F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

DEC 11 1998

PATRICK FISHER
Clerk

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

v.

Plaintiff - Appellee,

WILLIE RAY PEWITTE,

No. 98-3002
(D. Kansas)

(D.C. No. 96-CR-40078)

Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT

Before ANDERSON , KELLY , and LUCERO , Circuit Judges.

Willie Ray Pewitte appeals his conviction by a jury on one count of

possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
841(a)(1). We affirm.

This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3
*

BACKGROUND
On October 9, 1996, Junction City, Kansas, narcotics detective Patricia
Giordano swore out an affidavit describing two controlled purchases of cocaine
by a confidential informant from Mr. Pewitte. The purchases took place in an
apartment at 128 East Seventh Street in Junction City. The affiant sought a
warrant to search 128 EAST 7TH #1, THE FIRST APARTMENT DOOR ON
THE WEST SIDE AS YOU ENTER THE APARTMENT BUILDING, AND 128
EAST 7TH ST., APARTMENT LOCATED ON THE SECOND FLOOR, EAST
SIDE OF THE BUILDING. R. Vol. I, Tab 23 at Ex. A. A judge issued a search
warrant authorizing the search of 128-1 EAST 7TH STREET (WEST
APARTMENT GROUND LEVEL).

Id. at Ex. B.

Officer Giordiano, along with officers Joseph Espy, Mike Life, and Robert
Story, arrived at the apartment building just before 8:00 a.m. on October 10.
Without announcing their presence or knocking on the door, the officers
forcefully opened the door leading to Mr. Pewittes first floor apartment. They
found Mr. Pewitte asleep on the floor a few feet inside the door. An officer gave
Mr. Pewitte a Miranda warning. Detective Story asked for and received Mr.

A second search warrant authorized the search of a second floor apartment.

That search warrant was not made a part of the record in Mr. Pewittes
suppression hearing.
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Pewittes permission to search the vacant apartments in the building and Mr.
Pewittes automobile. R. Vol. IV, Tab 79 at 95-96.
The officers discovered in Mr. Pewittes apartment a set of digital scales,
on which cocaine residue was subsequently found, $951.00 in cash, some razor
blades, a bill from a cable company, and other miscellaneous documents. While
Mr. Pewittes apartment was searched, other officers searched the second floor
apartment rented by Wayne Boyd, in which Mr. Boyds girlfriend, Diane King,
was asleep. In Mr. Boyds apartment officers discovered a smoking device made
from an antenna, on which cocaine residue was subsequently found, plastic
baggies with the corners missing,

a package of rolling papers, a bill addressed to

Mr. Boyd, and a lease document listing Mr. Pewitte as the landlord and Mr. Boyd
as the tenant for Mr. Boyds apartment. The officers found several pieces of wire
mesh used for smoking cocaine in Ms. Kings purse. She was arrested after the
discovery of that drug paraphernalia.
While the search of Mr. Boyds apartment continued, officers picked up
Mr. Boyd from his place of employment and took him to the police station for
questioning. Detective Story told Mr. Boyd that his apartment had been searched,
that Ms. King had been arrested, that cocaine residue and drug paraphernalia had

Detective Life testified that plastic baggies with missing corners indicated
that cocaine had been packaged. R. Vol. III at 25.
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been found in his apartment, and that the police were particularly interested in
Mr. Pewitte. They advised Mr. Boyd that if he would provide information about
Mr. Pewitte, the officers would recommend probation for Ms. King.
After talking to Mr. Boyd, the officers again searched a vacant apartment
on the second floor. During this second search, officers discovered a black bag
containing a quantity of crack cocaine. Officers used a small key found on Mr.
Pewittes car key chain to open the lock on the bag. Fingerprints on the plastic
bags containing the cocaine matched Mr. Pewittes fingerprints.
Pursuant to Mr. Pewittes consent, officers also searched an 80's model
Cadillac registered to Mr. Pewittes grandmother. No drugs were found in the
car. The car was seized and forfeited to the Junction City Police Department.
Mr. Pewitte filed a motion to suppress all evidence seized pursuant to the
search warrant, which was denied. He was convicted following a two-day trial.
On appeal, he argues the district court erred in: (1) failing to suppress
evidence seized as a result of a search warrant which did not authorize the noknock entry which occurred; (2) failing to suppress evidence seized as a result of
a search warrant lacking in probable cause and particularity; (3) failing to require
the government to disclose the identity of the confidential informant; and (4)
refusing to grant a new trial based on governmental conduct allegedly constituting
extrajudicial contact with jurors.
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DISCUSSION
We review the denial of a motion to suppress under familiar standards.
We accept the district courts factual findings unless those findings are clearly
erroneous, and we consider the totality of the circumstances and view the
evidence in a light most favorable to the government.

