, normal strength structural steels complying with the specifications given in Pt.2
Ch.2 Sec.1 will, however, be accepted for the following class
III pressure vessels:
pressure vessels intended for water or lubricating oil if the
fluid temperature is less than 95C
other pressure vessels where
15000
p < -----------------------D i + 2000
202 The steel grades NV 360-0A, 410-0A and 460-0A will
be accepted only for class II and III pressure vessels with material thickness maximum 25 mm.
203 Steel grades complying with recognised national or proprietary standards with chemical composition and mechanical
properties differing from the specifications referred to above,
and with minimum specified tensile strength not exceeding
520 N/mm2, may be accepted subject to approval in each case.
In such cases the values of the mechanical properties used for
deriving the allowable stress are to be subject to agreement by
the Society.
204 Materials for pressure vessels designed for material temperatures below 0C are subject to approval in each case.
205 Grey cast iron is in general not to be used for the following:
class I and II pressure vessels
class III pressure vessels where:
15000
p > -----------------------D i + 2000
pressure vessels containing toxic fluids and fluids with a
flash point below 100C.
However, for bolted heads, covers or closures not forming a
major part of the pressure vessel, grey cast iron may be used
for p 10 bar.
The use of grey cast iron in economisers will be subject to special consideration.
206 Nodular cast iron for ordinary use, Pt.2 Ch.2 Sec.8, Table B1, is in general subject to the limitation of use as grey cast
iron as specified in 205.
207 Nodular cast iron with special requirements, Pt.2 Ch.2
Sec.8, Table B1, is not to be used for temperatures exceeding
350C.
A 300 Valves and fittings
301 Valves and fittings made of cast and forged carbon and
carbon-manganese steel may be used for temperatures up to
400C. Application for higher temperatures may be approved
if metallurgical behaviour and time-dependent strength,
Rm/100000, are in accordance with national or international
standards and if such values are guaranteed by the steel manufacturer. Otherwise, special heat-resisting alloy steels are to be
used.
302 Valves and fittings in grey cast iron may be used when
the design pressure does not exceed 2 bar and the design temperature does not exceed 120C.
303 Nodular cast iron for ordinary use, Pt.2 Ch.2 Sec.8, Table B1, is in general subject to the limitation of use as grey cast
iron specified in 302.
304 Nodular cast iron with special requirements, Pt.2 Ch.2
Sec.8, Table B1, is not to be used for temperatures exceeding
350C.
305 Valves and fittings made of bronze are in general not to
be used for temperatures exceeding 220C. However, special
bronze suitable for high temperature service may be considered for use at temperatures up to 260C.
A 400 Thermal-oil installations
401 Tubes and pipes for thermal-oil are to be seamless steel
tubes and pipes or welded steel tubes and pipes which are approved as equivalent to seamless types.
402 Pump housings, valves and fittings are to be of steel or
nodular cast iron, grade 1 or 2.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
SECTION 3
ARRANGEMENT
A. Boilers and Pressure Vessels
A 100 Instruments
101 All oil-fired boilers are to be provided with instrumentation permitting local surveillance.
A 200 Inspection openings
201 Pressure vessels are to have openings sufficient in
number and size for internal examination, cleaning and maintenance operations such as fitting and expanding of tubes.
Guidance note:
See Appendix A regarding number, type and locations of openings.
ature of the oil well below the flashpoint and to avoid unacceptable heating of the cargo.
Alternatively the tank surfaces and bulkheads are to be insulated.
Guidance note:
The following clearances are considered to be sufficient:
- Distance between fuel oil tanks or hold bulkheads to:
- flat surfaces of boilers and uptakes: 500 mm
- cylindrical surfaces of boilers and uptakes: 300 mm.
- Vertical distance from top of boiler to nearest deck: 1300 mm.
- For watertube boilers, distance between the tank top and the
underside of the bottom of the combustion chamber space:
750 mm.
202 Manholes are not to be less than 300 x 400 mm or 400

mm in inside diameter. Where the neck height of a manhole is
excessive, the size of the manhole is to be suitably increased.
203 Detachable ends or covers and suitably located, removable pipe connections may be used as inspection openings.
204 For boilers see also Sec.5 H.
A 300 Drains
301 All pressure vessels are to be provided with drainage positioned at the lowest part.
A 400 Fuel oil supply
401 Manual rapid shut-off of fuel oil supply is to be possible
locally at the boiler. This quick closing device is to be so arranged that reopening is possible only locally at the boiler.
402 For steam-atomising burners, and when steam blowing
is used for cleaning of the burners, effective precautions are to
be taken in order to prevent fuel oil from penetrating into the
steam system.
403 If electric preheaters are applied, precautions are to be
taken in order to prevent the temperature at the heating element
from rising too high, if the flow stops.
A 500 Combustion air supply
501 The boiler is to be ensured a sufficient air supply during
all working conditions. When the boiler is installed in the same
room as other large air consumers, ventilation is to be arranged
so that no disturbance in the air supply to the boiler occurs.
502 At the operating stations for the boilers there are to be
placed a readily visible signboard with the following instructions:
CAUTION!
NO BURNER TO BE FIRED BEFORE
THE FURNACE HAS BEEN PROPERLY PURGED
503 Oil-fired boilers are in general not to have flaps or other
arrangements which may interfere with the draught in funnels
or uptakes.
A 600 Positioning
601 Boilers and pressure vessels are to be installed on foundations of substantial strength and in such a position that there
is sufficient access for cleaning, examination and repair anywhere on the outside.
602 The clearance between boiler with uptake and tanks for
fuel oil, lubricating oil and cargo oil and cargo hold bulkheads
are to be adequate for free circulation of air to keep the temper-
603 If oil-fired boilers are placed in the engine casing or in

the funnel, the arrangements are to be such that oil spray, in the
case of leakage, will be intercepted and will not reach heated
surfaces beneath. Coamings for stairs, pipe openings, etc. are
to be of ample height.
The platforms are to be fitted with sufficient drains to a wasteoil tank in the double bottom. These drains are to be fitted in
addition to those specified for drip trays of oil tanks and fueloil pump units.
B. Thermal-oil Installations
B 100 Installation
101 Oil fired thermal-oil heaters are normally to be located
in separate rooms. The arrangement is to provide easy access
to all parts of the plant for operation, inspection, maintenance
and cleaning.
102 If oil fired thermal-oil heaters are not located in separate
rooms they are to be surrounded by coamings of height not less
than 150 mm and with drainage to a closed tank.
103 Oil fired thermal-oil heaters installed in separate rooms
are to comply with the requirements for incinerators for waste
products as given in C102.
104 Oil piping in the exhaust fired thermal-oil heater area is
to be so arranged that spray or drip from detachable pipe and
valve connections can neither reach the heater and exhaust
ducts nor flow to the engine room below.
105 Thermal-oil piping is to be installed so as to provide sufficient flexibility to accommodate thermal expansion. The use
of bellows or similar expansion elements in thermal-oil piping
is not permitted within machinery spaces.
106 Thermal-oil pipes are to have welded connections, with
the exception of flange connections required for the servicing
of system components. The requirements for NDT of welded
joints for thermal oil piping can be found in the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.4 Ch.6 Sec.7 A500.
B 200 Circulation system
201 Arrangements are to be made to ensure a minimum circulation through the heater in case consumers are shut-off.
Such arrangements are to be automatically operated.
202 Each circulation system is to have a minimum of two
circulation pumps. One pump is to be in continuous operation,
the other in auto stand-by. Starting of the stand-by pump is to
DET NORSKE VERITAS
be initiated by the dropping out of the contactor for the pump

in operation.
203 For heating of liquid cargoes with flashpoint below
60C, see the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.3 Sec.4
D.
204 The oil fired heater main inlet and main outlet pipes for
thermal-oil are to have stop-valves, arranged for local and remote manual operation from an easily accessible location outside the heater room.
B 300 Control and monitoring system
301 Circulation pumps and heater burners are to be arranged
for local start and stop and remote stop from an easily accessible location outside the thermal-oil heater room.
302 The heater regulation and the burner management are to
be capable of ensuring that, under all operating conditions, the
thermal-oil temperature at no place in the heater will exceed a
temperature which would cause an unacceptable rate of deterioration of the thermal-oil.
303 For extent of monitoring see Sec.7 E.
304 For requirements for oil burner control system see Sec.7
A200.
B 400 Safety arrangements
401 The thermal-oil heater and heat exchangers in the system are to have liquid relief valves.
The relief set-point is not to be higher than 10% above maximum operating pressure. The relief pipes are to lead to a sludge
tank.
402 The heater is to be so designed that release of internally
stored heat in case of unintended stop of thermal-oil circulation
pumps (e.g. black-out) will not cause the thermal-oil temperature to exceed the permissible level.
403 The plant arrangement is to ensure that the temperature
of thermal-oil coming into direct contact with air will be below
50C in order to prevent excessive oxidation.
404 Fast gravity discharge of the oil into a separate collecting tank is to be possible.
405 The expansion tanks are to have overflow pipes leading
to the collecting tank. The discharge valve is to be arranged for
remote operation from the machinery central control position.
406 System tanks and vessels where water may accumulate,
are to be arranged with drain cocks.
407 All vent pipes are to be led to open deck and are to be
arranged with drainable water traps at the lowest points.
408 Drip trays with drains to a waste oil tank are to be arranged under all plant components where leakage may occur.
409 The boiler furnace is to be fitted with a fixed fire-extinguishing system, subject to approval. Manual release is to be
arranged locally and remote.
B 500 Insulation and shielding
501 All insulation is to be covered with an outer barrier,
which shall be impervious to liquid. In areas and locations
where pipes may be exposed to mechanical impact, the outer
barrier is to be made of galvanised steel plates or aluminium
plates of sufficient impact strength to resist deformations from
normal wear and strain.
502 The arrangement of pipes and components is to provide
sufficient space for satisfactory insulation installations. Flanged pipe connections are to have installed effective detachable
shielding, which will prevent oil leakage from reaching potential danger areas.
B 600 Exhaust-fired thermal-oil heaters
601 The heater is to be so designed and installed that all
tubes may be easily and readily inspected for signs of corrosion

and leakage.
602 The heater shall be fitted with temperature sensor(s) (exhaust gas side) with an alarm for fire detection.
603 The thermal-oil heater shall be arranged with the possibility for bypassing the exhaust by means of damper(s).
The dampers will not be accepted as a means for controlling
the temperature of the thermal-oil heaters.
The bypass may be internal or external to the heater. In either
case, the arrangements are to be such that fire extinguishing in
the heater is possible without stopping the propulsion of the
vessel.
Guidance note:
For heaters with smooth surface heater tubes. Temperature control by means of exhaust gas dampers may be accepted on the
condition that it can be shown that a minimum gas velocity of 12
m/s through the heater is maintained, throughout the control
range.
604 A fixed fire extinguishing and cooling system shall be

fitted. A drenching system providing copious amounts of water
may be accepted. The exhaust ducting below the heater shall
be arranged for adequate collection and drainage, to prevent
water flowing into the diesel engine. The drain shall be led to
a suitable location.
605 High temperature alarm(s) in the thermal oil outlet, from
the heater, is to be fitted.
606 Soot cleaning arrangements are to be fitted in accordance with D200.
B 700 Test equipment and signboards
701 Cocks or valves for taking thermal-oil samples in a safe
manner are to be arranged.
702 Notices are to be posted at the control stations of the circulating pumps stating that the pumps are to be in operation at
least for 10 minutes after stop of burners.
703 Further notices are to state:
plant manufacturer
year installed
maximum operating pressure
maximum operating temperature
maximum thermal output.
C. Incinerators
C 100 General
101 Incinerators and boilers for sludge oil may be installed
in the engine room or in a separate room. Incinerators for rubbish installed in the engine room are to be screened with due
attention to size and location of the incinerator. If incinerators
are installed in a separate room outside the engine room, bulkheads and decks of this room are to be approved A class divisions having an insulating value of 60 minutes (as defined in
SOLAS 1974) if adjacent to accommodation, oil tanks, cargo,
etc.
102 If incinerators are installed in a separate room, the room
is to have mechanical ventilation, automatic fire detecting and
an approved fire-extinguishing system, operated from an easily accessible place outside the room. Stop of ventilation, oilburner and oil-booster pumps is also to be arranged outside the
room. Ventilating ducts are to be possible to close by means of
flaps.
103 Incinerators are to be fitted with a pilot-burner with sufficient energy to secure a safe ignition and combustion is to
DET NORSKE VERITAS
take place under a pressure which is below atmospheric pressure.

104 The fire door for rubbish is to be arranged so that backfiring from the combustion chamber is prevented.
105 The rubbish-shoot is to be provided with approved fireextinguishing equipment.
106 The surface temperature of the incinerator is not to exceed 60C.
107 Drip tray with drain to the sludge-oil tank is to be fitted.
108 Smoke-uptakes and surfaces of incinerators are not to be
less than 500 mm from cargo, oil tank, or accommodation
bulkheads. Smoke-uptake and exhaust-pipe are to be insulated
and are to be carried well away from electrical and inflammable installations. Exhaust pipes in the casing are to be led to the
top of the funnel. Uptakes from incinerators, which are installed in separate rooms outside the engine room, are to be approved in each case.
D. Exhaust Gas Boiler or Economisers
D 200 Soot-cleaning arrangement

201 Water tube exhaust gas boilers or economisers of a design where soot deposit may create a problem regarding fire
hazard, e.g. exhaust gas boilers with extended surface tubes
are to have a soot-cleaning arrangement for use in the operation mode. In such cases, the soot cleaners are to be equipped
with automatic start and arranged for sequential operation and
possibility for manual over-ride.
Guidance note:
For extended surface tubes, soot deposits may create a problem
when exhaust gas velocity is less than 12 m/s at normal operating
condition.
202 Exhaust gas collecting pipes are to be provided with

drain. The drainage system is to be capable of draining all water when the water washing or water fire extinguishing system
in the exhaust gas boiler or economizers are in operation.
Necessary protection is to be made, so that water can not enter
into any of the engines.
The drainage is to be led to a tank of suitable size.
D 100 Circulation systems

101 One stand-by pump is required when forced circulation
is necessary for operation of the boiler or economiser.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
SECTION 4
GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
A. General
A 100 Application
101 The requirements in this section apply to pressure vessels under internal pressure and subjected mainly to static loadings.
102 Where fatigue is considered to be a possible mode of
failure, fatigue calculations may be required. The calculations
may be carried out according to a recognised pressure vessel
code.
103 Pressure vessels subjected to external pressure, except
furnaces, fireboxes and uptakes (see Sec.5), are to be calculated according to the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.5
Sec.5, items I700 and I800.
104 Parts of pressure vessels not covered by these rules, e.g.
flanges, bolts and tube plates in heat exchangers, or having geometrical properties outside the limits of application of the calculating formulae, are to be designed and calculated according
to a recognised code.
In general the nominal design stress is not to exceed that given
in B500.
The allowable stresses for the bolts are to be as specified in the
recognised code.
105 The rules do not take into account thermal stresses. It is
a condition for approval that the thermal stresses are accounted
for by a sufficiently flexible construction and a sufficiently
slow heating up and cooling down period.
In special cases an analysis of thermal stresses may be required.
106 For terms used in stress analysis, equivalent stress and
stress limits, see the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.5
Sec.5 G.
107 Where parts of pressure vessels cannot be calculated
with satisfactory accuracy and if empirical data are insufficient, strain gauge measurements and/or hydraulic proof test
may be required.
Information on test pressure, testing method and results obtained is to be submitted for approval.
B. Design Criteria
B 100 Design pressure
101 The design pressure, pd, is defined as the pressure at the
top of the pressure vessel and is not to be less than the highest
nominal set pressure of the safety valve(s).
The design pressure is not to be less than the maximum allowable working pressure.
Guidance note:
It is advised that a suitable margin should be provided above the
pressure at which the pressure vessel will normally be operated
to avoid unnecessary lifting of the safety valve(s).
B 200 Calculating pressure

