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Finite element analysis of tilted thrust pad

bearings of various recesses shapes considering
thrust pad flexibility
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Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 87 (2014) 4355

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Finite Elements in Analysis and Design

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/finel

Performance of hydrostatic tilted thrust pad bearings of various recess

shapes operating with non-Newtonian lubricant
Saurabh K. Yadav n, Satish C. Sharma
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tribology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India

art ic l e i nf o

a b s t r a c t

Article history:
Received 13 July 2013
Received in revised form
15 April 2014
Accepted 19 April 2014
Available online 20 May 2014

Hydrostatic thrust bearings are an integral part of hydroelectric power stations. These bearings are
usually designed to work under parallel operation, but tilt is inevitable due to manufacturing errors,
assembly errors, structural vibrations and structural deformations. Owing to the advent of latest
advancements in manufacturing techniques, any geometric shape of recess can be easily manufactured
and the designer has a greater exibility. The geometric shape of recess signicantly affects the
performance of a bearing. Therefore, the present study is aimed to numerically analyze the inuence of
the tilt and recess shape on the static and dynamic performance characteristics of the hydrostatic thrust
pad bearing system having Rabinowitsch uid model lubricant. The lubricant obeying Rabinowitsch uid
model with tilt makes the Reynolds equation highly non-linear therefore, nite element method is used
to analyze. Three different types of recess shapes of equal area Ab =Aoc 4 have been analyzed to model
hydrostatic thrust pad compensated by orice compensator. The numerically simulated results indicate
that the tilt angle signicantly affects the dynamic and static characteristic parameters. The value of
pocket pressure and uid lm reaction of a hydrostatic thrust pad bearing has been found to signicantly
decrease with tilt whereas the value of lubricant ow, uid lm stiffness coefcient and uid damping
coefcient increase with tilt.
& 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords:
Non-linear nite element method
Thrust bearing
Non-Newtonian
Rabinowitsch uid model

1. Introduction
In hydropower plants, axial thrust coming from heavy machinery,
turbines and generators is very large. To support the heavy axial
thrust load with minimum friction, hydrostatic thrust bearings are
widely used due to their ability to provide high load carrying capacity.
Therefore, the design of hydrostatic thrust pad bearing system under
realistic condition is quite important. Hydrostatic thrust pad bearings
have been extensively investigated by many researchers during the
last few decades and their research efforts, focused on various aspects
of hydrostatic thrust pad bearing. The following paragraph details
some of the important studies reported in literature.
In recent past, many investigations have been carried out and
reported in the area of hydrostatic thrust bearing considering various
issues. Osterle and Hughes [1] analyzed the effect of lubricant inertia
on the performance of load carrying capacity of hydrostatic thrust
bearing and it was found that the load carrying capacity of hydrostatic thrust bearing neglecting the effect of lubricant inertia had
signicant errors at high speeds, if the effect of lubricant inertia is
neglected. Inuence of exibility of pad on the bearing performance

Corresponding author. Mob. 9760011910.

E-mail addresses: saurabhme.iitr@gmail.com (S.K. Yadav),
sshmefme@iitr.ac.in (S.C. Sharma).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nel.2014.04.009
0168-874X/& 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

was studied by Sinhasan et al. [24]. They computed performance

characteristics of hydrostatic thrust bearing by considering different
types of restrictor by considering the pad deformation.
In general the hydrostatic thrust pad bearing is designed to
work under parallel operation, however, tilt in hydrostatic thrust
pad bearing systems is inevitable due to manufacturing, assembly
errors, structural vibrations, etc. Therefore, many researchers
focused their study to analyzed the effect of tilt on the performance of thrust bearing [514]. Safar and Mote [15] analyzed the
hydrostatic thrust bearing system operating with Newtonian
lubricant under non-axisymmetric operation. In their analysis,
they considered the effect of bearing number, the uid lm
thickness variation and bearing offset on the bearing pressure,
load carrying capacity and lubricant ow rate. Later on a study by
Safar [6] reported semi analytical solution for the pressure
distribution in tilted hydrostatic thrust pad bearing by using the
series solution method. It was found that the tilt of hydrostatic
thrust pad gave rise to negative uid lm pressures and this
results cavitation. He further observed that the value of bearing
characteristic parameters gets changed signicantly by including
tilt angle in the analysis. Prabhu and Ganesan [8] studied the effect
of tilt and rotation on the performance of a multirecess plane
hydrostatic thrust bearing. They studied a hydrostatic thrust bearing
conguration with four sectorial type recesses. Studies related to
hydrostatic thrust bearings by considering tilt have been carried out

