Alkanes, Alkenes and Alcohols

IGCSE QUESTIONS
SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol)
1 The structures of three organic molecules are shown below.
(a) Describe an industrial process to make ethanol from ethene.

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Name a reagent that can be used to convert ethanol into ethanoic acid.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Ethanol and concentrated ethanoic acid react to form the ester ethyl ethanoate.
(i) Name the other product formed.
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Name the catalyst used in this reaction.
..................................................................................................................................
(iii) The reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid can reach dynamic equilibrium.
What is meant by the term dynamic equilibrium?
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [4]
(d) Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. It reacts with magnesium giving a gas and a magnesium salt.
(i) What is meant by the term weak acid?
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Name the gas formed.
..................................................................................................................................
Total / 11
IGCSE QUESTIONS
1 Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is a liquid fuel. Ethanol can be manufactured either from glucose, C6H12O6, or
from ethene.
(a) Briefly describe the manufacture of ethanol from glucose.
Include the balanced equation in your answer.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) (i)
Draw the displayed formula for ethene.
(ii) Name the substance that reacts with ethene to make ethanol.
...................................................................................................................................
(iii) Give the conditions needed for this reaction.
...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [4]
Total / 8
IGCSE QUESTIONS
SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol/Bonding, Formulae)
B9 Ethene is an important starting material for the production of chemicals such as ethanol, ethanoic
acid and ethane-1,2-diol. Ethene, C2H4, is manufactured by the cracking of long chain
hydrocarbons such as dodecane, C12H26.
(a) Construct an equation to show the cracking of dodecane to make ethene.
..........................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Draw a dot and cross diagram for ethene. You only need to draw the valence (outer shell)
electrons.
..........................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Ethene can also be converted into a compound that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
A sample of the compound was analysed and found to contain 0.72 g of carbon, 0.18 g of
hydrogen and 0.96 g of oxygen.
Show that the empirical formula of the compound is CH3O.
(3)
(d) Describe how ethene can be converted industrially into ethanol.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(e) Ethanol reacts with hot acidified potassium dichromate(VI) to form ethanoic acid.
(i) Describe the colour change that occurs during this reaction and draw the structure of
ethanoic acid.
(2)
(ii)
Ethane-1,2-diol has the structure drawn below.

H
H
H
H
O
C
C
O
H
Suggest the structure of the product of the reaction between ethane-1,2-diol and hot
acidified potassium dichromate(VI).
(3)
Total / 10
IGCSE QUESTIONS
SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, mole and calculations from equations)
B10 All members of the carboxylic acid homologous series contain the CO2H group.
The table shows the formula of the
first three members of this homologous series.
(a) Name the unbranched carboxylic acid that has four carbon atoms per molecule.
(1)
(b) Give the formula of the sixth member of the carboxylic acid homologous series.
(1)
(c) Ethanol, C2H5OH, reacts with ethanoic acid to make ethyl ethanoate.
Draw the structure of ethyl ethanoate.
(1)
(d) Name a reagent that can be used to convert ethanol into ethanoic acid.
..........................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e) Magnesium reacts with ethanoic acid to make magnesium ethanoate and hydrogen.
Write the equation for this reaction. Use the equation to calculate the mass of
magnesium needed to react completely with 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol/dm3 of ethanoic acid.
(f) Suggest why the reaction between magnesium and 1.0 mol/dm3 ethanoic acid is
much slower than the reaction between magnesium and 1.0 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(3)
(2)
(g) Aqueous sodium hydroxide neutralises dilute ethanoic acid.

Write the ionic equation for this reaction.
..........................................................................................................................................
(1)
Total / 10
IGCSE QUESTIONS
SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Bonding)
2 The structures shown below are of the first two members of an homologous series known as the
cyclopropanes.
H
H
H
H
C
H
compound D
compound E
Members of an homologous series have a general formula.

(a) (i)
State one other characteristic of an homologous series.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Deduce the general formula for the cyclopropane homologous series.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Cyclopropanes react in a similar way to alkanes such as methane.
(i) Write a chemical equation for the complete combustion of compound D.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Suggest the type of reaction by which compound D reacts with chlorine.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Name and draw the structure of an alkene that is an isomer of compound D.
name ...............................................................................................................................
structure
[2]
Total / 7
IGCSE QUESTIONS
3 Structures of six organic compounds are shown.

H
H
H
CO2H
compound A
compound B
compound C
Cl
CO2H
Cl
Cl
compound D
compound
E formula?
(a) Which two compounds have the same
molecular
compound F
.............................................................. and ................................................................[1]

(b) Which compound is butanoic acid?
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Which compound contributes to ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere?
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Name compound B.
......................................................................................................................................[1] [Total:
4]
IGCSE QUESTIONS
3 The table shows the formula of the first three members of the alcohol homologous series.
alcohol
formula
methanol
CH3OH
ethanol
C2H5OH
propanol
C3H7OH
(a) Deduce the general formula for the alcohol homologous series.
..........................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Name the products of the complete combustion of methanol.

..........................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Ethanol can be manufactured from either ethene or glucose.

(i) Write an equation for the production of ethanol from ethene and state the conditions
under which the reaction takes place.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) The fermentation of glucose can be represented by the following equation.
C6H12O6
2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Calculate the maximum mass of ethanol that could be made from 36 tonnes of glucose.
(3)
(iii) Explain why ethanol made from ethene is a non-renewable fuel but that made from
glucose is a renewable fuel.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) Propanol reacts in a similar way to ethanol.
Name the organic product of the reaction between propanol and warm acidified potassium
dichromate(VI).
..........................................................................................................................................
(1)
[Total: 10]
IGCSE QUESTIONS
SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Bonding)
5 Ethane, C2H6, and ethene, C2H4, are both gaseous hydrocarbons.

(a) Describe how aqueous bromine can be used to distinguish between a sample of ethane
and a sample of ethene.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for ethane.
You only need to draw the outer electrons of the carbon atoms.
[2]
(c) Ethane reacts with chlorine in the presence of ultra-violet light.
Suggest a structure for a product of this reaction.
[1]
(d) Write both the name and the molecular formula of an alkene molecule containing four
carbon atoms.
name ................................................................................................................................
molecular formula ........................................................................................................
[2] [Total: 7]
IGCSE QUESTIONS
6 Alcohols are an homologous series of organic chemical compounds.

The table shows some information about different alcohols.
alcohol
formula
boiling point / C
methanol
CH3OH
65
ethanol
C2H5OH
78
propanol
C3H7OH
97
pentanol
C5H11OH
138
(a) What is meant by the term homologous series?