201 The calculating pressure, p, is the pressure used for the
purpose of determining the thickness of the vessel section or
component under consideration.
202 The calculating pressure is normally to be taken as the
design pressure with additional pressure due to static head of

the fluid exceeding 3% of the design pressure.
The calculating pressure, p, is the greater of:
g0 h
p d and p d + ------------ 0.03p d
100
g0
h
= density of fluid in t/m3

= standard acceleration of gravity = 9.81 m/s2
= vertical distance from load point to top of pressure vessel in m.
203 In special cases, see note, the calculations are also to be

carried out with a calculating pressure taking dynamic loads
due to the ship's motions from wave actions into account.
The calculating pressure is to be:
av
g0 h
p = p d + ------------ 1 + ----- 0.03p d
100
g 0
av
= the most probable largest combined vertical acceleration in 108 wave encounters (probability level
Q = 10-8).
Values for av may be as given in the Rules for Classification of

Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.4 B600.
When this calculating pressure is used a 15% increase in the
nominal design stress as given in 500 will be permitted.
Guidance note:
The above calculating pressure may be determining for the scantlings of large vertical low pressure storage tanks, e.g. bulk mud
and cement tanks.
Tanks for liquefied gases are to meet the requirements in the
Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.5.
B 300 Other loadings

301 In the design of a pressure vessel it may be necessary to
take into account the effect of the following loadings in addition to the calculating pressure:
additional loads due to pressure testing

loadings from supports and connected piping
loadings from different thermal expansion
fluctuating pressure and temperatures
shock loads due to water hammer or surging of vessel's
content.
Guidance note:
The effect of loadings from supports and connected piping on the
shell may be calculated according to PD 5500, Appendix A and
G.
B 400 Design material temperature

401 The design material temperature is defined as the temperature in the middle of the shell thickness. Generally the design material temperature is not to be taken less than the
maximum temperature of the internal fluid.
402 For boilers the design material temperature is made up
of a reference temperature and a temperature allowance in accordance with the Table B1 unless a lower temperature is jus-
DET NORSKE VERITAS
tified by detailed calculations. The design material

temperature is, however, not to be taken less than 250C.
For furnaces, fireboxes and other pressure parts subjected to
similar rates of heat transfer, the reference temperature is to be
the saturation temperature at design pressure of the internal
fluid and the temperature allowance is not to be less than 4
times the material thickness plus 15C.
For economiser tubes the reference temperature is to be the
maximum temperature of the internal fluid and the temperature
allowance is not to be less than 35C for finned tubes and 25C
for plain tubes.
403 By unheated parts for superheated steam the temperature
allowance of 15C may be reduced to 7C provided that special measures are taken to ensure that the design material temperature is not exceeded.
404 Drums and headers of thickness exceeding 30 mm are
not to be exposed to combustion gases having an anticipated
temperature exceeding 650C, unless they are efficiently
cooled by closely arranged tubes accommodated therein.
B 500 Nominal design stress
501 For carbon, carbon-manganese and low-alloy steels the
nominal design stress, t, is defined as the lowest of the following values:
For pressure vessels operating at a temperature up to and including 50C:
R eH
Rm
--------- and ------1.8
2.7
For pressure vessels operating at a temperature higher than
50C:
R m 100000
R eH R et R m
--------- , -------- , -------- and -----------------------1.8 1.6 2.7
1.6
503 For steel castings the nominal design stress is limited to

80% of the value determined according to 501 or 502.
Where steel castings are subjected to non-destructive tests,
consideration will be given to increase the nominal design
stress up to 90% of the value determined according to 501 or
502.
504 For ferritic nodular cast iron with special requirements,
Pt.2 Ch.2 Sec.8, Table B1, the nominal design stress is not to
exceed 60% of the value determined according to 501.
505 For grey cast iron the nominal design stress is not to exceed Rm/10.
506 For copper alloys the nominal design stress is not to exceed R mt / 4.
507 For aluminium alloys the nominal design stress is not to
exceed the lowest value of:
R et
R mt
--------- and ------4
1.5
508 Values for Rm, ReH, Ret, Rp1.0 and Rm/100000 are given
for different grades of rolled steel in Pt.2 Ch.2 Sec.2 and for
steel tubes in Pt.2 Ch.2 Sec.4.
For steel tubes the design stresses at elevated temperatures are
given in Ch.6 Sec.6 of the Rules for Classification of Ships.
Where other materials are proposed, the values of mechanical
properties to be used for deriving the nominal design stresses
are subject to consideration by the Society.
If higher values for Ret than given in Pt.2 Ch.2 Sec.2 are used
for deriving the nominal design stress, the requirements given
in Pt.2 Ch.2 Sec.2 B302 are to be complied with.
509 For boilers the nominal design stress is not to exceed
170 N/mm2.
Guidance note:
The mechanical properties used for deriving the nominal design
stress are specified minimum values according to the material
specification. If higher values are measured in material tests,
these may therefore not be used to determine the design stress.
502 For austenitic stainless steel the nominal design stress is

defined as the lowest of
R p1, 0
Rm
------------- and ------1.5
2.7
Table B1 Temperature allowances

Reference temperature
Saturation temperature at design pressure
Superheated steam temperature
Unheated parts
0C
15C
See also 403
B 600 Shell thickness

601 The nominal thickness after forming of any shell or head
is not to be less than:
For carbon and low-alloy steel:
Di
3 + ------------ (mm)
1500
with a minimum of 7 mm for boilers.
For stainless steel and non-ferrous materials: 3 mm.
Di
= inside diameter of shell or inside diameter of cylindrical shirt for dished ends.
602 For pressure vessels where the cylindrical part is made

of a pipe, a smaller minimum thickness may be approved.
Minimum temperature allowance

Heated parts subjected mainly to:
convection heat
radiant heat
25C
50C
35C
50C
B 700 Corrosion allowance

701 For carbon and low-alloy steels, the corrosion allowance, c, is in general 1.0 mm.
For austenitic steels, no corrosion allowance will in general be
required.
Where adverse corrosion or erosion conditions exist a greater
allowance may be required.
B 800 Tolerance and fabrication allowance
801 The calculated thicknesses according to the formulae are
the minimum required.
Minus tolerance on wall thickness and a possible reduction in
wall thickness due to fabrication, e.g. flanging or bending, are
to be added to the calculated thicknesses.
For assessment of a design, e.g. reinforced openings or dished
ends, the minus tolerance and fabrication allowance are to be
deducted from the design wall thickness.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
C. Scantlings of Shells and Flat and Dished Ends

C 100 Conditions
101 The formulae given in 200, 300 and 400 are based on the
following conditions:
The ratio of the outside radius to the inside radius does not
exceed 1.5.
In the case of shells consisting of sections of different
thicknesses, the median lines of the sections are to be in
line with each other at each longitudinal joint within the
limits of tolerances specified in Sec.8 B300 (see Fig.1).
403 Conical shells may be constructed of several ring sections of decreasing thickness and the formula in 401 is to be applied to each section.
404 The thickness of the large end of a cone/cylinder or
cone/cone junction and adjoining parts of the shells within a
distance L from the junction is to be determined by the following formula:
pD 0 k
t = -------------- + c + c 1 (mm)
20 t e
Do = outside diameter of the conical section, see Fig.2
e
= joint efficiency (as given in 102) of junction or of circumferential welds located within a distance L from
the knuckle, see Fig.2
L = length equal to:
D0( t c )
- (mm)
0, 5 --------------------cos
c1
K
= 0 for t c/Do 0.005

= 1 mm for t c/Do < 0.005
= a factor taking into account the stress in the junction.
Values of K are given in Table C1 as a function of and ri/Do,

where:
Fig. 1
Shell section
ri
= difference between angle of slope of the adjoining

parts
= inside radius of transition knuckle in mm, which is to
be taken as 0.01 DC in the case of butt welded junctions.
102 Joint efficiencies for lw1welded joints, e, used in the formulae in 200, 300 and 400 are to be taken equal to:
1.00 for class I pressure vessels
0.80 for class II pressure vessels
0.60 for class III pressure vessels.
C 200 Cylindrical shells
201 The thickness of a cylindrical shell is not to be less than:
pR
t = -------------------------------- + c (mm)
10 t e 0.5p
R
e
= inside radius of shell or shell section

= joint efficiency as given in 102.
C 300 Spherical shells

301 The thickness of a spherical shell is not to be less than:
pR
t = -------------------------------- + c (mm)
20 t e 0.5p
R
e
= inside radius of shell or shell section

C 400 Conical shells of circular sections

401 The thickness of a conical shell is not to be less than:
pD C
1
t = -------------------------------- ------------ + c (mm)
20 t e 0.5p cos
DC = internal diameter at the large end of the cone
= the half apex angle of the section
e
Fig. 2
Junction arrangements
402 The formula in 401 applies only if the half apex angle
does not exceed 75 and the thickness t obtained is less than
one sixth of the external diameter at the large end of the cone.
The thickness of the junction or knuckle and the adjacent parts

shall not be less than that for the cone determined by the formula in 401.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
If the difference in angle of slope exceeds 30, welded junctions are not permitted. In these cases, knuckle connections
with a minimum inside radius ri of 0.06 Do are to be applied.
Table C1 Values of K as a function of and ri/Do
10
20
30
45
60
75
0.01
0.70
1.00
1.35
2.05
3.20
6.80
0.06
0.55
0.70
0.90
1.30
2.00
3.85
Values of K for ri/Do for ratios of

0.08 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.30
0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55
0.65 0.60 0.55 0.55 0.55
0.85 0.80 0.70 0.65 0.55
1.20 1.10 0.95 0.90 0.70
1.75 1.60 1.40 1.25 1.00
3.50 3.15 2.70 2.40 1.55
0.40
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.70
1.00
0.50
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
Fig. 4
Elliptical end
405 The thickness of conical sections having a half apex angle of more than 75 is to be determined as for a flat plate.
406 Cone and cylinder forming a junction at the small end of
a cone shall have the thickness of the adjoining parts determined by
tr = M t (mm)
M
t
= a factor given in Fig.3 as a function of the ratio p/t e

= the thickness of the cylinder determined by the formula
in 201.
Fig. 5
Torispherical end
Fig. 6
End with opening
C 500 Dished ends

501 The thickness of dished ends without stays, concave to
the pressure side, is not to be less than:
pD 0
t = -------------- K + c (mm)
20 t e
t
Do
e
K
Fig. 3
Values of M for small end cone-cylinder junction
The above formula applies only for junctions with half apex
angles of the cone less than 30.
In no case is tr to be less than the thickness for the cone determined by the formula in 401. The increased cylinder thickness
tr is to extend a minimum distance D 0 ( t r c ) from the junction and the increased cone thickness tr is to extend a minimum
distance:
D0( tr c )
------------------------ (mm)
cos
from the junction.
407 Cone or cylinder connections at the small end of cones
with half apex angles exceeding 30 are to be manufactured by
means of knuckle transitions. The thickness of the knuckle will
be considered in each case.
=
=
=
=
required end plate thickness after dishing

outside diameter of end plate, in mm
joint efficiency for welded joints, see 505
shape factor defined in 503.
The thickness t is not to be less than the thickness required for

a seamless, unpierced, cylindrical shell of the same diameter
and material, except where the end plate is a complete hemisphere.
The required thickness is to be obtained through an iteration
process.
502 The formula in 501 applies to:
hemispherical ends
elliptical ends with H 0.2 Do
torispherical ends satisfying the following conditions:
H 0.18 Do; R Do; r 0.1 Do; r 3 t; L 2 t
H
= outside height of the end, in mm, measured from

the junction of the dished part with the cylindrical
DET NORSKE VERITAS
r
R
L
shell
= inside knuckle radius of torispherical ends, in mm
= inside radius of spherical part of torispherical ends,
in mm
= length of the cylindrical part of the end, in mm.
See also Fig.4 and 5.

The formula in 501 is not valid for ends with openings exceeding d/Do = 0.5 where:
d
= diameter of opening, in mm.
See also Fig.6.

Guidance note:
The outside height of torispherical ends may be determined from
the following formula:
2
H = R + t ( R r ) ( D0 2 t r )
503 The shape factor K to be used in the formula in 501 is to

be determined from the curves in Fig.7 depending on the ratio
H/Do as follows:
Plain ends without openings or with openings reinforced
in accordance with D300 or with small openings not requiring reinforcement according to D200, the shape factor
K depends on the ratio (t c)/Do as well as on the H/Do
ratio. The unbroken line curves are to be used and trial calculations may be necessary.
For ends with unreinforced openings and for flanged openings, the shape factor is to be as given in Fig.7, depending
on the ratio H/Do and with:
Fig. 7
Graph of shape factor K for dished ends
d
-------------------------D0( t c )
as a parameter, where d is the diameter of the largest opening
in the end plate (in the case of an elliptical opening, the larger
axis of the ellipse).
In addition, the following conditions are to be satisfied:
504 The thickness of dished ends without stays, convex to

the pressure side is not to be less than:
p D0
t = --------------- K + c
16 t e
tc
---------- 0, 1
D0
t, Do, e and K is defined in 501.

