TOPIC 1
Management Commitment
Learning Outcomes
1. Describe the differentr eras in the development of OSH
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
act (OSHA)
Explain the prinsciples of industrial safety
Identify the different type of safety culture
Define the managements rols and responsibilities in
safety and health
Examine the accountability of management and the
supervisor
Analyse the functions of the Safety and Health
Commitee
1.1 The Eras of Safety
Management
1.Inspection Era (1911 1931)
Focusing on workers behavior by correcting or eliminating physical
hazards
Assumtions that cleaning up physical conditions came first as this
was thought to possibly be actual cause of injuries
2. The Unsafe Act and Condition Era
(1930-1940)
Focusing on unsafe act cause of high percentage of accidenht,
88% (Heinrich, 1931)
Applying
Cleaning up the physical condition
Trying to teach and train workers on the safe ways if working
Removing unsafe conditions andstopping unsafe acts in the workplace
3. Industrial Hygine Era
Physicians were focusing occupational diseases
Three concentration area:
Concentrate at the physical conditions
Focus on the behavior of workers
Monitor environmental conditions
4. Noise Era
1951 A worker loss his hearing due to his job.
Worker compensation were intruduced
Two protective actions
Protecting workers from any hearing loss
Protecting the company from paying for hearing loss occurred
elsewhere
5 Safety Management Era
Safety profesional start to see the management in safety.
Safety policies inplace, defining responsibility and clarifying the role
of authorities
Profesional view about:
Attemting to better define the scope and functions of the position
Developing curriculum for formal education to prepare a potential
profesioanal
Evolving a profesional certification programme
6 Occupational Safety and Health Era
(early 1970)
OSH Act changing the world of safety management
Concetrate on two promary things
Removing physical conditions mentions in the standards
Documenting everything that was done
7 The Accountablity Era
Aboved management commitment
Focusing in 3 different view:
Different ways to measure performance
New defination of managerial roles
Better defination of what is acceptable safety performance at all levels
of organization
8 Behavior Based Era and Human Era
Used the principle of Human Behavior in safety program
Consideration of employee perceptions of the organisation and the
working climate that implementation of these approaches have
created
1.2 PRINCIPLES OF
SAFETY MANAGEMENT
Heinrichs Axiom of Industrial Safety
1. Injuries result from a complete series of
factors, one of which is the accident itself
2. An accident can occur as a result of unsafe act
and/or unsafe conditions
3. Most accidents are the result of unsafe
behaviour by people
4. An unsafe act or an unsafe conditions does not
immediately result in an accident/injury;
Heinrichs Axiom of Industrial Safety
5. The reasons why people commit unsafe acts
can serve as helpful guides in selecting
corrective actions.
6. The severity of an accident is largely
fortuitous (by chance) and the factors that cause it are
largely preventable.
7. The prevention techniques are analogous with
the best quality and productivity techniques.
Heinrichs Axiom of Industrial Safety
8. Management should assume responsibility for
safety because it is in the best position to get
results.
9. The supervisor is the key person in the
prevention of industrial accidents.
10. In addition to the direct costs of an accident
(i.e. compensation, liability claims, medical
costs, and hospital expenses) there are also
hidden or indirect costs.
The Domino Theory and Multiple
Causation Theory
The easiest and most effective domino to remove is the
one at the center
If you are to prevent loss, remove the unsafe act or the
unsafe condition
Use this theory in two fundamental areas today
Accident Investigation
Inspection
Domino Theory
Each factor is the fault of the factor that immediately
precedes it
A preventable injury is the natural culmination of a series
of events or circumstances, which occur in a fixed logical
order
Domino Theory
If one of the dominoes is removed then the chain of
events will be halted, and the accident will not happen
Element 3 (unsafe act and/or mechanical or physical
hazard) is probably the easiest factor to remove
Domino Theory
Multiple Causation Theory
May be more than one cause, not only in sequence, but
occurring at the same time
In accident investigation all causes must be identified
Usually simple accidents have a single cause
Major disasters normally have multiple causes
Multiple Causation Theory
Cause a
Cause b
Unsafe Act
Cause c
Accident
Cause d
Cause e
Cause f
Unsafe
Condition
Injury or
Damage
Unsafe Act
Categories:
Operating without clearance
Operating at unsafe speed
Rendering safety devices inoperative
Using unsafe equipment, or using it unsafely
Unsafe methods e.g. loading, carrying, mixing
Adopting unsafe position or posture
Working on moving or dangerous equipment
Horseplay e.g. distracting, teasing, startling
Failure to wear PPE
Lack of concentration; fatigue or ill health
Human Factors
Unsafe Act
Unsafe acts can be active or passive:
Active Unsafe Acts:
Worker deliberately removes machine guard
Passive Unsafe Acts:
More difficult to deal with
By pursuing an active safety policy, it is possible to achieve a reduction
in bad habit s and hence accidents
Unsafe Condition
Categories:
Inadequate guarding
Unguarded machinery
Defective, rough, sharp, slippery, decayed, cracked surfaces
Unsafely designed equipment
Poor housekeeping, congestion
Inadequate lighting, glare, reflections
Inadequate ventilation, contaminated air
Unsafe clothing or PPE
Unsafe processes
Hot, humid or noisy environment
Unsafe Acts/Conditions
The picture shows how unsafe acts & conditions may
interact to produce an accident.
Accident potential is increased when unsafe acts &
conditions occur simultaneously. Of course, this is not to
say that an act or condition alone could not result in an
accident.
Unsafe Acts
Accident
Potential
Unsafe Acts/Conditions
Unsafe
Conditions
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Defining a Management System
ILO-OSH 2001
A set of interrelated or interacting elements to establish OSH policy
and objectives, and to achive those objectives
ISO 1400 (1996)
The part of the overall managemnet system that includes
organizatioal structure, planning activities, responsibilities,
practices, procedures, processes and resrouces for developing,
implementing, achivei, reviewing and mantaining the environmental
policy
Further System Characteristic
Open System
System interact by exchanging infromation
Close System
Limit their ability to adapt or respond to changing externel
conditions
Key System Distinctions
1) Management Leadership and Commitment
2) Worker participation
3) Continual Improvement
4) Evaluation
5) Integration
6) Management Review
4 SAFETY CULTURE AND
MANAGEMENT
Safety Culture:
Concept and Realities
Safety culture refers to the ways that safety issues are
addressed in a workplace. It often reflects "the attitudes,
beliefs, perceptions and values that employees share in
relation to safety." In other words, "the way we
do safety around here."
Safety Culture Component
The value, beliefs and principles that serve asa a
foundation for the safety management system
A set of practices and behaviors that exemplify and
reinforce those basic principles
Safety Culture
Safety Culture and Safety Performance
Evidence of safety-oriented workforce is a positive factor
for the firms safety performance.
Three important contributions;
Top managements leadership and support
Lower managemnet commitment
Employees involvement in occupational safety.
The management of an Integrated Safety
Culture
Systematic approach to supervisors behavior change is
the most efficient strategy to effect change.
Three problem address need to solve:
The resistence of individuals to change
The adaptation of existing management formal system to support
the process of change
The shaping of the informal political and cultural dynamics of the
organization.
5 MANAGEMENT
COMMITMENT AND
INVOLVEMENT
Defination
Roles and Responsibilities of
Management
Roles and Responsibilities of Managers
and Supervisors
6. SAFETY AND HEALTH
COMMITTEE
Responsibilities
Encouranging Workers Involvement
It takes two to tango
Establishment of a Safety and Health
Commitee
