Chapter 5.
ARRAY AND STRING
Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Minh Quang NGUYEN
Hanoi National University of Education
September 2015
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
ARRAYs
STRING
Two-Dimensional Arrays
Initialization
You do it
Q&A
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
ARRAYs
What is array?
An array is a collection of variables of the same type that are
referred to by a common name.
Every member of an array is allocated together in a memory
location.
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
ARRAYs
What is array?
An array is a collection of variables of the same type that are
referred to by a common name.
Every member of an array is allocated together in a memory
location.
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
ARRAYs
What is array?
An array is a collection of variables of the same type that are
referred to by a common name.
Every member of an array is allocated together in a memory
location.
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
ARRAYs
One-Dimensional Arrays
A one-dimensional array is a list of related variables. The general
form of a one-dimensional array declaration is:
type variable_name[size];
where
type: base type of the array, determines the data type of each
element in the array
variable name: the name of the array
size: how many elements the array will hold
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
ARRAYs
Example
Declaration without
initialization
int sample[10];
float float_numbers[100];
Declaration with initialization
int scores[7] = {1, 3, 4, 5,
1, 3, 2};
char alphabet[3] = {A, B,
E};
char last_name[40];
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
ARRAYs
Accessing Array Elements
I
An individual element within an array is accessed by use of an
index. An index describes the position of an element within an
array.
This consists of the name of the array, followed by brackets
delimiting a integer or a variable i.
Example
score[1] = 9;
for(int i = 0; i < 7; i++)
cout << score[i] << endl;
Note: In C++ the first element has the index zero!
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
ARRAYs
Accessing Array Elements
I
An individual element within an array is accessed by use of an
index. An index describes the position of an element within an
array.
This consists of the name of the array, followed by brackets
delimiting a integer or a variable i.
Example
score[1] = 9;
for(int i = 0; i < 7; i++)
cout << score[i] << endl;
Note: In C++ the first element has the index zero!
Paris Saclay
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
ARRAYs
Accessing Array Elements
I
An individual element within an array is accessed by use of an
index. An index describes the position of an element within an
array.
This consists of the name of the array, followed by brackets
delimiting a integer or a variable i.
Example
score[1] = 9;
for(int i = 0; i < 7; i++)
cout << score[i] << endl;
Note: In C++ the first element has the index zero!
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
ARRAYs
No Array-to-Array Assignments
You cannot assign one array to another in C++.
Instead, you have to do the
Example
assignments for each element
int a[10], b[10];
// do something
// assign all elements
// of array b to array a
a = b;
int i;
// assign all elements
// of array b to array a
for(i=0; i<10; i++)
a[i] = b[i];
Or copy all of the memory bytes
memcpy();
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
ARRAYs
No Array-to-Array Assignments
You cannot assign one array to another in C++.
Instead, you have to do the
Example
assignments for each element
int a[10], b[10];
// do something
// assign all elements
// of array b to array a
a = b;
int i;
// assign all elements
// of array b to array a
for(i=0; i<10; i++)
a[i] = b[i];
Or copy all of the memory bytes
memcpy();
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
ARRAYs
No Bounds Checking
C++ performs no bounds checking on arrays. Nothing will stop
you from overrunning the end of an array.
I
You will assign values to some other variables data!
You might even write into a piece of the program code!
Example
int crash[10], i;
for(i = 0; i < 11; i++)
crash[i] = i;
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
STRING
What is string?
The most common use for one-dimensional arrays is to store
strings of characters.
In C++, a string is defined as a character array terminated by a
null symbol.
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
STRING
Declaration
To declare an array str that could hold a 10-character string,
one would write:
char str[11];
Specifying the size as 10 makes room for the null at the end
of the string.
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
STRING
Declaration
To declare an array str that could hold a 10-character string,
one would write:
char str[11];
Specifying the size as 10 makes room for the null at the end
of the string.
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
STRING
Declaration
To declare an array str that could hold a 10-character string,
one would write:
char str[11];
Specifying the size as 10 makes room for the null at the end
of the string.