In addition the spherical section of the end is to be checked
against elastic instability. The pressure, pc, corresponding to
elastic instability is to be determined from the following formula:
K is not to be less than given for a plain end with the same
t c/Do-ratio.
The radius r1 of the flanging is not to be less than 25 mm. The
thickness of the flanged portion may be less than the calculated
thickness t. See Fig.6.
Guidance note:
In the case of ends containing only compensated openings, read
K from full curves of (t c)/D = 0.002 to (t c)/D = 0.04 interpolating as necessary.
tc
p c = 2.4 E ----------
R
E
= modulus of elasticity in N/mm2 at design material temperature, see table in Sec.5 E107.
The design pressure is not to exceed:
Guidance note:
In the case of ends containing uncompensated openings, read K
from the broken line curves d ( Dt c ) = 5.0 to
d ( Dt c ) = 0.5 interpolating as necessary. In no case, K
is to be taken as smaller than the value for a similar unpierced
end.
pc
p = -----SF
tc
SF = 3.7 for ---------- 0.001
r
tc
SF = 3 for ---------- 0.003
r
Intermediate values may be interpolated.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
506 Examples of connections between dished ends and cylindrical shells are shown in Fig.8.
C 600
Unstayed flat end plates
601 The thickness of an unstayed flat end plate is to be determined by the following formula:
14 t
k ----------p
k is a calculation factor depending upon t1 c/t c and
100 (t1 c)/Di where:
t
t1
Di
= thickness of end plate, in mm

= thickness of cylindrical shell, in mm
= inside diameter of cylindrical shell, in mm.
For determining k, see Fig.9.
Fig. 9
Calculation factor K
602 The formula in 601 is based on the following conditions:

p 30 bar
Fig. 8
Dished ends cylindrical shell connections
t1 t 5 t1
505 For torispherical and elliptical ends dished from one

plate, e = 1.
For hemispherical ends, e is to be taken as given in 102.
For torispherical and elliptical ends made of welded plates, e is
to be taken as given in 102, except that e = 1 may be used also
for class II and III pressure vessels for welded seams situated
within the area 0.6 Do of the spherical part.
Cases where p, t and t1 are outside these limits, will be specially considered.
603 If t1 is locally increased to obtain a reduction of t, the increased shell thickness is to extend at least a length
D 0 ( t 1 c ) from the end plate, where Do = outside diameter
of cylindrical shell, in mm.
604 Examples of acceptable connections between flat end
plates and cylindrical shells are shown in Fig.10.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
Calculations according to a recognised code may be approved.
Fig. 11
Opening arrangement
D 200 Openings not requiring reinforcement

201 Reinforcements are not required for isolated openings
provided:
d i 0.3 ( D i + t a )t a
with a maximum of 150 mm.
An opening is considered isolated if its centre is at a distance
greater than:
d a + 3 ( D i + t a )t a
from the centre of another opening.
Di
Fig. 10
Acceptable methods of attaching flat end plates to cylindrical
shells
di
D. Openings and Compensations

D 100 General
101 The rules apply only when the following conditions are
simultaneously satisfied:
Openings are circular, elliptical or around with a ratio of
major to minor inside diameters not exceeding 2.
The axis of the branch is not having an angle with the normal to the shell greater than 15.
For cylindrical, conical and spherical shells:
the major inside diameter of the opening is not exceeding one third of the shell inner diameter.
da
t
ta
= the inner diameter of a cylindrical or spherical shell

= twice the inner radius of the spherical part of a torispherical end
= for semi-ellipsoidal ends, twice the inner radius of curvature at centre of head
= for a conical shell, twice the distance along the shell
normal, from the point where the axis of the opening
intersects the inner surface, to the shell axis
= the inner diameter of the opening or branch for a circular opening and the chord length in the plane being
considered for elliptical and obround openings
= mean inner diameter of the two openings
= thickness as calculated from the formula in C200,
C300 or C400 using e = 1 and c = 0
= actual thickness of the shell before corrosion allowance is added.
D 300 Openings requiring reinforcement

301 Openings not conforming with 200 are to be reinforced
in accordance with 302 and 303.
302 On each side of the centre line of the opening the required area of reinforcement is:
For dished ends:
the major inner diameter of the opening is not exceeding one half of the outside diameter of the end
the opening is so situated that in projection its outer
extremity or that of its reinforcement is at least one
tenth of the end external diameter from the outer surface of the cylindrical shell, see Fig.11
in case of multiple openings, the distance between the
openings are to comply with the requirement in
Fig.11.
102 The rules do not apply to multiple openings in cylindrical shells where the distance between the axes is less than 1.5
times the average diameter of the openings.
103 Openings not complying with the requirements in 101
and 102 will be subjected to special consideration.
tb
d
----i
2
+ tb t
(mm )
= thickness in mm of the branch calculated from the formula in Sec.5 G101 with c = 0. For elliptical or
obround reinforcement rings the chord length in the
plane being considered is to be used in determining tb.
For di and t, see 201.

For openings fitted with an internal cover such that the bore is
not subjected to pressure, the required area of reinforcement on
each side of the opening is:
DET NORSKE VERITAS
K di t
------------2
(mm )
= 1 for spherical shells and for planes passing through

the generatrix for cylindrical and conical shells
= 0.7 for planes normal to the generatrix for cylindrical
and conical shells.
Guidance note:
Generatrix is a line parallel to the centre line of the cylindrical or
conical shells.
For oval openings in cylindrical and conical shells the reinforcement is to be determined in a plane passing through the
generatrix (Fig.12 a, K = 1) and in a plane normal to the generatrix (Fig.12 b, K = 0.7). For spherical shells the reinforcement is to be determined in a plane passing through the major
diameter of the opening. All planes are to pass through the centre of the opening and are to be normal to the wall.
303 Only material located within the following limits will be
accepted as reinforcement:
For the shell, measured from the outer surface of the
branch along the outer surface of the shell:
Ls =
( D i + t a )t a (mm)
For the branch, and internal protrusion, if fitted, measured

from the relevant surface of the shell:
L = 0.8 ( d i + t ba )t ba (mm)
The area A, available as reinforcement on each side of the centre line of the opening, is shown shaded in Fig.12.
When ta/Di 0.02, two-thirds of the area of compensation required is to be at a distance less than:
d i 2 + 0.35 ( D i + t a )t a
measured from the axis of the opening on the external surface
of the shell.
The reinforcement is adequate if:
di
A K ---- + t b t
2
( mm )
t ba = actual thickness in mm of the branch before corrosion

allowance is added.
For Di, di, t, ta and tb, see 201 and 302.
304 Where two openings or branches are sufficiently closed
spaced for the limits of compensation in the shell to overlap,
the limits of compensation is to be reduced so that no overlap
is present.
305 Material in the reinforcement, or in a branch, is normally
to have the same mechanical properties as that in the shell. In
no case is the reinforcement, or the branch, to be made from a
material having a nominal design stress less than 0.75 times the
nominal design stress for the shell. Where material with a lower nominal design stress than that of the shell is used for reinforcement, its effective area is to be assumed reduced in the
ratio of the nominal design stresses at design temperature.
No reduction will be accepted for material with a nominal design stress greater than that of the shell.
306 Reinforcements, not in compliance with the requirements above may be approved if justified by a detailed calculation.
Additional reinforcement may be required where closing appliances can cause deformation of the shell.
Fig. 12
Reinforcement area
D 400
Minimum thickness of standpipes and branches
401 The wall thickness of standpipes and branches is not to

be less than determined by Sec.5 G. Additional thickness may
be necessary on account of loads from connected piping and
vibrations.
For class I and II pressure vessels the nominal wall thickness
of standpipes and branches is, however, not to be less than:
t = 0.04 do + 2.5 (mm)
but need not be greater than the shell thickness.
do = outer diameter of the branch.
D 500
Welded branch connections
501 Acceptable welded branch connections are shown in

Fig.13.
Alternative methods of attachment may be accepted provided
details are submitted for consideration.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
Notes to Fig.(e2):
1) Fillet welds are not suitable in cases where there are fluctuating loads.
2) Weld detail (e2) is not to be used for openings that require
reinforcement i.e. the required reinforcement for the openings is to be integrated in the shell plate.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
DET NORSKE VERITAS
a, b = longer and shorter half-axes in mm, as indicated in

Fig.14
C = a coefficient given in Table E1.
Fig. 14
Covers
Fig. 13
Details of branch connections
Table E1 Coefficient C
a
--b
Studded connections, weld details k, l, m and n are acceptable

for use only on class II and III vessel with limitations as listed
below.
1) Weld details k and l are only accepted for shell thickness
up to 16 mm in carbon manganese steels with specified
minimum tensile strength not exceeding 430 N/mm2 and
when design temperature of the vessel is maximum 120C.
Weld detail m is accepted on the same conditions, but only
for shell thickness up to 10 mm.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.24 1.41 1.57 1.69 1.82 1.93 2.27 2.60 2.79
F. Heat Exchanger Tubes

F 100
General
101 The wall thickness of straight tubes is not to be less than:

pd
t = -------------------- + c
20 t + p
2) Weld details k, l, and m are not to be used for openings

which require reinforcement, i.e. the required reinforcement for the openings is to be integrated in the shell plate.
3) The size of fillet welds L as indicated, is to be equal to the
smaller of t or td but not be less than 6 mm.
d
c
4) The threaded depth a is to not be less than diameter of

screw or stud.
102 The corrosion allowance is to be as follows, unless the

conditions of service make a different allowance more suitable:
E. Covers for Inspection Openings and Manholes

E 100
General
101 The rules apply to flat circular and oval covers formed
from steel plate and of the internal type, as shown in Fig.14.
102
The thickness is not to be less than:

Cp
t = b ----------- + c
10 t
(mm)
minimum 15 mm for manhole covers

e
= breadth of jointing surface, see Fig.14
= outside diameter
= corrosion allowance.
- Carbon and low-alloy steels:

- Copper and copper alloys:
- Stainless austenitic steels:
c = 1 mm
c = 0.3 mm
c = 0 mm
103 If the tubes are ordered with a minus tolerance, the minimum thickness according to the formula is to be increased by
the necessary amount.
Where tubes are bent, the thickness of the thinnest part of the
tubes is not to be less than the calculated thickness, unless it
can be demonstrated that the method of bending results in no
decrease in strength at the bend as compared with the straight
tube.
In connection with any new method of bending, the manufacturer is to prove that this condition is satisfied.
104 The nominal wall thickness of heat exchanger tubes (un-
DET NORSKE VERITAS
finned) is in general not to be less than given in Table F1.
Table F1 Nominal wall thickness

Minimum nominal wall thickness, mm
Outside
diameter
Copper and
Austenitic
Carbon steel
mm
copper alloys
steel
10
0.7
0.7
12
0.9
0.9
16
0.9
1.2
0.9
19
1.2
1.5
0.9
25
1.5
2.0
1.2
32
1.5
2.0
1.5
38
2.0
2.0
1.5
51
2.0
2.0
2.0
DET NORSKE VERITAS
SECTION 5
PARTICULAR DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR BOILERS
A. Shells and Headers of Cylindrical Sections
A 100 Scantlings
101 The thickness of cylindrical shells is to be determined in
accordance with the requirements in Sec.4.
For drums and headers in watertube boilers, the joint efficiency factor e is to be taken as the efficiency of the ligaments between tube holes, in accordance with 200.
For shell boilers where set-in end plates are used, see Fig.8, the
thickness of the shell plates within a distance 250 mm from the
end plate is, however, not to be less than determined from the
following formula:
t2
=
=
=
=
d
s
s1
s2
= mean effective diameter of the tube holes, after allowing for any counterboring or recessing, in mm. For
compensating effect of tube stubs, see 301
= pitch of tube holes in mm
= the shorter of any two adjacent pitches, in mm
= the longer of any two adjacent pitches, in mm.
For irregular spacing, the value of the double pitch (s1 + s2),
giving the lowest efficiency, is to be applied. The value of one
pitch is in no case to be taken as being greater than twice the
other pitch.
pR
t 1 = --------------------------------- + c
10 t X 0.5p
R
X
sd
e = ----------- for eqal spacing for holes, and
s
s 1 + s 2 2d
e = ---------------------------- for irregular spacing of holes
s1 + s 2
inside radius of shell or shell section

0.8 for t2/(t1 c) 1.4
1.0 for t2/(t1 c) 1.0
calculated thickness of end plate at the junction with
the shell without corrosion allowance.
For intermediate values of t2/(t1 c) the values of X is to be

found by linear interpolation.
The required shell thickness is to be obtained through an iteration process.
102 The nominal thickness of a boiler shell is not to be less
than 7 mm.
Fig. 2
Diagonal drilling
Fig. 1
Parallel drilling
A 200 Efficiency of ligaments between tube holes

201 When drilling holes parallel to the axis, the efficiency e
of ligament is given by:
202 Provided that the spacing between holes, in the case of a

circumferential drilling, gives an efficiency of ligaments, calculated according to the formulae in 201, less than one half of
the efficiency of longitudinal ligaments, twice the efficiency of
circumferential ligaments is to be used. The pitch of tubes for
circumferential drilling is to be measured along the median
line.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
Fig. 3
Ligament Efficiencies diagonal drilling
a
b
Fig. 4
Regularly staggered spacing
203 When drilling holes along a diagonal line, the efficiency

of corresponding ligaments is given in Fig.3 with the ratio
2a d
b
--- as abcissa and --------------- as parameter
2a
a
The figure applies to regular spacing of tube holes arranged
along a straight line or in a saw-tooth pattern as shown in
Fig.2.
The data given in Fig.3 are based on the following formula:
cos + 1
= ---------------------------------d cos
2 1 ----------------
a
2
1
d cos
= --- 1 ---------------- ( sin + 1 )
2
a
sin cos
= ---------------------------------d cos
2 1 ----------------
a
= diagonal pitch of holes projected on longitudinal axis,
in mm
= diagonal pitch of holes projected circumferentially, in
mm
= angle of centre line of cylinder to centre line of diagonal holes.
For d, see 201.

In case of a regularly staggered spacing of tube holes, i.e. the
centres are arranged on diagonal and circumferential lines as
well as on lines parallel to the longitudinal axis, as shown in
Fig.4, the smallest value e of all ligament efficiencies (longitudinally, circumferentially and diagonally) is given in Fig.5 by
the ratio:
2
e = --------------------------------------------------------------2
2
A + B + ( A B ) + 4C
b
--- on the abcissa, and the ratio
a
2a d
--------------- or d/a used as a parameter
2a
DET NORSKE VERITAS
A 300 Compensating effect of tube stubs

301 Where a drum or header is drilled for tube stubs fitted by
strength welding, the effective diameter d of holes is to be taken as:
A
d a ---t
The compensating area A is to be measured in a plane through
the axis of the tube stub parallel to the longitudinal axis of the
drum or header (see Fig.6), and is to be calculated as follows:
For a set-through stub:
A = 2 (ta tm) (t + h) + A1 + A2 (mm2)
For a set-on stub:
A = 2 (ta tm) h + A2 (mm2)
A1 = sectional area of the stub projecting inside the shell
within the distance h from the inner surface of the shell
(maximum 2 ta h), in mm2
A2 = sectional area of fillet welds attaching the stub to inside
and outside of shell, in mm2
t
= plate thickness, in mm
ta = actual wall thickness of tube stub minus corrosion allowance, in mm
tm
h
di
= calculated minimum wall thickness of tube stub according to G, with c = 0, in mm

= 0.8 ( d i + t a )t a
= inner diameter of tube stub, in mm.
Where the material of the tube stub has a nominal design stress
lower than that of the shell, the compensating sectional area of
the stub is to be multiplied by the ratio:
t of stub
------------------------ t of shell
No credit will be given for the additional strength of a material
having a nominal design stress greater than that of the shell.
302 The minimum pitch for roller-expanded boiler tubes,
measured along the median line, is not to be less than
1.25 d + 10 (mm)
d is as given in 201.
303 If more than three stay bolts pierce a cylindrical shell in
the same horizontal line, the efficiency in this line is not to be
lower than that of the longitudinal weld, otherwise the stays are
to be arranged in zig-zag.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
Fig. 5
Ligament efficiencies staggered drilling
DET NORSKE VERITAS
1 m +n m
Y = --- ------------------- ------- cos
3
m+n
2
at the corners:
1 m +n
Y = --- ------------------3 m+n
2m = internal width in mm of header parallel with the side

under consideration. See Fig.7
2n = internal width in mm of header measured at right angles to the side under consideration. See Fig.7
= angle as indicated in Fig.7.
103 When drilling holes parallel to the longitudinal axis the
efficiency of ligaments is given by:
when considering membrane stresses:
sd
e = ----------s
for d < 0.6 m when considering bending stresses:
sd
e 1 = ----------s
for d 0.6 m when considering bending stresses:
s 0.6m
e 1 = --------------------s
In the case of considering the section A-A, where the holes are
arranged diagonally, as indicated in Fig.7d, s1 to be used instead of s.
In Fig.7 the symbols used are as follows:
Fig. 6
Stub connections
B. Headers of Rectangular or Irregular Sections