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) (i) Estimate the boiling point of butanol. .................................................................... [1]
(ii)
A molecule of the alcohol hexanol contains six carbon atoms. Write the formula of
hexanol.
................................................................
[1]
(c) Ethanol can be manufactured from ethene.

Ethene reacts with steam in the presence of an acid catalyst to form ethanol.
(i)
Write an equation for the reaction between ethene and steam.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Name the type of reaction that takes place.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) Ethanol can also be manufactured from glucose, C6H12O6.
C6H12O6
2CO2 + 2C2H5OH.
A solution containing 18 kg of glucose makes only 0.92 kg of ethanol.

Calculate the percentage yield of ethanol.
[3]
Total / 10
IGCSE QUESTIONS
7 This question is about alkanes.
(a) The table gives the boiling points of some alkanes.
name
formula
boiling point / C
ethane
C2H6
88
propane
C3H8
42
butane
C4H10
pentane
C5H12
36
(i) Plot a graph of boiling points against number of carbon atoms for the alkanes in
the table.
100
80
60
40
20
boiling
point/C
0
20
40
60
80
-100
(ii) Use your graph to deduce the boiling point of hexane, C6H14.
...............................................................................................................................[3]
(b) A hydrocarbon has the formula C8H16.

Explain why this is not an alkane.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) In some parts of the world, butane is used as a fuel for room heaters.
incomplete combustion occurs and carbon monoxide is produced.
If these are faulty,
(i) What causes incomplete combustion?

...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Construct an equation to show that incomplete combustion of butane produces carbon
monoxide and water only.
...................................................................................................................................
(iii) State why carbon monoxide is hazardous.
...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [3]
(d) Combustion of petrol in a car engine also produces pollutants.
Name two pollutants, other than carbon monoxide, which are produced in car engines.
............................................................ and ..................................................................[2]
Total / 9
B8 The following apparatus can be used to produce ethanol from sugar.
test tube B
flask A
[3]
(a) Describe how this apparatus can be used to produce ethanol.

Your answer should include the names of the substances added to flask A, the
optimum (or best) conditions for the reaction and a word equation for the reaction.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................[3]
[2]
(b) Suggest what could be added to test-tube B to identify the gas produced.
[1]
..................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Ethanol can be used as a fuel.
The enthalpy change of combustion for 1 mole of ethanol is
1367 kJ. Write an equation for the complete combustion of
ethanol.
...................................................................................................................................
Calculate the total energy released by the complete combustion of 23 g of ethanol.
[3]
(
d
)
E
t
h
a
n
ol
c
a
n
b
e
m
a
n
u
f
a
ct
u
r
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
c
a
t
al
yt
ic
addition of water vapour to ethene.

The structure of a water molecule is shown below.
H O - H
[3]
Draw the structures of ethene and ethanol.
[2]
Explain why ethene undergoes addition reactions.
...................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................. [2]
[10 marks]
IGCSE QUESTIONS
4
This table shows some information about two homologous series; the alkanes and the acid chlorides.
alkanes
acid chlorides
formula
name
formula
C2H6
ethanoyl chloride
CH3COCl
C3H8
C2H5COCl
C4H10
butanoyl chloride
C3H7COCl
C5H12
pentanoyl chloride
C4H9COCl
Use the information in the table to answer the following questions.

(a) Name the acid chloride with the highest boiling point.
...........................................................................................................................................
[1]
(b) Deduce the name of the acid chloride with the formula C2H5COCl.
.........................................................................................................................................
[1]
(c) The general formula for alkanes is CxH(2x + 2).

Deduce the general formula for acid chlorides.
.........................................................................................................................................
(d) (i)
[1]
Name the products of the complete combustion of an alkane.
..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Would you expect the products of complete combustion of the acid chlorides to be the same
as in (i)? Explain your reasoning.
.........................................................................................................................................
IGCSE QUESTIONS
[2]
[Total: 5 marks]
SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Bonding & Chemical calculations)
B9 Both ethanoic acid and butanoic acid are found in some plants and bacteria.
(a) Draw the structure of butanoic acid showing all atoms and bonds.
..........................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Explain:
(i) what is meant by a weak acid,
..........................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) how you could show that butanoic acid is a weak acid.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Butanoic acid can be converted into an ester by heating it with an alcohol and a few drops of
concentrated sulphuric acid.
A sample of an ester contains 0.18 g of carbon, 0.03 g of hydrogen and 0.08 g of oxygen. The
relative molecular mass of the ester is 116.
Calculate both the empirical and molecular formulae of this ester.
(3)
(d) Ethanoic acid can be produced by the bacterial fermentation of glucose, C6H12O6. During this
process glucose is first oxidised to ethanol.
(i) Write an equation for the fermentation of glucose to form ethanol and carbon dioxide.
..........................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) State the reagents and conditions required for ethanol to be oxidised to ethanoic acid in the
laboratory.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(2)
IGCSE QUESTIONS
4
SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Crude Oil, Polymerization)
Catalytic cracking is carried out by oil companies to produce high grade petrol.
The process is carried out using an aluminium oxide catalyst. The
reaction is a type of thermal decomposition.
(a) Explain the meaning of

(i) thermal decomposition.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) catalyst.
...................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[2]
(b) A typical cracking reaction is
[2]
(c) The table shows some of the products obtained by cracking 100g of different fractions
under the same conditions.
products obtained / g per 100g of fraction cracked
(i)
fraction
cracked
hydrogen
methane
ethene
ethane
10
75
paraffin
15
30
23
diesel
20
17
petrol
Which fraction is the best source of fuel for cars?

...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the amount of paraffin fraction needed to make 600g of methane.
(iii) Complete the equation for the cracking of ethane to produce hydrogen and ethene.
(d) Ethene can be polymerised to form poly(ethene).

(i) Complete the equation below to show the structure of two units in the
poly(ethene) molecule.
(ii) State the name given to this type of polymerisarion.
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) State the name given to this type of polymerisarion.

...............................................................................................................................[2]
Total / 12
IGCSE QUESTIONS
4
SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Crude oil, Polymerisation)
0rganic substances have many uses.

