04 - Signals & Systems All Chapters PDF

Signals & Systems
1. Introduction
1
2
x t
2
3
1
xt
2
(d)
LEVEL 1 Conventional
2
1
24.
Sol:
x(t)
1.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
2
x(2/3t+1/2)
1
2
0
x(t2)
(a)
t
9/4
3/4
15/4
9/4
2
1
1
(b)
25.
Sol:
x(n)
4
x(t+3)
2
1
2
1
4
x(3t2)
(c)
0 1
5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
(a)
2 3
x(2n)
5
4
1
2
3
3
3
3
t
2
2
4
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: 152 :
(b)
Postal Coaching Solutions
x (n).u(n)
(d)
x (n + 3)
4
3
2 1
4 5 6
0
1
2
-1
3
4
-2
-3
-4
3n
n
x
x 1
3
3
(c)
5 4 3 2 1
(e)
x (n+4)
x(n+1)
4
3
2
1
9 8 7 6 5 4
0 1 2
6 5 4 3 2 -1
3 2 1
n
x 1
3
4
5
x (3n+4)
4
3
2
1
0 3 6
18 15 12 9 6 -3
2
3
4
x (n/3 + 1)
x (3n+4)
4
3
2 1
9 6 3
0 3
1
6
9 12 15 18
-1
-2
2
-3
-4
-5
: 153 :
26.
Sol:(a) NENP
(b)Power (periodic)
1
1
(c) x(t) = sin( 4t ) sin( 2t ) Power
2
2
(d) Energy (finite duration)
(e) Energy
(f) Power (Periodic)
(g) Power (periodic)
(h) NENP
(i) Energy
27.
Sol:(a) Non Periodic (0 to )
1 cos(4t )
(b) x(t) =
Periodic, 0 = 4,
2
2 1
T0 =
4 2
Signals & Systems

1 2 1 8
sin sin Periodic
2
15 2 15
5
(h)Periodic 0
7
2
2
14
N0 =
m
m m
5
0
5
7
N0 = 14
(g) x(n) =
28.
x ( t ) x ( t )
2
x ( t ) x ( t )
xo(t) =
2
Sol:
xe(t) =
29.
Sol:
(a)
x(t)
1
(c)
x(t)
Period = 4
..
4
(b)
..
x(t)
t
1
(d) T1 = 1, T2 =
2
2
, T3 =
3
5
T1 3 T1 5
,
Periodic
T2 2 T3 2
(c)
2 2
T0
2
1
u(t+2)
1
1
1
(e) 0 , 0
Irrational, Non8 2 8
Periodic
x(t)
(f) Expand x(n) by substituting the value of

n then it is periodic.
2
1
1
r(t+1) r(t1)
LCM = 2, T0 = LCM T1 = 2
0
: 154 :
(d)
Memory, TV, linear, causal, unstable

du ( t )
[(t) =
]
dt
(e) Memory less, TIV, NL, causal
(f) y(n) = x(n) u(n1)+x(n+1)u(n+1)
Memory, TV, linear, NC, stable
(g) Memory, TIV, NL, NC, stable
(h) Memory, TV, linear, NC, stable
(i) y(n) = x(n) u[x(n)] memory less, TIV,
NL, causal, stable
(j) Memoryless, TIV, NL, causal, stable.
x(t)
r(t+2)+2r(t)r(t3)
1
2
0
2
-2
3u(t+3)2u(t2)2u(t4)
3
1
-3
x(t)
3
3
1
0
30.
Sol:(a) 5x(t) 5y(t)
5
(b) x(t + 1) x(t 1) y (t + 1) y(t 1)

dx ( t )
dy( t )
(c)
3x ( t )
3y( t )
dt
dt
31.
Sol:
33.
Sol: (1) y(t) = u[x(t)]
x(t) = 1 y(t) = 1
Non invertible
x(t) = 2 y(t) = 1
(2) Invertible
(3) y(t) = x(t) .cos(2t)
x1(t) = (t 1/4)
1
y1(t) = t . cos(2t ) 0
4
x2(t) = (t3/4)
y2(t) = (t ) cos(2t)
3 3
= cos . t
2 4
=0
Non invertible
34.
x(t)
6
Sol:(a)
4
y(n) = x(n) . x(n2)
(a) y(0) = x(0) x(2) memory

(b) y(n) = A (n) . A(n2)
= A2 (n) (n2) = 0
(c) Non invertible (x1(n) = (n),
x2(n) = (n)
dx ( t )
dt
(t)1
32.
Sol:(a) Memory, TV, Linear, NC, unstable
(b) y(t) = x ( t ) x ( t 2)u ( t )
Memory, TV, Linear, causal, stable
(c) Memory, TV, linear, Non Causal, stable
dx ( t )
(d) y(t) = e t .
e t .x ( t )
dt
2
2
x(t)
(b)
(t) 1
0
: 155 :
Signals & Systems

x0(t)
dx ( t )
dt
1/2
1
0
2
1
35.
1/2
1
y(t) = x 2 t 3
5
5y(t) = x(2t3)
5y(t3/2) = x(2(t-3/2) 3) = x(2t)
t t/2
t 3
5 y x ( t )
2 2
Sol:
39.
Sol:
x(n)
1
37.
2
j 2
Sol:(a) 2
() ()
9
a
sin 2 t 2
sin 2 1
(t 1)
t 1
(b) 2
5
t 4
1
t 1
5
sin 0
(c)
.() L hospital rule
0
K. cos k
() K() K()
1
1 1
x(n+3)
1
-2
-1
1 1
x1(t)
38.
Sol:(a)
x(2n+3)
1
1
0
4
x1(t)
1
2
5
01/2
xe(t)
1
: 156 :
40.
Sol:
f1(t) = f(t)
f2(t) = f(t1) + f1(t1) = f(t1) + f(t+1)
f3(t) = f1(t+1) + f(t1) = f(t1) + f(t1)
f 4 (t) f(t -1/2) f1(t 1/2) f(t -1/2) f(-t -1/2)
3 t
f5(t) = f 1
2 2
43.
Sol: (a) x1(t) = u(t)
x2(t) = u(t)
invertible
IES - Conventional
01.
Sol:
x(t) = g(t) + g(t/3) + g(t/4)
02.
Sol:
x1(t)
(b) y(t) = x (t)

x1(t) = u(t)
y1(t) = u(t)
x2(t) = u(t) y2(t) = u(t)
Noninvertible
(c) y(t) = x(3t 6)
invertible
x(t) = (t)
y(t) = (3t 6) = (t 2)
x(t) = (t)
y(t) = (3t6) = (t+2)
(d) y(t) = cos[x(t)]
x(t) =
y( t ) 0
2
3
x(t) =
y( t ) 0
2
Noninvertible
(e) y(n) = x(2n)
x1(n) = (n), y1(n) = (2n) = (n)
x2(n) = (n), y2(n) = (2n)
= (2n) = (n)
Noninvertible
(f) y(n) = x(n+1)u(n)+x(n)u(n1)
x1(n) = (n) y1(n) = 0
x2(n) = (n) y2(n) = 0
Noninvertible
(4, 3)
y1(t) = r(t)
y2(t) = r(t)
(2, 2)
4 2
(4, 0)
5(5, 0)
dx1 t
dt
4
4
3
dx1t
ut 4ut 2t3ut 4ut 5
dt
x1(t) r(t 4)- r(t 2) u(t)- 3r(t- 4) 3r (t - 5)
x2(t)
(6,2)
2
1
0
2
dx 2 t
dt
8
(8,0)
2
1
2
0
6
4
-1
-1
dx2 t
2tt 2 t 4ut 6 ut 8
dt
x 2 (t) 2 u(t) - u(t - 2) u(t - 4) r(t - 6) r(t - 8)
: 157 :
03.
Sol:
04.
Sol: x(t) = A e(+j)t, > 0
(a) real, = 1
x t Ae 1 j t Ae 1t e jt
x t Ae 1t cos t jAe 1t sin t
Rex t Ae 1t cos t
x(t)
3
(a) x(1 t)
x(1t)
t > 2 x(1t) =0
t
2
(b) x(1t) + x(2 t)
x(2 t)
t
x(1 t) + x(2 t)
x(1t)
1
1
2 1
(c) x(1 t) x(2 t)
t >20
t >1 0
Im gx t Ae1t sin t
(b) = j1
x t A.e j1 j t
xt A.e j1 t A cos 1 t jAsin 1 t
Rex t A cos 1 t
Im gx t A sin 1 t
(c) = 1 + j1
x t A.e 1 j1 t Ae 1t .e j1 t
Rex t Ae1t cos1 t
Im gx t Ae1t sin 1 t
05.
Sol:(a) RMS value
100
25
25 50 75
2
Power = 75
(b) RMS value 50 128 178
Power = 178
2
(d) x(3t)
t <10
(c) x3(t) = 10 cos10t + 2 sin3t cost 10t

x3(t) = 10 cos10t + sin (13t) sin(7t)
1 1
RMS = 50 51
2 2
Power = 51
1
(e) x(t/3)
t <90
9
Signals & Systems
06.
Sol:(a) linear, TV
(b) NL, TIV
(c) L, TIV
x n x n
(d) yn
Linear, TV
2
: 158 :
07.
Sol:(i) y1 t
(e) yn
x d
1
TIV, causal, dynamic due to integration

(ii) x2(t) = x1(t) + 2x1(t1)
y2(t) = y1(t) + 2y2 (t1)
unstable, TIV
(f) y(n) = x(n) u(n)
Linear, TV, causal, memory less, stable
(g)
yn xn n 2k
k
yn
x 2k n 2k
x(n) = (n)
y(n) = 2(n) (n1)+(n2)
y(n) = 2x(n) x(n1) + x(n2)
now, x(n) = 2(n) (n 2)
y(n) = 2 [2 (n) (n2)] [2(n1)
(n3)]+ [2(n2) (n4)]
y(n) = 4(n) 2 (n2) 2(n1)
+ (n3) + 2(n2) (n4)
y(n) = 4(n) 2 (n1) + (n3) (n4)
y(n) = [4, 2, 0, 1, 1]
10.
Sol:(a) y(t) = x(2 t) memory, stable
y(1) = x(3)- non causal, linear, TV
t/2
x d linear, memory, TV
y 1
xn n 4 n 2 n n 2 n 4
y n x 4 n 4 x 2 n 2
x 0 n x 2 n 2 x 4 n 4
08.
Sol:(a) NL, TIV
(b) NL, TIV
(c) L, TV
(d) L, TV
(e) L, TV
(b) yt
x k linear, non causal, memory,
09.
Sol:
n 1
0.5
y 2 x 2
y0 x 0 causal, memory less, stable,

y2 x 2
linear, TV
(h) NL, TV, static, causal, stable

(i) y(n) = x(n) u(n1) + x(n+1) u(n+1)
L, TV, NC, dynamic, stable
11.
Sol:(a)
x1(t)
Duration = T
A/e
0
(b) x 2 t x 1 3t Ae
A
T
3 t
.
T
u t
x1(t)
Duration = T/3
A/e
x d non causal
T/3
x(t) = u(t)
t/2
y t 1 d
t
u t unstable
2
0
(c) y(t) = [x(t)+ x(t 2)] u[x(t)]
NL, TIV, stable (x(t) bounded, u(x(t))
bounded), causal, memory
d
(d) yt x t Linear, TIV, Causal,
dt
memory, unstable
t
(c) x 3 t x 1 Ae 2 T .u t
2
duration = 2T
x1(t)
Duration = 2T
A/e
0
2T
: 159 :
Signals & Systems

(b)
2. LTI Systems
x4()
1
23
Sol:
(a)
h(t)
x3()
1
t1
Case(i)
t1<0t<1
h3()
y(t) = e 2 ( t ) d e 2 ( t ) d
2
Case (ii)
0 < t1 < 2 1< t <3
y(t) =
h3(t)
1
t 1
y(t) =
Case (i) t < 0

e t
|
2
1
1
= [ e 2 t 0] = e 2 t
2
2
y(t) = e 2 .1d =
(c)
e 2 d e 3 1d =
t
1
1
0] [e 3 t 1]
2
3
1
1 1
= e 3 t
3
3 2
5 1
y(t) = e 3 t
6 3
=[
2 ( t )
t 1
h5( )
x5(t)
Case (ii) t > 0

