Technological Institute of the Philippines Manila
CHE 502 Unit Operations Laboratory 2, 1st Semester SY 2016-2017
Experiment No. 1
DIFFUSION OF LIQUIDS THROUGH STAGNANT NON-DIFFUSING AIR
Submitted by:
JAMES LAURENCE D. RAVIZ
Abstract The experiment aims to determine
the diffusivity of vapor A through a stagnant nondiffusing B using several known methods specifically
the Capillary Tube Method and Chapman-Enskog
Method. We have defined diffusion as the movement
under the influence of physical stimulus of an
individual component through a mixture in which the
driving force is concentration gradient of the diffusing
component.
molecules in liquid are very close toether compared
to a gas. Hence, the molecules of the diffusing solute
A will collide with molecules of liquid B more often
and diffuse more slowly that in gases. In general, the
diffusion coefficient in a gas will be in order of
magnitude of about 105 times greater than in liquid.
A number of different experimental methods have
been used to determine the molecular diffusivity for
binary gas mixtures. One method is through the
capillary tube method. It is to evaporate a pure liquid
in a narrow tube with a gas passed over the top. The
fall in liquid level is measure with time and the
diffusivity is calculated from:
This experiment focuses also on the
temperature dependence of diffusivity and thus the
rate of diffusion of liquids through stagnant nondiffusing air.
I.INTRODUCTION
Diffusion involves the mass transfer of a volatile
component A through a non-diffusing stagnant B. The
most common cause diffusion is concentration
gradient of the diffusing components. A concentration
gradient tends to move the component in such a
direction as to equalize concentration and destroy
the gradient while the gradient is maintained by
constantly supplying the diffusing component to the
high concentration end of the gradient and removing
it at low-concentration end. There is steady state
reflux of the diffusing component. This is
characteristics of many mass transfer operations.
A PBM RT
z 2f z 20
D AB=
2
tP M A ( P A 1P A 2 )
where:
A - density of liquid A at temperature T
PBM logarithmic mean pressure
R universal gas constant
T absolute temperature
t time during which the meniscus fall from z o to zf
P ambient atmospheric pressure
MA molecular weight of liquid
PA1 vapor pressure of liquid A at temperature T
PA2 partial pressure of vapor A at the mouth of
capillary
zf distance from the mouth of the capillary to the
meniscus at t=t
zo distance from the mouth of the capillary to the
meniscus at t=0
Diffusion is not restricted to molecular transfer
through stagnant layers of solid or fluid. It also takes
place when fluids of different compositions are
mixed. The first step in mixing is often mass transfer
called by eddy motion characteristics of turbulent
flow. This is called eddy diffusion. The second step is
molecular diffusion between and inside the very
small eddies. Sometimes the diffusion process is
accompanied by bulk flow of the mixture in a
direction parallel to the direction of diffusion.
A more accurate and rigorous treatment must be
considered which is the intermolecular forces of
attraction and repulsion between molecules as well
as the different sizes of molecules A and B.
Chapman and Enskog solved the Boltzmann
equation, which uses a distribution function instead
of the mean free path.