B 100
Headers of rectangular section
101 To determine the thickness, it is necessary to consider

the thickness required in the centre line of the sides, at all lines
of holes and at the corners. The required thickness is the greater of these values.
102
s
s1
d
r
= distance from the row of holes under consideration to

the centre line of the side, in mm
= pitch of holes, in mm
= diagonal pitch of holes, in mm
= angle as indicated in the figure
= diameter of holes, in mm
= radius of curvature at corners, in mm.
The thickness t of the header is not to be less than:

pn
t = -------------- + 0.45pY
------------------- + c (mm)
20 t e
t e1
e
e1
= efficiency of ligaments referring to the membrane

stresses as given in 103
= efficiency of ligaments referring to the bending stresses as given in 103.
Y is a coefficient used in determining the required wall thickness of the side with internal width 2 m and is (the numerical
value is to be used):
at the centre line:
3
1 m +n m
Y = --- ------------------- ------2
3 m+n
at a line of holes parallel to the longitudinal axis of the
header:
3
1 m +n m b
Y = --- ------------------- -----------------2
3 m+n
for checking the section A-A, where holes are arranged diagonally and situated equidistantly from the centre line of
the wall, as indicated in Fig.7d:
Fig. 7
Hole arrangement in header
104 In the case of oval holes, the value of d used in the formulae for e and e1 is to be the inside dimension of the hole,
measured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the header. For
evaluation of the limiting value of d in 103 the inside dimension of the hole measured perpendicularly to the longitudinal
axis of the header is to be used (d1 in Fig.7b).
DET NORSKE VERITAS
105 For corners and inspection openings the following is to

be satisfied:
for connection with a furnace or with the shell of fireboxes: the thickness of the plate with a minimum of 25 mm.
1
r --- t
3
102 Where the flange curvature is a point of support, this is

to be taken at the commencement of curvature, or at a line 3.5
times the thickness of the plate measured from outside of the
plate, whichever is nearer to the flange.
Where a flat plate is welded directly to a shell, the point of support is to be taken at the inside of the shell.
103 The length of the cylindrical part of the flanged end plate
is not to be less than 2.5 times the thickness of the end plate.
104 Where unflanged flat plates are connected to a cylindrical shell by welding, the weld is to be a full penetration weld,
normally welded from both sides. The inside fillet weld is to
have concave profile and is to merge into the plate without undercutting or abrupt irregularity. The minimum throat thickness is to be as given in Fig.8.
The inside fillet weld may only be omitted for small boilers not
accessible for welding from the inside.
105 For unflanged flat end plates the ratio of end plate thickness to shell thickness is not to exceed 2.0. Where inside fillet
weld is omitted the ratio is not to exceed 1.4.
t is the mean of the nominal thicknesses of the two sides.

r is in no case to be less than 8 mm.
106 At locally machined openings, the thickness may be 2
mm less than given by the above rules, but is generally not to
be less than 8 mm.
B 200 Headers of irregular form
201 Where the thickness of headers of irregular form, for instance corrugated headers, has not been calculated with sufficient accuracy, and the empirical data available are
insufficient, hydraulic deformation tests are to be carried out.
Information on testing method and results obtained is to be
submitted for approval.
C. Dished Ends
C 100 Dished ends subject to pressure on the concave
side
101 The thickness of dished ends without stays concave to
the pressure side is to be determined in accordance with the requirements in Sec.4 C500.
102 The minimum thickness of dished ends forming the upper part of vertical boilers, subject to pressure on the concave
side and supported by a central uptake, is to be determined
from the following formula:
pR i
t = ----------- + c
13 t
Ri = inside radius of curvature.
Ri is not to be greater than the external diameter of the cylinder
to which it is attached.
The inside knuckle radius of the arc joining the cylindrical
flange to the spherical surface of the end is not to be less than
four times the thickness of the end plate, and in no case less
than 65 mm.
The inside radius of curvature of flange to uptake is not to be
less than twice the thickness of the end plate, and in no case
less than 25 mm.
C 200 Dished ends subject to pressure on the convex
side
201 The thickness of dished ends subject to pressure on the
convex side is to be determined in accordance with the requirements in Sec.4 C504, except for dished ends for vertical boiler
fireboxes.
The thickness of dished ends for vertical boiler fireboxes is to
be determined in accordance with the requirements in E600.
D. Flat Plates Supported by Stays

D 100 General
101 Where a flat plate is flanged for connection to other
parts, the inside radius of flanging is not to be less than:
for connection with the boiler shell: twice the thickness of
the plate with a minimum of 38 mm
Fig. 8
Attachment of unflanged flat end plates or tube plates to shell
106 The spacing of tube holes are to be such that the minimum width of any ligament between tube holes is not less than:
for expanded tubes:
0.125 d + 12.5
for welded tubes:
0.125 d + 9 for gas entry temperatures > 800C
0.125 d + 7 for gas entry temperatures 800C
d = diameter of tube hole.
Guidance note:
The shape of internal fillet weld is to be concave. The ratio of leg
lengths l 1 / l 2 should be approximately 4 : 3. The minimum
DET NORSKE VERITAS
throat thickness, a, is to be related to the shell thickness as follows:

Shell thickness (mm)
t < 12
12 t 16
16 < t
Minimum throat thickness (mm)

4.5
5
6
When, in addition to the above main circle, a sub-circle of diameter equal to 0.75 times that of the main circle can be drawn
passing through two points of support and such that its centre
lies outside the main circle, the thickness is to be determined
from formula (2) using b as indicated in Fig.9 and y determined
from the table in 206.
Guidance note:
For non-destructive testing, see Sec.8 D101
Guidance note:
The use of minimum angle should be associated with a maximum
radius r of 10 mm. Conversely, the maximum angle should be associated with minimum radius r of 5 mm.
D 200 Scantlings
201 The thickness of stayed flat plates is not to be less than
the greater of the values determined by the following formulae:
p
t = K C d e ----------- + c
10 t
(1)
p
t = y C b ----------- + c
10 t
(2)
or
K
C
de
a
b
y
202
= a factor depending on number of supports, see 202

= a factor depending on the method of support, see 203
= the diameter of the largest circle passing through
points of support, see 205
= the major dimension of elliptical or rectangular unsupported areas
= the minor dimension of elliptical or rectangular unsupported areas
= a factor depending on the ratio b/a, see 206.
The value of the factor K is:
for four or more evenly distributed points of support: 1.0

for three points of support: 1.1
for annular areas, i.e. areas supported only by cylindrical
shell and uptake, or cylindrical shell and lower part of fire
boxes (2 points of support): 1.56
203 The value of the factor C is to be as given in Table D1.
Where different methods of support are used, the factor C is to
be taken as the mean of the values for the respective methods
adopted.
204 For parts supported by bar stays or stay tubes, de is the
diameter of the largest circle passing through not less than
three points of support. The three points of support considered
are not to be situated on the same side of any diameter of this
circle.
205 For parts situated near the edge of the plate or around a
furnace, de is the diameter of the circle tangent to the support
at the cylindrical shell or furnace (see 102) and passing through
the centres of at least two other supports.
The three points of support considered are not to be situated on
the same side of any diameter of this circle.
Fig. 9
Use of sub-circles and rectangular areas
206 The ratio y takes into account the increase in stress for
rectangular or elliptical areas, compared with circular areas as
a function of the ratio b/a according to Table D2 or Fig.10.
D 300
Stay tubes and tube plates within tube nests
301 Stay tubes are tubes welded into the tube plates in accordance with Fig.12, having a weld depth equal to the tube
thickness + 3 mm.
These stay tubes are not required within tube nests except
when the tube nests comprise tubes which are expanded only.
Stay tubes are however to be used in the boundary rows in sufficient numbers to carry the flat plate loadings outside the tube
area.
For loadings on stay tubes and required area, see F.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
Table D1 Value of factor C

Type of support
Isolated plain bar stays or stay tubes, Fig.11 (a) and Fig.12
Note: An example of an isolated plain bar stay is given in Fig.9 b
0.45
Non-isolated plain bar stays or stay tubes
0.39
Bar stays welded to reinforced plate or plate fitted with washer, Fig.11 (b) and (c)
0.35
Unstayed tube bank with plain tubes welded at both ends, Fig.13
Flat end plate or tubeplate attachment to cylindrical shell
0.30
Flanged end plate
0.32
Set-in end plate with internal fillet weld. End plate thickness divided by shell plate thickness (Fig.8):
1.4
> 1.4 1.6
> 1.6 1.8
> 1.8
0.33
0.36
0.39
0.42
Set in end plate with no internal fillet weld

Flat end plate attachment to furnace and uptake
0.45
With internal fillet weld:

Plain furnace
Corrugated furnace with corrugations less than 50 mm deep
Corrugated furnace with corrugations 50 mm deep or greater:
length > 4 m
length 4 m
Bowling hoop furnace
0.30
0.32
0.37
0.34
0.32
With no internal fillet weld
0.45
Top plates of fireboxes supported by continuous welded girders
0.51
Table D2 Value of factor y

y
Ratio b/a
1.0
0.75
0.5
0.25
0.1
Rectangular
plates
1.10
1.26
1.40
1.52
1.56
Elliptical
plates
1.0
1.15
1.30
1.43
Intermediate values are to be interpolated.
ed plain tubes, Fig.13, is not to be less than calculated according to formula (2) in 201 using b as the pitch of the plain tubes
and y = 1.56. The thickness is not to be less than 10 mm.
303 For tube plates with expanded tubes and stay tubes the
thickness is to be calculated according to 201 and is not to be
less than:
12.5 mm when d 50 mm
14.0 mm when d > 50 mm
d = diameter of tube hole.
D 400 Vertical tube plates in vertical boilers
401 Where vertical boilers have a nest or nests of horizontal
tubes, so that the tube plates are in direct tension, due to the
vertical load on the boiler ends or to their acting as horizontal
ties across the shell, the thickness of tube plates and the spacing of the tubes are to be such that the section of metal, taking
the load, is sufficient to keep the stress within that allowed for
shell plates. The thickness is not to be less than:
4pRg
t = ------------------------------- + c
10 ( g d )R m
R
g
d
Fig. 10
Determination of factor y
302
The thickness of tube plates within tube nests with weld-
= radial distance, from centre of the outer row of tube

holes to axis of the shell, in mm
= vertical pitch, of tubes in outer rows, in mm
= diameter of tube holes, in mm.
Every second tube in the outer vertical rows of tubes is to be a

stay tube.
402 The arrangement of stay tubes in the nests is to be such
that the thickness of the tube plates meets the requirements in
200.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
Fig. 11
Stay connections
Fig. 12
Typical attachment of stay tubes
Guidance note:
The ends of the tube shall be dressed flush with the welds
when exposed to flame or temperature exceeding 600C.
Guidance note:
Tubes are to be lightly expanded before and after welding.
Guidance note:
Tubes are to be lightly expanded before and after welding.
Guidance note:
For tubes exposed to flame or gas temperatures exceeding 600C
the ends are to be dressed flush with the welds.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
602 Openings larger than those permitted according to 601

are to be reinforced.
Compensation is adequate when the area y is equal to or greater than the area x requiring compensation. See Fig.14.
603 The material in the branch, or in the pad reinforcement,
is normally to have the same mechanical properties as that in
the flat plate. In no case is the material to have a nominal design stress less than 0.75 times the nominal design stress of the
flat plate.
Where material with a lower nominal design stress than that of
the flat plate is used for reinforcement, its effective area is to
be reduced in the ratio of the nominal design stresses at design
temperature.
No reduction will be accepted for material with a nominal design stress greater than that of the shell.
Fig. 13
Typical attachment of welded plain tubes
D 500 Firebox plates under compression

501 The thickness of firebox tube plates under compression
due to pressure on the crown plate is not to be less than:
pls
t = ---------------------------1950 ( s d )
l
s
d
= length of firebox measured on the inside between tube

plate and back plate
= distance between centres of tube holes
= internal diameter of plain tubes.
The thickness is, however, not to be less than determined by

the formulae in 200.
D 600 Openings in flat plates
601 The maximum diameter of an unreinforced opening in a
flat plate is to be determined from the following formula:
d =
ta
t
2
ta
8 t a 1.5 -----2
1.0
Fig. 14
Compensation of openings in flat plates
y
ta , t
t ba
=
=
=
tb
D
C
=
=
= actual thickness of flat plate minus corrosion allowance

= thickness of flat plate calculated from the formula in
201 for the part of the plate under consideration with c
= 0.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
the area requiring compensation, marked by

xxxxx
the compensating area, marked by ///////
as defined in 600
the actual thickness of the branch minus corrosion
allowance
the thickness of the branch calculated from the formula, in G101
the greater of the two values d/2 or (ta + 75) mm
the smaller of the two values 2.5 ta or (2.5 tba + tr).
Fig. 15
Required thickness by calculation against elastic instability
DET NORSKE VERITAS
E. Furnaces and Fireboxes of Cylindrical Form,

Uptakes, Cross-tubes and Ogee Rings
E 100 Plain furnaces
101 The design of a plain furnace is to be checked to ensure
that neither membrane yield nor elastic instability occur.
102 For calculation against membrane yield, the design pressure is not to exceed that determined by the following formula:
4a
u = ------ 100
Do
See Fig.16
R et 2 ( t c )
1 + 0.1 D L
p = 10 -------- ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------D
D
u
S1
1 + 0.03 ---------- --------------------------tc 1+5 DL
L
D
u
S1
= the length of the furnace or distance between two effective points of support, see 301 and 401
= mean diameter of furnace
= percentage of out-of-roundness of the furnace. The
value of u to be used in the formula is to be taken as 1.5
= factor of safety.
103 For calculation against elastic instability, the design

pressure is not to exceed that determined by the following formula:
c- 3
tc
t-----------------
Do
Do
E
p = 20 ------- ----------------------------------------------------- + ---------------------SK
2
2 2 3 ( 1 2 )
(n 1)[1 + (n z) ]
2
n
E
n
z
106 The following values are to be used for the factor of

safety:
against membrane yield:
horizontal furnaces: S1 = 2.75
vertical furnaces: S1 = 2.5
2n 1
1 + ---------------------------
2
( n z ) + 1
against elastic instability: SK = 4.5.
= modulus of elasticity in N/mm2 at design material temperatures, see table in 107

= integral number of waves. n 2 and n > z
0.5 D o
= coefficient = --------------------L
107 Values of E for carbon and carbon-manganese steels

may be obtained from the following table:
Design material
temperature (C)
E N/mm2 105
250
300
350
400
1.95
1.91
1.86
1.81
For intermediate temperatures linear interpolation is to be

used.
108 Plain furnaces shall not exceed 3 m in length. If corrugations are used to provide flexibility, at least one-third of the
furnace length shall be corrugated.
= Poisson's ratio
SK = safety factor
Do = outside diameter.
L is defined in 102.
n is to be chosen to minimise p.
n may be estimated by the following formula:
Do 2 Do
n = 1.63 ------ --------- L tc
Fig. 16
Local flat parts
1
--4
For usual dimension of furnaces, p or t c may be determined

from Fig.15.
104 The nominal thickness of plain furnaces is not to be less
than 10 mm for horizontal furnaces and 8 mm for vertical furnaces.
The nominal thickness is not to exceed 22 mm.
105 For ovality the percentage of out-of-roundness is:
200 ( D max D min )
u = ---------------------------------------------D max + D min
Dmax = the maximum mean diameter of the furnace
Dmin = the minimum mean diameter of the furnace.
For local flat parts the percentage of out-of-roundness is:
E 200 Corrugated furnaces