0
Case (iv)
t 1 >5 t > 6
y(t) = 0
e 2 ( t ) d e 2 ( t ) d
Case(iii)
2 < t 1< 5 3 < t < 6
5
y(t) =
2 0
e
2
3 t
e
3
1
0
Case (i)
t+1 < 0
t1 t+1
y(t) = 0
Case (ii)
0 t 1 2 1 t 1
1 t 1
t 1 0 t 1
t 1
y(t) = 1.1d
0
: 160 :
Case (iii)
2 t 1 41 t 3
1 t 3
0 t 1 2 1 t 3
Case (iv)
t 1 t 1
1 t 2
t 1 1t 2
t 1
y(t) = 1.1d 1.2d

2
t 1
y(t) =
Case (iv)
t 1 4 t 3
3 t 5
2 t 1 43 t 5
y(t) =
( t )
t 1
24
Sol:
Case (v)
t 1 > 4 t > 5
y(t) = 0
x (k )h (n k )
(a) x1(n) h1(n) =
x6(t-)
(d)
Case (v)
t 1> 1 t > 2 y (t) = 0
2.1.d
t 1
.e
1
1
u k 1.u n k 1
K 3
u(nk1)
u(k1)
t1
h6()
n1
-1
Case (i) n 1< 1

k
n 1
1
y(n) = n < 0
k 3
n 1
n<0
Case (ii) n1 1
n0
1
.e
t
(b) x2(n) h2(n) =
1
(3)
K
K 1 3
x ( k ) h ( n k )
2
1
= u (k 3)(3) n k .u (4 n k )
K 2
1 < t < 1 Common is

t < 0 1 < t < 0
( t )
( t )
t 1
u(4 n+k)
u(k-3)
t>0
t<1
t
Case (iii)
t 1> 1
t<1
y(t) =
y(t) = 0
Case (ii)
1 < t < 1
t 1< 1
y(t) =
(1/ 3)
y(n) =
Case (i)
t < 1
.d
0< t < 1
n4
: 161 :
1
1 Z 1
Y(Z) = H(z) . X(z) =
Z 7 Z 8
Z7
Z 8
2
2
2
1 Z 1
1 Z 1
1 Z 1
Find y(n) from this y(n) = IZT [Y(Z)]
1
y(n) = (3) n k
2
k 3
K
Case(1) n4 < 3
Signals & Systems

X(Z) =
n<7
Case(2) n 4 3
n k
1
3
2
k n 4
K
y(n) =
n7
(1)
.(2) n k .u ( n k 2)
(1)
.(2) n k
K n 2
( )
1
1
1
1 z 1 z
2
Y2(z) = H2(z).X(Z) =
(d) x4(n) h4(n) =
1
(b) h2(n) = .u ( n )
2
1
H2(z) =
1
1 z
2
(c) x3(n) h3(n)

=
.u (k 10)() n k .u (n k )
y2(n) = IZT[Y2(Z)]
u(nk)
u(k10)
10 11 12
(c) h3(t) = et u(t) + etu(t)

1
1
s 1 s 1
H3(s) =
s 1 s 1
s2 1
2
1 s2
2
Y3(s) = H3(s).X(s) =
s(1 s 2 )
y 3 ( t ) = ILT[Y3(s)]
Case (i) n < 10 y(n) = 0

Case(ii) n 10 y(n) =
( )
.() n k
K 10
25.
Sol:
(d) h4(t) = u(t)

1
H4(s) =
s
1
s2
Y4(s) = H4(s).X4(s) =
1
, s Y1(s) = X1(s)
s
dy1 ( t )
x1 (t)
dt
y4(t) = r(t)
(a) H1(s) =
y1(t) =
x (t ) dt
1
invertible
2s
(b) H2(s) = e
y2(t) = x2(t+2) invertible
27.
Sol:
(a) H1(z) = Z7.
(e)
h5(t)
1
1
Z 8
Z 7 Z 8
1 Z 1 1 Z 1
1 Z 1
: 162 :
h(n) = (n+1) 2(n) + (n1)
h5(t) = u(t) u(t 1)

1 e s
H 5 s
s s
Y5(s) = X(s). H5(s)
1 es
= 2 r ( t ) r ( t 1)
s s
28.
Sol:
(a) y(n) =
1n u (n ) (n ) (1) n u (n ) (n 1)
n
Parallel:H(z) = H1(z) + H2(z) = Z Z1

H(n) = (n+1) (n 1)
(c) Cascade connection NC, stable
Parallel connection NC, stable
IES - Conventional
n1
= (-1) u(n) (1) u(n1)

= (1)nu(n) + (1)n u(n1)
= (1)n [u(n) + u(n1)]
1
1
(b) h2(n) = (n ) (n 1)
2
2
1
1
y(n) = (1) n u (n ) (1) n 1 u (n 1)
2
2
1
1
= (1) n u (n ) (1) n u (n 1)
2
2
1
= (1) n (n )
2
1
y(n) = (n )
2
1
1
1
(c) h3(n) = (n ) (n 1) (n 2)
3
3
3
y(n) =
1
1
1
(1)n u(n) (1)n1 u(n 1) (1)n2 u(n 2)
3
3
3
01.
Sol:
(a)
u(t+1)-u(t-1)
1
1
1
1
Sgn(t)
t
1
x1(t)
h1(t)
1
1
1
y(t) = x1(t) * h1(t) =
x h t d
1
29.
Sol:(a) Y(z) = ZX(z) X(z)
H1(Z) = Z1
h(n) = (n+1) (n)
Y(z) = X(z) Z1X(z)
H2(z) = 1 Z1
h(n) = (n) (n1)
(b) Cascade:H(z) = H1(z) H2(z) = (z 1) (1Z1)
= z 1 1z1
h1(t)
1
t
case (i): t < 1 ; y(t) = 0

case (ii): 1 < t< 0;
t
yt 1.1d t 1 t 1
1
: 163 :
case (iii): 0 < t <1;
0
Signals & Systems
03.
Sol:
yt 1.1d 1.1d t 1
case (iv): t > 1;
0
yt 1 1 1 1 0
y(t) = 0;
= t 1;
= t 1;
= 0;
t < 1
1 < t < 0
0<t<1
t>1
(b)
(i)
x2(t) * h2(t) =
u .e t u t d
h(t) = e2t
= e2t
h() = e2
= e2
h t e 2 t
= e2(+t)
;
:
;
;
;
;
< t < 4
5< t<
< < 4
5<<
< < 4t
5 t< <
h(t ) = e2(t) ;
= e2(t ) ;
A = t 5 ;
t4<<
< < t 5
B = t 4
04
Sol:
(a)
x1()
e t e .e d ; t > 0
0
t
e t e d e t . .
0
h1(t)
1
e e t
e t e t 1
.u t
(ii). If =
t1
t+2
x2(t) * h2(t) = t et. u(t)

case (1): t + 2 < 0
t < 2
02.
Sol:
y t
t 3k
.u t 3k
y t e t 3 u t 3 e t u t
e
t 3
u t 3
=0
case (2):
0 < t +2 < 1 common area take 2<t<1
t 1 <0
t2
.
2
d
2
0
2
t2
t 2 ;
2
2 < t < 1
Given y(t) = Aet ; 0 t < 3
Ae t e t 6 e t 3 e t
Ae t e t 1 e 3 e 6
A
1
1 e3
case (3):
1 < t+2 <3
t 1< 0
t2
1< t < 1 1 < t < 1

t<1
1
2
2d 1.2d 2
2t 2 1
2 0
0
1
= 1 +2t + 2 = 2t +3
1 < t < 1
1
: 164 :
Case (4): 1<t<2
case (4):
t1 > 2,
t > 1
2 1
2
d 1 .2 d
2 2
2 t 1
t 1
1
= [1 (t1)2]+4;
1 < t<2
1
t+1<2
t< 1
t 1
t 1
2
2d
t 1
t 1
Case (5):
1 < t1 < 3,
2 < t <4
t+2 > 3
t >1
case (5):
t 1 > 2 = 0
t>3=0
x2(t) * h2(t) = 0
= (t+1)24
= 4t
= 4 [t1]2
=0
1.2d 2 t 1 23 t 1 24 t
3
t 1
t>4
x(t) * h(t) = 0
;
2
;
= (t + 2)
= 2t+3
;
1
2
= 1 t 1 4
2
= 2(4t)
;
= 0
;
t 1 t 1 4 t
2<t<4
Case (6): t1 > 3 = 0;
1 < t<1
t < 2
2 < t < 1
1 < t < 1
;
;
;
;
;
t<3
3 < t<1
1 < t < 3
1< t < 3
t>3
05.
Sol:
(a) x(n) = u(n1)
h(n) = (3)n u(n1)
x(n) * h(n) =
; 1 < t< 2
2 < t< 4
t>4
u k 13
n k
u n k 1
(b)
x2(t)
2
h2()
n k
u k 1u k n 1
t1
t+1
u(k1)
------
case (1):
t +1 < 2
t < 3 = 0
case (2):
2 < t+1 <2,
3 < t< 1
t 1
t1 < 2
t<1
2 t 1
2d 2 2
case (3):
2 < t1 <2,
1 < t< 3,
2
2d 2
2
t 1
2
3 < t< 1
2
1 k
3 3 1
k 1
k 0 3
1 n
n 1
3
1 3
n0
1
1
2
3
1 < t< 3
4 t 1
t 1
Case (i) n+1< 1
-----n+1
t 1 4
t+1 >2
t>1
1 2 3
u(k-n-1)
n k
: 165 :
Case (2): n +1 1 =
n=0
k 1
k n 1
k 0
1
`
2
07.
d 2 yt 3dyt
2 y t x t ,
dt 2
dt
Sol:
x t 4e 3 t u t , y(0) = 3, y(0) = 4
k
3 1 / 3
k 2
1 1
3
3 1
3 2
2
= 0.5 for n 0
1 k
k 2
(b)
n0
1 / 3 1
n=1
n k
Signals & Systems
ZIR:
s 2 Ys 3s 4 3sYs 9 2Ys 0
Ys
3s 13
A
B
s 1s 2 s 1 s 2
yt Ae t u t Be 2 t u t
h(k)
ZSR:
-----1
s Ys sy0 y0 3sYs y0 2Ys Xs
h(n) = u(n) u(n10)
y(0) = 0, y(0) = 0
s 2 Ys 3sY s 2Ys
h(nk)
Ys
-----n-9
case (1):
case (2):
Ys s 2 s 2 3s 13
x(n) = n u(n)
d 2 yt 3dyt
2 y t 0
dt 2
dt
4
4
s 3 s 3s 2 s 1s 2s 3
yt Ae t u t Be 2 t u t Ce 3 t u t
n < 0 y(n) = 0
n > 0, n9 < 0
0<n<9
08.
Sol:
n n 1
yn k 0 1 2 n
2
k 0
h(t) = g(t) * f(t) g f t d
t1 =
d = d
g .f t t1 t 2 d
m = k (n 9)
k=m+n9
g .f t t 1 t 2 d
9
yn m n 9 m n 9
m 0
g t f t t d
k n 9
g(tt1)* f(tt2) =
Case (3): n9 > 0, n > 9

yn
4
s3
m 0
= h(t t1 t2)
m 0
m n 9 10
m 0
= 10 n 90 +45
y(n) = 10 n 45;
n>9
: 166 :
b1 = j[C1 C1] = 2j[2j sin300] = 2
3. Fourier Series
b2 = j[C2 C2] = 2j[ 2j sin 60 ] = 2 3

b3 = j[C3 C3] = 2j[2j sin 90 ] = 4
f0 = 1k, 0 = 2k
12.
Sol:
=
13.
Sol:
14.
Sol:
2
1
T0
T0 = 2, 0 =
Cn =
1
T0
x(t) = 2 + 2 3 cos0 t + 2cos(20t)

