sorrr016 CCatredte eetocon - Wikipedta Cathodic protection From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cathodic protection (CP) is a technique used to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell." A simple method of protection connects the metal to be protected to a more easily corroded "sacrificial metal" to act as the anode. The sacrificial metal then corrodes instead of the protected metal, For structures such as long pipelines, where passive galvanic cathodic protection is not adequate, an external DC electrical power source is used to provide sufficient current, Cathodic protection systems protect a wide range of metallic structures in various environments. Common applications are: steel water or fuel pipelines and steel storage tanks such as home water heaters; steel pier piles; ship and boat hulls; offshore oil platforms and onshore oil well casings; offshore wind farm foundations and metal reinforcement bars in concrete buildings and structures. Another common application is in galvanized steel, in which a sacrificial coating of zine on steel parts protects them from rust. Cathodic protection can, in some cases, prevent stress corrosion cracki Contents = 1 History = 2 Types = 2.1 Galvanic = 2.2 Impressed current systems "3 Applications 3.1 Pipelines 3.2 Ships and boats 3.3 Marine 3.4 Steel in concrete 3.5 Internal cathodic protection 3.6 Galvanized steel = 3.7 Automobiles "4 Testing "5 Problems = 5.1 Production of hydrogen ions = 5.2 Cathodic disbonding = 5.3 Cathodic shielding 6 Standards 7 See also 8 Note 9 1 References 0 External links History teipevienwikipediaorgwikiCathodc_protecton Aluminium sacrificial anodes (light colored rectangular bars) mounted on a steel jacket structure, Zine sacrificial anode (rounded object) screwed to the underside of the hull of a small boat 0:00 MENU Pronunciation of the word "Cathodic" wasor2016 Cathet protecton- Wikipedia Cathodic protection was first described by Sir Humphry Davy in a series of papers presented to the Royal Society] in London in 1824. The first application was to the HMS Samarang !*I in 1824. Sacrificial anodes made from iron attached to the copper sheath of the hull below the waterline dramatically reduced the corrosion rate of the copper. However, a side effect of the cathodic protection was to increase marine growth. Copper, when corroding, releases copper ions which have an anti-fouling effect. Since excess marine growth affected the performance of the ship, the Royal Navy decided that it was better to allow the copper to corrode and have the benefit of reduced marine growth, so cathodie protection was not used further. Davy was assisted in his experiments by his pupil Michael Faraday, who continued his research after Davy's death In 1834, Faraday discovered the quantitative connection between corrosion weight loss and electric current and thus laid the foundation for the future application of cathodic protection. |) Thomas Edison experimented with impressed current cathodic protection on ships in 1890, but was unsuccessful duc to the lack of a suitable current source and anode materials. It would be 100 years after Davy's experiment before cathodic protection was used widely on oil pipelines in the United States!*] — cathodic protection was applied to steel gas pipelines beginning in 1928'6) and more widely in the 1930s,(71 Types Galvanic In the application of passive cathodic protection, a galvanic anode, a piece of a more electrochemically "active" metal, is attached to the vulnerable metal surface where it is exposed to an electrolyte. Galvanic anodes are selected because they have a more "active" voltage (more negative electrode potential) than the metal of the target structure (typically steel). For effective cathodic protection, the potential of the steel surface is, polarized (pushed) more negative until the surface has a uniform potential. At that stage, the driving force for the corrosion reaction with the protected surface is removed. The galvanic anode continues to corrode, consuming the anode material until eventually it must be replaced. Polarization of the target structure is caused by the electron flow from the anode to the cathode, so the two metals must have a good electrically conductive contact, The driving force for the cathodic protection current is the difference in electrode potential between the anode and the cathode. |®! Galvanic sacrificial anode attached to the hull of a ship, showing corrosion Galvanic or sacrificial anodes are made in various shapes and sizes using alloys of zinc, magnesium