United States v. Gama-

Bastidas , 142 F.3d 1233, 1237 (10th Cir. 1998). We review de novo the ultimate
determination of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment.

United States v.

Maden , 64 F.3d 1505, 1508 (10th Cir. 1995). We review for an abuse of
discretion the refusal to require disclosure of a confidential informants identity
and the denial of a new trial because of improper contact with the jury.
States v. Leahy , 47 F.3d 396, 398 (10th Cir. 1995) (informants identity);

United
United

States v. Davis , 60 F.3d 1479, 1482 (10th Cir. 1995) (new trial).

A. No-Knock Entry
The Supreme Court has held that the common-law knock-and-announce
principle forms a part of the Fourth Amendment reasonableness inquiry.

Wilson

v. Arkansas , 514 U.S. 927, 930 (1995). A recognized exception to this principle
permits no-knock entries when justified by exigent circumstances. In order to
justify a no-knock entry, the police must have a reasonable suspicion that
knocking and announcing their presence, under the particular circumstances,
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would be dangerous or futile, or that it would inhibit the effective investigation of

the crime by, for example, allowing the destruction of evidence.
Wisconsin , 520 U.S. 385, ___, 117 S. Ct. 1416, 1421 (1997).

Richards v.
3

The question

whether exigent circumstances justify a no-knock entry is a mixed question of

law and fact.

United States v. Dahlman , 13 F.3d 1391, 1398 (10th Cir. 1993).

We review for clear error the trial courts factual findings, but the ultimate
determination of exigency we review de novo.

Id.

The government argues there were the following exigent circumstances

known to the police officers executing the warrant in this case: Detective Story
testified that information . . . circulated through the confidential informants and
different sources on the street that [Mr. Pewitte] always had guns, R. Vol. II,
Tab 77 at 13; and, in 1991, during a controlled buy of narcotics from Mr. Pewitte,
officers heard him say through a monitoring device that he had guns just like the
police and that he wasnt scared about shooting the police and that he would do
that. Id. Mr. Pewitte responds that officers have never in fact found weapons in

Although Mr. Pewitte cites the federal knock and announce statute, 18
U.S.C. 3109, we have held that 3109 does not apply to state investigations by
state officers. United States v. Moland , 996 F.2d 259, 261 (10th Cir. 1993).
Thus, while 3109 does not apply of its own force to state officers executing
state warrants, the Supreme Court in
Wilson made clear that the common-law
knock and announce principle underlying the federal statute is incorporated in
the Fourth Amendments reasonableness inquiry. Accordingly, we examine the
propriety of the no-knock entry in this case under the Fourth Amendment.
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his possession, and his statements in 1991 were mere puffery. Appellants Br.
at 11. Thus, he argues no exigent circumstances justified the no-knock entry.
We affirm the district courts denial of Mr. Pewittes motion to suppress
based on the no-knock entry. Our review of the record convinces us that the
police conduct was justified. Police officers had heard Mr. Pewitte previously
indicate a willingness to shoot officers and they heard from confidential
informants that he carried weapons. We and other courts have previously held
that comparable information justifies a no-knock entry.

See Dahlman , 13 F.3d

at 1398 (among circumstances justifying no-knock entry was information from

an informant that the defendant intended to shoot it out with police);

see also

United States v. Kennedy , 32 F.3d 876, 882-83 (4th Cir. 1994) (among
circumstances justifying non-compliance with knock and announce statute was
defendants threat to kill[] a cop);

United States v. Spinelli , 848 F.2d 26, 29-30

(2nd Cir. 1988) (among circumstances justifying non-compliance with knock and
announce statute was defendants reputation for violence);

cf. United States v.

