This document discusses heat transfer and provides definitions and equations related to different modes of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation. It begins by distinguishing between heat and temperature, noting that temperature is a measure of molecular energy while heat is energy in transit between bodies. It then provides the fundamental equations for each mode of heat transfer, including Fourier's Law for conduction, Newton's Law of Cooling for convection, and Stefan-Boltzmann Law for radiation. The document also derives the general heat equation and discusses its applications in engineering design problems involving heat transfer calculations.
This document discusses heat transfer and provides definitions and equations related to different modes of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation. It begins by distinguishing between heat and temperature, noting that temperature is a measure of molecular energy while heat is energy in transit between bodies. It then provides the fundamental equations for each mode of heat transfer, including Fourier's Law for conduction, Newton's Law of Cooling for convection, and Stefan-Boltzmann Law for radiation. The document also derives the general heat equation and discusses its applications in engineering design problems involving heat transfer calculations.
This document discusses heat transfer and provides definitions and equations related to different modes of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation. It begins by distinguishing between heat and temperature, noting that temperature is a measure of molecular energy while heat is energy in transit between bodies. It then provides the fundamental equations for each mode of heat transfer, including Fourier's Law for conduction, Newton's Law of Cooling for convection, and Stefan-Boltzmann Law for radiation. The document also derives the general heat equation and discusses its applications in engineering design problems involving heat transfer calculations.
This document discusses heat transfer and provides definitions and equations related to different modes of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation. It begins by distinguishing between heat and temperature, noting that temperature is a measure of molecular energy while heat is energy in transit between bodies. It then provides the fundamental equations for each mode of heat transfer, including Fourier's Law for conduction, Newton's Law of Cooling for convection, and Stefan-Boltzmann Law for radiation. The document also derives the general heat equation and discusses its applications in engineering design problems involving heat transfer calculations.
Temperature is a measure of the amount of energy possessed by the molecules of a substance. It manifests itself as a degree of hotness, and can be used to predict the direction of heat transfer. The usual symbol for temperature is T. SI units scales are Celsius and Kelvin temperature. Heat, on the other hand, is energy in transit. Spontaneously, heat flows from a hotter body to a colder one. SI systemcommon units for measuring heat are the Joule and calorie. INTRODUCTION Energy can be converted from one form to another. (Second law) Heat is energy in transition. And this heat transfer is caused by temperature difference. Rate of heat transfer is temp difference and 1/ to resistance by material. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER they are complimentary
ARYA COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
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Page |2 Thermodynamics tells us: How much heat is transferred (dQ) How much work is done (dW) Final state of the system Heat transfer tells us: How (with what modes) dQ is transferred At what rate dQ is transferred Temperature distribution inside the body Classification Transit: example radiator. Periodic: example of engine. Modes of Heat Transfer Conduction: An energy transfer across a system boundary due to a temperature difference by the mechanism of intermolecular interactions. Conduction needs matter and does not require any bulk motion of matter. By Oscillation: in non conductor By electron and oscillation: in conductor By impact: in fluids Examples: Conduction rate equation is described by the Fourier Law: this law is based on observations rate of heat flow is to area of flow (A) and temperature difference (T) and 1/ to thickness (dx) So .. We assume case of one dimensional heat flow and k remains constant. q Ax dT/dx = kAx dT/dx k = thermal conductivity of material (W/m K) (which varies with temperature but we assume it to be constant..) q = heat flow vector, (W) or (J/s) 2
A = Cross sectional area in direction of heat flow. (m )
dT = temp difference in one direction. Conduction rate equation rectangular coordinate system q = kAx (dT/dx i + dT/dy j + dT/dz k) Conduction rate equation radial system qr = kAr dT/dr Conduction rate equation if temperature gradient is constant q = kA T2-T1 x2-x1 ** Here area will remain constant in direction of flow, later we will derive other cases. One end of the block of 1mx1mx.5m is at A=1m2 o o 100 C, another is maintained at 0 C. (k= l= .05m 385W/m K). find (1)rate of heat transfer (2) k= 385W/m K thermal resistance. T= 385 (i) q = kA T = 385X1X100/0.05 = 770 kW l (ii) R= l/kA = 0.05/(385X1)=1.3 X 10-4
ARYA COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
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Page |3 Convection: heat transfer is by mixing of fluid An energy transfer across a system boundary due to a temperature difference by the combined mechanisms of intermolecular interactions and bulk transport. Convection needs fluid matter. Type :
Natural convection: the mixing is carried out by difference in density of cold and hot partials(induced by buoyancy forces).. Ex: Hot plate to atmosphere. Water heating system. Heating of room by stove. Forced convection: the mixing is carried out by pump, fan etc. here heat transfer rate speeds up. Cooling of I.C engine.
