This document summarizes the history and development of atomic structure models from ancient Greek philosophers to the early 20th century scientists. It discusses Democritus' idea of atoms in the 5th century BC and Dalton's atomic theory in 1808 which proposed atoms as tiny spheres. In the early 1900s, experiments by Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr led to developments in understanding the atom as a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons in defined energy levels. The document then outlines electronic structure, quantum numbers, atomic orbitals and rules for writing electron configurations.
This document summarizes the history and development of atomic structure models from ancient Greek philosophers to the early 20th century scientists. It discusses Democritus' idea of atoms in the 5th century BC and Dalton's atomic theory in 1808 which proposed atoms as tiny spheres. In the early 1900s, experiments by Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr led to developments in understanding the atom as a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons in defined energy levels. The document then outlines electronic structure, quantum numbers, atomic orbitals and rules for writing electron configurations.
This document summarizes the history and development of atomic structure models from ancient Greek philosophers to the early 20th century scientists. It discusses Democritus' idea of atoms in the 5th century BC and Dalton's atomic theory in 1808 which proposed atoms as tiny spheres. In the early 1900s, experiments by Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr led to developments in understanding the atom as a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons in defined energy levels. The document then outlines electronic structure, quantum numbers, atomic orbitals and rules for writing electron configurations.
This document summarizes the history and development of atomic structure models from ancient Greek philosophers to the early 20th century scientists. It discusses Democritus' idea of atoms in the 5th century BC and Dalton's atomic theory in 1808 which proposed atoms as tiny spheres. In the early 1900s, experiments by Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr led to developments in understanding the atom as a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons in defined energy levels. The document then outlines electronic structure, quantum numbers, atomic orbitals and rules for writing electron configurations.
he pounded up materials in his pestle and mortar until he had reduced them to smaller and smaller particles
which he called ATOMA
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HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1808
John Dalton suggested that all matter was made up of tiny spheres
that were able to bounce around with perfect elasticity
and called them ATOMS
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HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1898
Joseph John Thompson
found that atoms could sometimes eject a far smaller
negative particle which he called an ELECTRON
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1904
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
Thompson develops the idea that an atom was made up of electrons scattered unevenly within an elastic sphere surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electron's charge like plums surrounded by pudding
PLUM PUDDING MODEL DR FABs
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1910
Ernest Rutherford oversaw Geiger and Marsden carrying out his famous
experiment. they fired Helium nuclei at a piece of gold foil which was
only a few atoms thick.
they found that although most of them passed through. About 1 in 10,000 hit
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HISTORY OF THE ATOM
helium nuclei
gold foil
They found that while most of the
helium nuclei passed through the foil, a small number were deflected and, to their surprise, some helium nuclei bounced straight back.
helium nuclei
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HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1913
Niels Bohr studied under Rutherford at the Victoria University in Manchester. Bohr refined Rutherford's idea by adding that the
electrons were in orbits. Rather like planets orbiting
the sun. With each orbit only able to contain a set
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Bohrs Atom electrons in orbits
nucleus
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ATOMIC STRUCTURE Particle
Charge
Mass
proton
+ ve charge
neutron
No charge
electron
-ve charge
nil DR FABs
He
2 4
Atomic number the number of protons in an atom
Atomic mass the number of protons and neutrons in an atom
number of electrons = number of protons
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Electrons are arranged in Energy Levels or Shells around the
nucleus of an atom. first shell
a maximum of 2 electrons
second shell
a maximum of 8 electrons
third shell
a maximum of 8 electrons DR FABs
There are two ways to represent the atomic structure of an element
or compound;
1. 2.
Electronic Configuration Dot & Cross Diagrams
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ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION With electronic configuration elements are represented numerically by the number of electrons in their shells and number of shells. For example;
Nitrogen 2 in 1st shell 5 in 2nd shell
configuration = 2 , 5 2
+5=7
7 14 DR FABs
Write the electronic configuration for the following elements;
Ca
a)
20
b)
11
Na
23
40
2,8,8,2 d)
Cl
17 35
2,8,7
c)
2,8,1 e)
Si
14 28
2,8,4
8 16
2,6 f)
5 11
2,3 DR FABs
DOT CROSS DIAGRAM
With Dot & Cross diagrams elements and compounds are represented by Dots or Crosses to show electrons, and circles to show the shells.