and aluminium, ASTM International publishes standards on the composition and manufacturing of galvani anodes, 91191 In order for galvanic cathodic protection to work, the anode must possess a lower (that is, more negative) electrode potential than that of the cathode (the target structure to be protected). The table below shows a simplified galvanic series which is used to select the anode metal.l'" The anode must be chosen from a material that is lower on the list than the material to be protected. hipsslonikipodiaorgwikiCathocprotacton antso212016 Catt peetecton - Wikipedta Potential with respect to a Cu:CuSO, Metal reference electrode in neutral pH environment (volts) Carbon, Graphite, Coke +03 Platinum Oto -0.1 Mill scale on Stee! 0.2 High Silicon Cast Iron 0.2 Copper, brass, bronze 0.2 Mild steel in concrete 0.2 Lead 0.5 Cast iron (not graphitized) “0.5 Mild steel (rusted) -0.2 0-05 Mild steel (clean) -0.5 to-0.8 ‘Commercially pure aluminium -0.8 Aluminium alloy (5% zinc) -1.05 Zine old Magnesium Alloy (6% Al, 3% Zn, 0.15% Mn) -1.6 ‘Commercially Pure Magnesium. “1.75 Impressed current systems For larger structures, or where electrolyte resistivity is high, galvanic anodes cannot economically deliver enough current to provide protection. In these cases, impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) systems are used. These consist of anodes connected to a DC power source, often a transformer-rectifier connected to AC power. In the absence of an AC supply, alternative power sources may be used, such as solar panels, wind power or gas powered thermoelectric generators.[12I[131 ICCP Rectifier Anodes for ICCP systems are available in a variety of shapes and sizes. Common anodes are tubular and solid rod shapes or continuous ribbons of various materials. These include high silicon cast iron, graphite, mixed ‘metal oxide, platinum and niobium coated wire and other materials. ‘Simple impressed current cathodic protection system. A source of DC For pipelines, anodes are arranged in groundbeds either distributed or ina _ electric current is used to help drive deep vertical hole depending on several design and field condition factors _the protective electrochemical including current distribution requirements. reaction. Cathodic protection transformer-rectfier units are often custom manufactured and equipped with a variety of features, including remote monitoring and control, integral current interrupters and various type of electrical enclosures. The output DC negative terminal is connected to the structure to be protected by the cathodic protection system.''4] The rectifier output DC positive cable is connected to the anodes. The AC power cable is connected to the rectifier input terminals. hipsslonikipodiaorgwikiCathocprotacton antso2v2016 Ccabecte petecon- Wikipea The output of the ICP system should be optimised to provide enough current to provide protection to the target structure. Some cathodic protection transformer-rectifier units are designed with taps on the transformer windings and jumper terminals to select the voltage output of the ICCP system. Cathodic protection transformer-rectifier ‘units for water tanks and used in other applications are made with solid state circuits to automatically adjust the operating voltage to maintain the optimum current output or structure-to-electrolyte potential.("5] Analog or digital ‘meters are often installed to show the operating voltage (DC and sometime AC) and current output, For shore structures and other large complex target structures, ICCP system are often designed with multiple independent zones of anodes with separate cathodic protection transformer-rectifier circuits. Applications Pipelines Hazardous product pipelines are routinely protected by a coating supplemented with cathodic protection, An impressed current cathodic protection system (ICCP) for a pipeline consists of a DC power source, often an AC powered transformer rectifier and an anode, or array of anodes buried in the ground (the anode groundbed). ‘The DC power source would typically have a DC output of up to 50 amperes and 50 volts, but this depends on several factors, such as the size of the pipeline and coating quality, The positive DC output terminal would be connected via cables to the anode array, while another cable would connect the negative terminal of the rectifier to the pipeline, preferably. ‘through junction boxes to allow measurements to be taken.l!91 ‘An air cooled cathodic protection rectifier connected to a pipeline, Anodes can be installed in a groundbed consisting of a vertical hole backfilled with conductive coke (a material that improves the performance and life of the anodes) or laid in a prepared trench, surrounded by conductive coke and backfilled, The choice of groundbed type and size depends on the application, location and soil resistivity.