2sin0t 2 3 sin(20t) 4sin30t
ta t0
x ( t )e
jn0 t
b) x(2t) Cn, 0 = 20
1
jn 0
1
x t e 6 . Cn
6
dx ( t )
jn 0 .C n
dt
dt -----(1)
ta
2
1 jnt
1.e dt 2e jnt dt
a,b,c: use the above equation (1) to get

the Cn
a, c are periodic Fourier series exists
b) Non periodic No Fourier Series
15.
Sol:
x(t)
17.
Sol:
(a) x[t t0] + x[t + t0] 2 cos (n0 . t0) . Cn
C C n
x ( t ) x ( t )
(b)
n
2
2
d 2 x(t)
(c)
( jn 0 ) 2 C n
2
dt
(d) x(t1) e jn0 . Cn
x(3t-1) e jn 30 C n , 0 30
(e) x(t) Cn
18.
Sol: (i) d n
2
ta t 0
ta
y( t ). n ( t )dt
ta T0
t dt
2
n
ta
T0 = 2, 0 =
Cn =
Condition for orthogonal is
T0
1 1 jnt
e dt
2 0
t1
16.
Sol:
C0 = 2, C1 = 2e j30 ,C2 = 2e j60 ,C3 = 2e j90
C 1 2e j30 , C 2 2e j60 , C 3 e j90

a0 = C0, an = Cn + Cn , bn = j[Cn Cn]
a0 = 2, a1 = C1 + C1 = 2[2cos300] = 2 3
a2 = C2 + C2 = 2[2cos600] = 2
a3 = C3 + C3 = 2[0] = 0
t2
x 1 ( t ) x 2 ( t )dt 0
19.
Sol:
(a) 0 =
2
T0 =
2
0
A
A
(b) x(t) = e j30 t e j30 t
2
2
3
3
C3 =
C3 =
2
4 9
4 9 2
A
3
6
A=
2
2 4 9
4 9 2
: 167 :
Signals & Systems
20.
Sol:
Use Cn formula & plot |Cn| & Cn
25.
Sol:
21.
Sol:
26.
Sol:
22.
Sol:
Same as above problem
(a) d0 = 6, d1 = 4, d2 = 2, d3 = 1, dy =
1
2
0 = 1
1 = 500, 2 = 350, 3 250, 4 = 200
23.
Sol:
x(t) = d0 +
x(t) = 6 + 4 cos(t 500) + 2 cos (2t 350) +

1
cos(3t 250) + cos(4 t 20 0 )
2
24.
Sol:
10
VI() +
_
2j
4
j
4
j2
4
8
j
(j2) =
=
4
4
j
j2
j2
j
j
(b) RMS 36 8 2
=
373
8
C e
v(t) =
jn0t
1 C1e j0 t C2e 2 j0 t C3e3 j0 t
4
j2
j
H() =
8
10
4
j2
j
8
H() =
4
8
10 j2
j
4
4
4
Vi (t) 3 sin t sin 2t sin3t ........
2
3
H()
1 1
5
46
2 8
8
27.
Sol:
(a) T0 = 5m sec 0 = 2T0
Asin(0t)
d n cosn0 t n
n 1
A|H(0)| sin(0t +H(0)
C1e j0 t C 2e 2 j0 t C3e 3 j0 t
2
2
T0 5 10 3
2
2
0t t 1m sec =
10 3
3
5 10
5
(b) 0
v|t=1msec
=
2jt
4jt
6jt
2jt
4jt
6jt
1 C1e 5 C2e 5 C3e 5 C1e 5 C2e 5 C3e 5
28.
Sol:
x1(t) dk, 1
x2 (t) = x1(1t) + x1 (t1)
x(t+1) e jk1 a k
x(t+1) ejk1 aK
x(t1) ejk1 aK
bk ejK1 ak + ejk1 aK
2 = 1
: 168 :
29.
Sol:
IES - Conventional
(a) y(t) = x(t) h(t) =
4 t n
01.
Sol:
4|t+1|
4|t|
4|t1|
= ..+ e
+e +e
T0 = 1, 0 = 2
1/ 2
1 0
Cn= e 4 t . e jn 2 t dt e 4 t .e jn 2 t dt
0
1 1 / 2
1
(a) a o
T0
1
1
t x t dt 2 0 1dt 2
a
2 t a To
x t cos n o t dt
To t a
2
1 sin nt
1. cos ntdt
2 0
n 0
1
sin n 0 0
n
2 t a To
bn
x t sin n o t dt
To t a
2
1 cos nt
1
.
sin
ntdt
2 0
n
0
an
(b)
x(t)
(t)
1
0
T0 = 2 0 =
30.
t a To
x(t) = a0 +
a
n 1
cos(n0 t )
1
cos n 1 1 1
bn
n
n
0 = 1600
f0 = 800Hz
/ 2
Ideal Filter allows 800(n=1), 1600(n = 2)

So O/P of Ideal Filter is
x1(t) = 6sin Cos(1600t) + 3sin2()

2
cos(3200)
2
x1(t) = 6 cos(1600t)
H() =
1
1
=
1 jRc 1 j 10 3
RC = 1msec
0 = 1600
H0
1
1 j1.6
/ 2
2 / 2
1 sin nt
an
1. cos ndt
2 / 2
n / 2
n
1 n
n 2 sin 2
sin
sin
n
n
2
2
/ 2
2 / 2
1 cos nt
bn
sin nt dt
2 / 2
n
/ 2
n
cos n cos
n
2
2
bn = 0
O/P LPF is y(t)

= H(0 ) 6 cos(1600t+ H(0 ) )
1
1
1dt
(b) a o
2 / 2
2
(c) (, v) (, v)
2v
t
y t v
2
v
yt t ; < t <
: 169 :
2
ao
1 v
v t
t 2
2
2 2
Signals & Systems
1
e jn 2 t
I sin t.
cos t e jn 2 t dt
j2n 0 0
v
2 2 0
4 2
ejn2t ejn2t
1
jn2
dt
I
sin e
sin0 cost
sint
0
j2n
j2n
j2n
0
an = 0
2 V
V cosnt
cosnt
bn
dt
t sinntdt 2 t.
2
n
n

v 1
1
2 cosn cosn 2 sin nt
n
n
v 2 cos n
2
n
2V
1n
bn
n
t a T0
x t e
jno t
ta
03.
Sol:
1
1
dt te jn 2 t dt
10
Cn
1
1
e jn 2 1
2
jn 2 jn 2
Cn
1
jn 2
(b) x2(t) = sint;
Cn
0<t<
an = Cn Cn a1 = C1+ C1 = 4
a3 = C3 + C3 = 0
d1 a 12 b12 | a 1 | 4
d 3 a 32 b 32 0 8 8
2
b
0
1 tan 1 1 tan 1
0
4
a1
x t d n cosn0 n
n 0
1
sin te jn 2 t dt
C1 = 2, C1 = 2, C3 = 4j, C3= 4j
a0 = C0 = 0,
b
8
3 tan 1 3 tan 1
0 2
a3
To = , 0 = 2
2
1 jn 2
bn = j (Cn Cn) b1 = j [C1C-1] = 0

b3 = j[C3 C3] = j [4j + 4j] = 8
1 jn 2
1 e jn 2 t
Cn
e
0
.
jn 2
jn 2 jn 2 0
1
jn 2 t
dt
sin t e
jn 2 0
jn 2 1
2
I
jn 2 jn 2
e jn 2 t
e jn 2 t
C n t.
dt
jn 2 0
jn 2
1
2
I 1
jn 2 jn 2
02.
Sol:
(a) (0, 0) (1, 1)
1
x 1 t 0 t 0
1
x1(t) = t;
0<t<1
1
Cn
T0
1
cos e j2 n 1
j2n
bn
3
4 cos t 0 8 cos t
2
4
: 170 :
04.
Sol:
1
1
a o dt dt 4 4 0
8 0
4
8
4
1
e jn 1 e 2 jn e jn
2 jn
1
1 1
n
n
1 1 1 1
2 jn
jn
4
8
1
n
n
a n cos t dt cos t dt
8 0
4
4
4
8
n 4
n
sin t
sin t
1 4
4
n
8 n
4
4
0
4
1
sin n 0 sin 2n sin n 0
2n
1
(b) x 2 t x1 t
2
dn e
jno
1
2
Cn e
jn
2 1
2 2
Cn e
(c) x3(t) = x2(t) d n e
n
2
n
2
Cn
.C n
(d) x4(t) = x1(t) 1

4
8
1
n
n
b n sin
tdt sin
tdt
8 0
4
4
4
4
8
n
n
cos t
cos t
1
4
n
n
8
4
4
0
4
1
cosn 1 cos2n cosn
2n
1
n
n
1 1 1 1
2 n
n
1 1
bn
n

x t b n sin n t
4
n 1
2 2 3
x(t) sin t sin t
4 3 4
2
5
sin t
5
4
05.
Sol:
1
2
1
jnt
(a) C n 1.e dt e jnt dt
2 0
1
1 e jnt
e jnt
Cn
2 jn 0
jn
(e) x5(t) = 2x1(t) dn = 2Cn

06.
1
Sol:(a) a k
To
a *k
1
To
t a To
x t e
jko t
dt
ta
t a To
x t e
*
jko t
dt
ta
x(t) is real, x*(t) = x(t)

t T
1 a o
*
ak
x t .e jk o t dt
To t a
a *k a k ;
ao
1
To
t a To
x t dt
ta
If x(t) is real then ao is real

(b) C n C*n
A n jB n A n jB n
An = An, Bn = Bn
x t x t
x e t
2
C C*n
EFS (xe(t)) = n
A n real, even
2
x t x t
x o t
2
C C*n
EFSx o t n
jB n
2
Imaginary, odd
: 171 :
07.
Sol:
x(t)
x(t) = sin 4t + cos(6t +
H4
H6
Signals & Systems
11
)
4
0.075 ,
16 16 2
H4 tan 1 0.4
It is a even symmetric signal
16 36 2
0.051
ao
1
2 1
1dt
10 1
10 5
2
1 sin no t
an
cos no tdt
10 1
5 n o
1
3
H6 tan 1 0.43
2
yt
n
n
sin 5 sin 5

2 n
an
sin
n 5
bn = 0
1
an
5no
1
16 162
cos 6t tan 1
4
2
16 362
10
Sol:
x t C n e jn t
o
(i) f t
C .e
jno t
08.
Sol:
sin 4t tan1
2 2
To
2
x(t) = -----+ 1ej3t + ejt + ejt + e3jt +---
o =
2
To = 2
To
x(t) = 2cos(t) + 2cos(3t) + 2cos(5t) +-
yt 2 cos 3t
2
(ii) x t
A j3t A j3t
e e
2
2
A
3
C3
2 4 9 2
6
A
4 9 2
09.
Sol:
j Y() + 4Y() =X()

1
H
4 j
1

, H tan 1
| H |
4
16 2
: 172 :
3
3
(a) x1 t x t x t
2
2
4. Fourier Transform
2
X1 f e
.Xf e
= 2 cos ( 3f ).X(f)
j 2 f 3
20.
Sol:
1
t 1
3
(c) x 3 t x x t
3 2
2
j3 f
X 3 f 3e
.X3f e j3f Xf
(a) x(t) X()

dX
(b) tx(t) j
d
(c) x(t + 4) ej4 .X()
1

x 2 t 4 e 2 j .X
2
2
1

x 2 t 4 e 2 j X
2
2
22.
Sol:
4
4
2
4
4 4 2 f 2
2
2
e |t|
2
1
1 4 2 f 2
1 | t 2|
e j4 f
e
2
1 4 2 f 2
(a) e 2|t|
(d) x t 1 e jX
x 2 t 1
1 j2
e X
2
2
e 2 jt .x 2 t 1
t
(e)
x d
1
e
2
j 2
2
(b) e t u t
2
X
e jf
1
e
u t
1 j2f
2
1 t
e jf ejf e jf
t 1
e ut e .ut 1
2
1 j2f
2
X
X0
j
x(t)=(t/T)
T sinc(fT)
T/2
x(t) = (t)
Sol:
81 cos12t
2
4 4 cos12t
H(f)
x t 8
T/2
f
X(f) = sin c (f)

y(t) = 4
1
1 j2f
1
t
2
23.
21.
Sol:
.Xf
3 3
(b) x1 t x t x t
2 2
X 2 f e j3f .Xf e j3f .Xf
X 2 f 2 jsin 3f Xf
X()
j 2 f 3
5Hz
: 173 :
24.
Sol:
25.
Sol:
2 2 j
21 j
2
j 4 j 4 j 22
1
X
1 j
2
Y X.H
j 22
y(t) = 2te2t u(t)
H
Signals & Systems