Myers , 106 F.3d 936, 940 (10th Cir.) (among circumstances justifying use of
flash-bang device ten seconds after knocking on door was officers awareness that
defendant had previously been involved in a firebombing incident),

cert. denied ,

117 S. Ct. 2446 (1997). We discern no Fourth Amendment violation in the

execution of the no-knock entry in the particular circumstances of this case.
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B. Sufficiency of the Affidavit

Mr. Pewitte argues the affidavit provided as the basis for the search warrant
failed to establish probable cause to believe that contraband would be found in
Mr. Pewittes apartment. In determining whether probable cause exists to issue
a warrant, the issuing judge must decide whether, given the totality of the
circumstances, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime
will be found in a particular place.
1246 (10th Cir. 1998) (quoting

United States v. Simpson , 152 F.3d 1241,

United States v. Janus Indus.

, 48 F.3d 1548, 1552

(10th Cir. 1995)). A judges determination of probable cause is afforded great

deference, and we will uphold it as long as the judge had a substantial basis for
finding that probable cause existed.

Id.

As Mr. Pewitte argues, the primary information in the affidavit was a

description of two controlled buys of cocaine by a confidential informant from
Mr. Pewitte, aka Sugar Ray. Mr. Pewitte argues the affidavit failed to establish
probable cause because it contained no information about the credibility and
reliability of the informant, nor any independent verification of the informants
statements, such as records from a monitoring device. He also argues the
affidavit failed to establish probable cause to believe that contraband would be
found on the date the warrant was issued.

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We have observed that [t]he issuing judges task is to make a common

sense decision whether the totality of the evidence supports the conclusion there
is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found.
Lawmaster v. Ward , 125 F.3d 1341, 1348 (10th Cir. 1997). In

Lawmaster , we

upheld the sufficiency of an affidavit relating the informants detailed, eyewitness account of the alleged illegal activity.

Id. Similarly, the affidavit here

described in detail the informants eye-witness account of the drug buys. An

explicit and detailed description of alleged wrongdoing, along with a statement
that the event was observed firsthand, entitles [the] tip to greater weight than
might otherwise be the case.

Illinois v. Gates , 462 U.S. 213, 234 (1983);

see

also Kaiser v. Lief , 874 F.2d 732, 734 (10th Cir. 1989) (holding affidavit
sufficiently established confidential informants credibility where the
informants knowledge of the events described in the affidavit was first-hand
and the substance the informant obtained was in fact cocaine). Moreover, the
affiant and other officers watched the informant enter and exit the building where
the controlled buys occurred. That provided additional corroboration of the
informants reliability.

See United States v. Richardson , 86 F.3d 1537, 1545

(10th Cir. 1996) (holding that affidavit established probable cause where the
informants tip was corroborated by a controlled narcotics purchase and the
observation of [the defendants] residence).
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We also reject Mr. Pewittes argument that the warrant was unsupported by
probable cause to believe that contraband would be found on the date the warrant
was issued. The affidavit described two controlled buys from Mr. Pewitte, one
the day before the warrant was issued and the other three days before. On each
occasion Mr. Pewitte readily provided more than a gram of cocaine to the
informant. That provided probable cause to believe that contraband would be
found when the warrant was issued.
We therefore hold, according the appropriate deference to the issuing
judges determination, that the warrant was supported by probable cause.

C. Confidential Informants Identity

Mr. Pewitte next argues the district court erred in denying his request to
reveal the confidential informants identity. As indicated, we review that denial
for an abuse of discretion.

Leahy , 47 F.3d at 398.

The decision whether to disclose a confidential informants identity

involves balancing the public interest in protecting the flow of information
against the individuals right to prepare his defense.

Roviaro v. United States ,

As the government observes, Mr. Pewitte fails to develop his argument

that the warrant lacked particularity. We therefore consider the issue abandoned.
At oral argument of this case, Mr. Pewittes counsel conceded abandonment.
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353 U.S. 53, 62 (1957). We have stated as follows concerning the necessity to
make such a disclosure:
A defendant may obtain the identity and whereabouts of an informer
if his testimony might be relevant to the defendants case and justice
would be best served by disclosure. Disclosure is not required if the
CI did not participate in the illegal activity or when information
sought is cumulative. A CIs testimony must be shown to be
valuable to a defendant; mere speculation is not enough.
Leahy , 47 F.3d at 398 (quotations and citations omitted).
Mr. Pewitte was not charged with any activity involving the controlled buys
by the informant. He was charged and convicted based on evidence found during
the search of his apartment and the apartment where the cocaine was found in a
bag to which he had the key. The confidential informant had no relevant
information about that charge or that evidence. We therefore conclude the district
court did not abuse its discretion in failing to disclose the identity of the
confidential informant.