Heat transfer through wall to fluid or fluid to wall is very important in engineering heat transfer.
Convection rate equation is described by the Newtons Law of Cooling:
q = h As T but q = kA dT/dx = kA(Tw Ts) = h As (Tw Ts)/ so k=h/ q = h As T Where: q = heat flow from surface, (W) h = heat transfer coefficient (which is not a thermodynamic property of the material, but may depend on geometry of surface, flow characteristics, thermodynamic properties of the fluid, etc. (W/m 2 K) As = Surface area from which convection is occurring. (m 2 ) T = TS Tw Temperature Difference between surface and coolant. (K) Q. An air cooler has surface area 0.12m2 and temp 65 oC. atmospheric temp is 30 oC surface coefficient of heat transfer 45.5 W/m 2 K. calculate heat transfer. Sol. q = h As (TS Tatm) = 45.4 X (0.12)(65-30) =190W Q. Water is heated up to boiling by a wire (rod) of 10cm X 1mm , 23.5 watt of power is consumed. h=5000 W/m 2 K find temperature of wire for steady state. Sol. q = h As (Twire Twater)
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Page |4 23.5=5000 x ( x d x l) (Twire Twater)= 5000 x ( x 0.001x 0.1) (Twire 100)= 1.57(Twire 100) Twire= 23.5/1.57 + 100 = 115 oC
Radiation: Radiation heat transfer involves the transfer of heat by electromagnetic radiation (where the energy is carried by photons of light in the infrared and visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum) that arises due to the temperature of the body. Radiation does not need matter. Mechanism: heat flow through radiation occurs in 3 phase 1. Thermal energy is converted in to em waves: all body above absolute zero emit radiant energy via photons. 2. photons can travel in space without media @ light 3. when photon strike another surface they are absorbed /reflected/ transmitted but absorbed and converted in to heat in perfect black body. Radiation rate equation is described by the STEFAN BOLTZMAN LAW: Total emission from a black body per unit area per unit time is proportional to forth power of absolute temperature of the body. E=Ts4 (W/ m 2 )
Where:
= emissivity, which depand on surface, finish and material ( = 1 is black body)
= Steffan Boltzman constant = 5.67 x 10 -8W/m 2 K 4 . Ts = Absolute temperature of the surface (K) This eq does not give heat exchange, for heat exchange
E=A(Ts4 - Tsur4 )
Where: Tsur = Absolute temperature of surroundings. (K) EXAMPLE1: Two perfect black bodies surround each other such that all radiant energy of inner surface at 1000oC reaches outer surface at 200oC find net rate of heat transfer per unit area. Sol Ts1 = 200+273 = 473 Ts2 = 1000+273= 1273 E/A=(Ts14 Ts24 ) = 146kW/m2 EXAMPLE2: 5 cm dia pipe at steady state temp 60 oC kept in a room of temp 25 oC , =0.7, h= 6.5 W/m 2 K Calculate total heat loss / unit length Sol Conv. q = h As T= h ( x d x l)(60-25)= 6.5x ( x 0.05x1)(60-25) = 35.72W Rad. q= A(Ts14 Ts24 )= 0.7 x ( x d x l) x 5.67 x 10 -8 ((60+273)4-(25+273)4) q= 33.72W total Q=35.72+33.72=69.44W