(c) x 0
1
Xd
2
28.
Sol:
|X()|
2
y(t) = x(t) 2 y(t) * e u(t)

Y
Y X 2
1 j
3
j
X Xe jX 2e
2
Y1
X
1 j
3 j
H
1 j
2
H 1
1 j
h(t) = (t) +2et u(t)
2e
x t
x t
(a) y1 t cos t cos 2

2
2

1 cos2t
(b) y 2 t cos 2 t

1
1 cos 2 t
2
2
1
1 cos2t 2
2
y1(t) y2(t)
27.
Sol:
2
1
(a)
X d
2
(b) X
x t e
jt
dt
X 3
x t .e
j3 t
2e
26.
Sol:
3
2
3 3
.e j
3
2
3 3
1
Xe jt d
2
3
3
j
1
2
2
e
.e jt .d
2 3
3
3
1 j t 2
e
d
3
j t
2
1 e
.
3
j t
2 3
j t 32 3 j t 32 3
e e
3
j t
2
3
j3 t 32
j3 t
1
j t
2
3
2 j sin 3 t
2
3
j t
2
1
dt 2
: 174 :
29.
2
Sol: (a) j Y 6 jY 8Y 2X
2
2
H
2
j 6 j 8 j 4 j 2
32.
Sol:
X 2 C n n0
n
h t Ae4 t u t Be2 t u t
Cn
1
(b) X
2 j2
2
2 j3 j 4
33.
Sol:
C.te 2 t u t D
(a)
t 2 2 t
e u t
2
Y
2 j Y 2 jX
X
2dx t 2d
sin 0 t.u t
y t
dt
dt
(b) Y XH
1
2
2 j
j6 j 6 j
6t
y(t) = 2e u(t)
31.
Sol:
10 k
10 k
10
10 k
(b) P5 10 kHz 10 6 f 2df

5k
jn 0 t
dt
ta
f 2 df
f m1 = 160 Hz, fs = 300Hz
f m nf s
n = 0 160, 160, 100, 100
n = 1 140, 460, 200, 400
n = 2 440, 760, 500,700
H(f)
(1, 2j) (1, 2j)

2j 2j
1
H 2 j
2
H 2 j 2 j 2 j
H() = 2j
(a) P SX f df
x t e
f m2 = 100Hz
A
B
C
D
2
j 4 j 2 j 2 j 23
yt Ae 4 t u t Be 2 t u t
30.
Sol:
1
T0
t a T0
Find Cn and substitute in above

equation to get F.T of x(t)
Y XH
Y
F.T of periodic signal x(t) is
250
250
output frequencies are

= 100, 160, 140, 200Hz
34.
Sol:
fm = 75Hz, fs = 80Hz
n = 0 75, 75;
n = 1 5, 155
n = 2 85, 235
(a) 75, 5, 85 original + spurious component

(b) 75 Hz original signal
35.
Sol:
t
(a) Arect AT sin cfT
T
A = 1, T = 1
rect (t) sinc (f)
h(t)
1
1/2
Non-causal
1/2
: 175 :
Signals & Systems

X 5
(b) h(t) = A(t+1) non causal

(c)
4 sin 2 2 sin
h(t)
(f)
1
0
36.
Sol:
dx 6 t
dt
causal
t
(a) X1
jt
x1 t e .dt
1/ 2
cos t.e
j t
dt
X 6
(c) X 3 e t .e jt dt e t .e jt dt
dx 4 t
dt
(d)
d 2 x 4 t
dt 2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2 1
1
1
1
1
2j 2 j 3 2 j 3
X1 10 3 10 10
1
0
7
1
1
2 j 2 j 3 2 j 3
8
16 2
e j 5 .8
e 4 | t 5|
16 2
2
2 d
t 2 .e 4| t 5| j
d2
(b) e 4| t |
1
2
2sa 1
j
dx 5 t
dt 2
sin3t.e2t ut
2cos2 2cos
2
(e)
37.
Sol:
(a) 5 10()
3 cos10t 3[(10)+ ( +10)]
1
e 2 t u t
2 j
j2 X 4 e2 j e j e j e2 j
X4() =
jX6() = 2 sa() 2
1 / 2
dx 6 t
rect t / 2 2t
dt
Find x1(t) equation and substitute

(b) X 2
8e j5
16 2
2
(c)
jX 5 2e 2 j e j e j 2e 2 j
X 5
22 jsin 2 2 jsin
j
x 3 t 5 2
sin 3t sin 5t
.
t
t
: 176 :
X 3 52

sa cos
4 4
1
2
1
3
*
5
(e) x 5 t
sin 4t sin 2t
.
4t
2t
1 sin 4t sin 2t

.
8 t
t
6
8 2
2 8
1 1
8 2
1
4
1
*
2
X3()
152
=
8 2
2 8
1
16
4
6 2
(d)
2 6
X5()
Rect(t)
1/4
X4(t)
=
1
1/2
1/2
6 2
1/2
1/2
1
0
1
A = 1, T = 1/2
1
t
x1 t rect
0 .5
1/4
1/4
1
X1 sa
2 4
1
1
x 4 t x 1 t x 1 t
4
4
X 4 e
2 6
(f) x 6 t sin 3t. cos2t

1
sin 5t sin t
2
1
X6 5 5
2 j
t j 2 t
t j 2 t
(g) x 7 t 2e .e .u t 2e .e
.u t
1
e t u t
1 j
1
e j2 t .e t u t
1 j 2
1
1
X 7 2
1 j 2 1 j 2
X1 e 4 X1
1
X 4 2 cos sa
4 2 4
: 177 :
39.
Sol:
1
6
(h) e
2
1
2
16
1
4
8
X 8
1
2
256
1/ 2
1
2
256
1
|t|
16
(a) e t u t
1
1 j2f
4 sin c2f
t
e t u t * 2rect
1 j2f
2
t
rect 2 sin c2f
2
2
*
x t e t .u t
1
1
t
3
(i) 6rect 18sa
3
2
3
X 9 e 4 j .18sa
2
X()
38.
Sol:
Signals & Systems
(b)
X(f)
1
1
1
3
1
X
2 2
1 5
e j5 t .x 2 t X
2 2
(a) x 2 t
d2
X
d 2
dx t
jX
dt
(c)
dxt
dxt
d
5
j jX 5 jX
dt
dt
d
3t
3t
1 j 1 j
1 3 3
(d) e 2 e 2 xt X X
2
2 2 2
2
t
(e) x d
1
X X0
j
(f) x t 8 e j8 .X
1 j
x 6 t 8 .e 3 .X
6
6
4
1
2
(b) t 2 x t j
x t Xf e j2 ft .df

1
2
e j2 ft df e j2 ft df
1
2
(c) X cos4 cos sin 4 sin

3
3
1
3
X cos 4
sin 4
2
2
1
1
3
3
X e j4 ej4 e j4 ej4
4
4
4j
4j
(t) 1
(t + 4) e4j
1
1
3
3
xt t 4 t 4 t 4
t 4
4
4
4j
4j
(d) e t .u t
1
2 j
2 sin
t
rect
t
x t e 2 t .u t * rect
2
: 178 :
40
Sol:
Z() = V() .H1()
|X()| = ;
1 < <0
= ;
0<<1
3 j
e
1 0
X
3 j
0 1
e
0
1
1
xt e3 j.e jt d e3 j.e jt d
2 1
0
A
3
5
R
41.
3
2
Sol: (a) j Y 6 j Y 11 j Y()
6Y() = jX() + 5X()
R()
5 j
j 6 j2 11j 6
3
A/2
v(t) = x(t) cos5t

1
V X 5 X 5
2
H1()
2
3
Y() = R() H2()

A
1
1 2 j
1
(a) H j0
1
1 0
1
(b) H
2
1 2 2
1
4
1 2 2 2 2
1
| H |
4 1
1
1
| H |c
4
2
c 1
Sol:
A/2
A/2
43.
V()
A/2
H2()
65 j
4 j [ j3 6 j2 11j 6]
y(t) = IFT [Y()]
A/2
6 2
h(t) = IFT [H()]

6
(b) X
4 j
Y X.H
42.
Sol:
1
Z 3 Z 3
2
A/2
H
c4 1 2
c4 1
: 179 :
c = 1 rad/sec
(c)
Acos(0t +)
A|H(0)|cos(0t ++H(0))
H()
Asin(0t +)
A|H(0)|sin(0t ++H(0))
44.
Sol:
1
sin 4 t
H() = 1
y(t) =1
1
2 cos 0 t H0
j
1
2
1
2
| H0 |
1
5
1
4
4
y t
cos0 t H0
5
1
1
sin0t yt sin0t H0
2
5
ej
sin 2 t sin 2 t
.
t
t
*
2
45.
Sol:
16 1
17
1
5 5
5
22
W
5
IES - Conventional

(a) A rect (t/) A Sa
2
1
Ye jt d
2
c = 20
1
sin0 t H
5
01.
Sol:
Y() = X() . H()
(a) SXX() = |X()|2

SYY() = |Y()|2
X()
2/
y t
p 1
1
X
2
4
cos0 t H
5
yt 1
1
1 jRC
1
1
1 j
1 j
c
2 0
1
fc
2RC
1
c
RC
(b) 1 0 = 0
H()== ej 4< < 4
x t
Signals & Systems

ASa
2
: 180 :
A = 1, = T
x(t)
1
T
TSa
2
t
T
2
T T
x 1 t x t x t
2
2
T
2
(A = 1, = T)
X1 e
T
2

cos tu t
2
1
1
1 j2
1
1
e
2j
j 1
j 1
(d)
x(t)
1
t
= 1rect 2Sa X
2
t
1
.X e
T
2
T
T
X1 2 j sin
.Tsa
2
2
(b) x 2 t sin tu t u t
1
u t
j
1
1
sin t.u t e jt .u t e jt .u t
2j
2j
1
1
sintut 1
1
2j
j 1
j 1
1
A = 1; = 2
x4(t) = x(t + 3) x(t 3)
X 4 e 3 j X e 3 j .X
2 j sin 3.X
X 4 4 jSa sin 3
(e) x 5 t e at u t u t 1
e at u t e at u t 1
x 5 t e at u t e a t 1u t 1.e a
X 5
1
e a .e j
a j a j
X 5
1 e a j
a j
sin t. u(t) = sin [(t) + ]u(t)

= sin(t) cosu(t) + cos(t
)sinu(t )
02.
= sin(t ) u (t )
Sol:
sin t u(t )
1
1
, H
1
1
1 j (a) X
2
4 j
2 j
1
1
.e
2j
j 1
j 1
Y X.H
(c) x3(t) = cost [u(t) u (t /2)]