44

S.K. Yadav, S.C. Sharma / Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 87 (2014) 4355

Nomenclature
A
C
do
F
F0
h
hr
p
poc
ps
Q
QR

L
n
nt
np
nl
ro
S
t

X, Y, Z

area
uid lm damping coefcient
diameter of the orice


resultant uid lm reaction
h
t  a0
resultant uid lm reaction h
t 0
uid lm thickness
reference uid lm thickness
pressure


pocket pressure h
t a 0
supply pressure
bearing ow
restrictor ow
non-linearity parameter
capillary length
total number of nodes
total number of elements
number of pockets
total number of nodes in an element
outer radius of the circular thrust pad
uid lm stiffness coefcient
time
viscosity of the lubricant
tilt angle
density of the lubricant
Cartesian coordinate system
coefcient of discharge for an orice restrictor

Dimensionless parameters
3

Chf
r 4o

C s1

3 d2o
2h3r

C s2
F0

C s1 =6
F 0 =r 2o ps

ps

1=2

Orifice

not only for the case of plane hydrostatic thrust bearing as well as for
conical hydrostatic thrust bearing system [9,16,17]. Prabhu and
Ganeshan [16] theoretically studied non-parallel operation of annular
recess conical hydrostatic thrust bearing compensated with capillary
under the tilt and rotation.
Due to the stringent requirements of modern machinery
system, it is imperative to look for the enhancement in lubricating
performance. A number of additive packages are generally mixed
to achieve the desired lubricating performance. Addition of additives in the lubricant makes lubricant behavior non-Newtonian. To
study the additized lubricant behavior, various non-Newtonian
lubricant models such as Bingham plastic uid [18], Cason models
[19], micropolar [2022] and power law [23] have been proposed.
Among these models a non-Newtonian model named as Rabinowitsch uid model was experimentally established by Wada and
Hayashi [24,25]. In their experimental study, they showed that the
blending of additives improved the viscosity index of lubricant.
After Wada and Hayashi, many researchers used this model
in their studies [2628]. Sinhasan and Sah [27] analyzed
orice compensated journal bearing system by using this
model. They used nite element method and Newton Raphson
iterative scheme to analyze the performance of journal bearing
system. Very recently, Singh et al. [29] made use of this model in
their study to analyze the effects of centrifugal inertia on the

F
h
A
h_
p
QR
Q

F=r 2o ps
h=hr
Ab =Aoc

h
t

p=ps

12
3Q
ps hr R

ps
hr
2
hr ps
ro

12
3Q
ps hr r
ro
hr

X=r o
Y=r o
 
2
t= 2ro
hr ps

Subscripts and superscripts

b
land
pocket
e
oc
0
R

bearing
contribution due to bearing land area
contribution due to pocket area
eth element
pocket
steady state equilibrium
restrictor
corresponding dimensionless parameter
supply pressure

Matrices
F
fpg
fQ g
R t 

assembled uidity matrix

nodal pressure vector
nodal ow vector
right hand side vector due to squeeze terms

performance of annular ring hydrostatic thrust bearing.