201 The design of corrugated furnaces is to be checked to ensure that membrane yield do not occur.
Check against elastic instability is in general not required for
usual form of corrugations.
202 The minimum thickness of corrugated furnaces after
corrugation may be determined from the following formula:
p Do
t = ------------- + c
K
Do = outside diameter at bottom of corrugations
K = 1060 for Fox, Morrison and Deighton corrugations.
203 Consideration will be given to a more accurate calculation taking depth, pitch, cross sectional area and second moment of area of the corrugations into account.
The calculation may be carried out according to a recognised
code. The factors of safety are in general not to be less than that
given in 106.
204 The nominal thickness is not to exceed 22 mm and is not
to be less than 8 mm.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
E 300
Stiffeners
301 Stiffening rings considered to give effective points of

support, are to have a second moment of area not less than given by the following formula:
the required reinforcement may be based on the calculated

thickness of the furnace assuming an internal pressure
equal to the design pressure of the boiler.
pD L
I x = -----------------------7
1.33 10
L and D are defined in 102.
302 The thickness of stiffening rings are to be kept to the
minimum required. For limiting dimensions see Fig.17. Stiffening rings are to extend completely around the circumference
of the furnace, and are to be welded to the furnace with full
penetration weld.
Fig. 18
Support details
E 600 Dished ends for vertical boiler fireboxes

601 The internal radius, Ri, of the spherical part of the dished
end is not to be greater than the external diameter of the cylindrical firebox.
The inside radius of the flange to the cylindrical firebox is not
to be less than four times the thickness of the dished end with
a minimum of 65 mm.
602 The minimum thickness of dished ends for vertical boiler fireboxes subjected to pressure on the convex side and without support from stays of any kind, is to be determined from
the following formula:
Fig. 17
Furnace stiffeners
E 400
p Ri
t = ---------- + c
6 t
Fireboxes for vertical boilers
401 The required thickness of plain fireboxes in vertical

boilers is given in 100.
Where the firebox is tapered, the outside diameter to be used in
the calculation is mean of that at the top and that at the bottom
where it is substantially supported from flange, ring or row of
stays.
The length of the firebox is to be taken as the length between
points of substantial support, as indicated in Fig.18.
A circumferential row of stays connecting the firebox to the
shell is considered as a substantial support, if the diameter of
the stays is not less than 22 mm or twice the thickness of the
firebox, whichever is the greater, and the pitch of the stays at
the firebox does not exceed 14 times the wall thickness of the
firebox.
Ri is defined in 601.
The thickness is not to be less than the thickness of the firebox.
603 The minimum thickness of dished ends for vertical boiler fireboxes subjected to pressure on the convex side and supported by a central uptake is to be determined from the
following formula:
p Ri
t = ----------- + c
10 t
Ri is defined in 601.
501 Reinforcement of openings in cylindrical furnaces is to

satisfy the requirements in Sec.4 D except that:
E 700 Internal uptakes in vertical boilers

701 The thickness of internal uptakes in vertical boilers is
not to be less than determined by the formulae in 100.
The corrosion allowance, c, is to be 4 mm.
The safety factors may be taken as follows:
pad type reinforcement is not permitted
against membrane yield: S = 2.0
E 500
Openings in furnaces
DET NORSKE VERITAS
Rm
= -------5.7
against elastic instability: SK = 3.5.

E 800 Cross-tubes in vertical boilers
801 For vertical boilers with cross-tubes passing through the
firebox shell, the minimum thickness of these tubes is not to be
less than:
pd
t = --------- + 6.5
450
d
= internal diameter of cross-tube.
The thickness is, however, not to be less than 9.5 mm.

802 The internal diameter of cross-tubes is not to exceed 300
mm.
N/mm for longitudinal stays
= area supported by the stay with reduction of area of

holes embraced.
For a stay tube or bar stay, the area to be supported is to be the

area enclosed by the lines bisecting at right angles the lines
joining the stay and the adjacent points of support, less the area
of any tubes or stays embraced, see Fig.20.
The calculation may be carried out in the uncorroded condition
and not taking minus tolerances into account.
E 900 Connection of firebox to shell in vertical boilers

901 Where the bottom of the firebox is connected to the shell
by means of an ogee ring, and the ring sustains the whole vertical load on the firebox, the thickness of the ring is not to be
less than:
t =
Di
F
p D i ( Di F )
------------------------------+c
10000
= internal diameter of boiler shell

= outside diameter of the firebox where it joins the ogee
ring.
Where the bottom of the furnace is connected to the shell by an

U-shaped ring, see Fig.19, the thickness is to be at least 20%
greater than determined by the above formula.
Fig. 20
Loaded area on stays
102 For top and sides of combustion chambers, the distance

between stays and the commencement of curvature of tube
plates and back plates at their flanges is not to be less than the
distance between rows of stays.
103 For stays on furnaces for vertical boilers, see E400.
F 200 Girders for flat firebox and reversal chambers'
top plates
201 The thickness of girders of rectangular section supporting flat top plates of combustion chambers is not to be less
than:
2
pl b
t = ----------------2
15 t h
l
Fig. 19
Attachment of furnaces to shells for vertical boilers
b
h
F. Stays
F 100 Stay tubes and bar stays
101 The minimum required sectional area is to be determined from the following formula:
Fp
f = ----------10 t
= 70
N/mm2
Rm
= -------5.9
for stay tubes
N/mm for stay bolts
= length of the girder between supports, i.e. measured on

the inside between tube plate and back chamber plate
or between sideplates, according to the method of support
= distance between girders measured from centre to centre
= depth of girder.
The above formula is applicable to girders welded continuously to the top plate by full penetration weld. For the depth h, a
value not exceeding 8 t is to be inserted in the formula.
G. Tubes
G 100 Boiler tubes subjected to internal pressure
101 The wall thickness of straight tubes is not to be less than:
pd
t = -------------------- + c (mm)
20 t + p
DET NORSKE VERITAS
d
c
= outside diameter in mm
= corrosion allowance.
case to be less than given in Table G2.
102 The corrosion allowance is to be 1 mm, except for tubes

used in boilers with open feed water systems where the corrosion allowance is to be 2.5 mm.
103 The thickness for boiler, superheater, reheater and economiser tubes, however, is in no case to be less than the values
given in Table G1.
Table G1 Minimum thickness of tubes
Outside diameter of
Minimum thickness (mm)
tube (mm)
d 38
1.75
38 < d 51
2.16
51 < d 70
2.40
70 < d 76
2.60
76 < d 95
3.05
95 < d 102
3.28
102 < d 127
3.50
104 If the tubes are ordered with a minus tolerance, the minimum thickness according to the formula and the table in 103
is to be increased by the necessary amount.
Where tubes are bent, the thickness of the thinnest part of the
tubes is not to be less than the calculated thickness, unless it
can be demonstrated that the method of bending results in no
decrease in strength at the bend as compared with the straight
tube. In connection with any new method of bending, the manufacturer is to prove that this condition is satisfied.
105 Tubes strength welded to tube plates will be specially
considered with respect to sufficient thickness for sound welding.
106 The minimum thickness of downcomer tubes and pipes,
which form an integral part of the boiler and which are not exposed to combustion gases, is to comply with Ch.6 Sec.6 of the
Rules for Classification of Ships.
G 200
Boiler tubes subjected to external pressure
201 The wall thickness of tubes with outside diameter 100

mm and less is not to be less than:
pd
t = ----------- + c (mm)
16 t
d
= outside diameter of tube in mm.
202 For corrosion allowance is to be as given in 102. For additional thickness due to minus tolerances and bending, see
104.
203
The nominal thickness of the tubes is, however, in no
Table G2 Nominal thickness of tubes

Outside
Nominal thickness of tube (mm)
diameter
2.9
3.2
3.6
4.0
of tube
Design pressure (bar)
(mm)
51
11.0
15.0
21.0
57
10.0
13.5
18.0
22.0
63.5
9.0
12.5
16.0
21.0
70
8.0
11.0
15.0
19.5
76.1
10.0
13.5
17.5
82.5
9.0
12.5
16.0
88.9
8.5
11.5
15.0
4.5
21.0
19.5
18.0
For stay tubes, see F.
H. Access and Inspection Openings

H 100 General
101 All drums, headers and other large components for boilers shall be provided with openings, adequate in number and
size, to allow access for fabrication, cleaning and internal inspection. See also Sec.3 A200.
102 Shell boilers with a shell diameter of 1400 mm or greater
are to be designed to permit entry of a person and are to be provided with a manhole for this purpose.
Also boilers with a shell diameter less than 1400 mm which are
capable of being entered by a person are to be provided with a
manhole. Otherwise boilers with a shell diameter between 800
mm and 1400 mm are to be provided with a headhole as a minimum requirement.
103 Special consideration is to be taken to the accessibility
for inspection of welded connections subjected to high bending stresses, e.g. corner welds between flat plates and cylindrical shells or furnaces and attachment welds of stays.
In case of circumferential corner welds not more than one single length equal to half the shell diameter or a number of
lengths totalling one shell diameter are, in general, to be hidden
by tube nests.
104 In all cases it shall be possible to inspect the bottom of
the shell and the longitudinal welds.
105 Vertical boilers with large cross tubes are to have a sight
hole in the shell opposite to one end of each tube to permit the
tubes to be examined and cleaned.
106 Fired boilers including exhaust gas heated boilers/economisers are to be fitted with adequate number and size of openings and facilitates for internal inspection and cleaning of the
gas side.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
SECTION 6
MOUNTINGS AND FITTINGS
A. General
A 100 Construction
101 Construction and arrangement of valves and cocks are to
be such that it can be seen without difficulty whether they are
open or shut.
All valves are to be closed with a right-hand motion (clockwise
rotation).
102 Valves exceeding 50 mm in diameter are to be fitted
with outside screws, and the covers are to be secured by bolts
or studs.
103 Where mountings are secured by studs, the studs are to
have full thread holding in the plate for a length of a least one
diameter. Holes for studs are not to penetrate the whole thickness of the plate. For welded standpipes, see Sec.4 D.
B. Safety Valves
B 100 Valves on boilers and steam-heated steam generators
101 Boilers and steam-heated steam generators with a heating surface of 10 m2 and greater are to have not less than two
safety valves.
Boilers and steam-heated steam generators with a heating surface less than 10 m2 are to have at least one safety valve.
Exhaust gas water tube boilers/economisers are to have one or
more safety valves with a total discharge capacity equal to or
greater than the total design evaporation in normal and shut-off
condition.
102 Superheaters are to have at least one safety valve on the
outlet side. Where a boiler is fitted with an integral superheater
without an intervening stop valve, the safety valve(s) on the superheater may be considered as boiler safety valve(s). The
safety valves are to be so proportioned and positioned that
when relieving, sufficient steam is forced through the superheater to prevent damage to the heater. At least 75% of the required safety-valve capacity is to be placed on the boiler.
Where a superheater, reheater or economiser is fitted with a
valve between one of these and the boiler, the unit is to have
appropriate safety valves. Such safety valves are not to be regarded as safety valves for the boiler.
103 All the safety valves on each boiler or steam-heated
steam generator may be fitted in one chest, which is to be separate from any other valve chest. The chest is to be connected
directly to the shell by a strong and stiff neck. Safety valve
chests are to have drain pipes leading the drain to the bilge or
to a tank, clear of the boiler. No valves or cocks are to be fitted
in these drain pipes.
104 The design of the safety valves is to be such that they
cannot unintentionally be loaded beyond the set pressure, and
in the event of fracture cannot lift out of their seats.
For safety valves operating at pressures below 17.5 bar, it
should be possible for the valves to be turned round on their
seats.
105 Easing gear is to be provided for lifting the safety valves
on a boiler or steam-heated steam generator at the same time
and is to be operable from the boiler or engine room platforms.
The superheater safety valve(s) are also to be provided with
easing gear, but this may be operable only from an accessible
place in the boiler room, free from steam danger.
106 The aggregate area of the orifices through the seatings of

the safety valves (for full lift valves, the net area through seats
after deducting the guides and other obstructions, when the
valves are fully lifted) on each boiler is not to be less than:
For saturated steam:
KE
2
A 1 = ------------ (mm )
p+1
For superheated steam:
A2 = A1 (1 + 0.0018 TD) (mm2)
p = design pressure of the boiler, in bar
E = designed evaporation, in kg/hour
TD = difference between the temperature of superheated and
saturated steam, in degrees Centigrade
K = 21 for valves of the ordinary type having a lift of at
least 1/24 of the internal diameter of the seating
= 14 for valves of high-lift type having a lift of at least 1/
16 of the internal diameter of the seating
= 10.5 for valves of improved high-lift type having a lift
of at least 1/12 of the internal diameter of the seating
= 5.25 after special approval for valves of full-lift type
having a lift of at least 1/4 of the internal diameter of
the seating.
If a discharge capacity test, carried out in presence of the surveyor, proves that the capacity exceeds that indicated by the
constant K, consideration will be given to the use of a lower
value of K based on up to 90% of the measured capacity.
107 Notwithstanding the requirements in 106, the safety
valves fitted to any boiler (and integral superheater) are to be
capable of discharging all the steam which can be generated
without causing a pressure rise of more than 10% in excess of
the design pressure.
108 Steam-heated steam generators are to be protected from
excessive pressure resulting from failure of the high-pressure
heating tubes.
For this purpose, it may be required that the area of the safety
valves be somewhat greater than that calculated in the formula
in 106, unless other protective devices are provided to control
the supply of steam to the heating tubes.
109 Safety-valves of ordinary type with seats of less than 38
mm inside diameter are not to be used. For full lift safety
valves the inside seat diameter is not to be less than 20 mm.
Where only one safety valve of ordinary type is fitted, the inside diameter of the valve seat is not to be less than 50 mm.
110 For ordinary, high-lift and improved high-lift type safety
valves, the waste-steam pipe and the passages leading to it are
to have a cross-sectional area at least 10% greater than the aggregate valve area calculated by the formulae in 106.
For full-lift safety valves, the cross-sectional area of the wastesteam pipe and passages is not to be less than twice the aggregate-valve area where K = 5.25, and not less than three times
the aggregate-valve area where K has a lower value.
Two or more safety valves may have a common waste-steam
pipe, the cross-sectional area of which is not to be less than the
total cross-sectional areas of the branch waste-steam tube. The
valves are to be such that the back pressure from one blowing
valve will not influence the functioning of the other valve(s).
Balanced valves will satisfy this requirement.
111 Where boilers are not fitted with superheater, the safety
DET NORSKE VERITAS
valves are to be set to open at a pressure of not more than 3%