1
1
1
cos tut 1
1
2
j 1
j 1

cos t.u t cos t u t
2
2 2 2

sin t .u t
2 2
Y
y t
A
4 j
4 j2 j2
B
2 j
2 j2
1/ 4
1/ 4
1/ 2
4 j 2 j 2 j2
1 4 t
1
1
e .u t e 2 t u t te 2 t u t
4
4
2
: 181 :
(b)
x(t)
------
03.
Sol:
1
-----3
1
2
1
(a) H
d 2 yt 5dyt dx t
4 x t
dt 2
dt
dt
j 4
H
j 2 j 3
2
1
H
2 j 3 j
1
2
1
C n t e jn0t dt t 1e jn0t dt
2 0
1
1
n
1 1 '0' ' n ' even
2
1 ' n ' odd
n
2 sin 2t
. cos 7 t
t
H()
1
5
Y XH
+( 7)+(+7)+( 9)
+( +9)]
y(t) = 2 [cos 5t + cos 7t + cos 9t]
04.
Sol:
(a) j Y() + 10 Y() = X() Z() X()
Y() [10+ j] = X()[Z()1]
1
4 3 j
Z
3
1 j
1 j
4 3 j
1
Y 1 j
H
X
10 j
3 2 j
1 j10 j
(b) H
= 2 [( 5)+( +5)
1
1
3 j
2
4 j 4 j
4 j2
(c) X
3 j
j 4
2
4 j j 2 j 3
1/ 2
1/ 2
Y
j 2 j 4
1
y t e 2 t e 4 t u t
2
X() 2 ( n)
(b) h t 2e 2 t .u t e 3 t u t
Y XH
2 sin 2t
Y
j 4
X 6 j2 5 j
6 y t
1
C n x t e jn0 t dt
T0
T=2
Signals & Systems
A
B
1 j 10 j
1/ 9
17 / 9
1 j 10 j
1
17
h t e t .u t e 10 t u t
9
9
: 182 :
05.
Sol:
X1
1
e .u t
3 j
1
e t u t
1 j
3 t
2
1
1
e1et 1.ut 1 e1.e j
1
e1 j
1 j 1 j
d 3 t
j.e1 j
e .ut * et ut 1
1 j3 j
dt
2
G
3
2
1
1
G( )
X 3
1
d je 1 j
d 1 j3 j
06.
Sol:
(a)
Y j
1
2
2
G G
2
3
3
g(t) = x(t). cost

G
1
X 1 X 1
2
X()
2
2 sin 2 t
t
2
(b) x1 t g t cos t
3
1
1
4 2 j
1 j 3 j 1 j3 j
2
2
Y j
1 j 4 j
6
Y
1 j4 j
Y
H
X
1 j3 j
6
1 j4 j
4 2 j
63 j
33 j
H
4 j4 2 j 4 j2 j
(a) X j
2
x t
07.
Sol:
1
X 1 X 1
2
A
B
4 j 2 j
h t Ae 4 t u t Be 2 t u t
2
j t
j t
1
1
gt e 3 g1 t e 3
2
2
: 183 :
(b)
Signals & Systems
Y
9 3 j
X 8 6 j j2
8 y t 6
1
2
t

x 2.X2f
2
1 t
x X2f
2 2
3t
1 t 2 t
yt
e .u
22
2
dyt d 2 yt
dx t
9 x t 3 2
2
dt
dt
dt
08.
Sol:
X X.e jX 1.e
1.e
x t
j
2
0 2
dXf
df
dXf
2t
x t
df
j
(b) Hf f
20
0
2
1
jt
je
d
je jt d
2 2
0
dx t
j2fXf
dt
1 dx t
fXf
j2 dt
0
2
j e j t
e j t
x t
2 jt 2
jt 0
1 e 2 jt e j2 t 1
2jt
1
1 e j2 t e j2 t 1
2t
1
1 e j2 t e j2 t
2t
1
2 2 cos 2t
2t
1 cos 2 t
x t
t
e 3 t u t
1
3 j2f
j d 1
te 3 t u t
2 df 3 j2f
dx t
dt
f
(c) X 2 x 2 t
2
1
2
f j4f
e
2
1
2
f j4f
e
2
2x2t 2 x2t 2
x 2 t 4 x 2 t 4
(d) sf Xf 2f Xf
j 1 j2
2 3 j2f 2
1
te 3 t u t
3 j2f 2
(a) Y(f) = X(f)

1 f
x at X
a a
d
tx t t dx t x t
dt
dt
x t
09.
Sol:
dXf
1 2 d
tx t
df
j2 j dt
dx t
j2fXf
dt
d 2 x t
2
2f Xf
dt
s t x t
d 2 x t
dt 2
: 184 :
(e) X2f
1
x t / 2
2
d 1 t
j2fX2f x
dt 2 2
10.
Sol:
(b, 0) (a, 1)
1 0
t b
g t 0
ab
t
b
g t
ab ab
1
4 j
1
1
Y
3 j 4 j
4 j 3 j
1
Y
4 j3 j 4 j3 j
dx t
dt
1
ba
a
b
11.
Sol:
1
1
1
Y
(a) H .
1
a j
ja 1 X
a
X() = ajY() + Y()

dyt
x t a
y t
dt
(b)
Y
1 j
X j2 4
d 2 y t
dx t
4 y t x t
2
dt
dt
12.
Sol:
(b, 0) (a, 1)
1 0
t b
g t 0
a b
1
b
g t
t
b t a
ba
ba
a
1
ab
Y
Y
H
X
X
H
1
X
x t e 3 t u t
3 j
d 2 x t
dt 2
1
ba
1
ba
b
1
a b
1
ab
2
d xt
1
1
t b
t a
2
b a
a b
dt
1
ab
j2 X
X
t a
1
ba
t b
1 jb jb
1 ja ja
e e
e e
b a
a b
1 2 cosb 2 cosa
a b
2 b a
2 cos a
2 cos b
2
2
b a a b
: 185 :
13.
Sol:
18.
Sol:(a) cos3t u(t)
s 2 2s 1
3s
(b) Xs 2
1 2
s s 1
s s 1
3s
Xs 1
2
2
1 3
s
2 2
x(t) = cos (4000t)

fm = 2000Hz = 2kHz
X(f)
1/2
1/2
2k
2k
(a) X f f s
1
/
2
2
Xs 1 3
2
2
2
2
1 3 1 3
s 2 2 s 2 2

Xf nf
Signals & Systems
Ts = 0.2 msec
1
1
1
fs
3
Ts 0.2 10
2 10 4
fs = 5kHz
t
t
3
3
x t 1 3e 2 cos
t u t 3e 2 sin
t u t
2
2
X f
s 1
A
B
s 2s 3 s 2 s 3
Xt Ae 2 t u t Be 3 t u t
(c) Xs
n=2 n=-2n=-1n=-1n=0 n=0 n=1 n=1n=2 n=2
--------12k 8k7k3k2k 2k 3k 7k 8k 12k f
5. Laplace Transform
LEVEL 1 conventional
17.
Sol:(a) Xs
1
1
s2 s3
ROC = ( >2) ( > 3) = > 2
1
1
(b) Xs
s2 s3
ROC = ( < 2) ( < 3) = < 2
(c) x t e 2 t u t e 2 t .u t
1
1
Xs
s2 s2
ROC = ( < 2) ( > 2) = 2 < < 2
1
1
(d) Xs
s 1 s 3
ROC = ( >1) ( < 3) = 1< < 3
19.
Xs
s
, x(t) = cos2t .u (t)
s 4
dx t
(a) sXs Xs
x t
dt
2

s
t
1

(b) x X 3X3s
1 1
3

3 3
X3s
1 t
x
3 3
(c) e 2 t x t Xs 2
(d)
1
Xs x t dt
s2
(e) x t 3 e 3s .Xs
tx t 3
d 3 s
e .Xs
ds
: 186 :
2
s 1s 3
h t t e 2 t .u t e 2 t u t
1
1
Hs 1
22
s 2 s 2
s 2 s 2
Hs 1 2
s 4
20.
Sol:(a)
Xs
2 2 1 1 2 C, US
2 2 1 1 2 NC, US
2 1 2 1 1 2 NC, US
1 1 1 1 2 2 NC, S
1 2 1 2 1 2 NC, US
2
4 s 44
1 2
s2 4
s 4
s2
Hs
22
s 2s 2
Ys Xs .Hs
21.
Sol:
s 2 2s 5
s 3s 52
A
B
C
s 3 s 5 s 52
Xs
3 3 5
Sol:
Ys
A
B
C
D
s 1 s 3 s 2 s 2
s2Ys sy0 y0 5sYs 5y0 6Ys

4Xs 3sXs x 0
2 1 3 2 1 2
Xs
yt Aet u t Be3t ut
1
s 1
Ce 2 t .u t De 2 t u t
s2Ys s 5 5sYs 5 6Ys

4
3s
s 1 s 1
4 3s
Ys s 2 5s 6 s
s 1
2
s 4s 4
Ys
s 1s 2s 3
A
B
C
s 1 s 2 s 3
y t Ae t u t Be 2 t u t Ce 3 t u t
23.
Sol:
2s 2
s 1s 3s 2s 2
ROC 3 1 2 2
2 1
x t Ae 3 t u t Be 5 t .u t Cte 5 t u t
22.
Xs
1
1
s 3 s 1
s 1 s 3
Xs
3 1
s 1s 3
25.
Sol:
s 2 10s 16
0
s s 12 s 2
(a) f 0 Lt s Fs Lt
s
s 2 10s 16 16
8
s0 s 12 s 2
2
f Lt s Fs Lt
s0
s s 2 2s 1
s s 2 s 2 2s 4
(b) f 0 Lt
2 1
1 2
s s
Lt
1
s
2 2 4
1 1 2
s s s
Final value theorem cant be applied
: 187 :
26.
Sol:
One period of signal is

x(t) = r(t) r(t1) u(t1)
1 e s e s
Xs
s2
s
T=1
1 1 es es

For complete signal
1 es s 2
s
Signals & Systems
29.
Sol:(a)
s2Ys sYs 5Ys s2Xs 2sXs Xs
Hs
Ys s 2 2s 1
Xs s 2 s 5
H inv s
27.
Sol:
s2 Y(s) sY(s) 2Y(s) = X(s)

Hs
Causal and stable not possible
1
1
A
B
s s 2 s 2s 1 s 2 s 1
2
(a) Causal: > 2 h(t) = Ae2t u(t) + Bet u(t)

(b) Stable: 1 < < 2
h(t) = -Ae2t u(-t) +Bet u(t)
(c) NSNC: < 1 ht Ae2t u t Bet u t
28.
Sol:
Ys
Hs
1
s2
s 1
s 1
(b) Y(s) = X(s). H(s)

1
Ys s 2
Xs
Hs s 1
s 1
s 1
A
B
s 2s 1 s 2 s 1
Stable: 2 < <1;
x(t) = Ae2t u(t) Bet u(t)
s2 s 5
causal >1 causal
s 12
but unstable
(b)
Ys s 2 s 5
Xs s 2 2s 1
d 2 yt 2dyt
d 2 xt dxt
y
t
5xt
dt 2
dt
dt 2
dt
30.
Sol:
X(s)
2
s8
Y(s)
1
s2
2
1
Hs
s8 s2
H(s)
2s 4 s 8
s 2s 8s 16
2
3s 12
s 10 s 16
2
s 2 Y s 10sY s 16Y s 3sX s 12X s
d 2 y t
dyt
dx t
10
16 yt 3
12 x t
2
dt
dt
dt
s 2 10s 16
3s 12
Pole = 4 stable
H inv s
: 188 :
31.
(i) x t e
yt e Hs 0
s0 t
s0 t
yt e .H2
1
Given yt e 2 t
6
1
H2
6
2t
(ii) sHs 2Hs
Hs s 2
33.
Sol:
(a)
d 1
t te t .u t t 2 e t u t
2
ds s 1
s bs 4
Hs
ss 4 s 2
(b) X 2 s
46 2
8
6
6b = 6
(c)
b=1
4 s 4
2
1/ 4
2
s 1
2
2 b2 4
1
22 4 2 2 6
2 6b
1
sin t.u t
s 1
1
e t / 2 sin t.u t
2
1
s 1
2
1
x 2 t e t / 2 sin t.u t
4
1
Hs
6
At s = 2
d 1
2
e 2s
t 2 e t 2 u t 2
2
ds s 2
1
b
s4 s
s bs 4
ss 4
1
t.e t u t
2
s 1
1
1
sin 3t.u t
s 9
3
2
d2 1
t2
sin 3t.u t
ds 2 s 2 9
3
32.
Sol:
e 3s
(a) u(t + 3)
; 0
s
e 3s
u t 3
; 0
s
1
(b) u t
; 0
s
e j3t e j3t
1 1
1
3
u t
0
, 0
2
2j
2 j s j3 s j3
s 9
1
1
(c) X 3 s
1 s 1 s 1
s
2
> 1/2, > 1, < 1
1
ROC
1
2
1
d2 1
d t2
sin
3
t
.
u
t
2 2
ds s 9
dt 3
d t2
x 3 t sin 3tu t e 5 t u t
dt 3
(d) X 4 s
X 4 s
3s 2
3s 1 1
2
2
s 1 3 s 12 32
3s 1
1
3
2
2
s 1 32 3 s 1 32
1
x 4 t 3e t . cos 3t.u t e t . sin 3t.u t
3
: 189 :
2s 2 11s 16
e 3s
s 1s 3
s 2 4s 3
(e) X 5 s
Signals & Systems
37.
Sol:
(a)
s 2 3s 2
s 2 s 2 2s 8
Poles are on right half of s-plane not both
causal and stable
s 2 s 2 2s 8 poles are on
(ii) H1inv s
s 2 3s 2
right half of s-plane so, causal and stable
inverse not exist
3s 10
e 3s
s 1s 3 s 1s 3
X 5 s 2
(i) H1 s
x 5 t 2t Ae t u t Be 3 t u t
Ce t 1u t 1 De 3 t 1u t 1
(f) X 6 s
6s 2 8s 3 A
Bs c

