This document discusses laminar flow through circular pipes and ducts. It defines key terms like average velocity, maximum velocity, and defines the no-slip boundary condition where velocity is zero at the pipe wall. It derives the Hagen-Poiseuille equation which relates pressure drop to flow properties like viscosity, pipe diameter, and flow rate. Examples are given to calculate mean velocity, velocity at different pipe radii, flow rate, and wall shear stress given fluid properties and pressure drop.
This document discusses laminar flow through circular pipes and ducts. It defines key terms like average velocity, maximum velocity, and defines the no-slip boundary condition where velocity is zero at the pipe wall. It derives the Hagen-Poiseuille equation which relates pressure drop to flow properties like viscosity, pipe diameter, and flow rate. Examples are given to calculate mean velocity, velocity at different pipe radii, flow rate, and wall shear stress given fluid properties and pressure drop.
This document discusses laminar flow through circular pipes and ducts. It defines key terms like average velocity, maximum velocity, and defines the no-slip boundary condition where velocity is zero at the pipe wall. It derives the Hagen-Poiseuille equation which relates pressure drop to flow properties like viscosity, pipe diameter, and flow rate. Examples are given to calculate mean velocity, velocity at different pipe radii, flow rate, and wall shear stress given fluid properties and pressure drop.
This document discusses laminar flow through circular pipes and ducts. It defines key terms like average velocity, maximum velocity, and defines the no-slip boundary condition where velocity is zero at the pipe wall. It derives the Hagen-Poiseuille equation which relates pressure drop to flow properties like viscosity, pipe diameter, and flow rate. Examples are given to calculate mean velocity, velocity at different pipe radii, flow rate, and wall shear stress given fluid properties and pressure drop.
Learning outcome: 1. Derive Hagen Poiseuille equation. 2. Calculate mean and maximum velocity.
Introduction Fluid distribution network involve with fluid flow through channel (pipe, duct etc.) . Fluid may be forced to flow by a fan/pump through flow section. Flow section of a circular cross section is known as pipe. Flow section for non-circular cross section is known as duct. Small diameter of pipe tube.
Fluid velocity changes from zero at the surface
(no slip condition) to a maximum at the pipe center
It is convenient to work with average velocity,
Vavg, which remains constant in incompressible flow when the pipe cross-sectional area is constant
Flow in pipes is laminar for Re2300; fully developed
if the pipe sufficiently long.
In fully developed laminar flow, moves at a constant
axial velocity along a streamline and the velocity profile remain unchanged.
No motion in the radial direction velocity
component in the direction normal to the flow is zero
No acceleration flow is steady and fully developed
Pressure loss due to friction in a pipeline
Fluid is viscous energy loss during flowing due to FRICTION The effect of friction is showing as pressure / head loss Shear stress slows the fluid flow (real condition) The friction, which related to pressure drop and head loss during flow through pipes or ducts - Pressure drop is used to determine pumping power requirement
Attached manometer gives head /pressure lost by the fluid overcoming the shear stress.
The P1 >P2
How to determine the
pressure loss in terms of the forces acting on the fluid?
P1 P2 = Pressure drop, P
At wall, u = 0
Laminar flow through a round tube
Upper plate, u = 0
Lower plate, u = 0 Laminar flow through a parallel plates
Consider cylindrical fluid element in a pipe
umax
P + P
P max
is proportional to r Thus shear stresses varies linearly along the radius
max occurs at the wall, r = R
where y = R r thus dy = - dr
Known that
Substitute in A, gives
When r = R
u=0
Or
When r = 0
u = umax
Q =uxA
Example:
1) An oil having a viscosity of 0.1 Ns/m2 is flowing
through a circular pipe of 250 mm diameter. If the maximum velocity is 2.5 m/s determine the mean velocity and the radius at which such velocity may occur. Determine the velocity at 5 cm from the wall pipe.
2) An oil having a viscosity of 0.096 Ns/m2 and SG of
1.59 flows through a horizontal pipe of 5 cm diameter with a pressure drop of 5886 N/m2. Determine i) the rate of flow in kilogram per minute, ii) the shear stress at the pipe wall.
