Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the etiologic agent of pulmonary tuberculosis. Predisposing factors include immune compromised status, malnutrition, advanced age, Filipino nationality, poverty, overcrowding, and lack of healthcare access. The bacteria is transmitted via inhalation of infected respiratory droplets. Primary infection may result in localized bronchopneumonia that is later contained by the immune response, or dormant infection. Secondary infection can occur if immunity wanes, the bacteria becomes resistant, or the immune system is compromised. This may lead to reactivation and progressive lung destruction, resulting in symptoms like cough, hemoptysis, and dyspnea.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the etiologic agent of pulmonary tuberculosis. Predisposing factors include immune compromised status, malnutrition, advanced age, Filipino nationality, poverty, overcrowding, and lack of healthcare access. The bacteria is transmitted via inhalation of infected respiratory droplets. Primary infection may result in localized bronchopneumonia that is later contained by the immune response, or dormant infection. Secondary infection can occur if immunity wanes, the bacteria becomes resistant, or the immune system is compromised. This may lead to reactivation and progressive lung destruction, resulting in symptoms like cough, hemoptysis, and dyspnea.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the etiologic agent of pulmonary tuberculosis. Predisposing factors include immune compromised status, malnutrition, advanced age, Filipino nationality, poverty, overcrowding, and lack of healthcare access. The bacteria is transmitted via inhalation of infected respiratory droplets. Primary infection may result in localized bronchopneumonia that is later contained by the immune response, or dormant infection. Secondary infection can occur if immunity wanes, the bacteria becomes resistant, or the immune system is compromised. This may lead to reactivation and progressive lung destruction, resulting in symptoms like cough, hemoptysis, and dyspnea.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the etiologic agent of pulmonary tuberculosis. Predisposing factors include immune compromised status, malnutrition, advanced age, Filipino nationality, poverty, overcrowding, and lack of healthcare access. The bacteria is transmitted via inhalation of infected respiratory droplets. Primary infection may result in localized bronchopneumonia that is later contained by the immune response, or dormant infection. Secondary infection can occur if immunity wanes, the bacteria becomes resistant, or the immune system is compromised. This may lead to reactivation and progressive lung destruction, resulting in symptoms like cough, hemoptysis, and dyspnea.
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Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Predisposing Factors:
Precipitating Factors
Immune compromised status
Severely malnourished Age: young and old Nationality: Filipino
Repeated close contact with infected
persons Economically- disadvantaged or homeless/ poor housing Living in overcrowded areas Alcohol abuse/ dependent Poor hygiene Lack of access to health care Low socio-economic status
Etiology: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Exposure or inhalation of infected droplet nuclei
from infected clients by coughing, sneezing, talking, etc.
Tubercle bacilli invasion in the apices of
the lungs or near the pleurae of the lower lobes
Bronchopneumonia develops in the lung
tissue and tubercle bacilli are ingested by wandering macrophages
Many of the bacilli survived before
hypersensitivity and immunity develops
Surviving bacilli is carried into
bronchopulmonary lymph nodes via the lymphatic system and may even spread throughout the body
Inflammatory response occurs, TB
specific lymphocyte produces T-lytic enzyme which lyses bacteria and alveolar tissue
Material (bacteria & macrophage)
become necrotic
Production of cavities filled with
cheese-like mass of tubercle bacilli, dead WBCs, necrotic lung tissue
- productive cough - phlegm - crackles
Drainage of necrotic materials into the
tracheobronchial tree
PRIMARY INFECTION Lesions heal over a period of time by forming scars and later being calcified
Tubercle bacilli immunity develops
(2 to 6 weeks after infection) (maintains in the body as long as living bacilli remains in the body)
Inhibits further growth of the bacilli
and the development of active infection (bacteria becomes dormant)
Reinfection Reactivation of the tubercle bacilli
SECONDARY INFECTION immune system Bacteria becomes resistant and survives