Lin [26] analyzed squeeze lm characteristics of annular ring
thrust bearing system with Rabinowitsch model lubricant.
Closed form expressions for squeeze lm load carrying capacity
were derived after making approximations in Reynolds's
equation.
The available studies in literature clearly reveals that consideration of both lubricant behavior as well as tilt is very important
to generate the realistic design data [7,26,30,31]. No study in the
literature has yet been reported that demonstrates the behavior of
thrust bearing operation with Rabinowitsch lubricant with tilt
consideration. Recently, some studies have been carried out in the
case of parallel operation thrust bearing by using Rabinowitsch
uid model. However, these studies are not practical as they
ignored the effect of tilt. Thus, the present work has been planned
to bridge this gap in the literature. The present work deals with a
tilted pad hydrostatic thrust pad bearing operating with nonNewtonian lubricant. To analyze the effect of tilt, three different
types of recess geometries have been chosen from the literature
[32,33]. Further, it has been found that the tilt of hydrostatic thrust
pad signicantly affects the static and dynamic performance
characteristics parameters. The numerically simulated results presented in the paper are expected to be quite useful to the academic
community and bearing designers.

S.K. Yadav, S.C. Sharma / Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 87 (2014) 4355

45

2. Governing Reynolds equation

3. Finite element formulation

A schematic diagram of a hydrostatic thrust pad bearing system

with tilt and compensated with orice restrictor is shown in Fig. 1.
The modied Reynolds equation governing the ow of nonNewtonian lubricant in bearing clearance space of a hydrostatic
tilted pad thrust bearing shown in Fig. 1 is expressed in dimensionless as follows [27,32].

The bearing performance characteristic parameters of a tilted

pad thrust bearing operating with Rabinowitsch uid model
lubricant have been computed by obtaining the numerical solution
of governing modied Reynolds equation. Therefore, a FEM program in MATLAB is developed to calculate performance characteristic parameters of a thrust bearing. Discretization of ow eld for
FEM calculation is done by using four-noded bilinear isoparametric quadrilateral elements. The uid lm pressure variation is
approximated to vary bilinearly over an element and is

2.1. Governing equations



nel



3
3

p
h
h F2
h F2

where F 0 , F 1 and F 2 are uid lm viscosity integrals along the

thickness and calculated by following relations.
Z

F0
0

dz; F 1

dz; F 2

z

F1
F0

!
2

dz

Fluid lm thickness expression as a function of tilt can be

written as [6].
h hr

p pj N j

where, Nj is the nodal shape function and nel is number of nodes in

a quadrilateral element. Here value of nel is four. Using Galerkin's
orthogonality conditions after the usual assembly procedure,
global system of equation is obtained as [27,32].
_ t
F fpg fQ g hR

e
Fij

The eth element in the matrixes are expressed as



Z Z
3
N N j
N N j

h F2 i
F2 i

3
e

Qi

where r o =hr is dened as a tilt parameter.

j1



 
Z

3
3
e
p
p
l1 h F 2
l 2 N i d
h F2

h0

Bearing Pad
Orifice Restrictor
Circular Recess

Constant
Pressure valve

Pump motor

X
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of hydrostatic thrust bearing system with tilt.

6a

6b

46

S.K. Yadav, S.C. Sharma / Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 87 (2014) 4355

Z Z

Rt

N i

6c

where l1 and l2 are direction cosines and i, j 1, 2 nel (number of

nodes per element).
e is the boundary and e refers to the domain of the eth
element. The elemental matrices are generated for all elements
and are assembled in a global matrix and are expressed in below
expression [34].
2
32 3 2
3
2
3
F 11 F 12 F 1j : F 1n
p1
Q1
Rt1
6
76 7 6
7
6
7
6 F 21 F 22 F 2j F 2n 76 p2 7 6 Q 2 7
6 Rt2 7
6
76 7 6
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
6

76 7 6 7 _ 6 7
6
7
7
6
76 7 6
7 h6
7
6 F i1 F i1 F ij F in 76 pi 7 6 Q i 7
6 Rti 7
6
76 7 6
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
6
7

54 5 4 5
4
4 5
pn
Qn
F n1 F n2 F nj F nn
Rtn
where the values of global square matrix elements F ij , column vector
Q i and column vector Rti are computed by using Eqs. (6a)(6c).
The pressure pi at node i is dened as a function of h, h_
_
pi pi ; ; h; h