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
STRING
Reading a String from the Keyboard
Make an array, that will receive the string, the target of a cin
stream.
cout << "Enter a string: ";
cin >> str;
cout << "Your string:";
cout << str;
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
STRING
Some C++ Library Functions for Strings
C++ supports a range of string-manipulation functions
I
strcpy(): copy characters from one string to another
strcat(): concatenation of strings
strlen(): length of a string
strcmp(): comparison of strings
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
STRING
Some C++ Library Functions for Strings
C++ supports a range of string-manipulation functions
I
strcpy(): copy characters from one string to another
strcat(): concatenation of strings
strlen(): length of a string
strcmp(): comparison of strings
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
STRING
Some C++ Library Functions for Strings
C++ supports a range of string-manipulation functions
I
strcpy(): copy characters from one string to another
strcat(): concatenation of strings
strlen(): length of a string
strcmp(): comparison of strings
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
STRING
Some C++ Library Functions for Strings
C++ supports a range of string-manipulation functions
I
strcpy(): copy characters from one string to another
strcat(): concatenation of strings
strlen(): length of a string
strcmp(): comparison of strings
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22
Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
STRING
Some C++ Library Functions for Strings
C++ supports a range of string-manipulation functions
I
strcpy(): copy characters from one string to another
strcat(): concatenation of strings
strlen(): length of a string
strcmp(): comparison of strings
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
STRING
Example:
strcpy()
and
Example 1: strcpy()
char a[10];
strcpy(a, "hello");
strlen()
Example 2: strlen()
cout << "Enter a string: ";
gets(str);
cout << "Length is: " << strlen(s
Figure: Result of example 1
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
STRING
Example:
strcat()
Example 3: strcpy()
char s1[21], s2[11];
strcpy(s1, "hello");
strcpy(s2, " there");
strcat(s1, s2);
Paris Saclay
The first string array has to be
large enough to hold both
strings:
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
STRING
About
strcmp()
The strcmp(str1, str2)
function compares two strings
and returns the following result:
Example 4
I
str1 == str2: 0
str1 > str2 : positive
number
str1 < str2 : negative
number
The strings are compared
lexicographically (i.e., according
to dictionary order):
cout << "Enter password: ";
gets(str);
if(strcmp(str, "password"))
{
cout << "Invalid password.\n
}
else
cout << "Logged on.\n";
a < aa < aaa < . . . < b < ba < bb < . . . < bz < baa < . . . < abca < abd
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Two-Dimensional Arrays
Two-Dimensional Arrays: declaration
I
A two-dimensional array is
a list of one-dimensional
arrays.
To declare a
two-dimensional integer
array two dim of size 10,20
we would write:
int matrix[3][4];
This corresponds to a table
with 3 rows and 4 columns
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Two-Dimensional Arrays
Memory Allocation for Two-Dimensional Arrays
C++ supports a range of string-manipulation functions
I
Storage for all array elements is determined at compile time.
The memory used to hold an array is required the entire time
that the array is in existence.
The following formula determines the number of bytes of
memory that will be allocated:
bytes = rows columns number of bytes in type
For example, an integer array (with two-byte integers) with
dimensions 100,100 would require 100 * 100 * 2 = 20,000
bytes.
Paris Saclay
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28
Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Two-Dimensional Arrays
Memory Allocation for Two-Dimensional Arrays
C++ supports a range of string-manipulation functions
I
Storage for all array elements is determined at compile time.
The memory used to hold an array is required the entire time
that the array is in existence.
The following formula determines the number of bytes of
memory that will be allocated:
bytes = rows columns number of bytes in type
For example, an integer array (with two-byte integers) with
dimensions 100,100 would require 100 * 100 * 2 = 20,000
bytes.
Paris Saclay
Minh Quang NGUYEN
29
Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Two-Dimensional Arrays
Memory Allocation for Two-Dimensional Arrays
C++ supports a range of string-manipulation functions
I
Storage for all array elements is determined at compile time.