above the approved design pressure, and in no case at a pressure higher than:
the design pressure of the steam piping, or
the least sum of the design pressure of machinery connected to the boiler and the pressure drop in the piping between
this machinery and the boiler.
112 Where boilers are fitted with superheaters, the safety
valves on the superheater are to be set to a pressure not higher
than:
the design pressure of the steam piping, or
the least sum of the design pressure of machinery connected to the boiler and the pressure drop in the piping between
this machinery and the boiler.
The safety valves on the boiler drum are to be set to a pressure
not less than the superheater valve setting plus 0.35 bar plus the
pressure drop through the superheater, when the boiler stop
valves are closed and the superheater safety valves are relieving at their rated capacity. In no case, however, are the safety
valves to be set to a pressure higher than 3% above the design
pressure of the boiler.
113 Tests for accumulation of pressure are to be carried out.
The boiler pressure is not to rise more than 10% above the design pressure, when the boiler stop valve is closed under full
firing conditions. The duration of the accumulation test is to be
15 minutes for smoke-tube boilers and 7 minutes for watertube boilers. During this test, no more feed water is to be supplied than is necessary to maintain a safe working water level.
The accumulation tests may upon application, be omitted. If it
is desired to omit the tests, this is to be stated on the boiler and
safety-valve plans when these are submitted for approval. Capacity tests of the safety valves will be required, and the valve
makers are to provide a certificate stating the rated capacity of
the safety valves at the approved pressure and temperature of
the boilers. The boiler makers are to provide a certificate for
each boiler stating its maximum evaporation.
B 200 Valves on pressure vessels other than boilers and
steam-heated steam generators
201 Pressure vessels or systems of pressure vessels (see 203)
are to have safety valves, except as provided for in 204.
202 Pressure vessels intended to operate completely filled
with liquid are to have a liquid relief valve unless otherwise
protected against overpressure.
203 Pressure vessels connected together in a system by piping of adequate capacity containing no valve that can isolate
any pressure vessel, may be considered as a system of pressure
vessels for the application of safety valves.
204 Where the compressor for air receivers is fitted with a
safety valve, so arranged and adjusted that the receivers cannot
be subjected to pressures greater than the design pressure, such
receivers need not be fitted with safety valves if they are fitted
with fusion plugs for quick release of pressure in case of fire.
The melting point of the fusion plug is to be approximately
100C.
The same regulation may apply to other pressure vessels, when
the source of pressure is external to the pressure vessel and is
under such positive control that the pressure cannot exceed the
design pressure at operating temperature.
205 When a pressure vessel is fitted with heating coils, and
fracture in the coils may increase the normal pressure of the
fluid in the pressure vessel, the relieving capacity of the safety
valve is to be sufficient for the case of fracture of one tube.
206
The total capacity of the safety valves, fitted to any pres-
sure vessel or system of pressure vessels, is to be sufficient to

discharge the maximum quantity of fluid (liquid or gaseous)
that can be generated or supplied without occurrence of a rise
in the pressure of more than 10% above the design pressure.
207 The safety valves are to be set to open at a pressure of
not more than 3% above the design pressure.
208 The use of bursting discs or a combination of bursting
discs and safety valves instead of safety valves is subject to
consideration in each separate case.
B 300
Protection of condensers against overpressure
301 Vacuum condensers shall be protected against overpressure by one or more of the following means:
safety valve(s) set to open at the design pressure
bursting disc(s) with bursting pressure equal to the design
pressure
automatic shut-off of steam exhausting into the condenser
(steam dump valve, exhaust steam from turbines) if the
pressure exceeds the design pressure. In addition, an independent high pressure alarm set to warn at a pressure lower
than the automatic shut-off pressure is to be fitted.
302 For atmospheric condensers, the air vent shall have a
size that accommodates the maximum steam flow assuming no
cooling water supply to the condenser. Alternatively, one of
the means given in 301 shall be provided.
C. Stop Valves and Check Valves

C 100
tors
Valves on boilers and steam-heated steam genera-
101 Feed water intakes of main boilers or auxiliary boilers

for essential services and each steam-heated steam generator
are to have a stop valve and a check valve.
102 The feed water stop valve is to be attached directly to the
boiler or to the economiser, if this forms an integral part of the
boiler, and the valve neck is to be of sufficient length to clear
valve of boiler lagging and sheathing. Where the arrangements
necessitate the use of standpipes between the boiler and the
valve, these pipes are to be as short as possible, and are to be
of substantial thickness. The check valve is to be placed as near
the stop valve as practicable.
103 Feed water is to be discharged into the boiler in such a
manner that it does not impinge directly on surfaces exposed to
hot gases.
104 Standpipes for feed inlets on water-tube boilers with design pressure exceeding 40 bar are to be provided with a thermal sleeve to minimize thermal stresses. Similar arrangements
are to be provided for desuperheater inlets and outlets, if the
desuperheated steam conditions results in a residual superheat
of 60C or higher at any rating.
105 Each steam outlet, except for safety valves and superheater inlet and reheater inlet and outlet, is to be fitted with a
stop valve located as near to the boiler as practicable.
106 Where two or more boilers are connected to a common
header or steam manifold, see Ch.6 Sec.5 G300 of the Rules
for Classification of Ships.
C 200 Valves on pressure vessels other than boilers and
steam-heated steam generators
201 Each pressure pipe is to be fitted with a stop valve located on the shell or as near to the pressure vessel as practicable.
In a system of pressure vessels (see B203), each system is to be
fitted with stop valves.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
D. Blow-down Valves and Test Valves for Boiler

Water
D 100 Blow-down valves
101 Each boiler is to be fitted with a blow-down valve secured directly to the shell.
Where this is not practicable for water-tube boilers, the valve
may be placed immediately outside the boiler casing with a
heavy gauge steel pipe fitted between the boiler and the valve.
The pipe and valve are to be adequately supported, and the
pipe, if exposed to furnace heat, is to be protected by brickwork or other heat-resisting material, so arranged that the pipe
may be inspected and is not to be constrained against expansion.
102 The internal diameter of the valve and its connections to
the sea are not to be less than 25 mm and need not exceed 38
mm.
103 Where blow-downs from two or more boilers are connected to a common discharge, see Ch.6 Sec.5 G300 of the
Rules for Classification of Ships.
104 Blow-down cocks fitted with taper plugs are to be of the
bolted cover type with separately packed glands, and are not to
be used with pressures over 13 bar.
D 200 Test valves
201 At least one valve for testing boiler water is to be fitted
directly to each boiler in a convenient position. It is not to be
fitted on the water-gauge mountings or standpipes.
E. Gauges
E 100 Water gauges
101 Every boiler and steam heated steam generator designed
to contain water at specified levels is to be fitted with at least
two independent means of indicating the water level, one of
which is to be a glass gauge. The other means is to be either an
additional glass gauge or an approved equivalent device.
Water and steam drums exceeding 4 metres in length and
placed athwartships are to have a glass water gauge at or near
each end of the drum.
102 The water level indicators are to be so located that the
water level can be ascertained despite the movement and inclination of the ship at sea.
103 The water gauges are to be readily accessible and positioned so that the water level is clearly visible. Water gauges
are to be so located that the lowest visible water level in the
glass is at the lowest, safe-working water level.
In the case of water-tube boilers, the glass water gauges are to

be located so that water is just showing when the water level in
the steam drum is just above the top row of tubes when the
boiler is cold (generally about 25 mm above). The length of the
glass water gauges is to be sufficient for verifying the water
levels in case of alarm and oil supply cut-off.
In boilers where all tubes are not entirely submerged in water
when cold, the glass water gauges are to be placed to the satisfaction of the surveyor, and in positions which have been
found by experience to indicate satisfactorily that the water
content is sufficient for safe working.
The combustion chamber top of a cylindrical, horizontal boiler
and the furnace crown of a vertical boiler are to be clearly
marked in a position adjacent to the glass water gauge. Water
gauges are to be fitted with cocks or valves at each end of the
glass gauge. The cocks are to be accessible for closing from
positions free from danger in the event of the glass breaking.
104 Mountings for glass water gauges are to be fitted directly
to the boiler plating or to stand pillars or columns. Stand pillars
and columns are to be bolted directly to the boiler shell, but
they may also be connected to the boiler by means of pipes.
These pipes are to be fitted with terminal valves or cocks secured directly to the boiler shell. Valves and cocks are to have
fixed hand-wheels or handles, and are to be provided with
means for clearly indicating whether they are open or closed.
The upper ends of pipes, connecting the water gauge column
to the boiler, are to be arranged such that there is no pocket or
bend where an accumulation of water can lodge. They are not
to pass through the uptake if they can be otherwise arranged.
If, however, this condition cannot be complied with, they may
pass through it by means of a passage at least 50 mm clear of
the pipe all round and open for ventilation at both ends.
For cylindrical boilers, the required internal diameter of water
gauge pillars, of columns and the pipes connecting them to the
boilers is found from Table E1:
Table E1 Internal diameter of column and pipes
Internal diameter
Internal diameter
Water
gauge
Connecting
of boiler
column
pipe
Up to 2300 mm
45 mm
25 mm
2300 mm to 3000 mm
50 mm
32 mm
Over 3000 mm
63 mm
38 mm
E 200
Pressure gauges
201 Each boiler and superheater are to be provided with a

separate steam-pressure gauge. The gauges are to be placed
where they can easily be seen. The highest permissible working pressure is to be marked off on the pressure gauge in red.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
SECTION 7
INSTRUMENTATION AND AUTOMATION
A. General
A 100
B. Boilers
Cross reference
101 General requirements for instrumentation and automation, see Ch.9. Additional requirements for gas-fired boiler installations on liquefied gas carriers, see the Rules for
Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.5 Sec.16 C100.
A 200
Oil burner control system
201 Before ignition of first burner, the boiler is to be purged

to such an extent that air quantity through the boiler is at least
the greater of:
three times the volume of the flue gas (from the burner to
the chimney), or
five times the furnace volume of the boiler.
This condition is considered as satisfied if the pre-purge is carried out for 15 s, the amount of air being equal to the air flow
corresponding to the nominal output of the burner.
Guidance note:
Post-purge after stopping the last burner is advised. This operation does not, however, replace the pre-purge.
B 100 Automatic control

101 When a combustion control system is fitted, the feed water control system is to have a control range at least equal to
that of the combustion control system.
During all normal load variations, the water level is to be kept
within the dynamic and stationary limits for reliable operation.
Guidance note:
On water tube boilers, the feed-water supply should preferably
be continuous, because such boilers have a high rate of evaporation in relation to their water content.
102 When combustion control systems is fitted, the steam

pressure is to be kept within limits appropriate to the steam
consuming machinery over the entire control range.
During all normal operating conditions, the air/fuel ratio and
the air distribution between burners are to be such that a reliable and nearly complete combustion takes place.
Guidance note:
Routine work, such as cleaning of burners and filters, soot blowing, change over to stand-by pumps, etc. should preferably be
possible without switching off the automatic system.
202 If air supply is continuous and above 20% of the air flow
at full load, a new ignition after normal stop of burner is acceptable, irrespective of the restrictions given in 201.
203 Ignition of burners is normally to take place at reduced
fuel oil supply. Fuel oil is not to be supplied before ignition device produces sufficient energy for safe ignition.
204 The safety device for flame monitoring is to ensure that
the safety times given in Table A1, which depend on the oil
throughput of the oil burner, are complied with.
C. Exhaust Gas Boilers or Economisers
Table A1 Safety times

Oil throughput
(kg/h)
up to 30
above 30
1)
B 200 Monitoring
201 Monitoring is to be arranged according to Table B1.
202 Boilers which are operated under constant attending, are
at least to have alarm and shut-down at low water level and
stop of circulation.
203 For main boilers, monitoring is to be according to the
Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.6 Ch.3 Sec.3, Table A4.
Safety times (s) (maximum)

1)
At start-up
10
5
In operation
10
1
The safety time is the maximum permissible period of time during

which the fuel oil may be delivered into the combustion space without
a flame burning.
205 Automatic restarting after an unsuccessful ignition is not

to take place till after manual resetting. After a flame failure
during the operation, manual resetting locally on the control
panel is required.
206 During stop of burners, including the pre-purge time before ignition, safe shut-off of fuel oil is to be ensured. If the
fuel oil will be under pressure during shut-off of burners, the
shut-off device is to be duplicated. A single shut-off device
will be accepted if the burners are drained off.
207 The burner(s) are to be equipped with a safety device
that shut off the fuel oil supply, when the burners are retracted
or swinged out of position.
C 100 Instruments and Monitoring

101 Exhaust gas boilers or economisers with extended surface water tubes are, in addition to the monitoring given in Table B1, to be monitored as listed below:
Stand-by circulating pump, when required according to
Sec.3 D101, to be equipped with automatic start activated
by low flow in the circulating system. Alarm to be given
when the pump is started.
Soot cleaners, when required in Sec.3 D201, are to be
equipped with automatic start and arranged for sequential
operation.
Alarm for high gas temperature located after the exhaust
gas boiler or economiser. The alarm to be given in case of
soot fire.
D. Water Heaters
D 100 Monitoring
101 Monitoring is to be arranged according to Table D1.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
E. Thermal-oil Heaters
for continuous indication of:
E 100 Automatic control

101 Automatic control of thermal-oil outlet temperature is to
to be able to keep the oil temperature within the limits for safe
operation under all load conditions.
102 The temperature set point is to be at a sufficiently low
level to keep all peak temperatures, dependent on regulating
system transients or on heat transfer functions, below the safe
temperature limit of the thermal oil.
total thermal-oil flow at heater outlet

pressure drop in thermal-oil between heater inlet and outlet
thermal-oil temperature at heater outlet and inlet
flue gas temperature.
E 200 Monitoring
201 Monitoring is to be arranged according to Table E1.
F 100 Monitoring
101 Monitoring to be arranged according to Table F1.
F. Incinerators
E 300 Indication
301 Thermal-oil heaters are to be equipped with instruments
Table B1 Monitoring of oil fired auxiliary boilers
Item
Level low
Level lower
Level high
Primary system low
Water level double pres- Primary system lower
sure boilers
Secondary system low
Secondary system high
Circulation
Stopped
Combustion air supply
Fan stopped
Temperature or viscosity high
Heavy fuel oil
Temperature or viscosity low
Pressure high
Water level, not
double pressure
boiler
Steam
Flame
Pressure higher
Temperature high
Failed ignition
and/or flame failure
Alarm and safety action

(stated by an x)
Comments
Automatic
Alarm
shutdown of boiler with alarm
x
Independent of safety system
x
x
x
Independent of safety system
x
x
x
x
Forced circulation boilers
x
x
x
x
When the automatic control system
x
does not cover the entire load range
from zero load.
x
For superheated steam >350C
Each
burner to have separate monitorx
ing device and individual shut-off
Table D1 Monitoring of oil-fired water heaters

Item
Water level
Water temperature
Flame
Level low
Temperature high
Failed ignition

(stated by an x)
Automatic shutdown of heater
with alarm
x
x
x
DET NORSKE VERITAS
Comments
Each burner to have separate monitoring device

and individual shut-off
Table E1 Monitoring of oil-fired thermal-oil heaters
Item
Thermal-oil
Flue gas
Expansion tank
Forced draught
Heavy fuel oil
Flame
1)
Temperature outlet high

Flow low
Pressure low
Temperature high
Level low
Temperature high
Fan stopped
Temperature or
viscosity high
Temperature or
viscosity low
Failed ignition

(stated by an x)
Comments
Automatic
Alarm
shutdown of oil
burner with alarm
x
x
Separate for each coil 1)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Each burner to be monitored, and be fitted with

separate automatic shut-off valves
Alternatively, the temperature detection for each coil and common low flow detection, may be accepted.
Table F1 Monitoring of oil-fired incinerators
Item
Flue gas
Combustion chamber
Forced draught
Heavy fuel oil
Flame
Temperature high
Fan stopped
Temperature high
Fan stopped
Temperature or
viscosity high
Temperature or
viscosity low
Failed ignition
and/or flame out