[!71 The DC cathodic protection current is then adjusted to the optimum level after conducting various tests including measurements of pipe-to-soil potentials or electrode potential. It is sometimes more economically viable to protect a pipeline using galvanic (sacrificial) anodes. This is often the case on smaller diameter pipelines of limited length."'*! Galvanic anodes rely on the galvanic series potentials of the metals to drive cathodic protection current from the anode to the structure being protected. Water pipelines of various pipe materials are also provided with cathodic protection where owners determine the cost is reasonable for the expected pipeline service life extension attributed to the application of cathodic protection. Ships and boats Cathodic protection on ships is often implemented by galvanic anodes attached to the hull and ICCP for larger vessels. Since ships are regularly removed from the water for inspections and maintenance, it is a simple task to replace the galvanic anodes.!!91 Galvanic anodes are generally shaped to reduced drag in the water and fitted flush to the hull to also try to minimize drag 2°) hipsslonikipodiaorgwikiCathocprotacton antsor2016 Cathet protecton- Wikipedia Smaller vessels, with non-metallic hulls, such as yachts, are equipped with galvanic anodes to protect areas such as outboard motors. As with all galvanic cathodic protection, this application relies on a solid electrical connection between the anode and the item to be protected, For ICCP on ships, the anodes are usually constructed of a relatively inert material such as platinised titanium. A DC power supply is provided within the ship and the anodes mounted on the outside of the hull. The anode cables are introduced into the ship via a compression seal fitting and routed to the DC power source. The negative cable from the power supply is simply attached to the hull to complete the circuit. Ship ICCP anodes are flush-mounted, minimizing the effects of drag on the ship, and located a minimum 5 ft below the light load line?!) in an area to avoid mechanical damage. The current density required for protection is a function of velocity and considered when selecting the current capacity and location of anode placement on the hull. The white patches visible on the ship's hull are zine block sacrificial anodes. Some ships may require specialist treatment, for example aluminium hulls with steel fixtures will create an electrochemical cell where the aluminium hull can act as a galvanic anode and corrosion is enhanced. In cases like this, aluminium or zinc galvanic anodes can be used to offset the potential difference between the aluminium hull (23) and the steel fixture.|22I If the steel fixtures are large, several galvanic anodes may be required, or even a small ICCP system. Marine Marine cathodic protection covers many areas, jetties, harbors, offshore structures. The variety of different types of structure leads to a variety of systems to provide protection, Galvanic anodes are favored,7*) but ICCP can also often be used, Because of the wide variety of structure geometry, composition, and architecture, specialized firms are often required to engineer structure-specific cathodic protection systems. Sometimes marine structures require retroactive modification to be effectively protected !241 Steel in concrete The application to concrete reinforcement is slightly different in that the anodes and reference electrodes are usually embedded in the concrete at the time of construction when the concrete is being poured. The usual technique for concrete buildings, bridges and similar structures is to use ICCP,!5! but there are systems available that use the principle of galvanic cathodic protection as well,!?5I271(28 although in the UK at least, the use of galvanic anodes for atmospherically exposed reinforced concrete structures is considered experimental.) For ICCP, the principle is the same as any other ICCP system. However, in a typical atmospherically exposed conerete structure such as a bridge, there will be many more anodes distributed through the structure as opposed to an array of anodes as used on a pipeline. This makes for a more complicated system and usually an automatically controlled DC power source is used, possibly with an option for remote monitoring and operation.!