Quality assurance and control
DR. Hassan Khalifa Osman
Quality is defined in many ways:
Based on judgments by an individual or organization
Less or Zero Defects.
Fitness for purpose or use.
What is
Quality?
Corresponds to a rating
Based on acceptable performance
Meeting goals
Conformance to requirements
Customer satisfaction
Quality is totality of characteristics of an entity that
bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs.
Prof David Garvin, summarized five principal approaches
to define quality in his book Managing Quality.
Transcendent: I cant define it, but I know it when I see it
Product based: Quality is viewed as a quantifiable or
measurable characteristic or attribute.
Five Approaches
Defining Quality
User based: quality is an individual matter and products
that best satisfy their preferences are those with the
highest quality
Manufacturing based: concerned primarily with
engineering and manufacturing practices and use the
universal definition of conformance to requirements
Value based: in term of costs and prices as well as number
of other attributes
Five Quality
Aspects
There are five quality aspects in a business
context:
Producing: providing something.
Checking: confirming that something has
been done correctly.
Quality Control: controlling a process to
ensure that the outcomes are predictable.
Quality Management: directing an
organization to optimizes its performance
through analysis and improvement.
Quality Assurance: obtaining confidence that
a product or service will be satisfactory.
The standard of something as measured against other
things of a similar kind.
The degree of excellence of something.
A distinctive attribute or characteristic possessed by
someone or something.
DEFINITION
OF QUALITY
In manufacturing, a measure of excellence or a state of
being free from defects, deficiencies and significant
variation.
It is brought about by strict and consistent commitment
to certain standards that achieve uniformity of a product
in order to satisfy specific customer or user requirement.
ISO 8402-1986: quality is the totality of features and
characteristics of a product or service that bears its ability
to satisfy stated or implied needs.
Philip Crosby:
His absolutes
of quality
Quality is defined as conformance to
requirements, not goodness
The system for achieving quality is
prevention, not appraisal.
The performance standard is zero
defects, not thats close enough
The measurement of quality is the price
of non-conformance, not indexes.
Effect of
Quality
Improvement
Improve Quality (Product/Service
Increase Productivity (less rejects, faster job)
Lower Costs and Higher Profit
Business Growth, Competitive, Jobs,
Investment
Product Quality
interactions:
Quality systems
include:
Appropriate management support.
Development, implementation and
management of QA/QC system.
Clear documentation of quality methods,
procedures and test results.
Quality awareness and training of personnel.
Proof or certification of QA from suppliers.
Acceptance and testing of new materials.
Appropriate maintenance and testing of
equipment, materials and processes.
Quality
System includes
Calibration, and verification of the
calibration facilities.
Reliable testing of the system performance.
Periodic performance testing of the system.
Quality
Assessment
includes:
Accreditation.
Auditing.
Inter-comparisons.
Quality Control
The Quality
Cycle
input
Quality Assurance
Quality
output
Cost of Quality / Cost of poor quality (COPQ): The costs
associated with providing poor quality products or services.
Quality-related activities that incur costs may be divided
into prevention costs, appraisal costs, and internal and
external failure costs
Cost of Quality
Internal failure costs: incurred to remedy defects
discovered before the product or service is delivered to the
customer.
External failure costs: incurred to remedy defects
discovered by customers.
Appraisal costs: are associated with measuring and
monitoring activities related to quality.
Prevention costs: costs incurred to prevent or avoid quality
problems.
Control: An evaluation to indicate needed corrective
responses; the act of guiding a process with attributable
variability in a steady state condition.
Quality Control: The observation techniques and activities
used to fulfill requirements for quality.
Quality control
& assurance
Quality control (QC): is a procedure intended to ensure
that a manufactured product or service adheres to defined
quality criteria or meets customers requirements.
Assurance: The act of giving confidence, the state of being
certain or the act of making certain.
Quality Assurance: The planned and systematic activities
implemented in a quality system so that quality
requirements for a product or service will be fulfilled.
Quality Control
procedures
Quality Control procedures should also cover:
Instrument calibration.
Participation in inter laboratorycomparison programs.
Computational checks.
Periodic review of procedures,
specifications and operating records.
Observation of operations and evaluation
of quality control data.
Quality Control
procedures
Q.C. procedures should also cover:
Evaluation of compliance with the
performance criteria of appropriate
standards
Evaluation of quality control data to ensure
the long-term consistency of analytical
results
Verification of determinations of minimum
detectable activities.
What is Quality Assurance?
What is Quality
Assurance?
o Quality Assurance is the process that
demonstrates a product is able to satisfy
customers
Quality Assurance: planned systematic
actions necessary to provide adequate
confidence that a product or service will
satisfy given quality requirements.
Aim of QA
When good Quality Assurance is
implemented, improvement in
usability and performance and
lessening rates of defects is assured.
QUALITY
ASSURANCE
REQUIREMENTS
The quality assurance program should be
designed in relation to the magnitude and
the likelihood of potential workplace
exposures.
QA program should design planned and
systematic actions to provide adequate
confidence that monitoring requirements
are satisfied, including provisions for
feedback of operational experience.
QA Basic Training
requirements
Training is essential for direct and indirect
measurement staff
For personnel responsible for:
Operation.
Calibration.
interpretation of data.
equipment maintenance.
available sources
of training
Training can be provided through:
On-the-job training.
Formal classroom sessions.
Technologist certification programs.
Participation in inter comparison
programs.
International fellowship programs.
Actions are direct reflection of ones intentions
(Al-Quran)
Remember the earth revolves around the
CUSTOMER.
Conclusion
Quality begets customers and customers beget
quality.
Let us all have action plans to support quality.
This will make the world happy and earn us the
blessing of God.
1950s
W. Edwards Deming begins teaching statistical
management in Japan. His thesis: Meticulous
Control of Quality also leads to lower costs.
His methods contribute to startling advances
in Japanese manufacturing which later spread
throughout the world.
1980s
W. Edward Deming and J.M. Juran stressed that..
Everyone is responsible for quality not just inspectors.
Product should be made right the first time to avoid rework.
Reliance on workers to make suggestionsnot experts.
Elimination of any activity or material that does not add
value to the product.