Eq. (9) is solved by using the current value of nodal pressure

vector p0 k , which is obtained from the previous iteration. These
iterations are repeated till the following criterion is not satised.


p0 k 1  p0 k
13
tol 0:001 4 max
p0 k

3.2. Performance characteristics

The bearing performance characteristics for a hydrostatic
circular thrust pad compensated bearing are obtained by performing the integration over the elements [32].
3.2.1. Fluid lm reaction (F o )
F o F o jland F o jpocket
(Z Z
)
1
1
ne
Fo
p1 N 1 p2 N 2 p3 N 3 p4 N4 jJjdd

Q R C S2 1  poi 1=2

It may be noted that a system of Eq. (9) is non-linear in

pressure due to orice restrictor and cannot be solved directly.
Therefore, the solution of these non-linear equations is obtained
by using an iterative technique NewtonRaphson.
3.1. NewtonRaphson method
In order to obtain nodal pressure vector p following analytical
expression in matrix form is applied to compute the nodal
pressures [33].
1

Fk p0 k  Q k

p0 k 1 p0 k p0  p0 k  Fk  DQ k

1

10

Fk p0 k Q k
11

where p0 k is column pressure matrix at the kth iteration. Q k is

the lubricant ow rate at kth iteration. p0  is the increment the
pressure vector. DQ is the derivative of column ow vector Q k
with respect to pressure and calculated as
DQ ij

Q i
pj

12

It may be noted that the column vector Q k at nodes located on

the pockets is function of pressure. Therefore DQ  is also function
of pressure.

1

i np

Aoc poc
i1

(Z

ne

1
1

e1

For continuity of ow, the ow input by restrictor must be

equal to ow of bearing. ith is the node lying on the pocket
geometry.Q i Q R .
The system of equation, after applying boundary condition is
expressed as
2
32
3 2
3
F 11 F 12 F 1j : F 1n
p01
Q1
6
76
7 6
7
6 F 21 F 22 F 2j F 2n 76 p02 7 6
7
Q2
6
76
7 6
7
6
76 7 6
7

6
76
7 6
7
9
6
76
76
7
6 F i1 F i1 F ij F in 76 p0i 7 6 C S2 1  poi 1=2 7
6
76
7 6
7
6
6
7 6
7

7
4
54 5 4
5
p0n
Qn
F n1 F n2 F nj F nn

p0 k 1 p0 k  Fk DQ k

1

e1

For the steady state condition h_ 0, the nodal pressure

column vector is expressed as p p0 .
The lubricant ow rate through orice restrictor for steadystate condition is expressed as follows:

nl 4

1

i1

i np

pi N i jJjdd Aoc poc

14

i1

3.2.2. Fluid lm stiffness S

F 0
h

(Z

ne

1
1

e1
i np

Aoc
(Z

p1
h

1

h
Z 1

1

e1

N1

p2
h

N2

p3
h

N3

p4
h




N 4 J dd

poc

i1

ne

!

i np
p

Ni J dd Aoc oc

h
h
i1

nl 4 p

1

i1

15

where fpg=h is obtained by differentiating Eq. (7) with respect to h

( )
fpg
Q

F
F
p
16

h_ Rt  
h
h
h
h
where
2

Q 1

F 11

6 h 7
6 h
6
7
6
6 Q 2 7
6 F 21
6 h 7
6 h
6
7
6
7 F 6

Q 6
6
7
6
6
;
7
6
h 6 Q i 7 h 6 F i1
6 h 7
6 h
6 7
6
6
7
6
4 Q n 5
4
h

Rt1

F n1
h

F 12
h

F 1j

F 22
h

F 2j

F nj

F 2n
h

F n2
h

6 h 7
6 h 7
6 Rt2 7
6 p2 7
6
7
6 7
6 h 7
6 h 7
6
7
7

fpg 6
6 7
6 7
Rt  6
6 p 7
and
7
Rti 7
i 7
6
6
h
h
6 h 7
6 h 7
6
7
6 7
6 7
6 7
4
5
4 p 5
Rtn
h

F 1n
h

p1

F ij

F i1
h

7
7
7
7
7
7
7;
F in 7
7
h 7
7
7
5

F nn
h

S.K. Yadav, S.C. Sharma / Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 87 (2014) 4355

strain rate (_ ) at a point in uid lm is expressed as [27].