Diffusivity is a proportionality constant between
the mass flux due to molecular diffusion and the
gradient in the concentration of the species. It should
be apparent that the rate of molecular diffusion in
liquids is considerably slower in gasses. The
The final relation for predicting the diffusivity of
binary gas pair A and B molecule is:
1
Diffusion of Liquids Through Stagnant Non-Diffusing Air
1.8583 x 107
1
1
D AB= (T 1.5 ) 2
+
P AB M A M B
0.5
where:
DAB diffusivity
T absolute temperature
MA molecular weight of gas A
MB molecular weight of stagnant B
P absolute pressure
average collision
collision integral
Close the other end of the capillary tube
and fill it with pure volatile liquid
Measure the initial height of the
liquid
II. EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS
Provide gentle stream of air using
a fan
Apparatus: Constant Water Bath
Thermometers
Iron Stand
Iron Clamp
Cork
Capillary Tube
Vernier Caliper
Portable Electric Fan
Stopwatch
Provide gentle stream of air using
a fan
Materials: Ethanol
Methanol
Acetone
Measure the height of the
remaining liquid in the capillary
tube after 10 and 15 minutes
Repeat procedure 2-4 for 2 trials
having 65C and 80 C as the
temperature respectively
III. PROCEDURE/ METHODOLOGY
START
Compare the result with those
obtained using Chapmann-Enskog
and other empirical formula
Prepare the constant Water Bath
and Set it to
END
X
Technological Institute of the Philippines Manila
CHE 502 Unit Operations Laboratory 2, 1st Semester SY 2016-2017
IV. DATA AND RESULTS
Table 4.1 Height of liquid in the capillary
Trial 1
T=50C
Liquid
ho
T,C
h10
T,C
h15
Ethanol
Methanol
Acetone
59mm
58mm
53mm
58mm
57mm
52mm
30
30
30
Liquid
ho
Ethanol
Methanol
Acetone
59mm
55mm
55mm
57mm
53mm
54mm
T=58C
0.00045
0.000098
-
CALCULATIONS
TRIAL 1
T,C
57mm
56mm
51mm
38
38
38
ETHANOL
For 10 minutes:
Table 4.2 Height of liquid in the capillary
Trial 2
T=65C
T,C
h10
T=48C
0.00027
0.00016
0.000022
Ethanol
Methanol
Acetone
PBM =
( PP A 1 )(PP A 2)
ln
T,C
h15
T,C
48
48
48
53mm
52.5
53mm
58
58
58
PBM =
PP A 1
PP A 2
( 101.32519.53 )(101.325)
101.32519.53
ln
101.325
A. CAPILLARY TUBE METHOD
Table 4.3 Properties from Perrys ChE Handbook
Liquid
Ethanol
Methanol
Acetone
Density, kg/m3
781.36
784.74
780.58
775.34
776.90
800.33
PBM =95.98 kPa
Vapor Pressure,
kPa
10.53
16.23
21.76
32.18
37.95
52.30
Table 4.4 Diffusivities Computed for Trial 1
Liquid
Ethanol
Diffusivity
DAB, m2/s
10 minutes
15 minutes
T=30C
T=38C
0.000367
0.000318
Methanol
0.000241
0.000205
Acetone
6.24X10-5
8.09 X10-5
Ethanol
Methanol
Acetone
Density, kg/m3
763.68
766.89
759.74
754.69
756.61
747.53
D AB=
( 781.36 ) ( 95.98 ) ( 8.314 ) ( 303.15 ) 0.0592 0.0582
( 600 )(46) ( 101.325 )( 10.53 )
2
)
(
For 15 minutes
PBM =
( PP A 1 )(PP A 2)
ln
Vapor Pressure,
MPa
26.871
42.793
50.866
77.897
76.11
107.945
PBM =
Table 4.6 Diffusivities Computed for Trial 2
Liquid
AB PBM RT
z 2f z 2o
2
tP M A ( P A 1P A 2 )
m2
D AB=0. 000367
s
