AUTOMATIC WATER PUMP CONTROLLER

AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM

WATER TRACKING SYSTEM
B Tech Mini-Project Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering

by

SANJAY KUMAR (Roll No. B110459EE)

PANKAJ KUMAR (Roll No.B110542EE)
B. UDAY KUMAR (Roll No.B110888EE)
P. SRINIVAS RAO (Roll No.B110907EE)

Under the guidance of

Dr. SINDHU T.K

Department of Electrical Engineering

NATIONAL INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT
NIT Campus P.O., Calicut - 673601, India
2013
1

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled AUTOMATIC WATER PUMP

CONTROLLER AND AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM is a bona fide record of the miniproject done by SANJAY KUMAR (Roll No.B110459EE), PANKAJ KUMAR (Roll No.
B110542EE), B.UDAY KUMAR (Roll No. B110888EE) and P. SRINIVAS RAO (Roll No.
B110907EE) under my supervision and guidance, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronic Engineering from National
Institute of Technology Calicut for the year 2011.

Dr. SINDHU T.K

(Guide)
Asst. Professor
Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Dr. SUSY THOMAS

Professor & Head
Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Place: CALICUT
Date: 25/04/2014

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to our guide
Dr. SINDHU T.K and to Dr. SUSY THOMAS ,Head of the Department of Electrical
Engineering for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the
course of this thesis. The blessing, help and guidance given by him time to time shall carry me a
long way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark.
I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Manjit Chakravarthi, for his
cordial support, valuable information and guidance, which helped me in completing this task
through various stages.
Lastly, I thank almighty, my parents and friends for their constant encouragement without which
this assignment would not be possible.

SANJAY KUMAR
PANKAJ KUMAR
B.UDAY KUMAR
P.SRINIVAS RAO

ABSTRACT
Most of time we are not free to monitor certain procedure, one such process is while we
have refill the water tank or to provide water to the irrigation fields. We either have to monitor
weather the tank is empty or full; or the fields or crops need the water.
This project is designed in such a way to free up our self from such arduous task and save our time
and effort.
This system will monitor the field or tank wherever it is installed and according to need
it will fill the tank on time and water the crops.

CONTENT
Chapter

Title

Page no.

1.

INTRODUCTION

2.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

2.1

Block Diagram

2.2

Sensor

2.3

Logic Gate IC 4001

2.4

NOR gate truth table

2.5
2.6

S-R latch truth table

Latches And Flip-Flops
2.6.1 Bistable Element
2.7
S-R Latch
9
2.7.1 S-R Latch with Enable
12
2.8
Relay Control circuit.
2.9
Relay and Convertor
2.10
Flyback diode
14
2.11
Motor
3.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
3.1
Measurement of conductivity
4.
COMPONENT USED
5.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND WORKING
5.1
For use in water tanks
5.2
For use in irrigation field
5.3
For tracking the water
6
DESIGN
19
7.
COST
8.
CONCLUSION
9.
APPLICATION
9.1
Application
9.2
Uniqueness of this system
9.3
Places where it can be used
10
11

REFERENCES
APPENDIX

7
8

13
13
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
18
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
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to replace the two inverters with two NAND gates as shown in Figure 4(a). This circuit is called
a SR latch. In addition to the two outputs Q and Q', there are two inputs S' and R' for set and
reset respectively. Following the convention, the prime in S and R denotes that these inputs are
active low. The SR latch can be in one of two states: a set state when Q = 1, or a reset state when
Q = 0.
To make the SR latch go to the set state, we simply assert the S' input by setting it to 0.
Remember that 0 NAND anything gives a 1, hence Q = 1 and the latch is set. If R' is not asserted
(R' = 1), then the output of the bottom NAND gate will give a 0, and so Q' = 0. This situation is
shown in Figure 4 (d) at time t0. If we de-assert S' so that S' = R' = 1, the latch will remain at the
set state because Q', the second input to the top NAND gate, is 0 which will keep Q = 1 as shown
at time t1. At time t2 we reset the latch by making R' = 0. Now, Q' goes to 1 and this will force Q
to go to a 0. If we de-assert R' so that again we have S' = R' = 1, this time the latch will remain at
the reset state as shown at time t3. Notice the two times (at t1 and t3) when both S' and R' are deasserted. At t1, Q is at a 1, whereas, at t3, Q is at a 0. When both inputs are de-asserted, the SR
latch maintains its previous state. Previous to t1, Q has the value 1, so at t1, Q remains at a 1.
Similarly, previous to t3, Q has the value 0, so at t3, Q remains at a 0.