2
!!2
!!2 31=2
h
p
F
h
p
F
1
1
5
_ 4
z

z


F0
F0

3.2.3. Fluid lm damping coefcient C

F
h_

(Z

ne

1
1

e1

!


p1
p
p
p
N 1 2 N 2 3 N 3 4 N 4 J dd
_
_
_
_
h
h
h
h

1
1

1

e1

!

i np
p

N i J dd Aoc oc

i1
h_
h_

1

i1

nl
nl
Nj
N j
p
p
pj
and
pj
j 1
j 1

Aoc

nl 4 p
i

20

where

i np

poc
_
i1
(Z Zh
1
1
ne

47

17

The viscosity of a non-Newtonian lubricant is described by

apparent viscosity (a ) which is dened as a function of shear
strain rate (_ ) [27].

where fpg=h_ is obtained by differentiating Eq. (7) with respect to h_

( )
fpg
Q
_
F

hR
F
p
18
t  
_
_
_
h
h
h
h_

3.5. Restrictor ow equations

where
2

The equation of lubricant ow (Q R ) through the orice restrictor is expressed in dimensionless form as [36,37].

Q 1
6 h_

F 11
6 h_

7
6
7
6
6 Q 2 7
6 F 21
6 _ 7
6 _
6 h 7
6 h
6
7
Q 6 7 F 6
6
6
6
7;
Q i 7
6
6 F i1
_
_
h 6 _ 7 h
6 _
6 h 7
6 h
6 7
6
6
7
6
4 Q n 5
4 F
2

h_

Rt1

h_

F 22
h_

F i1
h_

F n2
h_

n1

F 1j
h_

F 12
h_

p1

F 1n
h_

F 2j
h_

F 2n
h_

F ij
h_

F nj
h_

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7 Rt 
F in 7 _
7 h
h_ 7
7
7
5
F

Q R C s2 1  poc 1=2

21

22

where C s2 is dimensionless parameter for orice discharge.

4. Solution procedure

nn

For the present case, Reynolds equation is non-linear in nature.

Thus, a numerical simulation of Reynolds equation can be obtained by
only numerical iterative methods. Therefore, an iterative solution
procedure shown in Fig. 2 is applied with above formulation. The
numerical procedure applied for the computation of static and
dynamic performance characteristic parameters contain the following
steps.

h_

6 h_ 7
6 h_ 7
6
7
6 p 7
6 Rt2 7
6 27
6 _ 7
6 h_ 7
6 h 7
6 7
6 7
fpg 6
7
6
7
7
6
6
and
7
6 pi 7
6 Rti 7
_
6 _ 7
h
6 h_ 7
6 h 7
6
7
6 7
6 7
6 7
6
7
4 pn 5
4
5
Rtn
h_

a =_

h_

3.3. Boundary conditions

For the hydrostatic thrust pad bearing problem following
boundary conditions are applied [4,32,35].
(i) The value of uid lm pressure at all nodes situated on
external boundary is zero.
(ii) The value of uid lm pressures for all nodes on the pocket
boundary is equal.
(iii) The ow of lubricant through the restrictor is equal to the
bearing input ow.

1. Hydrostatic thrust pad bearing domain is discretized into the

4-noded quadrilateral isoparametric elements.
2. Values of uid lm pressure distribution and pressure gradient
on the nodes are initialized.
3. If lubricant is non-Newtonian, computation of coefcients F 0 ,
F 1 and F 2 is done by using Eqs. (2), (20) and (21).
4. Gauss points are generated in the elements to compute
elemental matrixes. And the elemental matrixes are assembled
into global matrixes.
5. Boundary conditions are applied to global uidity matrixes.
6. Linearized system of equation for the uid lm pressure
distribution is computed by GaussSiedel iterative method.
7. Steps 3 to 6 are repeated until the convergence criteria for
pressure is satised.
8. Once the convergence criteria is satised. Static and dynamic
performance characteristic are computed using the expressions
described earlier sections.