*° For buried or submerged structures, the treatment is similar to that of any other buried or submerged structure. Galvanic systems offer the advantage of being easier to retrofit and do not need any control systems as ICP does. For pipelines constructed from pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP), the techniques used for cathodic protection are generally as for steel pipelines except that the applied potential must be limited to prevent damage to the prestressing wire.) hipsslonikipodiaorgwikiCathocprotacton sitso Ccabecte petecon- Wikipea The steel wire in a PCCP pipeline is stressed to the point that any corrosion of the wire can result in failure. An additional problem is that any excessive hydrogen ions as a result of an excessively negative potential can cause hydrogen embrittlement of the wire, also resulting in failure, The failure of too many wires will result in catastrophic failure of the PCCP."2I To implement ICCP therefore requires very careful control to ensure satisfactory protection. A simpler option is to use galvanic anodes, which are self-limiting and need no control.{3) Internal cathodic protection Vessels, pipelines and tanks which are used to store or transport liquids can also be protected from corrosion on their internal surfaces by the use of cathodic protection.!*4! [CCP and galvanic systems can be used.!*5! A common application of internal cathodic protection is water storage tanks. Galvanized steel Galvanizing generally refers to hot-dip galvanizing which is a way of coating steel with a layer of metallic zine, Galvanized coatings are quite durable in most environments because they combine the barrier properties of a coating with some of the benefits of cathodic protection. If the zine coating is scratched or otherwise locally damaged and steel is exposed, the surrounding areas of zinc coating form a galvanic cell with the exposed steel and protect it from corrosion. This is a form of localized cathodic protection - the zinc acts as a sacrificial anode. Galvanizing, while using the electrochemical principle of cathodic protection, is not actually cathodic protection. ‘athodic protection requires the anode to be separate from the metal surface to be protected, with an ionic connection through the electrolyte and an electron connection through connecting cable, bolt or similar. This means that any area of the protected structure within the electrolyte can be protected, whereas in the case of galvanizing, only areas very close to the zine are protected. Hence, a larger area of bare steel would only be protected around the edges. Automobiles ‘Several companies market electronic corrosion control devices for automobiles and trucks! and questions remain about their effectiveness without adequate scientific testing and validation.!°7! In 1996 the FTC ordered David McCready to pay restitution and banned the names "Rust Buster" and "Rust Evader."381 The Auto Saver System underwent new and independent laboratory testing in 2007, commissioned by Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada. The test was conducted by an ISO accredited laboratory") under government oversight to ensure full legal and regulatory compliance, and was designed by an independent corrosion engineer from McGill University and NACE member! to determine if The Auto Saver System inhibits corrosion in vehicles.{*1 The results clearly demonstrated that The Auto Saver System significantly inhibits the natural corrosion process occurring in automobiles,!*”! and have been validated by leading corrosion engineers and scientists] in the United States and Canada, as well as by the Government of Canada. Testing Electrode potential is measured with reference electrodes. Coppet-copper sulphate electrodes are used for structures in contact with soil or fresh water. Silver/silver chloride/seawater electrodes or pure zine electrodes are used for seawater applications. The methods are described in EN 13509:2003 and NACE TM0497 along with the hipsslonikipodiaorgwikiCathocprotacton antsor2016 Cathet protecton- Wikipedia sources of error] in the voltage that appears on the display of the meter. Interpretation of electrode potential measurements to determine the potential at the interface between the anode of the corrosion cell and the electrolyte requires training!