Figure 4. SR latch: (a) circuit using NAND gates; (b) truth table; (c) logic symbol; (d) timing diagram.

Figure 5. SR latch: (a) circuit using NOR gates; (b) truth table; (c) logic symbol.
6

If both S' and R' are asserted, then both Q and Q' are equal to 1 as shown at time t4. If one of the
input signals is de-asserted earlier than the other, the latch will end up in the state forced by the
signal that was de-asserted later as shown at time t5. At t5, R' is de-asserted first, so the latch
goes into the normal set state with Q = 1 and Q' = 0. A problem exists if both S' and R' are deasserted at exactly the same time as shown at time t6. If both gates have exactly the same delay
then they will both output a 0 at exactly the same time. Feeding the zeros back to the gate
input will produce a 1, again at exactly the same time, which again will produce a 0, and so on
and on. This oscillating behavior, called the critical race, will continue forever. If the two gates
do not have exactly the same delay then the situation is similar to de-asserting one input before
the other, and so the latch will go into one state or the other. However, since we do not know
which is the faster gate, therefore, we do not know which state the latch will go into. Thus, the
latchs next state is undefined.
In order to avoid this indeterministic behavior, we must make sure that the two inputs are never
de-asserted at the same time. Note that both of them can be de-asserted, but just not at the same
time. In practice, this is guaranteed by not having both of them asserted. Another reason why we
do not want both inputs to be asserted is that when they are both asserted, Q is equal to Q', but
we usually want Q to be the inverse of Q'.

Figure 6. SR latch with enable: (a) circuit using NAND gates; (b) truth table; (c) logic symbol;
(d) timing diagram.

Figure 7. SR latch with enable: (a) circuit using NOR gates; (b) truth table.
From the above analysis, we obtain the truth table in Figure 4(b) for the NAND implementation of the SR latch.

Q is the current state or the current content of the latch and Qnext is the value to be updated in
the next state. Figure 4(c) shows the logic symbol for the SR latch. The SR latch can also be
implemented using NOR gates as shown in Figure 5(a). The truth table for this implementation is
shown in Figure 5(b). From the truth table, we see that the main difference between this
implementation and the NAND implementation is that for the NOR implementation, the S and R
inputs are active high, so that setting S to 1 will set the latch and setting R to 1 will reset the
latch. However, just like the NAND implementation, the latch is set when Q = 1 and reset when
Q = 0. The latch remembers its previous state when S = R = 0. When S = R = 1, both Q and Q'
are 0. The logic symbol for the SR latch using NOR implementation is shown in Figure 5(c).
SR LATCH WITH ENABLE
The SR latch is sensitive to its inputs all the time. It is sometimes useful to be able to disable the
inputs. The SR latch with enable (also known as a gated SR latch) accomplishes this by adding
an enable input, E, to the original implementation of the latch that allows the latch to be enabled
or disabled. The circuit for the SR latch with enable using NAND gates is shown in Figure 6(a),
its truth table in Figure 6(b), and logic symbol in Figure 6(c). When E = 1, the circuit behaves
like the normal NAND implementation of the SR latch except that the S and R inputs are active
high rather than low. When E = 0, the latch remains in its previous state regardless of the S and R
inputs. In actual circuits, the enable input can either be active high or low, and may be named
ENABLE, CLK, or CONTROL. A typical operation of the latch is shown in the timing diagram in
Figure 6(d). Between t0 and t1, E = 0 so changing the S and R inputs do not affect the output.
Between t1 and t2, E = 1 and the trace is similar to the trace of Figure 4(d) except that the input
signals are inverted.
The SR latch with enable can also be implemented using NOR gates as shown Figure 7.
2.6 RELAY CONTROL CIRCUIT