3.4. Cubic shear stress law model

The cubic shear stress law, which gives the nonlinear relationship between shear stress and shear strain rate for the nonNewtonian behavior of the lubricant is written in dimensionless
form as [26,27].

_
3

19

This type of non-Newtonian model is incorporated into

the Reynolds equation by using the value of the coefcients F 0 ,
F 1 and F 2 . These coefcients are known as the cross apparent
viscosity integral along the uid lm thickness. This type of
methodology to model non-Newtonian lubricant in orice compensated journal bearing is previously used by the Sinhasan and
Sah [27]. For an incompressible non-Newtonian uid, the shear

5. Result and discussion

The solution algorithm as described in the owchart is used to
compute the performance characteristics of the thrust bearing
system. The values of bearing geometric and operating parameters
are judiciously chosen on the basis of the available published
literature [6,27,32,38]. To check the validity of the developed
algorithm the simulated results are compared with the previously
obtained result of hydrostatic thrust bearing. As stated earlier nite
element formulation of thrust bearing system with non-Newtonian
lubricant is not available (to the best of the author's knowledge).
Therefore, the results simulated in this paper have been validated

48

S.K. Yadav, S.C. Sharma / Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 87 (2014) 4355

Indices and
input data

Finite Element
Discretizatrion

Newton

Compute
Pressure
gradients

APV=1.0

Compute shear
stress

YES

Compute
Fluidity Matrix

Apply Boundary
Conditions

Compute
apperent
viscosity

Calculate

F0 , F1, F2

Compute Nodal
pressure

tol<0.001

Yes

Compute
Performances
Charactoristics

STOP

No

APV=Apparent viscosity
Fig. 2. Solution scheme.

Table 1
A comparison of different performance characteristics of thrust bearing with Ref. [35].
Performance characteristics

poc
F0
Qr
S
C

CS2 5

CS2 10

CS2 15

CS2 20

Ref.[35]

Present

Ref.[35]

Present

Ref.[35]

Present

Ref.[35]

Present

0.922
1.567
1.363
0.677
0.8884

0.922
1.563
1.357
0.6789
0.8788

0.978
1.662
1.478
0.213
0.681

0.978
1.6583
1.496
0.2142
0.6713

0.990
1.682
1.495
0.0984
0.6342

0.990
1.6786
1.498
0.0999
0.6241

0.994
1.689
1.502
0.0568
0.615

0.994
1.685
1.501
0.0572
0.6068

by considering the lubricant of thrust bearing to be Newtonian one

i.e. ( 0) [36]. Firstly, the results have been compared by
considering that the thrust bearing works under parallel operation
and compensated with orice restrictor. Secondly, when thrust
bearing has tilt and constant pocket pressure, the numerical result
simulated for an orice restrictor is presented in Table 1. The
results indicated in Table 1 shows that thrust bearing compensated with orice restrictor has reasonably good comparison with
the previously obtained result of orice compensation [36]. The
result compared with tilted pad thrust bearing is presented in
Fig. 3. As shown in Fig. 3, the results have good comparison with
literature results [6].
Three different types of recess shape having the same ratio of
Ab =Aoc 4 have been chosen in the analysis. Finite element
discretization of these bearing geometries is shown in Figs. 46.
To analyze the circular, annular and sectorial recess shaped thrust
bearing, meshes of 382,169 and 319 elements are used. Figs. 5 and
6 are generated in ANSYS software. The static and dynamic
characteristics of bearings have been simulated and computed
for various values of tilt parameter, pseudoplastic parameter and
restrictor design parameter. A dimensionless pseudoplastic parameter ( ) has been dened as a measure of lubricant nonlinearity.
Based on the available published literature [27,38] of journal
bearing, the value of pseudoplastic parameter has been chosen
to be ranging between 0.0 and 1.0. To show the accuracy of
developed algorithm, uid lm pressure distribution is plotted
on the thrust pad. Further, the combined inuence of pseudoplastic parameter and tilt parameter on the thrust pad bearing has
been studied. The value of tilt parameter has been selected to be
ranging 00.8 [6]. The inuence of tilt on the bearing performance
characteristic parameter has been presented as a function of tilt
parameter () as shown in Figs. 1014 by considering restrictor