The memory used to hold an array is required the entire time
that the array is in existence.
The following formula determines the number of bytes of
memory that will be allocated:
bytes = rows columns number of bytes in type
For example, an integer array (with two-byte integers) with
dimensions 100,100 would require 100 * 100 * 2 = 20,000
bytes.
Paris Saclay
Minh Quang NGUYEN
30
Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Two-Dimensional Arrays
Memory Allocation for Two-Dimensional Arrays
C++ supports a range of string-manipulation functions
I
Storage for all array elements is determined at compile time.
The memory used to hold an array is required the entire time
that the array is in existence.
The following formula determines the number of bytes of
memory that will be allocated:
bytes = rows columns number of bytes in type
For example, an integer array (with two-byte integers) with
dimensions 100,100 would require 100 * 100 * 2 = 20,000
bytes.
Paris Saclay
Minh Quang NGUYEN
31
Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Two-Dimensional Arrays
Memory Allocation for Two-Dimensional Arrays
C++ supports a range of string-manipulation functions
I
Storage for all array elements is determined at compile time.
The memory used to hold an array is required the entire time
that the array is in existence.
The following formula determines the number of bytes of
memory that will be allocated:
bytes = rows columns number of bytes in type
For example, an integer array (with two-byte integers) with
dimensions 100,100 would require 100 * 100 * 2 = 20,000
bytes.
Paris Saclay
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32
Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Two-Dimensional Arrays
Multidimensional Arrays
C++ supports a range of string-manipulation functions
I
C++ allows arrays with more than two dimensions. The
general form of an N-dimensional array declaration is:
type array name [size 1] [size 2] ...
[size N];
For example, the following declaration creates a 4 character
array, or a matrix of strings:
char string matrix[4][10][20];
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33
Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Two-Dimensional Arrays
Multidimensional Arrays
C++ supports a range of string-manipulation functions
I
C++ allows arrays with more than two dimensions. The
general form of an N-dimensional array declaration is:
type array name [size 1] [size 2] ...
[size N];
For example, the following declaration creates a 4 character
array, or a matrix of strings:
char string matrix[4][10][20];
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34
Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Two-Dimensional Arrays
Multidimensional Arrays
C++ supports a range of string-manipulation functions
I
C++ allows arrays with more than two dimensions. The
general form of an N-dimensional array declaration is:
type array name [size 1] [size 2] ...
[size N];
For example, the following declaration creates a 4 character
array, or a matrix of strings:
char string matrix[4][10][20];
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Initialization
Character Array Initialization
C++ supports a range of string-manipulation functions
I Character arrays that will hold strings allow a shorthand
initialization that takes this form:
char array-name[size] = "string";
I
For example, the following code fragment initializes str to the
phrase hello:
char str[6] = "hello";
This is the same as writing:
char str[6] = h, e, l, l, o,
0;
Note: Remember that one has to make sure to make the array
long enough to include the null terminator.
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36
Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Initialization
Character Array Initialization
C++ supports a range of string-manipulation functions
I Character arrays that will hold strings allow a shorthand
initialization that takes this form:
char array-name[size] = "string";
I
For example, the following code fragment initializes str to the
phrase hello:
char str[6] = "hello";
This is the same as writing:
char str[6] = h, e, l, l, o,
0;
Note: Remember that one has to make sure to make the array
long enough to include the null terminator.
Paris Saclay
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37
Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Initialization
Character Array Initialization
C++ supports a range of string-manipulation functions
I Character arrays that will hold strings allow a shorthand
initialization that takes this form:
char array-name[size] = "string";
I
For example, the following code fragment initializes str to the
phrase hello:
This is the same as writing:
char str[6] = "hello";
char str[6] = h, e, l, l, o,
0;
Note: Remember that one has to make sure to make the array
long enough to include the null terminator.