(stated by an x)
Automatic
shutdown of
Alarm
incinerator
with alarm
x
x
x
x
Comments
If installed
Includes also additional auxiliary fan
x
x
x
DET NORSKE VERITAS
Each burner to be monitored, and be fitted with

separate automatic shut-off valve
SECTION 8
MANUFACTURE, WORKMANSHIP AND TESTING
A. Manufacture
A 100 General
101 Class I and II pressure vessels are to be manufactured by
works approved by the Society.
102 Welding is to be carried out by approved welders, see
Pt.2 Ch.3 Sec.2 E, and in accordance with approved drawings
and specifications.
For class I and II pressure vessels, welding procedures are to
be qualified as specified in Pt.2 Ch.3 or according to a recognised code.
10% of the plate thickness with a maximum of 3 mm for

longitudinal joints
10% of the plate thickness plus 1 mm with a maximum of
4 mm for circumferential joints.
B. Workmanship
B 100 Cutting of plates
101 Flame-cutting of the plates is normally to be used.
Shearing of plates is not to be used, unless the sheared edge is
removed by machining for a distance of one quarter of the plate
thickness, minimum 3 mm.
B 200 Welded joints
201 Only full penetration butt welds are acceptable for longitudinal and circumferential main joints. Circumferential
main joints other than butt welds are acceptable for shell to flat
end and to tube plate connections, see Sec.5.
202 The joints are to be welded from both sides of the plates
unless otherwise approved.
Circumferential joints in headers, pipes and tubes may be
welded from one side only with or without backing strip. The
design of the joint and the method of welding are to provide
full penetration, and it is to be demonstrated to the satisfaction
of the surveyor that the welding method gives a weld free from
significant defects. If a backing strip is used, it is to be removed
after welding and prior to any required non-destructive tests.
However, permanent backing strips can be accepted for circumferential welds when the second side is inaccessible for
welding and the following conditions are satisfied:
class III pressure vessels, or class II when the cylindrical
part is seamless
welding procedures are qualified with backing strip
non-corrosive media.
203 Wherever practicable, no attachment is to be welded on
in the immediate vicinity of a welded joint. If this cannot be
avoided, the welds are to cross each other completely.
204 Where ends are made of welded plates, the welds are to
be so arranged that they are exposed to the least possible stress.
Welded joints passing through flanged curvatures are to be at
right angles to these.
205 Unless the pressure vessel is stress-relieved after welding (see C100), not more than two weld seams are to meet at
one point.
Guidance note:
Whenever possible, openings in or near welded joints should be
avoided.
206 Before welding is commenced, it is to be ascertained

that the plate edges are in alignment within the following limits:
Fig. 1
Welded joints
207 If the plates are of unequal thickness, and the difference

between the surfaces exceeds that given in 206 for the thicker
plate, the thicker plate is to have a smooth taper with a slope
not exceeding 15, see Fig.1.
Guidance note:
In the case of pressure vessels for which full radiographic examination is required, it is advised that the thicker plate be made
with a parallel section of the same thickness as the thinner plate.
The width L of this parallel section should be at least 30 mm. E
is not to exceed 10% of B. The greatest acceptable value of E is
3 mm.
208 Wherever practicable, the welding is to be carried out in

the downhand position. In the case of circumferential joints in
cylindrical shells, means are to be adopted to ensure compliance with this requirement.
209 Welds are to have a smooth finish and are to merge into
the plate without abrupt irregularity. The surface of the weld
metal is at no point to fall below the surface of adjoining plates.
The reinforcements of the weld are not to exceed 20% of the
plate thickness, with a maximum of 4 mm on either side of the
plate.
B 300 Tolerances for shells
301 Shells for class I and II welded pressure vessels are to be
within the limits for out-of-roundness and local departure from
circularity after heat treatment has been carried out as given in
304 and 305 respectively.
302 The measurement of out-of-roundness may be carried
out either when the shell is laid flat on its side or when set up
on end. When the shell is checked whilst lying on its side, each
measurement for diameter is to be repeated after turning the
shell through 90 about its longitudinal axis. The two measure-
DET NORSKE VERITAS
ments for each diameter are to be averaged, and the amount of

out-of roundness calculated from the average values so determined.
303 Measurements may be made on the inside or outside of
the shell. If the shell is made of plates of unequal thicknesses,
the measurements are to be corrected for the plate thickness to
determine the diameters at the middle line of the plates.
304 The difference between the maximum and minimum diameter at any cross section of a shell welded longitudinally, is
not to exceed 1% of the nominal internal diameter, D, with a
maximum of:
D + 1250
---------------------(mm)
200
305 There is to be no flat or peak at joints, and any local departure from circularity is to be gradual.
Irregularities in profile, checked by a 20 degree gauge, are not
to exceed 5% of the plate thickness plus 3 mm. This maximum
value may be increased by 25%, if the length of the irregularities does not exceed the lesser of 1 metre and one quarter of the
length of the shell between two circumferential joints.
B 400 Fitting of tubes
401 The tube holes in water tube boilers are to be made in
such a way that an effective tightening of the tubes is attained.
Where the tube ends are not normal to the tube plates, there is
either to be a neck or the tube hole ends are to be made parallel
for a depth of at least 13 mm, measured in a plane through the
axis of the tube at the hole. Where the tubes are practically normal to the tube plates, the depth of this parallel seating is not
to be less than 10 mm.
The tubes are to be carefully fitted in the holes by means of expanding and belling, expanding and welding, strength welding
or by other approved methods. The tubes are to project through
the neck or bearing part of the holes by at least 6 mm. They are
to be secured to prevent drawing out at each end, and if this is
done by bell-mounting only, the included angle of belling is
not to be less than 30.
402 The tubes in smoke tube boilers are to have their ends
firmly expanded and flared, expanded and beaded, expanded
and welded or strength-welded.
403 If tubes are welded to the tube plate in accordance with
Fig.12 and 13 in Sec.5, the unwelded portion of the tube within
the tube hole is to be in full contact with the tube plate.
B 500 Doors and plugs
501 Doors and crossbars are to be of steel, and jointing surfaces are to be machined. Doors in boilers are to be of the internal type. The clearance between the manhole frame and the
spigot or recess is not to exceed 1.5 mm all round.
502 For smaller circular openings in headers and similar fittings, a suitable type of plug may be used.
C. Heat Treatment
C 100 Post-weld heat treatment
101 Pressure vessels including boilers are to be thermally
stress relieved after welding when the material thicknesses at
any welded connection exceed the limits given in Table C1 for
the steel grade in question.
Vessels intended for service with fluids liable to cause stress

corrosion cracking in service are to be stress relieved independent of material thickness.
102 When welded joints connect parts of different thickness,
the thickness to be considered in applying the limits given in
Table C1 for heat treatment after welding is to be:
the thinner of two adjacent butt-welded plates including
dished end and flanged plate to shell connections
where flat plates are inset into the shell: the greater of the
thickness of the shell and 2/3 of the thickness of the flat
plate
the thickness of shell or flat plate, as appropriate, in nozzle
or pad attachment welds
the thickness of nozzle neck at joint in nozzle neck to
flange connections
the thickness of pressure part, at point of attachment where
a non-pressure part is welded to a pressure part.
103 The heat treatment is to be carried out after welding of
the seams and of all attachments to the shell and ends prior to
the hydraulic pressure test.
104 Wherever possible, pressure vessels are to be heat treated by heating as a whole in an enclosed furnace. The furnace
is to be fitted with instruments for measuring and recording the
actual temperatures of the vessel during the heat treatment
process.
105 Where it is found necessary to adopt special methods of
heat treatment, full particulars are to be submitted for consideration.
106 Thermal stress relieving is to be carried out by heating
the vessel uniformly and slowly to a suitable temperature, followed by cooling slowly and uniformly in the furnace to a temperature not exceeding 400C. Below this temperature the
vessel may be cooled in still air. Suitable soaking temperatures
and time at temperature are stated in Table C2.
The heating and cooling processes and the soaking period are
to be recorded in a temperature-time diagram.
C 200 Heat treatment of plates after hot or cold forming
201 For components which have been hot formed or locally
heated for forming, the following requirements apply:
Components of carbon and carbon-manganese steels, NV 0.3
Mo, NV 1 Cr 0.5 Mo and NV 2.25 Cr 1 Mo are to be normalised on the completion of the operation, except that the heat
treatment may be omitted if the forming operation has been
carried out at a temperature within the normalising range.
The steel grades NV 1 Cr 0.5 Mo and NV 2.25 Cr 1 Mo are in
addition to be tempered.
202 Components which have been cold formed are to be heat
treated on the completion of the operation in the following cases:
Components intended for low temperature service, if the
cold forming introduces a plastic deformation exceeding
3%.
Components for other applications if the cold forming introduces a plastic deformation exceeding 5%.
Carbon and carbon-manganese steels are to be normalised. NV
1 Cr 0.5 Mo and NV 2.25 Cr 1 Mo are to be normalised and
tempered. In special cases a stress relieving heat treatment may
be accepted in lieu of normalising. In such cases testing of the
DET NORSKE VERITAS
material in cold formed and aged condition may be required.

Table C1 Post-weld heat treatment
Plate thicknesses above which
post-weld heat treatment
is required
Steel grade
Unfired
Boilers
pressure vessels
NV 360-0A-0N
20 mm
30 mm
NV 410-0A-0N
20 mm
30 mm
NV 460-0A-0N
20 mm
30 mm
NV 490-0A-0N
20 mm
30 mm
NV 360-1 FN
20 mm
38 mm
NV 410-1 FN
20 mm
38 mm
NV 460-1 FN
20 mm
38 mm
NV 490-1 FN
20 mm
38 mm
NV 510-1 FN
20 mm
38 mm
NV 0.3 Mo
20 mm
NV 1 Cr 0.5 Mo
NV 2.25 Cr 1 Mo
All thicknesses to be
heat treated
Table C2 Soaking temperatures and time at temperature

Soaking temperature
Time at
Steel grade
C
soaking temperature
C and C-Mn
520 - 580
60 minutes per
steel grades
25 mm thickness.
NV 0.3 Mo
530 - 580
Minimum 30 minutes
NV 1 Cr 0.5 Mo
600 - 650
NV 2.25 Cr 1 Mo
650 - 700
C 300 Heat treatment of tubes after bending

301 Tubes are to be heat treated after bending when required
in Ch.6 Sec.7 C of the Rules for Classification of Ships.
D. Testing
D 100 Extent of non-destructive testing (NDT)
101 For class I pressure vessels, non-destructive testing is to
be carried out as follows:
a) All longitudinal butt welded joints in drums, shells and
headers are to be subjected to 100% radiographic testing.
b) 25% of the length of circumferential butt welded joints in
drums, shells and headers are to be subjected to radiographic testing.
c) 10% of the total number of circumferential butt welded
joints in pipes and tubes are to be subjected to radiographic
testing.
d) For set-in flat plates the cylindrical shell is to be ultrasonically tested for lamellar tearing in way of the circumferential weld to the flat plate. For shell plate thickness 15
mm and less the extent of testing is to be at least 10% and
for greater thickness at least 20% of the total length of the
weld. The internal fillet weld, see Fig.8 in Sec.5, is to be
100% magnetic particle tested for surface flaws.
e) For standpipes and branches with outside diameter exceeding 100 mm, all weld connections to shell and reinforcement rings are to be subjected to magnetic particle
testing. For outside diameters 100 mm and less, spot testing is to be carried out. The magnetic particle testing is
also to cover weld joints between reinforcement rings and
shell.
f) All welded joints are to be subjected to visual inspection.
102 For class II pressure vessels, non-destructive testing is to

a) Longitudinal butt weld joints in drums, shells and headers
are to be subjected to radiographic testing at the rate of
20% of the length. All crossings between longitudinal and
circumferential joints are to be included in the testing.
b) All welded joints are to be subjected to visual inspection.
103 For class III pressure vessels, all welded joints are to be
subjected to visual inspection.
104 For furnaces and fireboxes non-destructive testing is to
a) 10% of the length of longitudinal butt welded joints are to
be subjected to radiographic examination.
b) 10% of the length of circumferential butt welded joints are
to be subjected to radiographic examination.
c) 25% of the length of T-welds and corner welds are to be
subjected to ultrasonic examination.
105 For non-ferromagnetic materials or materials with
changes in magnetic permeability liquid penetrant testing replaces magnetic particle testing in 101.
106 For carbon and carbon-manganese steels of grades given
in Pt.2 Ch.2 Sec.2 Table B1 with thickness less than 38 mm,
the radiographic and ultrasonic testing may be carried out before post-weld heat treatment. Magnetic particle or liquid penetrant testing is to be carried out when all heat treatment has
been completed.
107 The requirements for NDT of welded joints for thermal
oil piping can be found in Pt.4 Ch.6 Sec.7 A500 of the Rules
for Classification of Ships.
D 200 Performance of non-destructive testing (NDT)
201 For carbon and carbon-manganese steel with thicknesses greater than 30 mm and for alloy steels the non-destructive
testing is normally to be carried out not earlier than 48 hours
after completion of the welds in question. For carbon and carbon-manganese steels with thicknesses 30 mm and less the
time limit may be reduced to 24 hours.
202 NDT is to be performed by qualified operators. The
qualification and certification of NDT-operator is to be in accordance with a recognised certification scheme accepted by
the Society.
203 Radiographic testing is to be carried out as specified in
Table D1.
Table D1 Radiographic testing
Item
Requirement
Radiation
For steel thickness t < 19 mm, x-rays are
source
preferably to be used.
For t 19 mm, Ir 192 isotope may be used.
Film
Fine grained (BAM class G II, ASTM/
ASME class 2 or equivalent or better).
Screens
0.02 mm Pb or more if insufficient.
Geometric un- Maximum 0.3 mm.
sharpness
Density
1.8 to 3.0 on weld.
Image quality
Wire type (see doc. IIW/IIS-62-60).
indicator
Other types of IQI's may be accepted,
(IQI)
provided they comply with nationally
accepted standards.
Required IQI
See Fig.2.
sensitivity
DET NORSKE VERITAS
erwise stated in the Tables D2, D3 or D4.