Table 4.5 Properties from Perrys ChE Handbook
Liquid
D AB=
Diffusivity
DAB, m2/s
10 minutes
15 minutes
PP A 1
PP A 2
( 101.32516.22 ) (101.325)
101.32516.22
ln
101.325
PBM =93.01kPa
3
)
)
Diffusion of Liquids Through Stagnant Non-Diffusing Air
PBM =
AB PBM RT
z 2f z 2o
D AB=
2
tP M A ( P A 1P A 2 )
D AB=
( 101.32532.18 )(101.325)
101.32532.18
ln
101.325
PBM =84.21kPa
2
2
( 775.34 ) ( 93.01 ) ( 8.314 ) ( 311.15 ) 0.05920.057 2
AB PBM RT
z f z o
D
=
AB
( 900 )(46) (101.325 )( 16.22 )
2
2
tP M A ( P A 1P A 2 )
D AB=0.000318
m
s
D AB=
( 776.90 ) ( 84.21 )( 8.314 )( 311.15 ) 0.0582 0.0562
( 900 )( 32) ( 101.325 )( 32.18 )
2
METHANOL
D AB=0. 000205
For 10 minutes
PBM =
PBM =
( PP A 1 )( PP A 2)
PP A 1
ln
PP A 2
m2
s
For 10 minutes
PBM =
( 101.32521.76 )(101.325)
101.32521.76
ln
101.325
PBM =
AB PBM RT
z 2f z 2o
2
tP M A ( P A 1P A 2 )
( PP A 1 )(PP A 2)
ln
PP A 1
PP A 2
( 101.32537.95 )(101.325)
101.32537.95
ln
101.325
PBM =80.87 kPa
( 784.74 ) ( 89.99 ) ( 8.314 ) ( 303.15 ) 0.058 20.0572
AB PBM RT
z 2f z 2o
D AB=
D AB=
( 600 ) (32) ( 101.325 ) ( 21.76 )
2
2
tP M A ( P A 1P A 2 )
D AB=0. 000241
m2
s
D AB=
D AB=6.24 X 1 05
( PP A 1 )( PP A 2)
ln
PP A 1
PP A 2
For 15 minutes:
( 780.58 ) ( 80.87 ) ( 8.314 ) ( 303.15 ) 0.0532 0.0522
( 600 ) (58.08) ( 101.325 ) ( 37.95 )
2
For 15 minutes:
PBM =
ACETONE
PBM =89.99 kPa
D AB=
m2
s
Technological Institute of the Philippines Manila
CHE 502 Unit Operations Laboratory 2, 1st Semester SY 2016-2017
PBM =
( PP A 1 )( PP A 2)
ln
PBM =
PP A 1
PP A 2
( 753.09 )( 77.87 )( 8.314 )( 33 1.15 ) 0.05920.05 32
D AB=
( 9 00 ) ( 46) ( 101.325 ) ( 42.97 )
2
D AB=0.0004
( 101.32552.3 )(101.325)
101.32552.3
ln
101.325
PBM =72.04 kPa
AB PBM RT
z 2f z 2o
D AB=
2
tP M A ( P A 1P A 2 )
METHANOL
For 10 minutes
( 800.33 ) ( 72.04 ) ( 8.314 ) ( 311.15 ) 0.05320.0512
D AB=
( 900 ) (58.08) ( 101.325 ) ( 52.3 )
2
D AB=
AB PBM RT
z 2f z 2o
2
tP M A ( P A 1P A 2 )
D AB=
( 766.89 )( 72.96 4 ) ( 8.314 )( 3 21.15 ) 0.05 820.05
( 6 00 ) (32) ( 101.325 ) ( 50.87 )
2
m2
D AB=8.09 X 1 0
s
)
(
D AB=0.00016
TRIAL 2
ETHANOL
For 15 minutes
For 10 minutes
AB PBM RT
z 2f z 2o
D AB=
2
tP M A ( P A 1P A 2 )
AB PBM RT
z 2f z 2o
D AB=
2
tP M A ( P A 1P A 2 )
( 763.68 ) ( 87.2 )( 8.314 )( 321.15 ) 0.05 920.05 7 2
D AB=
( 6 00 ) ( 46) ( 101.325 ) ( 26.87 )
2
)
D AB=
D AB=0.00027
D AB=
( 756.61 )( 72.964 )( 8.314 )( 3 3 1.15 ) 0.05820.05 6
( 9 00 ) (32) ( 101.325 ) (77.897 )
2
D AB=0.000098
For 15 minutes
AB PBM RT
z f z o
2
tP M A ( P A 1P A 2 )
ACETONE
For 10 minutes
)
(
Diffusion of Liquids Through Stagnant Non-Diffusing Air
AB PBM RT
z f z o
D AB=
2
tP M A ( P A 1P A 2 )
D AB=
Methanol
Acetone
1.22 x 105
4.16 x 106
2
( 7 59.74 ) ( 72.965 )( 8.314 ) ( 321.15 ) 0.05820.056TRIAL
1
( 6 00 ) (58.08) ( 101.325 )( 76.11 )
2
METHANOL
For 10 minutes
D AB=0.000022
D AB=
( 1.8583 x 107 ) ( 303.151.5 )
(1)(4.40)(1.65)
B. CHAPMAN-ENSKOG METHOD
D AB=7.86 x 10
Table 4.7 Properties of Volatile Liquid from Perrys
Chemical Engineers Handbook 8th Ed.