(a) Match the substances in the boxes on the Ieft with the descriptions in the boxes on the
right. The first one has been done for you.
methane
liquid used as a solvent
ethanol
used for making roads
ethene
gas used as a fuel
bitumen
gas used in making

polymers
[3]
(b) Which one of the foIIowing wouId be Ieast IikeIy to be obtained from the fractionaI
distiIIation of petroIeum? Put a ring around the correct answer.
bitumen
ethane
ethanol
methane
(c) Some reactions of organic compounds are shown beIow.
n CH2=CH2
C3H8 + 5O2
3CO2 + 4H2O
C6H12O6
glucose
C8H18
2CO2 + 2C2H5OH
( CH2
CH2 )
C6H14 + C2H4
(i) Which one of the reactions, A, B, C or D, shows fermentation?
(ii) Which one of the reactions, A, B, C or D, shows poIymerization?
[1]
(iii) Which one of the reactions, A, B, C or D, shows combustion?
(iv) Which one of the reactions, A, B, C or D, shows cracking?

[4]
(d) The hydrocarbon C8H18 is an aIkane.

(i) What is meant by the term hydrocarbon?
(ii) ExpIain why this hydrocarbon is an aIkane.
[4]
Total /12
IGCSE QUESTIONS
5
SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, separation and analysis)
A student wants to separate the coloured pigments in a plant leaf by chromatography.

He grinds the plant leaf and separates the solids from the green solution.
(a) What method can he use to separate the solids from the solution?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The student takes a drop of the green solution and puts a spot of it onto a piece of
chromatography paper.
From the diagrams below choose the letter for the most suitable piece of apparatus for
this task.
A
letter .................................
[1]
(c) The student sets up the chromatography apparatus as shown.

(i)
Label the diagram to show:
the solvent,
the original position of the spot of green solution,
the chromatography paper.
[3]
(ii)
How many different pigments were present in the plant leaf?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) The structure of some organic compounds found in plant leaves are shown below.
A
H
C
H
(i)
C
H
C
O
H
O
D
O
H
C
O
Which one of these compounds is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii)
test
Describe a chemical test for an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

.............................................................................................................................
result ....................................................................................................................
(iii)
[2]
What do you understand by the term hydrocarbon?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iv)
State the name of compound B.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(v)
To which homologous series does compound D belong?

............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 12]
IGCSE QUESTIONS
7
SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Structure, Crude Oil)
Three forms of carbon are diamond, graphite and Buckminsterfullerene.
carbon
atom
diamond
(a) (i)
graphite
Buckminsterfullerene
State one difference in structure between Buckminsterfullerene and diamond.

....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii)
State two differences in structure between graphite and diamond.

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) State the type of bonding between the carbon atoms in diamond.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Suggest why graphite is used as a lubricant.
Refer to the layers in your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) State one use for diamond.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Coal is a fuel containing carbon.

When coal is burnt, carbon dioxide is produced.
Explain how the increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmopshere affects the
worlds climate.
was
from
...........................................................................................................................................
resp
...........................................................................................................................................
plan
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
gase
(f) Coal also contains small amounts of sulfur.

Explain how burning coal leads to acid rain.
dige
anim
...........................................................................................................................................
from
...........................................................................................................................................
phot
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
s in
(g) Methane is a fuel.

(i)
gase
Which one of the following is a natural source of methane?

Tick one box.
fore
[1]
(ii)
Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of the electrons in a molecule of methane, CH .
Nam
e
one
othe
alka
ne.
Use
for an electron from a carbon atom
for an electron from a hydrogen atom
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
[1]
(iii)
Methane belongs to the alkane homologous series.

[Total: 13]
IGCSE QUESTIONS
(a) State the name of the gas given off during fermentation.
4 Ethanol, C2H5OH, is formed when yeast ferments a solution of glucose in water.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fermentation is caused by the action of enzymes in the yeast.
Explain the meaning of the term enzyme.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) The boiling point of ethanol is 78 C.
Explain how ethanol can be separated from water.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
(d) Draw the structure of ethanol to show how the atoms and bonds are arranged.
[1]
(e) Ethanol can also be produced by the following reaction:
C2H4
+ H2O
catalyst
steam
C2H5OH
ethanol
(i) Choose a word from the list below which best describes this reaction.
Put a ring around the correct answer.
addition
combustion
neutralisation
polymerisation
[1]
(ii) What is the function of the catalyst?

...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) State the name of the reactant, C2H4.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iv) The other reactant is steam. The steam is made by boiling water.
What is the boiling point of water?
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(f) State one use of ethanol.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(g) State the names of the products formed when ethanol burns.
............................................................... and ...............................................................[2]
IGCSE QUESTIONS
2
SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Diffusion)
The structures of some compounds found in pIants are shown beIow.
H
C
H
H
C
H
O
D
H
H
O
C
O
E
H
C
C
N
H
H
H
O
C
H
(a) Which two of these compounds are unsaturated hydrocarbons?
[1]
(b) Which two of these compounds contain a carboxyIic acid functionaI group?
[1]
(c) Write the moIecuIar formuIa for compound D.

[1]
(d) Draw the structure of the product formed when compound A reacts with bromine.
Show aII atoms and aII bonds.
[1]
(e) Strawberry fruits produce compound A (ethene) naturaIIy.

A scientist Ieft some green strawberry fruits to ripen.
The scientist measured the concentration of ethene and carbon dioxide produced by
the strawberry fruits over a ten day period.
The graph beIow shows the resuIts.
400
300
concentration
of gas/parts
per million
(ppm)
200
carbon dioxide
ethene
100
10
days
(i) Between which two days does the rate of ethene production increase most rapidIy?
[1]
(ii) What is the name given to the process in which carbon dioxide is produced by
Iiving organisms?
acidification
combustion
neutralization
respiration
[1]
(iii) Carbon dioxide concentration over 350 ppm has an effect on ethene production by
the fruits.
What effect is this?
[1]
(iv) Ethene gas spreads throughout the fruit by a random movement of moIecuIes.
What is the name given to the random movement of moIecuIes?
aeration
diffusion
evaporation
ionisation
[1]
(v) Ethene gas promotes the ripening of strawberry fruits.

Ripening of strawberries is sIowed down by passing a stream of nitrogen over the
fruit.
suggest why this sIows down the ripening process.
[1]
(vi) Enzymes are invoIved in the ripening process.
What is an enzyme?
[2]
(f) PIants make a variety of coIoured pigments.
A student extracted red coIouring from four different pIants, R, S, T and U.
The student put a spot of each coIouring on a piece of fiIter paper.
The fiIter paper was dipped into a soIvent and Ieft for 30 minutes.
The resuIts are shown beIow.
start of experiment
result after 30 minutes
filter paper
R S T U
R S T U
solvent
(i) What is name given to the process shown in the diagram?

[1]
(ii) Which pIant contained the greatest number of different pigments?
(iii) Which two pIants contained the same pigments?