2
s s 12 4
s s 1 4
x t e t u t e t u t
1
1
s 1 s 1
2
Xs
2
s 1 s 1
s 1
1 s2
Ys Hs.Xs
Ys
39.
Sol:
s
s 4 s 6s 2 11s 6
Find y(t) = ILT [Y(s)]
(b) ZIR:
Ys s3 6s 2 11s 6 s 2 s 1 6s 6 11 0
s 5s 6
s 6s 2 11s 6
Find y(t) = ILT [Y( )]
Ys
(c) TR = ZIR + ZSR

j 2
j 12 4
s
s4
3
2
2
s Ys s s 1 6 s Ys s 1 11 sYs 1 6Ys 0
H j
j 2
j 12 4
j 2
j 2 1
11 2 j 4 2 j 4 2
1
H j1 , H j1 0
2
A
yt cos 0 t 0 0
2
But given as y(t) = 6 cos(t +45)
A
6
2
A = 12
=45, 0 = 1
s 3 Ys 6s 2 Ys 11sYs 6Ys
H j1
36.
Sol:
(a) ZSR:
Ys
0 = 1
s 1
2
.
2
s 2s 2 1 s1 s
2
1 s s 2s 2
s 1
Hs 2
s 2s 2
Sol:
(b)
(i) all poles on left half of s-plane causal and
stable
s 3 s 2 2s 10
(ii) H 2inv s
s 1s 2
Causal and stable poles = 1 , 2
x6(t) = ILT[X6(s)]
35.
40.
Sol:
3Ys
6
s
s2
3
6
Ys s 4 1
s
s2
sY s 1 4Ys
s 2 4s 3
6
Ys
s2
: 190 :
6s2
s2
s 4
s2
s s 4
Ys
s 2s 1s 3
A
B
C
s 1 s 2 s 3
yt Ae t .u t Be 2 t u t Ce 3 t u t
IES - Conventional
01.
Sol:
(a) (0,0) (1,1)
x(t) = t
0<t<1
dx ( t )
u ( t ) u ( t 1) ( t 1)
dt
x(t) = r(t) r(t 1) u(t 1)
1 e s e s
X(s) = 2 2
s
s
s
(b) x2(t) = sint[u(t) u(t )]

= sintu(t) + sin(t)u(t)
1
e s
X2(s) =
1 s2 1 s2
1 e s
= 2
s 1
(c) X3(s) =
0 e s
s 2 02
(d) x4(t) = sin0tcos0 u(t)

cos0tsin0 u(t)
cos 0 s sin 0
X4(s) = 0 2
2
s 1
s 1
cos 0 s sin 0
= 0
s2 1
(e) x5(t) = sin (0(t ) +0) u(t )
x5(t) = sin(0(t))cos(0) u(t)
+cos0(t)u(t)sin0
0 e s cos 0 se s sin 0
s 2 02
s 2 02
(f) x6(t) = t[u(t)u(tT)] + Tu(tT)
x6(t) = tu(t)tu(tT)+Tu(tT)
= tu(t) (tT)u(tT)
X5(s) =
X6(s) =
1 e sT
2
s2
s
02.
Sol:
3s 2 22s 27
(s 1)(s 2)(s 2 2s 5)
A
B
Cs D
=
2
s 1 s 2 s 2s 5
2
1
3s 1
X1(s) =
s 1 s 2 (s 1) 2 (2) 2
x1(t) = 2e-tu(t) + e-2t u(t) 3e-tcos2tu(t) +
2e-tsin2tu(t)
(a) X1(s) =
(s 1) 2
(s 2 2s 1)
=
(s 2 s 1) (s 2 s 1)
3s
X2(s) = 1 2
s s 1
3s
X2(s) = 1
2
1 3
s
2 4
(b) X2(s) =
1
3
3 s
2
2
= 1
2
2
2
2
1 3 1 3
s s
2 2 2 2
3s
X2(s) 1
1
s
2
2
2
2
1 3
s
2 2
x2(t) =
3
3
( t ) 3e t / 2 cos
t u ( t ) 3e t / 2 sin
t u ( t )
2
: 191 :
s2 s 1
s 2 2s 1
3s
3s
X3(s) = 1 2
= 1
s 2s 1
(s 1) 2
3
3
X 3 s 1
s 1 s 12
x3(t) = (t) 3et u(t) + 3tet u(t)
(c) X3(s) =
Signals & Systems

dx(t)/dt
(2)
03.
Sol:
(1) x(t) =
x(t) =
2
t,
T
0t
T
2
d2x(t)/dt2
2
T
t2 < t < T
T
2
6
2
dx(t) /dt
1
2/T
3
2
2
T/2
x(t) = 2r(t) 2r(t1)4r(t2)+6r(t3)

2 r(t4)
2/T
d2x(t) /dt
X(s) =
2 2e s 4e 2s 6e 3s 2e 4s
2 2 2 2
s2
s
s
s
s
2/T
2/T
(3)
0
T/2
dx(t)/dt
4/T
0
d 2 x(t) 2
4 T 2
( t ) t ( t T)
dt 2
T
T
2 T
x(t) =
2
4 T 2
r ( t ) r t r ( t T)
T
T
2 T
2 4
s2X(s) = e
T T
sT
2
2
e sT
T
sT
2 1 2e 2 e sT
X(s) =
T
s2
2.5
1.5
d2x(t)/dt2
6
4
1
0
1.5
6
2.5
: 192 :
x(t) = 2r(t)6r(t1)+6r(t1.5)
6r(t2.5)+4r(t3)
X(s) =
04.
Sol:
12
8
.s
.2
12 / 13 13
Y(s) =
2
13
s3
s 4 s2 4
12 3t
12
8
e u(t) cos2tu(t) sin2tu(t)
y(t) =
13
13
13
2 6es 6e1.5s 6e2.5s 4e3s
2 2 2
s2 s2
s
s
s
s2Y(s) sy(0) y1 (0) 5sY(s) 5y(0) 6YS

2sX (s) 2 x (0) X(s)
ZIR:
Y(s) [ s2+5s+6] s 2 5 = 0
s7
s7
Y(s) = 2
s 5s 6 (s 2)(s 3)
= Ae2tu(t)+ Be3tu(t)
ZSR:
y(0) = 0, y1(0) = 0, x(0) = 0
1 1
s2Y(s)+5sY(s)+6Y(s) = 2s
s s
2
s
1
Y(s)(s2+5s+6) =
s
2s 1
Y(s) =
s(s 1)(s 2)
y(t) = Au(t)+Be2t u(t)+Ce3t u(t)
(b) ZIR: s2Y(s) sy(0)y1(0) +4Y(s) = 0

s2Y(s) s 2 + 4Y(s) = 0
Y(s) (s2 + 4)= s+2
s
2
Y(s) = 2
2
s 4 s 4
y(t) = (cos2t+sin2t) u(t)
ZSR:
8
s2Y(s) +4Y(s) =
s
8
2
2s
Y(s) =
2
2
s(s 4) s s 4
y(t) = 2u(t) 2cos2tu(t)
06.
Sol:
05.
Sol:
(a)
dy( t )
3y( t ) 4 x ( t )
dt
ZIR: sY(s) y(0)+ 3Y(s) = 0
Y(s)(s+3) = 2
2
Y(s) =
s3
y(t) = 2e3t u(t)
ZSR: sY(s) y(0)+3Y(s) = 4X(s)

y(0) = 0
4s
sY(s) + 3Y(s) = 2
s 4
4s
Y(s) = 2
(s 4)(s 3)
A
Bs C
=
2
(s 3) (s 4)
5s 7
(s 1)(s 1)(s 2)
1
2
1
s 1 s 1 s 2
( > 1) (>2) (<1) = 1 < < 1
x(t) = etu(t) +2et u(t)+e2tu(t)
X(s) =
07.
Sol:
dh ( t )
dt
h(t) = causal and stable
G(s) = SX(s)
No condition required because zero does
not effect the causality stability.
(a) g(t) =
(b) g(t) =
h ( ) d
H(s)
. Pole at origin happens so
s
introduce one (or) none zero are added at
origin to become causal and stable.
G(s) =
: 193 :
08.
Sol:
Signals & Systems

(tT)u(tT)
x(t) = e s0 t y(t) = e s0 t H (s 0 )
1
H(2) =
6
1 2t
y(t) = e
6
1
b
sH(s)+2H(s) =
s4 s
1
b
H(s) (s+2) =
s4 s
e sT
s2
r(tT)
11.
Sol:
df(t)/dt
b
1
s 4 s
H(s) =
1
s2
H(s) =
1 1 b 1
4 6 2 6
1
0
3
1
b =1
2
10.
Sol:
tu(t)
d2f(t)/dt
1
s2
( t )
2
2
1
t
3
(tT)u(t)
tu(t) Tu(t)
t
T
1 T
s2 s
2
1
( t )
d 2f (t)
2 ( t ) ( t ) ( t 1) ( t 1)
dt 2
tu(tT)
2( t 3) 2( t 4)
(tT)u(t-T) + Tu(t-T)
sT
f(t) = 2u(t)+r(t) r(t 1) 2r(t 3)
sT
e
e
T
2
s
s
T
T
+ 2r(t 4) u(t 1)
F(s) =
2 1 e s 2e 3s 2e 4s e s

2 2
s s2 s2
s
s
s
: 194 :
12.
Sol:
(i) s2Y(s) +6s Y(s)+8Y(s) = 3X(s)
7. Z Transform
Y(s)
H(s)
X(s)
3
3
s 6s 8 (s 2)(s 4)
2
H(s) =
3/ 2 3/ 2
s2 s4
h(t) =
3 2 t
e e 4 t u ( t )
2
(ii) X(s) =
1
(s 2) 2
Y(s) = H(s).X(s) =
Y(s) =
13.
Sol:
3
1
.
(s 2)(s 4) (s 2) 2
3
(s 2) 3 (s 4)
Sol:(a) Xz
1
1
1 1
1 1
1 z
1 z
2
3
1
1
1

ROC = z | z | | z |
2
3
2
1 1
Poles = ,
2 3
1
1
(b) Xz
1
3
1 z 1 1 z 1
3
4
3
1
3 1
ROC = | z | | z |
| z |
4
3
4 3
1 3
Poles = ,
3 4
n
First Plot
X(S) =
14.
s
1/ 2 1/ 2
s 1 s 1 s 1
2
3
(c) x n u n u n 1
3
2
1
x(t) = e t u ( t ) e t u ( t )
2
1
1
2
3
1 z 1 1 z 1
3
2
ROC = | z |
Second Plot
(s j)(s j) s 2 1
X(s) =
(s 1)(s 1) s 2 1
X(s) = 1
2
s 1
X(s) = 1
1
1
s 1 s 1
x(t) = ( t ) e t u ( t ) e t u ( t )
Xz
2
| z |
3
2
3
| z |
3
2
1 1 1 1
(d) x n 1, , , ,
4 16 64 256
Xz 1
1 1 1 2 1 3
1 4
z z z
z
4
16
64
256
ROC = |z| > 0
: 195 :
1
(e) x n
2
n 3
1
.u n 3.
2
1
1
1
(b) u n
, | z |
1
2
2
1 z 1
2
n
1
1
1
, | z |
u n
1
2
2
1 z 1
2
1