Table D2 Radiographic testing
Acceptance
criteria
Type of defects
Fig. 2
Required IQI sensitivity. Source side parameter
204 For ultrasonic testing the following apply:

The welded connections in question are to be tested for laminations, transverse and longitudinal defects in accordance with
the procedures and technique described in Classification Note
No. 7.
205 For magnetic particle testing the following apply:
The object may be directly or indirectly magnetised.
AC yoke or prods are to be used. Care is to be taken to avoid
local heating of the test surface. Prods are to be of the type
soft prods, lead tipped or aluminium alloy.
Use of permanent magnets is not permitted.
Required magnetic field strength:
2.4 4.0
Porosity 1) 2)
Isolated: Largest pore diameter in mm:
Cluster: Largest pore diameter in mm:
Maximum length along the weld of projected area in mm:
Slag inclusion 1) 3)
Maximum width in mm:
Maximum length in mm:
Incomplete penetration
Lack of fusion
Cracks
The testing is on each area to be performed with the magnetic

field shifted in at least two directions approximately perpendicular to each other.
206 For liquid penetrant testing the following apply:
Coloured or fluorescent water washable penetrants are to be
used.
For smooth (flush grinded welds) post emulsifying or solvent
removable penetrants may preferably be used.
The surface temperature during testing is to be within the temperature range 15 to 35C, if not, a procedure qualification test
is to be carried out.
The penetration time is to be at least 15 min.
D 300 Acceptance criteria for non-destructive testing
and repair of defects
301 Normally the welds are at least to meet the requirements
stated in Tables D2, D3 and D4.
As the test methods differ in their limitations and/or possibilities of recording and documentation, special acceptance criteria are given for each method where necessary.
Alternative evaluations ensuring an equivalent level of quality
may in special cases be considered.
302 If indications of defects reach or pass the reference curve
during ultrasonic test, the defects are to be repaired, unless oth-
25
t/4, maximum 3
t/2, maximum 25
Not accepted
Not accepted
Not accepted
t = the parent metal thickness. In case of dissimilar thicknesses, t applies to

the thinner component.
1)
If the distance between the similar defects (pore or slag) is less than the
largest extent of one or more of the defects, it is regarded as one continuous defect.
If the amount of pores or slag may mask other defects, the examination
is to be substituted by ultrasonic testing.
2)
If the distance between pores is less than 3 times the diameter, the pores
are said to form a line or cluster. Pores on a line must not be located in
the weld surface.
3)
Defects of lengths in the direction of the weld exceeding 3 times their

width form a line. If the distance between slag lines is less than 3 times
the largest extent of the cross section of the defect, the lines are considered as one defect, see Fig.3.
Table D3 Ultrasonic testing 1)

Indication
Echo height above:
Maximum length 1), mm:
kA
------m
t/4, maximum 4
3
1)
Acceptance criteria
100%
t/2, maximum 10
Length is defined as a distance where indication reach or pass the stated

percentage of reference level.
Cracks in transverse weld direction is not acceptable regardless of echo
height above 20% of reference level.
Table D4 Visual, magnetic particle and liquid penetrant testing

Type of defect
Acceptance criteria
Incomplete penetration
Not accepted
or lack of fusion
Cracks
Not accepted
Undercut, maximum depth, mm 0.3 1)
1)
Provided round shape and insignificant notch effect (regardless of

length).
Indications reaching a level of between 50% and 100% of the

reference curve are to be evaluated in relation to the welding
process, groove geometry etc. If such an evaluation indicates a
possibility of two-dimensional defects (crack, lack of fusion
etc.) all defects without exact identification larger than 10 mm
are to be repaired.
Indications exceeding 20% of the reference curve and having
an extent larger than 10 mm are to be reported for consideration if there is a possibility of two-dimensional defects.
303 NDT is to be reported, and all essential control parameters are to be given.
304 Defects which exceed the acceptance limits are to be
completely removed and repaired according to an approved repair procedure. Magnetic particle testing is normally to be used
to ensure complete removal of defects prior to repair welding.
305 When unaccepted defects are found in areas with less
than 100% testing, the extent of testing is increased with the
double. If this increased testing reveal more defects, the entire
length of the weld is to be tested.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
SECTION NORMAL TO WELD LENGTH
Charpy V-notch impact tests with the notch located in the

centre of the weld and in the fusion line
macrosection examination.
In addition one butt weld tensile test is required from one test
assembly for each vessel. Where one test assembly represents
more vessels, only one tensile test is required. The necessary
test specimens are to be cut from the welded test assembly as
shown in Fig.4.
411 Bend tests are to be performed as described in Pt.2 Ch.3
Sec.2 B306.
Fig. 3
Slag line(s)
D 400 Welding production test (WPT)

401 For class I pressure vessels, welding production test
(WPT) is to be performed for approximately each 50 m of longitudinal welded joint. For large units, having more than 50 m
of longitudinal welded joint, the number of tests may be reduced to one for each 100 m of production welded joint, provided the tests show uniform and satisfactory results. In any
case at least one WPT is to be carried out for each vessel.
402 For class II pressure vessels with shell thickness equal to
or greater than 16 mm, one WPT representing the longitudinal
welded joints is to be performed for each vessel. Where similar
vessels are produced in series, one WPT may represent a test
group of 5 vessels, but not more than 50 m of production weld
joint. In such cases, the plate thicknesses in the test group are
not to differ by more than 5 mm and the thickest plate is to be
used for preparation of the test assembly.
403 WPT for circumferential seams is not required, except
where a pressure vessel has circumferential joints only or
where the process for welding the circumferential joints is significantly different from that used for the longitudinal joints.
In such cases the number of tests is to be the same as specified
for longitudinal weld joints in 401 and 402.
404 The test assembly for WPT consists of two plates, and
each plate is to have a width of minimum 150 mm. The length
is to be sufficient for making all test specimens required according to 410 and for possible retest purposes. Plates for the
test assembly are to be cut from the plates forming the appropriate part of the vessel, and are to be stamped by the surveyor
before being detached. Alternatively the test plates may be cut
from another plate from the same cast, with the same thickness
and in the same heat treatment condition as the plate used for
the vessel.
405 For longitudinal welded joints, the two plates forming
the test assembly are to be tackwelded to the vessel and welded
together so that the joint of the test plates forms a direct continuation of the production weld joint. The orientation of the
test plates is to be so that the rolling direction is parallel to the
rolling direction of the adjacent plates of the vessel.
406 For circumferential joints the joint of the test assembly
is as far as possible to be a simultation of the production weld.
407 The welding of the test assembly is to be carried out at
the same time as the production welding and by the same welder, using the same welding parameters.
408 The test assembly is to be heat treated together with the
vessel or one of the vessels which it represents.
409 The weld deposit is to be machined flush with the plate
surface on both sides of the test assembly.
410 The following tests are required from each test assembly:
one root and one face bend test when plate 10 mm thick
two side bend tests when plate >10 mm thick
412 Six Charpy V-notch impact test specimens are to be cut

transversely to the weld with the center of the specimen as near
as practicable to a point midway between the surface and the
center of the thickness. Three specimens are to be located with
the notch in the center of the weld and three specimens with the
notch in the fusion line. The average value and single specimen
values for absorbed energy in fusion line are normally to be in
accordance with the transverse and longitudinal requirements
of the base material, whichever is applicable. The results of
weld metal impact tests are to be in accordance with the transverse test requirements given for the base material.
Fig. 4
Welding production tests (WPT)
Impact tests which do not meet the prescribed energy requirements in fusion line may still be accepted provided dropweight tests are carried out with satisfactory results. When
drop-weight test is used, two test specimens from the weld are
to be tested and both specimens are to show no-break performance.
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Where the thickness of the material does not permit standard

Charpy V-notch test specimens with width 10 mm, the largest
obtainable of subsize specimens with width 7.5 or 5 mm is to
be used. In that case the requirement on absorbed energy will
be reduced to respectively 5/6 and 2/3 of the value specified for
standard test specimens.
413 The complete cross section of the welded joint is to be
etched for macro-examination. Cracks or lack of fusion are not
accepted.
414 The butt weld tensile test specimen is to be in compliance with Pt.2 Ch.3 Sec.1 B101, type B for testing of the weld
as a whole. Where the thickness of the plate exceeds 30 mm,
the tensile test may be performed using several test specimens,
each with a thickness of at least 30 mm. The whole thickness
of the joint is to be tested.
The tensile strength obtained is to be not less than the minimum tensile strength required for the plate material.
D 500 Hydraulic test
501 On completion, boilers are to be tested to a pressure of
1.5 times the calculating pressure.
502 As an alternative to the test prescribed in 501 the following pressure tests may be carried out for boilers where feasible:
Each component of the boiler is to be tested on completion of
the work, including heat treatment, to 1.5 times the calculating
pressure. In the case of drums and headers fitted with tubes,
this test may be made before drilling tube holes, but after the
attachment of nozzles and similar fittings. When all components have been tested as prescribed above, the completed
boiler is to be tested to 1.25 times the calculating pressure.
503 Pressure vessels other than boilers are to be tested on
completion to 1.3 times the calculating pressure.
504 The pressure test shall be such that it does not result in
general membrane stress in any part of the vessel during the
test exceeding 90% of the lower yield stress at room temperature.
505 Hydraulic testing is to be performed in the presence of a
surveyor, unless otherwise agreed. The test pressure shall be
applied and maintained for at least 30 minutes to permit visual
examination of all surfaces and joints. The vessel shall exhibit
no sign of general plastic yielding or leakage.
506 Thermal-oil installations, with their system vessels,
headers, heat exchangers etc. are to be pressure tested to 1.5
times the calculating pressure, minimum 10 bar, the test being
carried out at the manufacturers.
After assembly, but before insulation work on board com-
mences, a pneumatic tightness test with a pressure of 1.5 to 2

bar is to be performed.
507 Mountings are to be tested by hydraulic pressure twice
the approved calculating pressure, with the exception of feed
check and feed stop valves for boilers and steam-heated steam
generators, which are to be tested to 2.5 times the approved
calculating pressure, or twice the maximum pressure which
can be developed in the feed line in normal service, whichever
is the greater. The test pressure need not exceed the working
pressure by more than 70 bar.
D 600 Performance test
601 After installation on board, boilers and steam-heated
steam generators are to be function tested. The test is to include
the instrumentation, automatic equipment and remote control
systems. For boiler accumulation test, see Sec.6 B113.
602 Thermal-oil heating installations are to be function and
capacity tested according to an approved test programme.
The test procedure is to include flow measurements for each
coil, covering the whole range of heater loads. The heater system charge is to be a thermal-oil which will allow maximum
heater rating to be tested.
603 Incinerators of new design are to fulfil an approved test
program before installation. All incinerators are to undergo a
test run in the presence of the surveyor after installation on
board.
E. Marking
E 100 General
101 Each boiler and pressure vessel is to be permanently and
legibly marked on the boiler or vessel or on a nameplate permanently attached to a principal pressure part to show its identity and origin.
102 The marking is to show the following particulars:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
the name and domicile of the manufacturer

the manufacturer's type designation and serial number
the year of manufacture
the design pressure
the design temperature (s) in C
the hydraulic test pressure
DNV's identifying mark.
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Pt.4 Ch.7 App.A Page 51
APPENDIX A
TYPES AND MINIMUM DIMENSIONS OF THE INSPECTION OPENINGS IN
BOILERS AND PRESSURE VESSELS
A. Definitions and Dimensions
A 100 Examination holes
101 Sight-holes are holes whose inside diameter is at least 50
mm (1.97 in) and whose neck height does not exceed 50 mm
(1.97 in).
102 Hand-holes are holes into which a lamp can be inserted.
A hand-hole is to have a width of span of at least 80 x 100 mm
(3.15 x 3.94 in) or an inside diameter of 100 mm (3.94 in). The
height of the neck or ring is not to exceed 65 mm (2.45 in) and
in the case of a conical shape 100 mm (3.94 in). If only one
hand-hole is provided, it is not to be less than 100 x 120 mm
(3.94 x 4.02 in).
103 Head-holes are holes into which the head, an arm and a
lamp can be introduced simultaneously. Their dimensions are
to be at least 220 x 320 mm (8.66 x 12.60 in) or 320 mm (12.60
in) in inside diameter. The height of the neck or ring is not to
exceed 100 mm (3.94 in).

104 Where neck heights exceed the limiting values given in
101 to 103, the size of hole is to be increased to give an adequate inspection facility.
A 200 Man-holes
201 Man-holes are holes permitting entry and exit of a person not carrying any auxiliary equipment. They are not to be
less than 300 x 400 mm (11.81 x 15.75 in) or 400 mm (15.75
in) in inside diameter. Where the neck height of a man-hole is
excessive, the size of the man-hole is to be suitably increased.
Guidance note:
The number, type and locations of openings should be as given
in Table A1.
Table A1 Examination holes and man-holes for pressure vessels or boilers

No.
Internal diameter Form of vessel
Types and number of holes
1
450 mm (17.72 in) Length of cylindrical 2 SIGHT-HOLES. Where the length is more than 1500 mm (59.1 in), additional
and less
body or diameter of sight-holes are to be provided.
spherical shape up to
1500 mm (59.1 in)
inclusive
2 a)
More than 450
Length of cylindrical 1 HAND-HOLE suitably placed or 2 SIGHT-HOLES, in the case of a cylindrical
mm (17.72 in) up body or diameter of body the latter could each be sited either near the ends (within sight of the lonto 800 mm (31.50 spherical shape up to gitudinal joint and of the base) or else at the centre of the ends.
in) inclusive
1500 mm (59.1 in)
inclusive
2 b)
Length of cylindrical 1 HEAD-HOLE in the central third of the length of the cylindrical body or 2
body greater than
HAND-HOLES each located either near or on the ends.
1500 mm (59.1 in) up
to 2000 mm (78.7 in)
inclusive
2 c)
Length of cylindrical The number of inspection holes is to be increased accordingly. For a length of
body greater than
less than 3000 mm (118 in) it is, however, sufficient to site a head-hole in the
2000 mm (78.7 in)
centre of the cylindrical body. On the cylindrical body the greatest distance between the head-holes is not to exceed 3000 mm (118 in), those between handholes 2000 mm (78.7 in). The latter is each to be located either near or in the
ends.
3 a)
More than 800
Length of cylindrical 1 HEAD-HOLE (in the case of a cylindrical body this is located in the central third of
mm (31.50 in) up body or spherical
its length) or 2 HAND-HOLES near or in the ends.
to 1500 mm (59.1 shape up to 2000 mm
in) inclusive
(78.7 in)
3 b)
Length of cylindrical 1 MAN-HOLE or siting of inspection holes as in the case of 2c) above.
body more than 2000
mm (78.7 in)
4
More than 1500
Length of cylindrical 1 MAN-HOLE.
mm (59.1 in)
body unlimited
DET NORSKE VERITAS

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RULES FOR

SHIPS / HIGH SPEED, LIGHT CRAFT AND

BOILERS, PRESSURE VESSELS,

General Requirements ................................................................................................................ 5

DET NORSKE VERITAS

CHANGES IN THE RULES

Comments to the rules may be sent by e-mail to rules@dnv.com

D. Openings and Compensations........................................... 18

D. Seamless Gas Cylinders ........................................................7

Conical shells of circular sections...................................14

E. Covers for Inspection Openings and Manholes .............. 22

F. Heat Exchanger Tubes....................................................... 22

SEC. 5 PARTICULAR DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

B. Headers of Rectangular or Irregular Sections ................ 28

C. Dished Ends ........................................................................ 29

A. Boilers and Pressure Vessels ...............................................9

D. Flat Plates Supported by Stays ......................................... 29

B. Thermal-oil Installations ......................................................9

D. Exhaust Gas Boiler or Economisers ..................................11

Circulation systems .........................................................11

Dished ends subject to pressure on the concave side......29

E. Furnaces and Fireboxes of Cylindrical Form, Uptakes,

Plain furnaces .................................................................35

SEC. 4 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ........ 12

Stay tubes and bar stays .................................................37

B. Design Criteria ....................................................................12

Design pressure ...............................................................12

C. Scantlings of Shells and Flat and Dished Ends.................14

Boiler tubes subjected to internal pressure .....................37

H. Access and Inspection Openings ...................................... 38

SEC. 6 MOUNTINGS AND FITTINGS ...................... 39

Valves on boilers and steam-heated steam generators....39

DET NORSKE VERITAS

C. Stop Valves and Check Valves ......................................... 40

Valves on boilers and steam-heated steam generators....40

SEC. 8 MANUFACTURE, WORKMANSHIP AND

D. Blow-down Valves and Test Valves for Boiler Water ..... 41

SEC. 7 INSTRUMENTATION AND

Automatic control ...........................................................42

C. Exhaust Gas Boilers or Economisers ................................ 42

Instruments and Monitoring............................................42

D. Water Heaters ..................................................................... 42

E. Thermal-oil Heaters ........................................................... 43

Automatic control ...........................................................43

Cutting of plates ..............................................................45

Post-weld heat treatment.................................................46

Extent of non-destructive testing (NDT) ........................47

APP. A TYPES AND MINIMUM DIMENSIONS OF

DET NORSKE VERITAS

without intervening valves, are to be considered as parts of the

p =design pressure in bar

calculating pressure, in bar

dimensions (lengths, diameters, thicknesses etc.): mm

DET NORSKE VERITAS

402 Requirements for manufacturers, material certificates,

All grades permitted

Carbon and carbon-manganese

Pressure vessels not included