.. [1]
Total / 13
Sug
ge
IGCSE QUESTIONS
6
SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Bonding & Mole Calculations)
The compound shown below is the first member of the alkane homologous series.
H
H
H
(a) State two characteristics of a homologous series.
[2]
(b) Name and draw the structure of the next member of the alkane homologous series.
name
structure
[2]
(c) Complete the table to show the structure and uses of
some organic compounds.
name of
compound
molecular formula
ethene
C2H4
ethanoic acid
C2H4O2
structure
(showing all atoms and bonds)
making
dibromoethane
Br
Br
H
CH4
C
H
H
[6]
(d)
Cal
cula
te
the
relative molecular mass of dibromoethane.
[1]
[Total: 11]
IGCSE QUESTIONS
4
Coal gas is made by heating coal in the absence of air.

The table shows the composition of coal gas.
(a) (i)
name of gas
% of gas in coal gas
hydrogen
50
methane
30
carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide
nitrogen
ethene
oxygen
Which element in this table is a highly flammable gas?

[1]
(ii) Which compound in the table is an alkene?

[1]
(iii) Which compound in the table turns limewater milky?
[1]
(b) Describe a test you can use to distinguish between ethene and methane.
test
result with ethene
result with methane
[3]
(c) Molecules of ethene can react with each other to make poly(ethene).
(i) What is the name given to this type of reaction?
[1]
(ii) Which formula below best represents a molecule of poly(ethene)?
Tick one box.

H
CH3
[1]
(d)
Ethene can be manufactured by breaking down hydrocarbons into smaller molecules

using high temperatures and a catalyst.
State the name given to this type of reaction.
[1]
(e) A liquid is also formed when coal is heated in the absence of air.
This liquid contains a high percentage of ammonia.
(i) Describe a test for ammonia.
test
result
[2]
(ii) Ammonia has the formula NH3.

Calculate the relative molecular mass of ammonia.
(f) Coal contains a small amount of sulphur.

Explain why burning coal is harmful to the environment.
[1]
[2]
Total / 14
IGCSE QUESTIONS
3
SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Chromatography)
Lavandulol is found in lavender plants. The formula of lavandulol is shown below.

CH3 CH3
C
C
CH2
HO
CH2
CH
C
CH3 CH
2
(a) Put a ring around the alcohol functional group in this formula.
[1]
(b) Is lavandulol a saturated or unsaturated compound?
Give a reason for your answer.
[1]
(c) State the names of the two products formed when lavandulol is burnt in excess oxygen.
and
[2]
(d) Lavandulol can be extracted from lavender flowers by distillation using the apparatus
shown below. The lavandulol is carried off in small droplets with the steam.
A
X
lavender
flowers
and water
lavandulol
water
heat
(i) State the name of the piece of apparatus labelled A.

[1]
(ii) What is the temperature of the water at point X in the diagram?
[1]
(iii) The lavandulol and water are collected in the beaker.

What information in the diagram shows that lavandulol is less dense than water?
[1]
(e) Lavender flowers contain a variety of different pigments (colourings).

A student separated these pigments using paper chromatography.
The results are shown in the diagram below.
chromatography paper
(i) Put an X on this diagram to show where the mixture of pigments was placed at the
start of the experiment.
[1]
(ii) How many different pigments have been separated?
[1]
(iii) Draw a diagram to show how the chromatography apparatus was set up.
On your diagram label
the solvent
the origin line
[1]
(iv) During chromatography, the solvent evaporates and then diffuses throughout the
chromatography jar.
What do you understand by the term diffusion?
[1]
(v) Ethanol can be used as a solvent in chromatography.

Draw the formula for ethanol showing all atoms and bonds.
[1]
(vi) Which of the following statements about ethanol are true?

Tick two boxes.
It is a carboxylic acid.
It is a product of the fermentation of glucose.
It is an unsaturated compound.
It is formed by the catalytic addition of steam to ethene.

[1]
Total / 13
IGCSE QUESTIONS
2
A student investigated the green colour in grass.

The student followed these instructions.
1
2
3
Cut the grass into small pieces and crush the grass by grinding with sand and ethanol.
Decant the liquid.
Investigate which colours are present in the green solution.
(a) Name the apparatus used to crush the grass in instruction 1.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Explain the term decant.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Outline how the student could carry out instruction 3. You may draw a diagram to help
you answer this question.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 6]
IGCSE QUESTIONS
3
A student fermented some orange juice using the following instructions.

Step 1
Slice an orange and put the slices into a beaker and cover them with water. Boil
the water for 10 minutes.
Step 2
Filter the mixture into a clean bottle.
Step 3
Add one measure of yeast to the juice when it has cooled.
Step 4
Set up the apparatus shown below and leave to ferment.
airlock
bottle
heater
(a) Why was the orange sliced in Step 1?

......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Why was the juice cooled before adding the yeast?
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) What could be used to add the yeast in Step 3?
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Explain why it was important to keep the temperature of the mixture in the bottle at
30C40C.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(e) Explain why an airlock was used.

..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(f) The bubbles of gas coming through the airlock in one minute were counted over several days.
The results are shown on the graph.
50
40
number of bubbles /
minute
30
20
10
4
6
time / days
10
(i) When was the rate of formation of alcohol quickest?

...............................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) When did the fermentation stop?
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Give two reasons why the fermentation may have stopped.
1. ...............................................................................................................................
2. ...........................................................................................................................[2]
Total / 12
IGCSE chemistry
2
SET X (Organic compounds)
The diagram shows a biogas digester. Animal and vegetable waste is fermented by bacteria.
The gas produced is a mixture of mainly carbon dioxide and methane.
gas out
gas holder
gas
solid residue
animal and
vegetable
waste
fermentation
chamber
(a) State the name given to the energy-releasing process in which organisms use food and
produce carbon dioxide.
[1]
(b) Hydrogen is also produced during the fermentation.
The hydrogen reacts with the carbon dioxide to form methane and oxygen.
(i) Complete the equation for this reaction.
CO2
+ 2H2
............ + ............
(ii) Suggest a use for the methane produced in this reaction.
[2]
[1]
(iii) Describe the arrangement and motion of the molecules in methane gas.
arrangement
motion
[2]
(iv) State the name of the homologous series to which methane belongs.
[1]
(v) Which one of the following compounds belongs to the same homologous series as
methane?
Tick one box.
C2H4
C2H6
CH3OH
CH3CO2H
[1]
(c) Which one of the following equations A, B, C or D describes fermentation?
A
CH4
+ H 2O
C6H12O6
+ 6O2
CO + 3H2
6H2O + 6CO2
C6H12O6
C6H14
2C2H5OH + 2CO2
C4H10
+ C2H4
[1]
(d) Many of the reactions occurring in the biogas digester are catalysed by enzymes.
(i) Suggest where the enzymes come from.
[1]
(ii) Define the term catalysis.
[1]
(e) The solid residue from the biogas digester can be used as a fertiliser.
State the names of two non-metallic elements found in fertilisers which are needed
for plant growth.
and
[2]
IGCSE chemistry
2
Fermentation of sugars is one method of making ethanol. Vines produce glucose by

