PRODUCTION
Tubing Anchor Catcher Application and
Operation
SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2013 ISSUE
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Understanding the basic aspects of TACs
and their application, operational
procedures and tubing stretch is necessary
for efficient artificial lift.
by Jyothi Swaroop Samayamantula, Don-Nan Pump & Supply
From the selection process to installation and continued
maintenance, a tubing anchor catcher (TAC) is one of the
most important tools for achieving efficient pumping
operation. The upstream oil and gas sector continues to
evolve with new methods morphed from old methods as it
pertains to artificial lift systems. Since the people and parts
continue to change for oil companies, understanding the
basic, yet important, aspects of TACs and their application,
operational procedures and tubing stretch is necessary. In
covering this tools basics and importance, the scope of this
article will expand on tubing stretch, shear values, drag
spring usage, troubleshooting and other installation
techniques.
What Is a TAC?
A TAC is a device used to anchor tubing string to the casing
at a desired depth. It pulls and maintains tension in the
tubing string during pumping while simultaneously catching
and preventing any parted pipe from falling into the well. It
and preventing any parted pipe from falling into the well. It
is used in most rod pumping applications in which
maintaining tubing tension is necessary.
When set with proper tension to overcome breathing and
buckling, the TAC effectively cuts operating costs incurred
from excessive rod, tubing and casing wear, which results in
fewer pulling jobs. The elimination of breathing and
buckling increases production by lengthening the effective
stroke of the pump, thereby increasing volumetric efficiency.
Why Use a TAC?
The alternative to TAC use would be allowing the tubing to
hang free. This leads to a few problems, such as:
Excessive wear of the rods, tubing, casing and pump
Reduced pumping efficiency
Increased operating costsfor example, increased
requirements of power consumption
Tubing buckling because of piston effects such as
breathing (also referred to as plugging), buoyancy and
ballooning effects
The movement of the bottom portion of the freely suspended
tubing string along with the plunger as the pump strokes is
referred to as breathing. This movement is caused by
alternately transferring the load of the fluid column from the
rod string to the tubing string. On the down stroke, the
tubing carries the fluid load, and on the up stroke, the rods
carry the fluid load. During the down stroke, the tubing
elongates and the rods shorten. During the up stroke, the
rods elongate and the tubing shortens. The elongation and
contraction of the tubing string along with the rod string
reduces the effective pump stroke and, as a result, reduces the
production. This also creates tubing buckling, which results
in tubing and casing wear; tubing collar leaks; and metal
in tubing and casing wear; tubing collar leaks; and metal
fatigue, causing the tubing to part. Buoyancy and ballooning
effects cause the tubing string to change length.
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In practice, tubing undergoes bending or buckling, which is
characterized by a sudden failure of a tubing member
subjected to high compressive stress in which the actual
compressive stress at the point of failure is less than the
ultimate compressive stress that the tubing material is able to
withstand. Because the tubing string is set free from tension,
nothing restrains the buckling forces. The rods remain
straight, supporting the fluid load. The tubing string bends
and coils helically (see Figure 1), rubbing against both the
rods and casing. The rods are forced out of alignment while
the pump barrel wear is accelerated. In this case, the rods,
tubing, casing and pump are subjected to extreme wear. This
also causes the pump to consume more lifting power to
overcome the added friction.
Some of the means by which the tubing buckling can be
handled are tension anchors, tail pipe, sucker rod guides and
corrosion inhibitors. To keep the tubing string from
buckling, the structural member/tubing string should be
subjected to tension. Using a TAC to anchor the tubing
string at the bottom permits the tubing to stretch beyond the
point that it would be stretched by the fluid load and
temperature variations. The
temperature variations. The
TAC at the bottom of the
tubing string will help hold
the tubing string straight
and keep its length from
changing during the pump
stroke.
Installation and Operation
Many factorswellhead
type, proper installation,
running and setting, and
normal and emergency
releasingmust be
considered when using a
TAC.
Selection of Wellhead
The type of wellhead is an
important factor in
obtaining proper stretch in
the tubing string.
Determining the type of
wellhead to be used before
installing the TAC is
Figure 1. Helical bending of the tubing
important. Screw type (see
string
Image 1) and slip type (see
Image 2) are two commonly
used wellhead devices. Both have advantages and
disadvantages.
Image 1. A screw type wellhead
Image 2. A slip type wellhead
In a slip type wellhead, the tubing is stretched and allows the
tapered slips to catch the tubing string. The teeth on the slips
provide the necessary friction to keep the tubing string
stretched. To have proper friction between the slips and the
tubing, the tubing must be straight. Only a part of the slips
tubing, the tubing must be straight. Only a part of the slips
will be in contact with the tubing string if it is crooked. This
will cause the tube to stress and result in a tubing failure at
the point of contact.
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When a screw type wellhead is used, the tubing is screwed
into the bottom of the flange. To use a screw type wellhead,
the tubing must be overstretched 18 inches (457 millimeters)
or more to install the pulling unit slips under the top tubing
collar. The installation of a screw type wellhead might
introduce some slack in the tubing string if the tubing is not
overstretched. At the same time, use of a higher shear value
to overstretch the tubing could be detrimental to the lowstrength tubing.
Installation
In the tubing string, the TAC should be positioned
immediately below the pump. The seating nipple should be
screwed into the top sub of the anchor. If the pump must be
located below the TAC, special consideration must be given
to the bore through the anchor and the tensile strength of the
anchor mandrel. For the pump to be installed below the
TAC, the pump has to go through the mandrels internal
diameter (ID). In this case, the ID of the mandrel should be
equal to or more than the ID of the tubing for that pump.