2
n 3
Signals & Systems
1
1
1
| z |
u n
1
4
4
1 z 1
4
z3
1
, | z |
1
2
1 z 1
2
3
4z
1
Xz
, | z |
1
2
1 z 1
2
.u n 3
1
1
1
, | z 1 | , | z | 4
u n
1
4
4
1 z
4
Yz
(f) x n 4 .u n 3
n
u n
1
, | z | 1
1 z 1
u n 3
ROC = | z |
z3
, | z | 1
1 z 1
u n 3
1
1
.
1
1
1 z 1 1 z
2
4
(c) Xz
z 3
, z 1
1 z
4z , | z | 1 / 4
1
u n 3
1 4z
4
3
2 u n 1 z / 2z , | z | 2
1
2
n
Xz
1
z/2
.
1
z
1 z 1 1
2
2
z 2 az cos 0
, | z || a |
z 2 2az cos 0 a 2
16.
Sol:(a) Xz
15.
1
Sol:(a) u n
, | z | 1
1 z 1
z 1
u n 1
, | z | 1
1 z 1
z
u n 1
, | z | 1
1 z
1
1
| z | 4 | z | 4
2
2
A
B
1 1
1
1 z
1 z 1
2
3
1
1
x n A u n B u n
2
3
n
(b)
Xz
z3
1
z
z z 2
2
Xz
A.z
B.z
1 z2
z
2
n
1
n
x n A u n B 2 u n 1
2
(c) x(6) = 1, x(2) = 1, x(0) = 3, x(3) = 2,
ROC = | z |
1
1
| z | 2 | z | 2
2
2
x(4) =1
: 196 :
|H(ej0)| = 0
17.
z0
Sol: (a) Hz
z 0 .7
H e j
e j
e j 0 .7
1 10
3 .3
0 .3 3
H e j
H e j0
H e j / 2
j
j
1
H e 2
0.819
1 0.49
j 0 .7
H e j
1
1
0.588
1 0 .7 1 .7
Xz
|H(ej)|
e j
z
(b) Hz
, j
H e j
z 0 . 6 e 0 .6
He
1
1
0.625
1 0 .6 1 .6
j
1
1
0.857
j 0.6
1 0.36
1.36
1
1
2 .5
1 0 .6 0 .4
H e j
Hz
z 1
z 0 .4
H e j
2
1.414
1.31
1.16 1.077
1
1
1
1
1 z 1 1 z
3
2
z 1
3
Xz
1 1
1
1 z 1 z
3
Y(z) = X(z).H(z)
2
z 1
1
1 z 1 1 z 1
3
1 z 1
1 3 z 1
4
2 1
z
3
Yz
1 1 3 1
1 z 1 z
3 4
e j 1
e j 0 .4
HPF
(c)
11
1 0.16
H e j/ 2
1
1 z 1 1 z 1
3
1 1
1
1 z 1 z
3
LPF
j 1
j 0.4
18.
Sol:
H e j0
2
20
1.42
1.4 14
A
B
1
3
1 z 1 1 z 1
3
4
: 197 :
1
3
yn A u n B
u n
3
4
n
20.
Sol: (a) Xz
1
z 1
Hz
3
3
1 z 1 1 z 1
4
4
3
3
h n
u n
4
4
n
Yz
n 1
u n 1
19.
1 2z 1 z 2
1
1
1 z 1 z 2
2
2
6
6
3
, | z |
1
3
4
1 z 1 1 z 1
2
4
1 2z 1
3
1 z 1
4
1

ROC = | z | 2 | z |
2

ROC = |z| > 3/4
1
h n 2n u n
2
n
(b) yn e
jn
H e j
3
3
(b) h n u n 2
4
4
j 2
H e

(c) yn
1 2e j e 2 j
1
1
1 e j e 2 j
2
2
j
1 j 1
H e 2
1 1 j 1 1
2
2
yn
j
j
1
1 3 1
1 j
j
2
2 2 2
j
3 1
2 2
jn 2
e
Hz
1 z1
1
Hz 2
2
1
1
1 z1
1 z1 1 z1
2
2
1
1
1
, | z | 2
1
1
2
1 z 1 1 2z
2
1
3
6 1 z 1 1 z 1
2
4
1 1 3 1
1 z 1 z
Yz 2 4
Hz
1
Xz
1 2z 1 1 z 1
2
1 1
1
1 z 1 2 z
2
Pole = |3/4| < 1, stable
Sol: (a) Hz
Signals & Systems
n 1
u n 1
3
yn 1 x n 2 x n 1
4
(d) Causal, (num order = den order)

Stable (pole = 3/4)
21.
Sol: Yz 0.7z1Yz 0.12z2Yz z1Xz z2Xz
z 1 z 2
Hz
1 0.7 z 1 0.12z 2
z 1 z 2
1 0.3z 1 1 0.4z 1
Xz
z
z 1
z 12 1 z 1
: 198 :
Yz Hz Xz
x(n) = u(n), Xz
z 1 1 z 1
z 1
1 0.3z 1 1 0.4z 1 1 z 1
1
1 z 1
Y(z) =H(z).X(z)
Find y(n) = IZT[Y(Z)]

Unstable (2 poles on unit circle)
1 1 2 1
1
1 z 1 z 1 z
5 5
n
1
2
yn A u n B u n Cu n
5
5
22.
Sol:
(a) Yz
3 1
1
z Yz z 2 Yz Xz
4
8
1
3
Yz 1 z 1 z 2 Xz
8
4
1
A
B
Hz
1
1 1 1 1 1 z1 1 1 z1
1 z 1 z
2
4
2 4
n
1
1
h n A u n B u n
2
4
1 1
Stable (poles = , )
2 4
1
Xz
x n u n
1 z 1
1
Yz Hz.Xz
1 1 1 1
1
1 z 1 z 1 z
2
4
1
1
1
2
3
2
1 0.6z 0.08z
1 z1 z2
5
25
1
Hz
1 1 2 1
1 z 1 z
5 5
n
1
2
h n A u n B u n
5
5
1 2
Poles = , 1 stable
5 5
x(n) = u(n),
1
yn
3
n 2
1
u n 2 9 u n 2
3
9z2
9z2 27z3
1
un 2
1
z 1 1 3z 1
3
1
3z
3
3
243z
Y Z
3z 1
z
Xz
z 1
Yz 243z 3 z 1 243z 2 z 1
Hz
3z 1
Xz 3z 1
z
81z 2 z 1
1
z
3
Numerator order > denominator order
non causal
|z| < 1/3 ROC not including unit circleunstable
Hz
1
1
yn A u n B u n Cu n
2
4
(b) Hz
23.
Sol:
24.
Sol: (a) Yz z 1Yz z 2 Yz z 1Xz
z 1
1 z 1 z 2
1 5 1 5
Poles
,
2
2
1 5
ROC = |z|
2
Hz
: 199 :
(b) Hz
A
B
11 5 1 1 5
1 z
1 z
2
2
n
Signals & Systems
A
B
1
1
1 z 1 1 3z
2
(i) stable 0.5 < |z| < 3
1 5
1 5
h n A
u n B
u n
2
2
h(n) = A(1/2)n u(n) B(3)n u(n1)

(ii) causal |z| >3
(c) Poles = 1.615, 0.615 pole lies out side

the unit circle so unstable
For NC, stable 0.615 < |z| < 1.615
A
B
Hz
1 5
1 5
1 z 1
1 z 1
2
2
1 5
1
hn A
un B
2
2
5
u n 1
25.
Sol:
h(n) = A(1/2)n u(n) + B(3)nu(n)

27.
k 1
z
4
Sol:(a) Hz
k
1 z 1
3
k
(b) pole =
3
k
1 | k | 3 for stable
3
1
(a) F.T exists if ROC includes unit circle

1
1
| z | 2 | z | | z | 2 | z | 3
3
3
(b) Xz
(c) x n z 0n , yn z 0n Hz 0
2
z0
3
K=1
3 5
1
1 3
1
1 z 01 1
8 8
4
4 2
Hz 0
1 1
1 3
1 3
1 z0 1
1
3
3 2
2 2
5 2 5

8 3 12
z 1
1
z z 2 z 3
3
1
| z | 2, 2 | z | 3
3
(c) Causal means - |z| >3 in this case it is

unstable
1
Stable means - | z | 2 - in this case it
3
is non causal
26.
Sol:
5 2
yn
12 3
30.
Sol:
(a) Hz
ROC includes unit circles so Stable

3 4z1
Hz
1 1
1
1 z 1 3z
2
1 6z 1 8z 2
Yz
2
1
1 z 1 z 2 Xz
3
9
1
2
Yz1 z1 z2 Xz 1 6z1 8z2
9
3
: 200 :
yn
2
1
yn 1 yn 2
3
9
x n 6 x n 1 8x n 2
32.
Sol:
x(n)
1 1
z
2
Individual loop gains =
Put n = 0
0
1
1 1
x 0 u 0 0
3 2
3
34.
Sol:
(a) Y(z) = H(z) X(z)
1
1
1
1 z 1 2z
4
y(n)
ROC is | z |
2z1
1 1
z
2
P3 = 112z1 2 = 4z1
Yz
1 = 1, 2 = 1, 3 = 1
8 4z 1
1
1 z 1
2
1
1

ROC is | z | 3 | z |
3
3

1
1
1 z 1 1 z 1
2
2
Hz
1
1
| z |
4
2
1 3z 1
1
1 1 1 1
1 z 1 z 1 3z 1
3 3
P2 = 1112 = 2
P11 P2 2 P3 3 6 2 4z 1
1 z 1
2
| z |
(b) Y(z) = H(z) X(z)
Forward path are P1 = 3 2 = 6
Hz
1
| z | 2
2
1 1
1
x n u n 2 n u n 1
3 2
4
ROC is including the unit circle means

ROC is
1 6z 1 8z 2
(b) Hz
2
1
1 z 1 z 2
3
9
1
1 6z 8z 2
2
1 1
1 3 z
1 1
poles are , they are inside the unit
3 3
circle. So system is stable
31.
Sol:
1
1 1 1 1
1 3 z 1 3 z
35.
Sol:
Xz
A
B
C
2
1
1
1 0.2z 1 0.2z
1 0.2z1
: 201 :
36.
Sol:
Signals & Systems

(ii) x 2 0 Lt X2 (z)
z
(a) z X(z)
1 2z 1
1
z [1 z 1 ][1 0.5z 1 ]
z
(b) X
2
d
Xz
dz
x 2 Lt z 1
d2
Xz
dz 2
(c) z
(d) z 2
Lt
(e) z
z 1
d
Xz 2.Xz
dz
1 1
2
0 .5
39.
Sol:
a Xz z k , z 0
(f) X (z1)
b Xz z k , z 0
37.
Sol:
zz 2
z 1z 0.5
z 2 0.25
H1 z .H 2 z 2
z 0.25
1
X 1 z
1 z 1
Y1 z
Y1 z
c Xz
d Xz 1 1 z 1
4
2
2
1
1 z
1 0.5 z 1
2 1 0.5z 1 z 1
1 z 1 1 0.5z 1
z 1
1 z 1 1 0.5z 1
Xz
H1 z
1 4
z ,z 0
44
1
1
,z
1 4z
4
f Xz
z 1
Hz
, H 2 z
1
1 0.5z
H1 z
1 2 1 3
z 3z
42
4
e x n 4 n u n
Y1 z
z1
H1 z
1 z1
1
1
X1 z 1 z 1 0.5z
1
, z 1
1 z 1
g Xz
1
,z 3
1 3z 1
1
1
2
3
, z
2
3
2
1 z 1 1 z 1 3
3
2
(h) No common ROC, No ZT.