photosynthesis. The glucose collects in the grapes which grow in clusters on the vine.
green leaves
(a) Vines are attacked by a fungus that ruins the grapes. In 1882 it was discovered that
spraying the vines with Bordeaux mixture killed the fungus.
The fungicide, Bordeaux mixture, contains water, calcium hydroxide and copper(II)
sulphate.
(i) Name the raw material from which calcium hydroxide is made.
..................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The mixture contains four ions. Complete the list of ions.
Cu2+, OH , ......................... and .............................
[2]
(iii) A different fungicide can be made by the reaction between an excess of aqueous
ammonia and a copper(II) salt. Describe the observations for this reaction.
addition of aqueous ammonia ...................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
then excess aqueous ammonia ................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Explain how the vine produces glucose by photosynthesis.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[4]
(c) The grapes are crushed to extract an aqueous solution of glucose. This solution is
fermented to make ethanol. Explain why each of the following is necessary.
(i) yeast
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) an absence of oxygen
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(iii) an optimum temperature of about 35 C
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(d) Plants can make esters as well as sugars. The formula of a typical ester is drawn
below.
Deduce the names of the organic acid and of the alcohol from which the ester could
have been made.
O
CH3
CH2
CH2
C
O
CH2
CH2
CH3
organic acid ......................................................................................................................

alcohol ...........................................................................................................................[2]
IGCSE chemistry
3
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. They undergo addition reactions.

(a) Two of the methods of making alkenes are cracking and the thermal decomposition of
chloroalkanes.
(i) Complete an equation for the cracking of the alkane, decane.
C10H22 ............................. + ......................................
decane
(ii) Propene can be made by the thermal decomposition of chloropropane.
Describe how chloropropane can be made from propane.
reagents
propane and ..............................
conditions
...................................................
(b) The following alkenes are isomers.

CH3CH2CH=CH2
CH3C=CH2
|
CH3
[4]
(i) Explain why they are isomers.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give the name and structural formula of another hydrocarbon that is isomeric with
the above.
name ......................................................
structural formula
[4]
(c) Give the name of the product when but-1-ene reacts with each of the following.
steam .........................................................
hydrogen ....................................................
bromine ......................................................
[3]
(d)
Alken
es
can
polym
erise.
(i) Deduce the name and structural formula of the monomer from the structure of the polymer.
name of monomer .......................................................

structural formula
(ii) Draw the structure of the polymer formed from the following monomer.
(iii) Describe the pollution problems caused by the disposal of polymers in landfill sites and by
burning.
landfill sites ...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
burning ......................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]
7
The fractional distillation of crude oil usually produces large quantities of the heavier fractions.
The market demand is for the lighter fractions and for the more reactive alkenes. The heavier fractions
are cracked to form smaller alkanes and alkenes as in the following example.
C8H18
octane
(a) (i)
C4H10
+
butane
C4H8
butenes
Write a different equation for the cracking of octane.

C8H18
[1]
(ii) The cracking of octane can produce isomers with the molecular formula C4H8.
Draw the structural formulae of two of these isomers.
[2]
(b) (i) Give the essential condition for the reaction between chlorine and butane.
[1]
(ii) What type of reaction is this?
[1]
(iii) This reaction produces a mixture of products. Give the names of two products that contain
four carbon atoms per molecule.
and
[2]
(c) Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes and are used to make a range of organic chemicals.
Propene, CH3CH=CH2, is made by cracking. Give the structural formula of the addition product
when propene reacts with the following.
(i) water
[1]
(ii) bromine
(d) Propene reacts with hydrogen iodide to form 2 - iodopropane.

CH3CH=CH2
HI
[1]
CH3CHICH3
1.4 g of propene produced 4.0 g of 2 - iodopropane.

Calculate the percentage yield.
moles of CH3CH=CH2 reacted =
maximum moles of CH3CHICH3 that could be formed =
mass of one mole of CH3CHICH3 = 170 g
maximum mass of 2 - iodopropane that could be formed =
percentage yield
[4]
IGCSE chemistry
8
Lactic acid can be made from corn starch.

Examiner's
For
CH3
CH
COOH
OH
lactic acid
It polymerises to form the polymer, polylactic acid (PLA ) which is biodegradable.
(a) Suggest two advantages that PLA has compared with a polymer made from petroleum.
[2]
(b) The structure of PLA is given below.
CH3
CH
CH3
O
CH
(i) What type of compound contains the group that is circled?

[1]
(ii) Complete the following sentence.
Lactic acid molecules can form this group because they contain both an
group and an
group.
[2]
(iii) Is the formation of PLA, an addition or condensation polymerisation? Give a

reason for your choice.
.. [2]
(c) When lactic acid is heated, acrylic acid is formed.
OH
H
C
COOH
H
lactic acid
C
COOH
acrylic acid
(i) Complete the word equation for the action of heat on lactic acid.
lactic acid
[1]
(ii) Describe a test that would distinguish between lactic acid and acrylic acid.
test
result for lactic acid
result for acrylic acid
[3]
(iii) Describe a test, other than using an indicator, which would show that both
chemicals contain an acid group.
test
resul
t
[2]
[Total: 13]
IGCSE chemistry
2
The hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates to simple sugars is catalysed by enzymes called

carbohydrases and also by dilute acids.
(a) (i) They are both catalysts. How do enzymes differ from catalysts such as dilute
acids?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Explain why ethanol, C2 H 6O, is not a carbohydrate but glucose, C H
O ,6 is a
6
12
carbohydrate.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Draw the structure of a complex carbohydrate, such as starch. The formula of a simple
sugar can be represented by HO
OH .
[3]
(c) Iodine reacts with starch to form a deep blue colour.
(i) In the experiment illustrated below, samples are removed at intervals and tested
with iodine in potassium iodide solution.
pipette to
remove samples
hot water
aqueous starch and a few

drops of saliva (saliva
contains enzymes)
Typical results of this experiment are shown in the table.
time / min
colour of sample tested with iodine

in potassium iodide solution
deep blue
10
pale blue
30
colourless
Explain these results.