Paris Saclay
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38
Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Initialization
Character Array Initialization
C++ supports a range of string-manipulation functions
I Character arrays that will hold strings allow a shorthand
initialization that takes this form:
char array-name[size] = "string";
I
For example, the following code fragment initializes str to the
phrase hello:
This is the same as writing:
char str[6] = "hello";
char str[6] = h, e, l, l, o,
0;
Note: Remember that one has to make sure to make the array
long enough to include the null terminator.
Paris Saclay
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39
Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Initialization
Character Array Initialization
C++ supports a range of string-manipulation functions
I Character arrays that will hold strings allow a shorthand
initialization that takes this form:
char array-name[size] = "string";
I
For example, the following code fragment initializes str to the
phrase hello:
This is the same as writing:
char str[6] = "hello";
char str[6] = h, e, l, l, o,
0;
Note: Remember that one has to make sure to make the array
long enough to include the null terminator.
Paris Saclay
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40
Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Initialization
Multi-Dimensional Array Initialization
Multi-dimensional arrays are initialized the same way as
onedimensional arrays
For example, the following code fragment initializes an array
squares with the numbers 1 through 10 and their squares:
int squares[10][2] = {{1, 1}, {2, 4}, {3, 9}, {4, 16},
{5, 25}, {6, 36}, {7, 49}, {8, 64}, {9, 81}, {10,
100}};
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Initialization
Multi-Dimensional Array Initialization
Multi-dimensional arrays are initialized the same way as
onedimensional arrays
For example, the following code fragment initializes an array
squares with the numbers 1 through 10 and their squares:
int squares[10][2] = {{1, 1}, {2, 4}, {3, 9}, {4, 16},
{5, 25}, {6, 36}, {7, 49}, {8, 64}, {9, 81}, {10,
100}};
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Initialization
Multi-Dimensional Array Initialization
Multi-dimensional arrays are initialized the same way as
onedimensional arrays
For example, the following code fragment initializes an array
squares with the numbers 1 through 10 and their squares:
int squares[10][2] = {{1, 1}, {2, 4}, {3, 9}, {4, 16},
{5, 25}, {6, 36}, {7, 49}, {8, 64}, {9, 81}, {10,
100}};
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Initialization
Unsized Array Initializations
I
It is possible to let C++ automatically dimension the arrays
through the use of unsized arrays. C++ will automatically
create arrays large enough to hold all the initializers present.
char error1[] = "Divide by 0";
char error2[] = "End-of-File";
char error3[] = "Access Denied";
For a multi-dimensional array, all but the leftmost dimension
have to be specified. So we can write:
char errors[][20] = {"Divide by 0", "End-of-File",
"Access Denied" };
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44
Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Initialization
Unsized Array Initializations
I
It is possible to let C++ automatically dimension the arrays
through the use of unsized arrays. C++ will automatically
create arrays large enough to hold all the initializers present.
char error1[] = "Divide by 0";
char error2[] = "End-of-File";
char error3[] = "Access Denied";
For a multi-dimensional array, all but the leftmost dimension
have to be specified. So we can write:
char errors[][20] = {"Divide by 0", "End-of-File",
"Access Denied" };
Paris Saclay
Minh Quang NGUYEN
45
Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Initialization
Unsized Array Initializations
I
It is possible to let C++ automatically dimension the arrays
through the use of unsized arrays. C++ will automatically
create arrays large enough to hold all the initializers present.
char error1[] = "Divide by 0";
char error2[] = "End-of-File";
char error3[] = "Access Denied";
For a multi-dimensional array, all but the leftmost dimension
have to be specified. So we can write:
char errors[][20] = {"Divide by 0", "End-of-File",
"Access Denied" };
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Initialization
Arrays of Strings
An array of strings is a special form of a two-dimensional
array.
I
I
The size of the left index determines the number of strings.
The size of the right index specifies the maximum length of
each string.
For example, the following declares an array of 30 strings, each
having a maximum length of 80 characters (with one extra
character for the null terminator):
char string array[30][81];
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
You do it
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Chapter 5. ARRAY AND STRING
Q&A
QUESTION and ANSWER
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