Propert
Methanol
Ethanol
Acetone
y
Tb,K
336.71
351.52
329.05
387.22
404.25
387.22
/k
AB,
4.40
3.36
5.70
MW,
32.08
46
58.08
kg/kmol
D AB=
o4.909
+1.91T
D AB=
o1.575 0.1
1.5
( 1.8583 x 10 ) ( T ) 1
1
+
2
P AB
(M
MB
0.5
m2
s
15
min
0.80
1.63
10
min
0.75
1.69
15
min
0.77
1.67
10
min
0.78
1.65
15
min
0.80
1.63
m
s
(1)(3.36)(1.6 7)
0.5
( 46 29 )
m2
s
ACETONE
For 10 minutes
Diffusivities for Trial 1
Liquid
Diffusivity
DAB, m2/s
10 minutes
15 minutes
T=48C
T=58C
6
( 46 29 )
( 1.8583 x 107 ) ( 3 11.151.5 ) 1 1
+
D AB=1.29 x 105
D AB=
7.86 x 10
(1)(3.36)(1.6 9)
0.5
For 15 minutes
Acetone
Ethanol
Methanol
Property
( 1.8583 x 107 ) ( 3 03.151.5 ) 1 1
+
D AB=1.22 x 105
0.5
D AB=
Ethanol
(1)( 4.40)(1.6 3)
1
1
+
32.08 29
For 10 minutes
To
ETHANOL
=( 44.54 T
10
min
0.78
1.65
0.5
( 1.8583 x 107 ) ( 3 11 .151.5 )
D AB=8.28 x 106
kT
T =
D AB=
m
s
1
1
+
32.08 29
For 15 minutes
Time
1.29 x 105
4.38 x 106
( 1.8583 x 107 ) ( 3 03.151.5 )
(1)(5.70)(1.6 5)
D AB=4.16 x 106
8 . 28 x 10
D AB=
6
1
1
+
58.08 29
1
1
+
58.08 29
0.5
m
s
( 1.8583 x 107 ) ( 3 11.151.5 )
(1)(5.70)(1.6 3)
0.5
Technological Institute of the Philippines Manila
CHE 502 Unit Operations Laboratory 2, 1st Semester SY 2016-2017
D AB=4.38 x 106
m
s
HAZARDS
Among numerous hazards posed by the conduct
of this experiment, is minor chemical reagent irritation,
scalding acquired from the hot water in the constant water
bath and lacerations and wound that can be acquired if
the glass apparatuses breaks and is mishandled.
WASTE DISPOSAL
Hot water from the constant temperature water
bath needs to be cooled first before discharging it to the
drainage system. Organic solvents used must be
disposed in the organic waste bottle.
V. CONCLUSION
From this experiment it can be concluded that
diffusivity of volatile liquids can be determined using
different known methods. However poses slight
discrepancies in the results because of certain
parameters. In addition, from this experiment it can be
learned that the driving force of diffusion is the
concentration gradient between the two interfaces.
A few of the apparatuses used in this experiment. The
iron stand and iron clamp that is used to hold the capillary
tube and thermometer in place just above the constant
temperature water bath.
VI. DOCUMENTATION
The experimental setup wherein a portable fan is used
to force air in the system
The reagents used in the experiment namely (from left
to right) Ethanol, Acetone and Methanol
Diffusion of Liquids Through Stagnant Non-Diffusing Air
Raviz, James Laurence, Chemical Engineering Department, Technological
Institute of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines, 09179744486, (e-mail:
laurenceraviz@gmail.com).