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(ii) If the experiment was repeated at a higher temperature, 60 C, all the samples
stayed blue. Suggest an explanation.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 10]
IGCSE chemistry
4
But-1-ene is a typical alkene. It has the structural formula shown below.

CH3
CH 2
CH
CH 2
The structural formula of cyclobutane is given below.

H
H
H
H
H
(a) These two hydrocarbons are isomers.

(i) Define the term isomer.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Draw the structural formula of another isomer of but-1-ene.
[1]
(iii) Describe a test which would distinguish between but-1-ene and cyclobutane.
reagent ....................................................................................................................
.. result with but-1-ene
..................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.. result with cyclobutane
..............................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Describe how alkenes, such as but-1-ene, can be made from alkanes.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Name the product formed when but-1-ene reacts with:
bromine, ......................................................................................................................[1]
hydrogen, ....................................................................................................................[1]
steam. .........................................................................................................................
[1] [Total: 11]
IGCSE chemistry
3
Propane is an alkane. It has the structural formula:
H
H
C
H
H
H
(a) The equation for the complete combustion of propane is given below. Insert the
two missing volumes.
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)
volume of gas / cm3
........
.......
3CO2(g)
+ 4H2O(l)
15
[2]
(b) Propane reacts with chlorine to form two chloropropanes with the formula C3H7Cl.
(i) Write an equation for this reaction.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(c) The two chloropropanes react with sodium hydroxide to form different alcohols.
(i) These alcohols are isomers. Using the propanols as an example explain the term
isomer.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) Fractional distillation can separate the two propanols. Suggest a reason why
this method is effective.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Oxygen can oxidise propanol to propanoic acid. Name another reagent
that will bring about this reaction.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iv) Propanol and propanoic acid react to form an ester. Give the name and structural formula of
an ester.
name ........................................................................................................................
structural formula
[3]
(d) Propene can be made by heating propane and sulphur.
(i) Outline another method of making alkenes from alkanes.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Outline how propanol could be made from propene.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
IGCSE chemistry
5
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. They show structural isomerism. Alkenes take part in
addition reactions and form polymers.
structu
(a) Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
Give an example of structural isomerism.
molecular formula .............................................................................................................
e of
produ
two structural formulae
[2]
[3]
(b) Ethene reacts with each of the following. Give the name and structural formula of each
product.
(i) steam
name of product ..........................................................
structure of product
[2]
(ii) hydrogen
name of product ...........................................................
(c) Alkenes polymerise by addition.

(i) Explain the term polymerise.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) What is the difference between addition polymerisation and condensation
polymerisation?
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(iii) Poly(dichloroethene) is used extensively to package food. Draw its structure. The
structural formula of dichloroethene is drawn below.
H
H
Cl
Cl
[2]
(d) Steel may be coated with another metal, eg zinc or chromium, or with a polymer, eg
poly(chloroethene), to prevent rusting.
(i) Suggest a property of poly(chloroethene) that makes it suitable for this purpose.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain why the steel will rust when the protective coating of chromium or polymer is
broken.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) When the protective layer of zinc is broken, the steel still does not rust.
Suggest an explanation.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
IGCSE chemistry
4
Esters occur naturally in plants and animals. They are manufactured from petroleum. Ethyl
ethanoate and butyl ethanoate are industrially important as solvents.
(a) (i) Explain the term solvent.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Give the formula of ethyl ethanoate.
[1]
(iii) Ethyl ethanoate can be made from ethanol and ethanoic acid. Describe how these
chemicals can be made.
ethanol from ethene
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
ethanoic acid from ethanol
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(iv) Name two chemicals from which butyl ethanoate can be made.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The following equation represents the alkaline hydrolysis of a naturally occurring ester.
C17H35
CO2
CH2
C17H35
CO2
CH
C17H35
CO2
CH2
CH2OH
+ 3NaOH
3C17H35COONa + CHOH
CH2OH
(i) Which substance in the equation is an alcohol? Underline the substance in the
equation above.
[1]
(ii) What is the major use for compounds of the type C17H35COONa ?
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(c) A polymer has the structure shown below.
(i) What type of polymer is this?

...............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Complete the following to give the structures of the two monomers from which the above
polymer could be made.
[2]
(d) Esters are frequently used as solvents in chromatography. A natural macromolecule was
hydrolysed to give a mixture of amino acids. These could be identified by
chromatography.
(i) What type of macromolecule was hydrolysed?
..................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) What type of linkage was broken by hydrolysis?
..................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Explain why the chromatogram must be sprayed with a locating agent before the amino
acids can be identified.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iv) Explain how it is possible to identify the amino acids from the chromatogram.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
IGCSE chemistry
8
The alkenes are a homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons.

(a) The table below gives the names, formulae and boiling points of the first members of
the series.
(i)
table by
formula
and by
boiling
name
formula
boiling point / C
ethene
C2H4
-102
propene
C3H6
-48
butene
C4H8
-7
pentene
C5H10
30
hexene
Complete the
giving the
of hexene
predicting its
point.
[2]
(ii) Deduce the formula of the alkene which has a relative molecular mass of 168.
Show your working.
[2]
(b) Describe a test that will distinguish between the two isomers, but-2-ene and cyclobutane.
test
result with but-2-ene
result with cyclobutane
(c) Alkenes undergo addition reactions.
(i) What class of organic compound is formed when an alkene reacts with water?
[3]
[1]
(ii) Predict the structural formula of the compound formed when hydrogen chloride
reacts with but-2-ene.
[1]
(iii) Draw the structure of the polymer formed from but-2-ene.
[2]
IGCSE chemistry
6
The alcohols form a homologous series. The first four members are methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol
and butan-1-ol.
(a) One characteristic of a homologous series is that the physical properties vary in a predictable
way. The table below gives the heats of combustion of the first three alcohols.
alcohol
formula
heat of combustion in kJ / mol
methanol
CH3OH
-730
ethanol
CH3-CH2-OH
-1370
propan-1-ol
CH3-CH2-CH2-OH
-2020
butan-1-ol
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH
(i) The minus sign indicates that there is less chemical energy in the products than in
the reactants. What form of energy is given out by the reaction?
[1]
(ii) Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic?
[1]
(iii) Complete the equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.
C2H5OH
O2
[2]
(iv) Determine the heat of combustion of butan-1-ol by plotting the heats of combustion of the first
three alcohols against the number of carbon atoms per molecule.
number of carbon atoms per molecule
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
heat of 1700
combustion /
kJ / mol 1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
The heat of combustion of butan-1-ol =
kJ / mol
[3]
(v) Describe two other characteristics of homologous series.
[2]
(b) Give the name and structural formula of an isomer of propan-1-ol.
structural formula
name
[2]
(c) Methanol is made from carbon monoxide.