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Page |5
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COFF.:
qci= hiA(Ti-Ta) qk = kA(Ta-Tb) l qco = hoA(Tb-To)
= (Ti-Ta) Rci = (Ta-Tb) Rk = (Tb-To) Rco
Ti
Ta qci
Tb qk
To qco
qci = qk = qco = q Now we can measure Ti and T o but not Ta and Tb so we eliminate them (Ti-Ta) + (Ta-Tb) + (Tb-To) = q Rci + q Rk + q Rco Ti To = q (Rci + Rk + Rco) q= (Ti To) (Rci + Rk + Rco) By Newtons law of cooling q = UAT = (Ti To) (Rci + Rk + Rco) UA= 1 . (Rci + Rk + Rco) ELECTRICAL ANALOGY TO HEAT FLOW
Ti Ti
Ta qci
Tb qk
Ta
Tb
To
To qco
V= I(R1+R2+R3) T= q (Rci + Rk + Rco) Rci 1/ hiA
Rk l/kA
Rco 1/ hoA
Q. in furnace, combustion is at 1000oC and
outside temp is 25oC, convection heat transfer coefficient between furnace and wall= 10W/m2 and wall to outside air 5 W/m2 , thermal conductivity of brick material of wall is k= 1.04 W/mK. Find thickness of wall if wall temperature should not exceed 800oC.
ARYA COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
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Heat from furnace to wall
qci/A= hi(Ti-Ta) =10(1000-800)=2000Wm2 From wall to atmos. q/A = ho(Tb-To) = 5(Tb - 25) = 2000 Tb = 425 oC Eq for conduction q/A = k(Ta - Tb)/ l = 2000 l = 0.195 m
USE OF HEAT TRANSFER CALCULATIONS IN DESIGN:
Engineers have only two types of problems regarding HMT they either have to stop heat flow or to promote heat flow. Design of condenser, heat exchanger, air-conditioning (to calculate heat load as well as airconditioning required). To calculate heat load of a building in civil engineering. Heat treatment of metals,
UNIT 1 Lesson 2 CONDUCTANCE
GENERAL HEAT EQUATION Why We Need It? Fourier Law is for steady flow, in one dimension, and without heat generation. The cases other then this can not be solved by this equation. Cartesian Coordinates: T(r, , z) Derivation:
Assumptions: K (conductivity), c (pecific heat) and (denisity) do not vary with position. Heat generation is uniform. Consider a small volume whose dimensions are dx, dy, dz. Material is homogenous and isotropic. Means its properties (density, h, k ) are same everywhere.
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Temperature is indicated by T Temperature is a function of distance do T changes as distance changes ( T changes as dx changes). So rate of change of temperature T/ x Change of temperature at a distance dx=> Tx - Tx+dx => T/x dx => T/x dx
In d s Kumar it is Now heat inflow during time dt
+ heat generated Eg during time dt
ENERGY BALANCE EQ.
