CS30002:
Operating Systems
Arobinda Gupta
Spring 2012
General Information
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Textbook:
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Course Webpage
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Operating System Concepts, 8th Ed, by Silberschatz,
Galvin, and Gagne
I will use materials from other books as and when
needed
http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~agupta/OS
Grading Policy
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Midsem 30%
Endsem 50%
TA 20% (Two class tests, may also have
assignments)
Introduction
What is an Operating System?
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User-centric definition
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A program that acts as an intermediary between
a user of a computer and the computer hardware
Defines an interface for the user to use services
provided by the system
Provides a view of the system to the user
System-centric definition
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Resource allocator manages and allocates
resources
Control program controls the execution of user
programs and operations of I/O devices
Computer System Components
1. Hardware provides basic computing resources
(CPU, memory, I/O devices).
2. Operating system controls and coordinates the
use of the hardware among the various
application programs for the various users.
3. Applications programs define the ways in which
the system resources are used to solve the
computing problems of the users (compilers,
databases, games, ).
4. Users (people, machines, other computers).
Abstract View of System
Components
Types of Systems
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Batch Systems
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Multiprogrammed Batch Systems
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Multiple jobs, but only one job in memory at one time
and executed (till completion) before the next one starts
Multiple jobs in memory, CPU is multiplexed between
them
CPU-bound vs I/O bound jobs
Time-sharing Systems
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Multiple jobs in memory and on disk, CPU is multiplexed
among jobs in memory, jobs swapped between disk and
memory
Allows interaction with users
Personal Computers
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Multiprocessing Systems
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Different types of systems with multiple CPUs/Machines
Real Time Systems
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More than one CPU in a single machine to allocate jobs to
Symmetric Multiprocessing, NUMA machines
Multicore
Other Parallel Systems, Distributed Systems, Clusters
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Dedicated to a single user at one time
Systems to run jobs with time guarantees
Other types possible depending on resources in the
machine, types of jobs to be run
OS design depends on the type of system it is
designed for
Our primary focus in this course:
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Uniprocessor, time-sharing systems running general
purpose jobs from users
Effect of multicore/multiprocessors
Will discuss some other topics at end
Resources Managed by OS
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Physical
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CPU, Memory, Disk, I/O Devices like keyboard, monitor,
printer
Logical
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Process, File,
Main Components of an OS
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Resource-Centric View
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Process Management
Main Memory Management
File Management
I/O System Management
Secondary Storage Management
Security and Protection System
Networking (this is now integrated with most OS, but will
be covered in the Networks course)
User-centric view
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System Calls
Command Interpreter (not strictly a part of an OS)
Process Management
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A process is a program in execution.
Needs certain resources to accomplish
its task
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CPU time, memory, files, I/O devices
OS responsibilities
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Process creation and deletion.
Process suspension and resumption.
Provide mechanisms for:
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Main-Memory Management
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OS responsibilities
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Keep track of which parts of memory are currently
being used and by whom
Decide which processes to load when memory space
becomes available
Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed
File Management
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OS responsibilities
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File creation, deletion, modification
Directory creation, deletion, modification
Support of primitives for manipulating files and
directories
Mapping files onto secondary storage.
File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media
I/O System Management
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The I/O system consists of:
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A buffer-caching system
Device driver interface
Drivers for specific hardware devices
Secondary-Storage Management
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Most modern computer systems use disks as
the principle on-line storage medium, for both
programs and data.
OS responsibilities
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Free space management
Storage allocation
Disk scheduling
Security and Protection System
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Protection refers to a mechanism for controlling
access by programs, processes, or users to both
system and user resources.
The protection mechanism must:
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distinguish between authorized and unauthorized usage
specify the controls to be imposed
provide a means of enforcement
System Calls
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System calls provide the interface between a
running program and the OS
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Think of it as a set of functions available to the program
to call (but somewhat different from normal functions,
we will see why)
Generally available as assembly-language instructions.
Most common languages (e.g., C, C++) have APIs that
call system calls underneath
Passing parameters to system calls
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Pass parameters in registers
Store the parameters in a table in memory, and the
table address is passed as a parameter in a register
Push (store) the parameters onto the stack by the
program, and pop off the stack by operating system
Command-Interpreter System
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Strictly not a part of OS, but always there
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the shell
Allows user to give commands to OS, interpretes
the commands and executes them
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Calls appropriate functions/system calls
You will write one in your lab