CO(g) + 2H2(g)
CH3OH(g)
the forward reaction is exothermic
(i) Describe how hydrogen is obtained from alkanes.
[2]
(ii) Suggest a method of making carbon monoxide from methane.
[2]
(iii) Which condition, high or low pressure, would give the maximum yield of methanol?
Give a reason for your choice.
pressure
reason
[2]
(d) For each of the following predict the name of the organic product.
(i) reaction between methanol and ethanoic acid
[1]
(ii) oxidation of propan-1-ol by potassium dichromate(VI)
(iii) removal of H2O from ethanol (dehydration)

[1]
[Total: 20]
[1]
IGCSE chemistry
7
Butan-1-ol is used as a solvent for paints and varnishes, to make esters and as a fuel.
Butan-1-ol can be manufactured from but-1-ene, which is made from petroleum.
Biobutanol is a fuel of the future. It can be made by the fermentation of almost any form of biomass grain, straw, leaves etc.
(a) But-1-ene can be obtained from alkanes such as decane, C10H22, by cracking.
(i) Give the reaction conditions.
[2]
(ii) Complete an equation for the cracking of decane, C10H22, to give but-1-ene.
C10H22
[2]
(iii) Name the reagent that reacts with but-1-ene to form butan-1-ol.
[1]
(b) (i) Balance the equation for the complete combustion of butan-1-ol.
C4H9OH +
O2
CO2 +
H2O
[2]
(ii) Write a word equation for the preparation of the ester butyl methanoate.
[2]
(c) The fermentation of biomass by bacteria produces a mixture of products which include biobutanol,
propanol, hydrogen and propanoic acid.
(i) Draw the structural formula of propanol and of propanoic acid. Show all the bonds.
propanol
propanoic acid
[2]
(ii) Why is it important to develop these fuels, such as biobutanol, as alternatives to
petroleum?
[1]
(d) How could you show that butanol made from petroleum and biobutanol are the same
chemical?
[1]
[Total: 13]
IGCSE chemistry
12. large amounts of ethanol, C2H5OH, are available in Western Europe.

(a)
Which one of the following is a raw material used to make ethanol?

Put a tick (9) the correct box.
air
glucose from plants
rock salt
sea water
[1]
(b)
In industry ethene, C2H4, is used to make ethanol, C2H5OH.

Write about how ethene is made into ethanol.
You should include
the other materials used
the conditions used
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ........................................................................................................................................[3]
(c)
Ethanol has many uses.

Write down two uses of ethanol.
Choose from the list
detergent
fire extinguisher
fuel
solvent
. ........................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 6]
IGCSE chemistry
11.
Large amounts of ethanol, C2H5OH, are available in Western Europe.

In industry, ethene, C2H4, is used to make ethanol,
C2H5OH. Write about how ethene is made into ethanol.
You should include
the other materials used
the conditions used

............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 3]
IGCSE chemistry
3
Propane is a gas used in camping stoves.

The formula of propane is C3H8.
Propane reacts with oxygen to make carbon dioxide and water.
(a) (i)
How many elements are there in propane, C3H8?

.........................................................
[1]
(ii) How many atoms are there in one molecule of propane, C3H8?
.........................................................
[1]
(b) Propane reacts with oxygen to make carbon dioxide and water.
Look at the word equation for this reaction.
propane + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water
One of the four substances in the equation is an element.

Which one?
Choose from the list.
propane
oxygen
carbon dioxide
water
answer ................................................................................................................................ [1]
(c) The oxygen supply to the flame is not enough.
The flame changes colour from blue to yellow.
The flame now contains a black solid and carbon monoxide gas.
(i) What is the name of the black solid?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Why is carbon monoxide gas dangerous?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 5]
IGCSE chemistry
12 Ethanol is made by the fermentation of glucose.

Carbon dioxide is also made in the process.
(a) Complete the word equation for fermentation.
glucose
........................................................ + ......................................................... [1]
(b) What is the best temperature for fermentation to happen?

0 C
40 C
100 C
400 C
answer ..............................................................
[1]
(c) Fermentation makes a dilute solution of ethanol.

What method of separation could be used to get almost pure ethanol?
crystallisation
electrolysis
evaporation
filtration
fractional distillation
answer ................................................................................................................................ [1]
(d) Write down one of the uses of ethanol.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) Look at the displayed formula for methanol, CH3OH.
H
H
H
Draw the displayed formula of ethanol, C2H5OH.
[1]
[Total: 5]
IGCSE chemistry
4
Look at the displayed formulas of some compounds.

H
compound A
compound B
compound C
compound D
(a) (i) One of the compounds has the molecular formula C4H8.
Which one?
Choose from A, B, C or D.
answer ...............................................................
[1]
(ii) Compounds B and D are described as alkanes.

Use the displayed formulas to explain why.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Bromine water is used to test for unsaturation.
Compound C is bubbled through bromine water.
Write down what happens to the orange colour of bromine water.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [1]
(c) Compound A is ethene.
Poly(ethene) is made from ethene in a reaction called polymerisation.
Write about two conditions needed for polymerisation.

1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ......................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 5]
IGCSE chemistry
13 This question is about ethanol.

(a) Look at the diagram.
It shows how ethanol can be made by fermentation in a school laboratory.
air lock
Water
Bung
Fermenting jar
Yeast & glucose

Solution
At the end of the process, the fermenting jar contains a mixture of ethanol and water.
How can the ethanol be separated from the water?
distillation
electrolysis
filtration
saponification
answer ............................................................................................................................... [1]
(b)
Write about two different uses of ethanol.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [2] (c)
The molecular formula of ethene is C2H4.
Look at the displayed formula of ethene.
H
HC
C
H
The molecular formula of ethanol is C2H5OH.
Draw the displayed formula of ethanol.
[1]
(d) Ethanol, C2H5OH, can be made into ethene, C2H4.
ethanol
ethene + water
Write down the name given to this type of reaction.

dehydration
displacement
hydration
saturation
answer ............................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 5]
IGCSE chemistry
4
(a) Look at the equations. They show what happens when methane burns.
H
C
methane
oxygen
+
O
(i)
carbon dioxide
H
+
water
Write down the name of one of the reactants in the equation.

....................................................................................................................................
(ii)
[1]
Look at the displayed formula of methane in the equation.

Write down the total number of atoms in one molecule of methane.
answer .......................................................
(iii)
[1]
Look at the displayed formula of carbon dioxide in the equation.

Write down the number of different types of atoms in carbon dioxide.
answer .......................................................
[1]
(b) Complete the sentence.