“*) and cannot be expected to match the accuracy of measurements done in laboratory work. Problems Production of hydrogen ions A side effect of improperly applied cathodic protection is the production of atomic hydrogen, |7! leading to its absorption in the protected metal and subsequent hydrogen embrittlement of welds and materials with high hardness. Under normal conditions, the atomic hydrogen will combine at the metal surface to create hydrogen gas, which cannot penetrate the metal. Hydrogen atoms, however, are small enough to pass through the crystalline steel structure, and lead in some cases to hydrogen embrittlement. Cathodic disbonding This is a process of disbondment of protective of hydrogen ions over the surface of the protected material (cathode).{*) Disbonding can be exacerbated by an increase in alkali ions and an increase in cathodic polarization.(*9! The degree of disbonding is also reliant on the type of coating, with some coatings affected more than others.!5°! Cathodic protection systems should be operated. so that the structure does not become excessively polarized, 51] since this also promotes disbonding due to excessively negative potentials. Cathodic disbonding occurs rapidly in pipelines that contain hot fluids because the process is accelerated by heat flow. tings from the protected structure (cathode) due to the formation Catho shielding Effectiveness of cathodic protection (CP) systems on steel pipelines can be impaired by the use of solid film backed dielectric coatings such as polyethylene tapes, shrinkable pipeline sleeves, and factory applied single or multiple solid film coatings. This phenomenon occurs because of the high electrical resistivity of these film backings.!*! Protective electric current from the cathodic protection system is blocked or shielded from reaching the underlying metal by the highly resistive film backing. Cathodic shielding was first defined in the 1980s as being a problem, and technical papers on the subject have been regularly published since then A 1999 report!**] concerning a 20,600 bbl (3,280 m?) spill from a Saskatchewan crude oil line contains an excellent definition of the cathodic shielding problem: "The triple situation of disbondment of the (corrosion) coating, the dielectric nature of the coating and the unique electrochemical environment established under the exterior coating, which acts as a shield to the electrical CP current, is referred to as CP shielding. The combination of tenting and disbondment permits a corrosive environment around the outside of the pipe to enter into the void between the exterior coating and the pipe surface. With the development of this CP shielding phenomenon, impressed current from the CP system cannot access exposed metal under the exterior coating to protect the pipe surface from the consequences of an aggressive corrosive environment. The CP shielding phenomenon induces changes in the potential gradient of the CP system across the exterior coating, which are further pronounced in areas of insufficient or sub-standard CP current emanating from the pipeline’s CP system. This produces an area on the pipeline of insufficient CP defense against metal loss aggravated by an exterior corrosive environment.” hipsslonikipodiaorgwikiCathocprotacton misor2016 Cathet protecton- Wikipedia Cathodie shielding is referenced in a number of the standards listed below. Newly issued USDOT regulation Title 49 CFR 192.112 (http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2009-title49-vol3/pdf/CFR-2009-title49-vol3-sec192-112.pd £), in the section for Additional design requirements for steel pipe using alternative maximum allowable operating pressure requires that "The pipe must be protected against external corrosion by a non-shielding coating” (see coatings section on standard). Also, the NACE SP0169:2007 standard defines shielding in section 2, cautions against the use of materials that create electrical shielding in section 4.2.3, cautions against use of external coatings that create electrical shielding in section 5.1.2.3, and instructs readers to take ‘appropriate action’ when the effects of electrical shielding of cathodic protection current are detected on an operating pipeline in section 10.9. Standards = 49 CFR 192.451 - Requirements for Corrosion Control - Transportation of natural and other gas by pipeline: US minimum federal safety standards = 49 CFR 195.551 - Requirements for Corrosion Control - Transportation of hazardous liquids by pipelines: US minimum federal safety standards AS 2832.4 - Australian Standard for Cathodic Protection ASME B31Q 0001-0191 ASTM G 8, G 42 - Evaluating Cathodic Disbondment resistance of coatings DNV-RP-B401 - Cathodic Protection Design - Det Norske Veritas EN 12068:1999 - Cathodic protection. External organic coatings for the corrosion protection of buried or immersed steel pipelines used in conjunction with cathodic protection. Tapes and shrinkable materials = EN 12473:2000 - General principles of cathodic protection in sea water = EN 12474:2001 - Cathodic protection for submarine pipelines = EN 12495:2000 - Cathodic protection for fixed steel offshore structures. = EN 12499:2003 - Internal cathodic protection of metallic structures IN 12696:2012 - Cathodic protection of steel in concrete = EN 12954:2001 - Cathodic protection of buried or immersed metallic structures. General principles and application for pipelines = EN 13173:2001 - Cathodic protection for steel offshore floating structures = EN 13174:2001 - Cathodic protection for "Harbour Installation = EN 13509:2003 - Cathodie protection measurement techniques = EN 13636:2004 - Cathodic protection of buried metallic tanks and related piping EN 14505:2005 - Cathodic protection of complex structures 'N 15112:2006 - External cathodic protection of well casing, =N 15280-2013 - Evaluation of a.c. corrosion likelihood of buried pipelines 'N 50162:2004 - Protection against corrosion by stray current from direct current systems = BS 7361-1:1991 - Cathodic Protection = NACE SP0169:2013 - Control of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems = NACE TM 0497 - Measurement Techniques Related to Criteria for Cathodic Protection on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems See also . Anodic protection Wikimedia Commons has = Sacrificial metal ‘media related to Cathodic = Wetting voltage ‘protection = Redox Notes hipsslonikipodiaorgwikiCathocprotacton antsorrr016 CCatredte eetocon - Wikipedta 1. Peabody p.6 2. Davy, cited in Ashworth 1994 3. Ashworth, 10:3 4, Baeckmann, Schwenck & Prinz, p.12 5. Scherer, 38(27), 179 cited in Baeckman 6 Robert J. Kuhn, Cathodic Protection of Underground Pipe Lines from Soil Corrosion, API Proceedings, Nov. 1933, Vol. 14, pl57 7. Natural Resources Canada Retrieved 23 JAN 2012({1] (http:/Avww.nrcan,ge.ca/minerals-metals/materials-technology/pico 1/3149) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130 106080642/http://www.nrcan.ge.ca/minerals-metals/materials-techn ology/picon/3 149) January 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. 8. Roberge p.871 9. ASTM B843 - 07 10. ASTM B4l8 - 09 LI. Peabody p.304 12. Ashworth 10:10 13. Roberge p.880 14, Peabody p.158 15. Baeckmann, Schwenck & Prinz, p.233, 16. Peabody p.22 17. Peabody p.132 18. Peabody p.32 19. BS 7361-1:1991 Sect. 6.2 20. BS 7361-1:1991 Sect. 6.2.1.2 21. CP-2 Cathodic Protection Technician-Maritime Student Manual NACE International, July 2009, pg 3-11 22. EN 12473:2000 Sect. 8.3.1 23. Roberge p.876 24. Britton p.1 25. Ashworth et al 10:82 26. Covino et all 27. Daily 28, Highways Agency Sect. 4.8 29, Highways Agency Sect. 2.1 30. Highways Agency Sect. 4.5 31. NACE RP0100-2000 Sect. 5.2.5 32. Gummow 33. NACE RP0100-2000 Sect. 5.4 34. EN 12499:2003 35. Ashworth et al 10:112 36. eBay: Electronic Rust Protection (http://www.ebay.com/bhp/electronic-rust-protection) 37. Corrosion Control Professional Engineer | Derek Mawhinney, P.Eng, (http://www. cpengineer. com/Corrosion. Technical, ht ‘ml#CP_for_Cats) 38, Federal Trade Commission Press Release (http:/hvww.fte, gov/news-events/press-releases/1996/07/rust-evader-inventor-se ttles-fte-charges) 39, Innovative Test Solutions (hitp://wwwits-ine.com) 40. GEORGE P. DEMOPOULDS, Professor of Materials Engineering, Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, ‘McGill University (bhttp:/www-theautosaversystem.com/pdf/Demopoulos-CV.pd) AL. US. Patent # 5,407,549 (https://patents. google, com/patent/USS407549 A/en) 42, Innovative Test Solutions Test Report ITS-05015-4 Rev. 0 (http://www. theautosaversystem.com/pdf/ITS-REPORT-015-0 5015-4-3-15-2007.pdf) 43, Validation of Auto-Saver Anti-Corrosion Device Testing (http://www. theautosaversystem.com/pdf/Let_Demopoulos_Vali dation_of_Auto_Saver_Jan2016.paf) 44, Competition Bureau Canada 2008 (http:/;www.theautosaversystem.com/pdf/Let_Competition_Bureau_17Jul2008.péf) 48, NACE TM0497 Section 5.8 46. NACE TM0497 Section 1.2 47. Fundamentals of Electrochemical Corrosion (htips://books. google.com/books?id-ballwflpWpP&C&pg-PA 174), p. 174, at Google Books 48, Roberge Sect. 11.4.1, p.886 hipsslonikipodiaorgwikiCathocprotacton antsorrr016 49, Baeckmann, Schwenck & Prinz, p.167 50, Baeckmann, Schwenek & Prinz, p.168 51. Peabody p.37 52. NACE International Paper 09043 53. Transportation Safety Board of Canada References = A.W. Peabody, Peabody's Control of Pipeline Corrosion, 2nd Ed., 2001, NACI International. ISBN 1-57590- 092-0 = Davy, H., Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., 114,151,242 and 328 (1824) = Ashworth V., Corrosion Vol 2, 3rd Ed., 1994, ISBN 0- 7506-1077-8 = Baeckmann, Schwenck & Prinz, Handbook of Cathodic Corrosion Protection, 3rd Edition 1997. ISBN 0-88415- 056-9 = Scherer, L. F., Oil and Gas Journal, (1939) = ASTM B843 - 07 Standard Specification for Magnesium Alloy Anodes for Cathodic Protection = ASTM B48 - 09 Standard Specification for Cast and Wrought Galvanic Zine Anodes = Roberge, Pierre R, Handbook of Corrosion Engineering 1999 ISBN 0-07-0765 16-2 = NACE Intemational Paper 09043 Coatings Used in Conjunction with Cathodic Protection - Shielding vs Non- shielding Coatings = NACE International TM0497- 2002, Measurement ‘Techniques Related to Criteria for Cathodic Protection on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems External links hipsslonikipodiaorgwikiCathocprotacton CCatredte eetocon - Wikipedta ‘Transportation Safety Board of Canada, Report Number 99110021, 1999 [2] (http://w ww.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-rep orts/pipeline/1999/p99h0021/ p99h0021.asp) Britton, Jim. Corrosion98, 1998 [3] (http://www.stoprust. comy/22pipelineretrofit.htm) Covino, Bernard S, et al., Performance of Zine Anodes for Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Bridges, Oregon Dept of Transport & Federal Highway Administration, March 2002 UK Highways Agency BA 83/02; Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Vol.3, Sect.3, Part 3, Cathodic Protection For Use In Reinforced Concrete Highway Structures. [4] (hutp:lwwwsta ndardsforhighways.co.uk/dmr bivol3/section3/ba8302.pdf) (Retrieved 2011-01-04) Daily, Steven F, Using Cathodic Protection to Control Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete ‘Structures in Marine Environments (publishe Port Technology International) Gummow, RA, Corrosion Control of Municipal Infrastructure Using Cathodic Protection. NACE Conference Oct 1999, NACE Materials Performance Feb 2000 EN 12473:2000 - General principles of cathodic protection in sea water EN 12499:2003 - Internal cathodic protection of metallic structures NACE RPO100-2000 athodic Protection of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipelines BS 7361-1:1991 - Cathodic Protection SAE International Paper No. 912270 Robert Baboian, State of the Art in Automobile Cathodic Protection, Proceedings of the Sth Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Conference, P- 250, Warrendale, PA, USA, August 1991 US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineering manual 1110-2- 2704, 12 July 2004 sansor2016 Cathet protecton- Wikipedia = NACE International (https://web.archive.org/web/20110510032653/hup://events.nace.org/library/corrosion/ CP/introduction.asp) (formerly the National Association of Corrosion Engineers) - Introduction to Cathodic Protection = Institute of Corrosion (http://www.icorr.org)) - A technical society based in the UK = Glossary (https://web.archive.org/web/20111007150828/http://events.nace.org/library/corrosion/glossarylette rs/Introduction.asp) - A comprehensive glossary of cathodic protection and corrosion terms = Cathodic Protection (http://www.corrosionist.com/corrosion_control_methods_cathodic_protection.htm) - Cathodic Protection Theory and usefull documents on Cathodic Protection = Cathodic Protection 101 (http://www.cathodicprotection101.com/) - Cathodic Protection 101, a beginner's ‘guide = National Physics Laboratory (hitp://www.npl.co.uk/upload/pdf/cathodic_protection.pdf) - Short introductory paper on cathodic protection = USDOT CER 192.112 (hitp:/ivww.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2009-title49-vol3/pdfiCFR-2009-title49-vol3-se ¢192-112.pdf) - USDOT regulations CFR 192.112 requiring the use on non-shielding corrosion coating systems on steel pipe using alternative maximum allowable operation pressure. = Offshore Cathodic Protection Methods (http://stoprust.com/technical-papers/27-offshore-platform-c yi) - Offshore specific cathodic protection methods -surve Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia org/w/index.php?title=Cathodic_protection&oldid=737037126" Categories: Chemical processes | Corrosion prevention | Hydrogen technolog « This page was last modified on 31 August 2016, at 10:57. = Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark. of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization, hipsslonikipodiaorgwikiCathocprotacton ant