When the TAC is installed below the seating nipple, the fluid
load acts on the seating nipple. If the TAC is anchored above
load acts on the seating nipple. If the TAC is anchored above
the seating nipple, the TAC mandrel is subjected to the fluid
load.
Figure 2 shows the assembly of a TAC. It shows the position
of the drag springs, which create friction between the anchor
and the casing ID. This will hold the TAC cage stationary
while allowing the upper and lower cones to expand the slips.
The drag springs also help guide the TAC through the casing.
The assembly of a TAC
Drag springs should not be used as a handle for carrying or
tailing in tubing. This would bend the drag springs and
impair their function. In deep installations (8,000 feet or
2,438
meters), two or more drag springs should be used one
MENU
on top of the other.
TACs should not be used in wells that have bad casings. The
TACs should not be used in wells that have bad casings. The
bad casing could cause a problem in wells that produce sand
or scale buildup unless the casing is redressed.
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Running and Setting
To prevent the slips from becoming dulled before reaching
the setting depth, it is advisable to put a right hand turn into
the tubing every five or 10 stands while running in.
Upon reaching the desired depth, rotate the tubing to the left
with hand wrenches until the slips contact the casing
(approximately five to eight turns). Maintain a left hand
torque while alternately pulling strain and setting down a few
times to work all the play out of the tool. During this slipsetting operation, the strain pulled should be at least equal to
the final strain that will be applied when the tubing is landed
and full set-down weight will be applied. The torque should
be released until all the residual torque is removed. Apply the
required amount of tubing tension that should always be
applied in inches of stretch rather than in pounds of pull
because of the probable friction between the tubing and the
casing. First, the weight of the tubing needs to be applied and
then the actual stretching
begins.
CAHABA MEDIA GROUP. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
When the TAC is run at some distance above the pump, the
maximum allowable load below the TAC must not exceed
the maximum load values. This load is a combination of the
the maximum load values. This load is a combination of the
weight of the fluid inside the tubing (from the surface to the
pump) and the tubing weight below the TAC.
Normal and Emergency Releasing
A TAC should be released with the tubing in slight
compression because the upper cone is spaced so that the
lower cone will be completely retracted when the slips lose
their grip on the casing. Incomplete retraction of the lower
cone will cause the slips to drag and dull the teeth. The
tubing should be rotated to the right so that five to eight
revolutions at the anchor are obtained. This will retract both
cones and allow the slips to retreat into their housing. When
the anchor is free, a few more right-hand turns should be put
in before removing it. Additional right hand rotation is not
harmful to the anchor. As an added precaution to avoid
dulling the slips, a few right-hand turns are occasionally
added on the way out of the hole.
In case of an emergency release (for example, if the normal
releasing procedure as described above fails), picking up
against the TAC will induce an up-strain sufficient enough to
shear the emergency pins in the lower cone. In practice, the
amount of up-strain exerted should be greater than the total
shear strength of the shear pins, plus the weight of the
tubing. Shearing the shear pins will release the TAC.
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Tubing Stretch
Tubing Stretch
Tubing strings are affected by mechanical, pressure and
temperature changes. In tubing string, different factors cause
length and force changes. These factors depend on well
conditions, tubing anchor/casing configuration and tubing
restraint. Each factor acts independently and may either add
to or nullify the effects of the other factors.
Therefore, keeping the direction of the length changes and
forces correct is important. Furthermore, mechanically
applied tension or compression may be used to negate the
combined effect of the pressure and temperature changes.
When discussing tubing stretch and the use of a TAC for
efficient pumping conditions, certain factors must be
considered. The piston effect (breathing and buoyancy),
temperature effect and ballooning effect should be factored in
while calculating the right amount of tubing pickup for
tension anchor installation. These axial loads cause the
tubing to be in compression and tension alternately on freely
suspended tubing, which causes the tubing string to
experience buckling. The pickup load in pounds is
determined first. Then the calculated load is converted to
tubing stretch in inches.
These hand calculations discuss four types of axial loads to
which the tubing string is exposed during installation and
operations. They are:
Piston effect on the tubing string because of buoyancy
(FPB)
Piston effect from plugging (Fpp)
The ballooning effect (FB)the indirect effect of
pressure on axial loads via radial forces
The temperature effect on the tubing string (FT)
Picking up the tubing string to the calculated stretch,
Picking up the tubing string to the calculated stretch,
anchored by the TAC, will keep the tubing in tension
throughout the pumping cycle. The calculated stretch values
are the minimum values required to keep the tubing string in
tension. Since some of these factors are dynamicthat is,
they change during the service of the wellcalculating the
stretch at different scenarios (such as, during the time of
installation and during the time of pumped off condition) is
recommended. Also, the scenario that requires the maximum
stretch as the minimum required stretch should be
considered. These stretch values should be reevaluated
periodically during the well service. The tubing string can be
stretched more than the calculated minimum value by finding
out the maximum tensile strength of the weakest joint.
References
1. Lubinski, A., W.S. Althouse, J.L. Logan. Helical
Buckling of Tubing Sealed in Pacer, Petroleum
Transactions - Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1962.
2. Bellaryby, Jonathan. Well Completion Design, Elsevier,
Oxford, U.K., April 2009.
3. ASM Handbook, Volume 1, Properties and Selection:
Irons steels and High Performance Alloys, ASM
International, April 1990.
4. TECH FACTS Engineering Handbook - Technical
Information for Completion, Workovers and Fishing,
Baker Hughes, July 2011.
5. Editors Note: For full calculations and technical paper,
email the author at jsamayamantula@don-nan.net.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Jyothi Samayamantula has a bachelors in mechanical engineering and a masters in
industrial engineering. He specializes in downhole applications regarding beam and
rod artificial lift with Don-Nan Pump & Supply Co. For more information, visit
www.don-nan.net.
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