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Nitrogen
X X
X X
14
XX
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Draw the Dot & Cross diagrams for the
following elements; a)
8 16
X X
b)
35
X X
Cl
17
X X
Cl X
X DR FABs
Quantum
Number
The principal quantum number
(n)
The angular momentum quantum number
()
The magnetic quantum number
(m)
The electron spin
quantum number
(ms)
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The Magnetic Quantum
Number (m) Describe the orientation of the orbital in space The value of m depends on the value of the angular momentum quantum number For a certain value of , there are (2 +1) integral values of m as follows: -, (- + 1),.0,(+-1), + DR FABs
The Electron Spin Quantum
Number (ms) According to electromagnetic theory, a spinning charge generate magnetic field, and it is this motion that causes an electron to behave like magnet. The two possible spinning motion of the electron (clockwise and anti-clockwise) Hence the spin quantum number has a value of +1 2 or 1 2 DR FABs
The Electron Spin Quantum
Number (ms) No two electrons in the same atom can have exactly the same energy. For example, no two electrons in the same atom can have identical sets of quantum numbers. DR FABs
Atomic Orbitals s Orbital All s orbitals are spherical in shape but differ in size, which increases as the principle quantum number increases DR FABs
p Orbital p orbital starts with the principle quantum number n=2 hence = 1 Therefore having 3 p orbitals (px, py and pz) *the letter in subscript indicates the axes along which the orbital is oriented. P orbital increase in size from 2p to 3p to 4p and so on
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d Orbital The lowest value of n for d orbital is 3 Because can never be greater than n 1, hence when n = 3 the = 2.
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Electron Configuration &
Quantum Number The 4 quantum number n, , m and ms enable us to lable completely an electron in any orbital in any atom It is convenient to write out all the individual quantum number according to (n, , m, ms) notations The value of ms has no effect on the energy, size, shape or orientation of an orbital but determine how electrons are arranged in an orbital
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Example Write the 4 quantum numbers for an electron in a 3p orbital
n=3
3p
=1
Orbitals
3 DR FABs
3p Final answer to (n, , m, ms) n=3 =1
(3,1,-1, + ) (3,1,-1, )
Hence
(3,1,0,
m = -1 , 0 , 1 1 1 ms = + , 2
+ )
(3,1,1, + )
(3,1,0,
(3,1,1, ) DR FABs
Electron Configurations Distribution of all electrons in an atom consist of Number denoting the energy level
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Distribution of all electrons in
an atom Consist of Number denoting the energy level Letter denoting the type of orbital
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Distribution of all electrons in
an atom. Consist of Number denoting the energy level. Letter denoting the type of orbital. Superscript denoting the number of electrons in those orbitals. DR FABs
Electronic Configuration The electron configuration of an atom is the representation of the arrangement of electrons distributed among the orbital shells and subshells. The electron configuration is used to describe the orbitals of an atom in its ground state, but it can also be used to represent an atom that has ionized into a cation or anion by compensating with the loss of or gain of electrons in their subsequent orbitals.
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Electronic Configuration Many of the physical and chemical properties of elements can be correlated to their unique electron configurations. The valence electrons, electrons in the outermost shell, are the determining factor for the unique chemistry of the element.
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Occupations of Orbitals Electrons fill orbitals in a way to minimize the energy of the atom. Therefore, the electrons in an atom fill the principal energy levels in order of increasing energy (the electrons are getting farther from the nucleus). DR FABs
Pauli Exclusion Principle
No two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers.
The first three (n, l, and ml) may be the same, but the fourth quantum number must be different. A single orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons, which must have opposing spins DR FABs
Pauli Exclusion Principle
One electron is spin up (ms = +1/2) and the other would spin down (ms = -1/2). This tells us that each subshell has double the electrons per orbital.
The s subshell has 1 orbital that can hold up to 2 electrons, the p
subshell has 3 orbitals that can hold up to 6 electrons, the d subshell has 5 orbitals that hold up to 10 electrons, and the f subshell has 7 orbitals with 14 electrons. DR FABs
Example Hydrogen (H) have 1 electron (1s1) n=1 =0 m = 0
1 s = +2
Hydrogen have only 1e- hence m
1 s1 DR FABs
Example Helium (He) have 2 electron (1s2) n=1 =0 m = 0
1 1 Helium have 2e hence ms = +2 and -2
1 s2 DR FABs
Diamagnetic and Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic substance are those that contain net unpaired spins and are attracted by a magnet. If the electron spin are pared or antiparallel to each other, the magnetic effects cancel out. Diamagnetic substance do not contain net unpaired spins and are slightly repelled by a magnet DR FABs
1 s2
2s1
Paramagnetic
1 s2
2s2
Diamagnetic DR FABs
Hunds rule When assigning electrons in orbitals, each electron will first fill all the orbitals with similar energy (also referred to as degenerate) before pairing with another electron in a half-filled orbital. Atoms at ground states tend to have as many unpaired electrons as possible.
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Example Carbon possess 6 electrons
1s
2s
2p
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Example Oxygen possess 8 electrons
1s
2s
2p
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The building-up principle
The Aufbau principal Aufbau comes from the German word "aufbauen" meaning "to build." When writing electron configurations, orbitals are built up from atom to atom.
When writing the electron configuration for an atom, orbitals are
filled in order of increasing atomic number.
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The building-up principle
The Aufbau principal As protons are added one by one to the nucleus to build up the elements, electrons are similarly added to the atomic orbitals
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Writing electron configurations
When writing an electron configuration
First write the energy level (the period), then the subshell to be filled and the superscript, which is the number of electrons in that subshell. The total number of electrons is the atomic number, Z. The rules above allow one to write the electron configurations for all the elements in the periodic table. DR FABs