The burning of methane is an exothermic reaction.
Energy is the surroundings.
[1]
[Total: 4]
IGCSE chemistry
13 This question is about ethanol.

Look at the diagram.
It shows how ethanol can be made by fermentation in a school laboratory.
air lock
water
bung
fermenting jar
yeast and
glucose solution
(a) This reaction works best at 40 C in the absence of air.

(i) The reaction does not work at 70 C.
Explain why.
...........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The reaction is very slow at 10 C.
Explain why.
...........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Air must be kept out of the fermenting jar.
Explain why.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The fermenting jar contains a mixture of ethanol and water at the end of the process.
How can the ethanol be separated from the water?

distillation
electrolysis
filtration
saponification
answer ............................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The molecular formula of ethene is C2H4.
Look at the displayed formula of ethene.
H
HC
C
The molecular formula of ethanol is C2H5OH.

Draw the displayed formula of ethanol.
[1]
(d) The general formula for an alcohol is CnH2n+1OH.
Pentanol is an alcohol.
A molecule of pentanol contains five carbon atoms.
Write down the molecular formula of pentanol.
............................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 6]
2
Look at the displayed formulas of some compounds of carbon.
compound A
H
H
C
C
H
compound B
H
compound C
n
compound D
(a) Which one of the compounds has 8 atoms?

answer ............................................................................................................................... [1] (b)
Which one of the compounds is a polymer?
answer ............................................................................................................................... [1] (c)
Which one of the compounds is an alkene?
answer ............................................................................................................................... [1] (d)
How many carbon atoms has compound A?
answer ............................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 4]
10 Sarah and Daniel investigate fermentation.

Look at the diagram.
It shows the apparatus they use.
air lock
solution A
yeast
(a) Ethanol is made by fermentation.

Yeast and solution A are used to make ethanol. Write
down the name of solution A.
............................................................................................................................................ [1] (b)
A gas is made during fermentation.
Write down the name of this gas.
............................................................................................................................................ [1] (c)

Fermentation works best under these specific conditions:
a temperature between 25 50 C
in the absence of oxygen.
Explain why these conditions lead to successful fermentation.

temperature between 25 50 C ..............................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
absence of oxygen ....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [2]
(d) Look at the displayed formula of ethanol.
Write down the molecular formula of ethanol.

............................................................................................................................................ [1] [Total:
5]
7
The fractional distillation of crude oil usually produces large quantities of the heavier fractions.
The market demand is for the lighter fractions and for the more reactive alkenes. The heavier fractions
are cracked to form smaller alkanes and alkenes as in the following example.
[1]
C8H18
C4H10
+ C4H8
octane
butane
butenes
(a) (i)
Write a different equation for the cracking of octane.

C8H18
[1]
(ii) The cracking of octane can produce isomers with the molecular formula C4H8.
Draw the structural formulae of two of these isomers.
[2]
(b) (i) Give the essential condition for the reaction between chlorine and butane.

[1]
(iii) This reaction produces a mixture of products. Give the names of two products
that contain four carbon atoms per molecule.
and
[2]
(c) Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes and are used to make a range of organic chemicals.
Propene, CH3CH=CH2, is made by cracking. Give the structural formula of the addition product
when propene reacts with the following.
(i) water
[1]
(ii) bromine
(d) Propene reacts with hydrogen iodide to form 2 - iodopropane.

CH3CH=CH2
HI
[1]
CH3CHICH3
1.4 g of propene produced 4.0 g of 2 - iodopropane.

Calculate the percentage yield.
moles of CH3CH=CH2 reacted =
maximum moles of CH3CHICH3 that could be formed =
mass of one mole of CH3CHICH3 = 170 g
maximum mass of 2 - iodopropane that could be formed =
percentage yield
[4]

Alkanes, Alkenes and Alcohols

Uploaded by

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Copyright:

Available Formats

Alkanes, Alkenes and Alcohols

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Alkanes, Alkenes and Alcohols

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

IGCSE QUESTIONS

SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol)

1 The structures of three organic molecules are shown below.

(a) Describe an industrial process to make ethanol from ethene.

SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol)

Draw the displayed formula for ethene.

SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol/Bonding, Formulae)

Ethane-1,2-diol has the structure drawn below.

(g) Aqueous sodium hydroxide neutralises dilute ethanoic acid.

SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Bonding)

Members of an homologous series have a general formula.

State one other characteristic of an homologous series.

SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol)

3 Structures of six organic compounds are shown.

.............................................................. and ................................................................[1]

SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol)

(b) Name the products of the complete combustion of methanol.

(c) Ethanol can be manufactured from either ethene or glucose.

SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Bonding)

5 Ethane, C2H6, and ethene, C2H4, are both gaseous hydrocarbons.

SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol)

6 Alcohols are an homologous series of organic chemical compounds.

(a) What is meant by the term homologous series?

(c) Ethanol can be manufactured from ethene.

Write an equation for the reaction between ethene and steam.

(ii) Name the type of reaction that takes place.

A solution containing 18 kg of glucose makes only 0.92 kg of ethanol.

(b) A hydrocarbon has the formula C8H16.

If these are faulty,

(i) What causes incomplete combustion?

B8 The following apparatus can be used to produce ethanol from sugar.

(a) Describe how this apparatus can be used to produce ethanol.

addition of water vapour to ethene.

Draw the structures of ethene and ethanol.

SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol)

Use the information in the table to answer the following questions.

(c) The general formula for alkanes is CxH(2x + 2).

Name the products of the complete combustion of an alkane.

SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Crude Oil, Polymerization)

(a) Explain the meaning of

products obtained / g per 100g of fraction cracked

Which fraction is the best source of fuel for cars?

(d) Ethene can be polymerised to form poly(ethene).

(ii) State the name given to this type of polymerisarion.

SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, Crude oil, Polymerisation)

0rganic substances have many uses.

liquid used as a solvent

used for making roads

gas used as a fuel

gas used in making

(c) Some reactions of organic compounds are shown beIow.

(i) Which one of the reactions, A, B, C or D, shows fermentation?

(ii) Which one of the reactions, A, B, C or D, shows poIymerization?

(iii) Which one of the reactions, A, B, C or D, shows combustion?

(iv) Which one of the reactions, A, B, C or D, shows cracking?

(d) The hydrocarbon C8H18 is an aIkane.

(ii) ExpIain why this hydrocarbon is an aIkane.

SET X (Alkane, Alkene and Alcohol, separation and analysis)

A student wants to separate the coloured pigments in a plant leaf by chromatography.