D. Failure to Grant a New Trial

As indicated, police officials confiscated Mr. Pewittes Cadillac, which was
subsequently forfeited by Mr. Pewitte and used by the police in their D.A.R.E.
program. 5 The personalized Sugar Ray (Mr. Pewittes nickname) tag on the
D.A.R.E. stands for Drug Abuse Resistance Education, a program
conducted by local police agencies in schools throughout the country.
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front of the car was removed, and the police painted flames on the car, attached
D.A.R.E. stickers to it, and inscribed on it the following: Seized from a local
drug dealer by Junction City Police Department. The car was featured and
promoted in the D.A.R.E. program and in local newspapers and at exhibitions.
The car was parked near the courthouse during Mr. Pewittes trial, although the
parties dispute whether jurors were able to see the vehicle.
Mr. Pewitte filed a variety of motions relating to the vehicle, including
motions for a gag order, a change of venue and to dismiss, all of which were
denied. Following his guilty verdict, Mr. Pewitte filed a motion for judgment of
acquittal or for a new trial, on the ground that the jury had been improperly
influenced by exposure to the vehicle. The district court found that the vehicle
was parked within the visitors parking lot of the federal courthouse during at
least one day of the trial and that it was also observed being driven in the
downtown Topeka area during the lunch hour of August 19, 1997 [the second day
of trial]. United States v. Pewitte , 985 F. Supp. 1254, 1256 (D. Kan. 1997).
As the district court noted, the issue is whether any exposure to the
extraneous information impermissibly tainted the jurors so as to warrant a new
trial. Davis , 60 F.3d at 1484. A rebuttable presumption of prejudice arises
whenever a jury is exposed to external information in contravention of a district
courts instructions.

Mayhue v. St. Francis Hosp. of Wichita, Inc.

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, 969 F.2d 919,

922 (10th Cir. 1992). The government bears the burden of establishing the
harmlessness of any such contact with the jury.

See United States v. Hornung ,

848 F.2d 1040, 1044 (10th Cir. 1988). Further, we must be satisfied that the
exposure was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

Davis , 60 F.3d at 1485. We

have stated that the most common means of demonstrating the harmlessness of
an extraneous contact is to show the existence of overwhelming evidence of [the]
defendants guilt.

Id. (quoting Hornung , 848 F.2d at 1045).

Instead of holding an evidentiary hearing to determine the disputed issue of

whether jurors were, in fact, exposed to extraneous information concerning the
vehicle, the court assumed that some or all of the jurors did indeed see the
D.A.R.E. vehicle.

Pewitte , 985 F. Supp. at 1256. As the district court also

noted, photographs of the vehicle, post-forfeiture, with its D.A.R.E. regalia,

were shown to the jury. The district court found any prejudice occasioned by any
additional extraneous exposure to the vehicle to be harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt because of the overwhelming evidence of [Mr. Pewittes] culpability,
at 1257, which it detailed as follows:
The evidence showed that the key to the bag containing the subject
crack cocaine was on the defendants keyring, that the cocaine was in
a room to which the defendant had access, and that digital scales that
bore cocaine residue were in the defendants apartment near a large
amount of cash. Additionally, a cooperating witness admitted he
helped the defendant package and store cocaine in his residence. The
witness also testified that he obtained cocaine from the defendant.
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id.

Id. at 1256-57. The court therefore denied Mr. Pewittes motion for a new trial.
We review that denial for an abuse of discretion.

Davis , 60 F.3d at 1482.

While we do not condone the governments conduct, which, if true, is less than
exemplary, we find no abuse of discretion in the district courts denial of the
motion for a new trial, in light of the courts review of the evidence against Mr.
Pewitte, and its correct conclusion of harmlessness. We therefore affirm the
denial of Mr. Pewittes motion for a new trial.
AFFIRMED.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Stephen H. Anderson
Circuit Judge

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