2.7 Relay and Convertor:

A relay is an electrical switch that uses an electromagnet to move the switch from the off to on
position instead of a person moving the switch. It takes a relatively small amount of power to
turn on a relay but the relay can control something that draws much more power. The coil that
controls the relay may only need a few watts to pull the contacts together.
This is the schematic representation of a relay. The contacts at the top are normally open (i.e.
not connected). When current is passed through the coil it creates a magnetic field that pulls the
switch closed (i.e. connects the top contacts). Usually a spring will pull the switch open again
once the power is removed from the coil.
Relay Configuration:
The most common are shown to the right. Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) is the simplest with
only two contacts. Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) has three contacts. The contacts are
usually labeled Common (COM), Normally Open (NO), and Normally Closed (NC). The
Normally Closed contact will be connected to the Common contact when no power is applied to
the coil. The Normally Open contact will be open (i.e. not connected) when no power is applied
to the coil. When the coil is energized the Common is connected to the Normally Open contact
and the Normally Closed contact is left floating. The Double Pole versions are the same as the
Single Pole version except there are two switches that open and close together.

Flyback Diode:
A relay coil is not only an electromagnet but it's also an inductor. When power is applied to the coil
the current in the coil builds up and levels off at its rated current (depends on the DC resistance of the
2

coil, I = V/R). Some energy is now stored in the coil's magnetic field (E = 05LI ). When the current
in the coil is turned off this stored energy has to go somewhere. The voltage across the coil quickly
increase trying to keep the current in the coil flowing in the same direction (V = Ldi/dt). This voltage
spike can reach hundreds or thousands of volts and can damage electronic parts.
By adding a flyback diode the
current has a path to continue
flowing through coil until the stored
energy is used up. The diode also
clamps the voltage across the coil to
about 0.7V protecting the
electronics. The stored energy
dissipates quickly in the diode (E =
V*I*t). The current stops flowing
and the relay turns off. The diode
should be able to handle the coil
current for a short time and switch
relatively fast.

Note: A resistor or zener diode can be placed in series with the diode to use up the stored energy
quicker. This increases the amplitude of the voltage spike above 0.7V but the energy is used up
quicker (i.e. the voltage spike won't last as long). Usually it doesn't matter if the relay takes 1ms or
100ms to turn off.

10

The schematic on the left illustrates

how current flows in a relay. Fig A
shows the current flow when the
transistor is on. Fig B shows the
current flow when the transistor is
off. Notice how the diode
completes the current loop.

If the load is DC and inductive add a flyback diode across the

relay contacts (as shown in left). The inductive kickback from
the load will shorten the lifetime of the relay contacts if the diode
isn't present.

2.8 Motor:
A 230V A/C motor (water Pump) is controlled using this circuit design.

CHAPTER 3
WORKING PRINCIPLE

The device work on the principle that Water is a good conductor of electricity. Allowing
current to flow through it.

The conductivity (or specific conductance) of an electrolyte solution is a measure of its

ability to conduct electricity. The SI unit of conductivity is Siemens per meter (S/m).

High quality deionized water has a conductivity of about 5.5 S/m, typical drinking water
in the range of 5-50 mS/m, while sea water about 5 S/m (i.e., sea water's conductivity is
one million times higher than that of deionized water).

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3.1 Measurement of Conductivity:

Distance between electrode

Electrode surface

Impressed voltage

Generated electricity

K=d/S

Measuring cell constant

Conductivity=d/S*I/U=K*I/R

CHAPTER 4
COMPONENTS USED
Component
IC 4001

Rating
Vol=0.05V ,Voh=11.90V
Vil=3.5V , Vih=8.5V [1]

Quantity
1

Relay
Resistors
BJT BC 337
LED
Diode IN 4148

230V,2A
15k,10k,1k
45V,800mA,NPN

1
2,1,1
1
1
1

75V,150mA

CHAPTER 5
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND WORKING
5.1 FOR USE IN WATER TANKS:

12

We have assumed that the water in reservoir touches the water sensor.

When the water level in the tank is below the both water sensors, the NOR gate 1 will
have have logic 1 as input and logic 0 as output. And one of the input to the NOR gate 3
will be logic 1. Now since the following SR latch has 0,1 its in reset condition and the
output Q will be 0 (reset) and the following 4th NOR gate will have both the inputs as
0,therefore its output will be 1. The current will flow through the base of the BJT,turning
BJT ON,that further START the pump.