40.
Sol:
38.
Sol:
1 z 1
(i) x 1 0 Lt X 1 z Lt
1
z
z 1 0.25z 2
x1 Lt 1 z 1 .X1 z 0
z1
a x an X z
a
n
yn x
2
: 202 :
b x n Xz 1
(c)
yn x n
H(ej)
d yn 1 x n 2 x n 2
2
eYz Xz Xz
yn x n * x n
10
10
10
10
y(n)= 0
41.
Sol: The system is said to be stable if ROC is
include the unit circle.
45.
Sol: (a)
DF-I
The system is causal if ROC is right of right
x(n)
y(n)
most pole.
Z1
43.
Sol:
(a)
H(ej)
DF-II
Hz
(b) h n
y(n)= cos n
6
1
1 z 1
4
x(n)
y(n)
Z1
1n sin n
n
1
4
2 e jn

sin n
2
n
1
4
(b)
DF-I
x(n)
H(ej)
Z1
Z1
1
2
Z1
3
n
4
y(n)= sin
y(n)
1
8
: 203 :
Signals & Systems
DF-II
Hz
1 2z 1
1
1
1 z 1 z 2
2
8
x(n)
DF-II
3z 1 2z 2
Hz
1
1 z 1 z 3
2
y(n)
x(n)
Z1
Z1
3
Z1
Z1
Z1
1
8
(c)
DF-I x(n)
Z1
y(n)
IES - Conventional
Z1
46.
Z1
Sol:
DF-II
H e j
8e j 18
e 2 j 5e j 6
Hz
z
1
1 z 2
4
H e j
x(n)
2 18e 8e3 e
2
2e
6
3 e j
Z1
y(n)
H e j
Z
1
(d)
DF-I
x(n)
1
2
1
1
1 e j 1 e j
2
3
n
y(n)
Z1
1
1
h n u n 2 u n
2
3
Z1
3
Z1
1
2
Z1
2
Z1
y(n)
: 204 :
47.
Sol:
-j
Y(e )= 0.5e
Y(e ) + bX(e )
b
b
H e j
, H * e j
j
1 0.5e
1 0.5e j
b2
H e j H * e j
1 cos 0.25
= |H(ej)|2
b2
j 2
He
1
0
1 1 0.25
b = 0.5
1
1
yn 3 u n 2 u n
2
3
3
2
1
1
1 e j 1 e j
2
3
50.
Sol:
a) Y(ej) = e4j X(ej)
y(n) = x(n-n0) = x(n-4)
b) Y(ej) = Re[X(ej)] y(n) =
b2
1
1 0.25 cos 2
0.25
1
1 0.25 cos 2
1 + 0.25 - cos = 0.5
cos = 1.25 0.5 = 0.75
= cos1((0.75)) = 0.722 rad/sec
Half power
48.
Sol:
1
1
1 e j
3
j
H e H 1 e j H 2 e j
5
1 e j
12
=
7 j 1 j
1 e
e
12
12
2
H 2 e j
1
1 e j
4
H 1 e j
j
j 2
n
X e
x n e 2
j
n
yn 2 x n x n e 2
j
d) x an X e
a
n
x X e 2 j
2
n
yn jnx
2
52.
Sol:
49.
H e j
Y e j
(a ) Xz
x n z
(c)
5
1
; X e j
1
1
1 e j
1 e j
2
3
5
1 j 1 j
1 e 1 e
2
3
X e j X * e j
2
c) x(n) X(ej)
1
h 2 n 2 u n
4
x n x ( n )
2
Xz
1 e T
z
zz 1 z e T
A
B
C
z z 1 z e T
Xz 1 e T
1
e T
z
z
z 1 z e T
z
z
Xz 1 e T
e T .
z 1
z e T
x n e T 1 n u n e T e T u n
n
: 205 :
53.
Sol:
Xz 1z 2 z z z 2 z z
X e j e j 2 e j e 2 j
1
Signals & Systems
Xz
54.
n
Sol:
1
1
u n
1
4
1 z 1
4
1

4
n 1
u n 1
Sol:
z 1
1
1 z 1
4
z 1
4 1 1 z 1
4
3 1
z
Yz
4
Xz 1 1 z 1
4
3 1
1
z Yz z 2 Yz Xz
4
8
1
Hz
3
1
1 z 1 z 2
4
8
1
1 1 1 1
1 z 1 z
4 2
1
2
Hz
1
1
1 z 1 1 z 1
4
2
n
Step response: x(n) = u(n) , Xz
Yz Hz .Xz
1
1
1
, | z |
u n
1
2
2
1 z 1
2
n
d 1
1
1
n u n z
| z |
dz 1 1 z 1
2
2
2
1
z 1
1
2
, | z |
2
2
1 1
1 z
2
n
1
1
1
, | z |
u n
1
3
3
1 z 1
3
1
1
1
, | z 1 | | z | 3
u n
1
3
3
1 z
3
1
| z | 3
2
Yz
1
3
yn 1 x n 1
4
4
1 1 1
1 z 1 z
2
1
1
h n 2 u n u n
2
4
55.
Sol:
1 1
z
2
56.
1
Hz 3. .
yn
1
1 z 1
1 1 1 1
1
1 z 1 z 1 z
4 2
n
11
8
1
yn u n 2 u n u n
34
3
2
1
A , B 2, C 8 /3
3
57.
Sol:
Yz
1 1
z Yz y 1 2Xz
3
1
1
2
Yz z 1Yz
1
3
3 1 z 1
2
1
1
2
Yz 1 z 1
3 3 1 1 z 1
2
: 206 :
1 1
z 6
2
1
31 z 1
2
1
7 z 1
2
Yz
1
1
31 z 1 1 z 1
2 3
7 1 1
z
3
6
1 1 1 1
1 z 1 z
2 3
18
17
Yz 15 15
1
1
1 z 1 1 z 1
2
3
yn
1 1
1 1
z
z
4
4
1 1
1 1 1 1
1
1 z 1 z
1 z 1 z
4
4 2
1 1
3
z 2 z 1
4
2
1 1
1 1
1
1 z 1 z 1 z
4
2
x1 n * x 2 n
1
1
u n
1
4
1 z 1
4
1

4
n 1
u n 1
z 1
1
, | z |
1
4
1 z 1
4
1 1
z
1
4
X1 z
, | z |
1
4
1 z 1
4
z 1 | z | 1 | z | 1 | z | 1
58.
Sol:
1 1 3 2
z z
2
8
1
1 1
1
1
1 z 1 z 1 z
4
2
18 1
17 1
u n u n
15 2
15 3
n
41
1
1
u n u n u n
3 4
3
2
n
59.
Sol:
1
1
5
Yz z1Yz z2Yz 2Xz z1Xz
4
8
4
5 1
z
4
Hz
1
1
1 z 1 z 2
4
8
2
1
x 2 n u n u n
2
1
1
X 2 z
, | z | 1
1
1
1 z
1 z 1
2
1 1
1
1
X1zX2 z 4
, | z | 1
1
1 1 1 z 1 1 z1
1 z
2
4
5
2 z 1
4
1 1 1 1
1 z 1 z
2 4
Hz
3
1
1
1
1 z 1 1 z 1
2
4
n
1
1
h n 3 u n u n
2
4
: 207 :
60.
Sol:
Xz
62.
Sol:
k
1
z z 1
2
1
u n
1
2
z
2
z
n
1 u n 1
z 1
Yz
1
u n 1 ;
1
2
z
2
1
n 1
1 u n
z 1
1
x n A
2
n 1
Hz
n 1
u n 1 B 1 u n
n 1
u n 1 1 u n
n 1
1
1
1 z 1 1 z 1
z 1
2
2
1
1 1
1
z 1
1 z 1 z
2
2
Hz
1 z 1
, | z | 1 causal
1 z 1
1 1
z
2
(b) Y(z) = X(z) H(z)
1 1
1
1 z 1 z
2
1 5
3
poles = ,
zero =
4 4
2
1
5
0.25,
1.25
4
4
Pole lies outside unit circle
Num order < den order causal, unstable
All the poles and zero should lie inside the
unit circle then it is minimum phase .
So given system is Non minimum phase
system
x(1) = 1 1 = A.1.1 B(1)0u(1)

A=1
x(1) =1 1= A(4)(0) B(1)-2u(1)
1=0B
B = 1
Sol:
n 1
61.
Xz
1
1
1
1
1 z
1 z 1
2
1
1 z 1 1 z 1
2
1
1 z 1 1 z 1
2
1
z 1
1
2
| z | 1
1 1 2
1
1 z 1 z
2
1
z 1
2
1 1
1
1 z 1 z
2
Yz
Xz
(a) Xz
1
| Z | 1 then only
2
3
z included in the ROC
4
1
A
B
; | z | , | z | 1
Xz
1 z 1
2
z
2
1
x n
2
Signals & Systems
ROC = |z| >1
1
1
3
Yz
3
1 1 1 z 1
1 z
2
1 1
1
n
yn
u n 1 u n
3 2
3
n
: 208 :
(ii) (a)
y(n) = ay(n1) +x(n)
63.
Sol:

Ye 1 ae Xe
(i) y(n) = x(n) + by(n1)
Y e j a e Y e j X e j
Y(z) = X(z) + b(z1Y(z) +y(1))
un
x n e
j n
H e j
z
1
Xz
j
ze
1 z 1e j
Yz
(iii) X e j
1
bz 1Yz bp
1 j
1 z e
Yz 1 bz 1 bp
Yz
bp
1
1
1
1 bz
1 bz 1 z 1e j
Yz
bp 1 z 1e j 1
1 bz 1 1 z 1e j
Yz
A
B
1
1 bz
1 z 1e j
1
1 ae j
A
B
j
1 be
1 ae j
x n Ab u n Ba u n
1
1 z 1e j
y(n) = A(b)n u(n) + Bejn . u(n)

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Signals & Systems

Postal Coaching Solutions

ACE Engineering Academy

Signals & Systems

(f) Expand x(n) by substituting the value of

ACE Engineering Academy

Memory, TV, linear, causal, unstable

(b) x(t + 1) x(t 1) y (t + 1) y(t 1)

Postal Coaching Solutions

y(n) = x(n) . x(n2)

(a) y(0) = x(0) x(2) memory

Signals & Systems

ACE Engineering Academy

Postal Coaching Solutions

x(t) = g(t) + g(t/3) + g(t/4)

(b) y(t) = x (t)

ACE Engineering Academy

(c) x3(t) = 10 cos10t + 2 sin3t cost 10t

Signals & Systems

Postal Coaching Solutions

TIV, causal, dynamic due to integration

x k linear, non causal, memory,

y0 x 0 causal, memory less, stable,

(h) NL, TV, static, causal, stable

ACE Engineering Academy

Signals & Systems

Case (i) t < 0

Case (ii) t > 0

ACE Engineering Academy

Postal Coaching Solutions

y(t) = 1.1d 1.2d

(a) x1(n) h1(n) =

Case (i) n 1< 1

(b) x2(n) h2(n) =

1 < t < 1 Common is

ACE Engineering Academy

Signals & Systems

(d) x4(n) h4(n) =

(c) x3(n) h3(n)

(c) h3(t) = et u(t) + etu(t)

Case (i) n < 10 y(n) = 0

(d) h4(t) = u(t)

ACE Engineering Academy

Postal Coaching Solutions

h(n) = (n+1) 2(n) + (n1)

h5(t) = u(t) u(t 1)

Parallel:H(z) = H1(z) + H2(z) = Z Z1

= (-1) u(n) (1) u(n1)

y(t) = x1(t) * h1(t) =

case (i): t < 1 ; y(t) = 0

Signals & Systems

x2(t) * h2(t) = t et. u(t)

Given y(t) = Aet ; 0 t < 3

ACE Engineering Academy

1< t < 1 1 < t < 1

Case (4): 1<t<2

Postal Coaching Solutions

Case (6): t1 > 3 = 0;