(dqx+dqy+dqz)dt +Eg(dxdydz)dt
= heat outflow during time dt
+ change in internal energy during time dt Est
(dqx+dx + dqy+dy +dqz+dz)dt
c(dx.dy.dz)dT Est =mcdT m= X volume
Now consider single direction x and apply Fourier eq
Heat inflow per unit time: dqx = -k(dydz) T/x
where dy.dz is area
Heat outflow in x direction per unit time: it is increased by dx
ARYA COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
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Page |8 Putting them in energy balance eq and solving we get GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQ 2
/ x + 2
/y + 2
/z2 + Eg/k
Net transfer of thermal energy
into the control volume (inflowoutflow)
cT
/kt = ( /k) (T/t)
Thermal energy generation
Change in thermal energy storage
control volume (inflowoutflow)
SIGNIFICANCE OF GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQ
This eq. tells us about temp. distribution and heat flow in a solid homogeneous and isotropic material Via conduction. Thermal Diffusivity o k/ c = is called thermal diffusivity and is property of the material science it consist of all property terms. Greater it is greater is the ability to store or conduct heat. o Thermal diffusivity is ratio of conductivity (k) to thermal storage capacity(c) . o Liquids have low conductivity but high heat storage capacity. Metals have low c and high k. o This also tells us how fast temperature change can occur in a material if surrounding temperature is changed. o Temperature distribution in unsteady state depend on conductivity and storage capacity / but in unsteady state only on conductivity. If heat generation is nil Eg = 0 this eq. is Fouriers eq. in three dimension. If system is in steady state but with heat generation this eq. is called poissons eq. If no heat source and in steady state this is called laplace,s eq. For one dimension / without generation / steady state the equation is 2
dT
/dx2
=0
HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION (RADIAL SYSTEMS)
When conduction occurs in shapes of radial geometries it is more convinent to work in cylindrical systems. Cylindrical Coordinates: T(r, , z) Derivation:
Assumptions:
same
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Page |9
Now consider single direction x and apply Fourier eq
Net Heat flow in r direction per unit time 2 T
dqr+dr dqr = -k (dr ddz) /r2
Net Heat flow in direction per unit time 2
dq+d dq = -k (dr ddz) T/2
Net Heat flow in z direction per unit time dqz+dz dqz = -k (dr ddz) Net heat generated per unit time Eg r(dr ddz) Net heat generated per unit time c r (dr ddz) dT/dt
2 T
/z2
Putting in energy balance eqn and solving we get
2
/r2 + (1/r) T/r +(1/r2) T/2 + T/z2 + Eg/k
Net transfer of thermal energy
into the control volume (inflowoutflow)
Thermal energy generation
( /k) (T/t) =( /) (T/t)
c
Change in thermal energy storage
** Every other thing remains same as derivation before
control volume (inflow outflow) For one dimension / without generation / steady state the equation is 2 T
/r2+(1/r) T/r = 0 1 2 d /r /dr ( r dT/dr ) = 0
SPHERICAL COORDINATES: T(r, , )
Derivation:
Assumptions:
same
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P a g e | 10
Volume = (dr.rd.rsin.d) Heat flow r- plan, direction per unit time T Inflow = dq = -k(dr . r.d)( ) r. sin . Heat stored or change in heat energy
dq+d - dq = (q )r. sin .d .dt r. sin . dq+d
1 2T - dq = k(dr.rd.rsin.d) [ 2 .dt ] r . sin 2 . 2
Heat flow r- plan, direction
Inflow = dq = -k(dr . sin.d)( dq+d - dq =
T r.
(q) . rd r.
solving for time dt
dq+d - dq = k(V)
1 r . sin 2
( sin T
).dt
Heat flow - plan, r direction
Similarly
(q) . dr r solving for time dt
dqr+dr - dqr = k(V)
( r 2 T r r
dqr+dr - dqr =
) . dt
Putting in energy balance eqn and solving +
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P a g e | 11
1 T 1 .dt + ( 2 2 2 2 r . sin r . sin . 2
( sin T
)+
( r 2 T r r
) + Eg/k =( /) (T/t) 1
For one dimension / without generation / steady state the equation is
1 2 d /r /dr
( r2 dT/dr )
=0
OVER ALL Steady-state conduction, no internal generation of energy
For one-dimensional, steady-state transfer by conduction without heat generation
i = 0 rectangular coordinates i = 1 cylindrical coordinates i = 2 spherical coordinates
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Thermal Conductivity: A measure of a materials ability to transfer thermal energy by conduction.
Thermal Diffusivity: A measure of a materials ability to respond to changes in its thermal
environment.
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