When the water touches the water LOW sensor,then the input to the NOR gate 1 will
have logic 1 as input and logic 0 as output. And one of the input to the NOR gate 3 will
be logic 0. Since now the SR latch is in 0,0 condition it will hold the precious value and
the pump will continue to run.

As water in the tank touchs the water HIGH sensor the the input to the NOR gate 1 will
be 0 and its output will be 1,that will act as input to the SR latch. And the input to the
NOR gate 3 will be 0. The SR latch is having 1,0 as input that will give Q=1(set). And as
the NOR gate 4 is having 1,0 as input it give 0,turning OFF the pump.

Now as the water is consumed the, water HIGH senor will not be in contact with the
water. And the SR latch will have 0,0 as input it will hold the previous value,Q=1. And as
the input to the NOR gate 4 is 1,0 the will not start.

The above cycle will repeat.

13

If the water in the resevoir is below the water sensor the input to the NOR gate 4 will be 1
and pump will not start. And if the resevoir has enough water that it touches the sensor,
the input to the NOR gate 4 will be 0 and the pump will continue its operation normally.

5.2 FOR USE IN IRRIGATION FIELD

We can use the same circuit for watering automatically in the irrigation field, in this case
we will insert the sensor into the ground with appropriate depth.

The water HIGH sensor will be used as water LOW sensor in this case, and water LOW
sensor will be used as water HIGH sensor.

As initially the field will be dry the pump will start, and water starts penetrating into the
ground, at first the water touches the water HIGH sensor and pump will continue to water
the field. As it touches the water LOW sensor the pump will stop. And our field will be
irrigated.

As the land gets dry, it will be first get dry from the top. The pump will not work in this
case. When the land further gets dry and the water level falls below the water HIGH
sensor, the pump will again start. And this cycle continues.

5.3 FOR TRACKING THE WATER

We can use this system to track the water, for this we insert the sensor in the same level
but at distance. The sensor close to pump will be water LOW sensor, and the sensor at
distance will be water HIGH sensor.

Initially the water will not be there at both the points so the pump will starts.
14

The water will touch the water LOW sensor first and it will continue to flow in the
restricted paths made for the flow of water.

As the water reaches the other end at distant point the pump will stop.

CHAPTER 6
COST

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIONS

The system will allow the consumer to save their valuable time.
This help to conserve the valuable freshwater, as its automatically switches the motor
once the tank is filled.
It will eliminate the risk of excess water into the field and hence damaging the crops.
It will reduce water wastage.

CHAPTER 8
APPLICATIONS
8.1 APPLICATIONS:
This system can be used anywhere where there is water storage facility is there.
In any industry where proper amount of water is needed to be maintained in the storage
tanks.
In the agriculture field, to provide water to the crops at proper time and need, especially
in summers.
8.2 UNIQUENESS OF THIS SYSTEM:
This single circuit can be used as water pump controller for use in water tank, irrigation
field, industries etc.
This system comes with the adjustable sensor rods that can be simply adjusted by anyone.

15

This allows the user to decide what should be the minimum water level and maximum
water level of the tank.
It come with pump protect, that allows

8.3 PLACES WHERE IT CAN BE USED:

It can be used at any place where there is any type of water storage system.

Examples:
Colleges, Houses, Hospitals, Factories, Industries, Agriculture fields etc.
REFERENCES

References to book:
M. Morris Mano, Digital Logic and Computer Design Prentice Hall of India, Second
edition.
Sedra Smith, Microelectronic Circuits : Theory and Applications, Kenneth C.
Smith, Arun N. Chandorkar, Adel S. Sedra.
References to website:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductivity_(electrolytic)
http://www.nxp.com/documents/data_sheet/HEF4001B.pdf

Appendix A:
Datasheet of HEF4001B Quadruple 2-input NOR gate

Pinning Diagram

16

17

18

DESIGN:

12 10.88
0.75mA
10k
12 2.70
I C1
0.93mA
10k
12 0.05 11.95
I C2

132mA
90
90
V
2.65
RLED
2.85k
I 0.93mA
I C I C1 I C 2 0.93 132 132.93mA

Iu Il

250
IC I B
IC

132.93mA
0.531mA

250
I E I B IC

IB

I E 132.93 0.531 133.461mA

IE

1
IC

0.996

133.463mA

19