Fig. 3. Variation of lubricant ow rate with tilt parameter.

design parameter a xed value. Figs. 1519 show the inuence

restrictor design parameter on the static as well as dynamic
performance characteristic parameter. In Table 2, conversion of
dimensionless parameter into dimensional parameter is given.
Figs. 79 show the 3-D contour plot of uid lm pressure
distribution for the chosen value of tilt parameter and restrictor
design parameter for circular recessed, annular recessed and
sectorial recessed thrust pad bearing. Fig. 7(a) shows that there
is no variation in uid lm pressure distribution along the
circumferential direction when there is no tilt, which clearly
shows the validity of the formulation. Fig. 7(b) shows the variation
in uid lm pressure on tilted pad circular recessed bearing. In

S.K. Yadav, S.C. Sharma / Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 87 (2014) 4355

49

2
1

Fig. 4. Finite element mesh of thrust bearing with circular shape recess.

2
1.4
1

Fig. 5. Finite element mesh of annular recess thrust bearing.

Fig. 7(b) change in pocket pressure due to tilt is very small.

Therefore, variation in uid lm pressure distribution due to tilt
is very small as compared to other recess. Fig. 8(a) shows the
variation of uid lm pressure on the annular shape recessed
thrust bearing pad. Pressure distribution on annular shape
recessed thrust pad does not vary along the circumference. When
it is tilted in x-direction, pressure distribution does not hold
symmetry about y-axis shown in Fig. 8(b) and the change in the
uid lm pressure distribution is substantially high. Furthermore,
it may also be noted that uid lm pressure does not vary on the
central portion of bearing pad for both the case Fig. 8(a) and (b),
whereas uid lm pressure varies in the outer ring. Hence, there is
no ow of lubricant on the central portion of pad. Fig. 8(b) also
shows that tilt parameter signicantly reduces the pocket pressure
of the annular recess thrust bearing and increases the lubricant
ow rate. Lubricant uid lm pressure variation on the sectorial
shape recess bearing pad without tilt is shown in Fig. 9(a).
Pressure at the outer circumference is observed to be zero. As
shown in Fig. 9(a). Fluid lm pressure does not vary on the central
portion of the bearing. Fluid lm pressure distribution for the
tilted pad sectorial recessed thrust bearing with tilt is shown in

Fig. 9(b). In this thrust pad is tilted in x direction. It has been

observed that the uid lm pressure distribution changes signicantly with tilt parameter. Pocket pressure of all the pockets
without tilt is equal but when it is tilted pocket pressure of the
bearing change signicantly. As the lubricant ow rate is directly
proportional to the uid lm pressure distribution thereby the
lubricant ow rate gets changed. In the presented result, pocket
pressure of pocket 1 is plotted in Figs. 10 and 15.
Fig. 10 shows the inuence of tilt parameter on the value of
pocket pressure poc of different recess shapes. As indicated in
Fig. 10, it is obvious that pocket pressure of the bearing reduces
monotonically with increasing value of tilt parameter for all types
of recessed bearing studied in this work. For a thrust bearing with
sectorial recess operating with non-Newtonian lubricant for a
specied value of 0, the pocket pressure has maximum value,
whereas pocket pressure of thrust bearing with circular pocket
and having non-Newtonian ( 0) lubricant is seen to be minimum for the value of tilt parameter 0:8. For Newtonian
lubricant the percentage change in the value of poc on account of
tilt parameter 0:8 is found to be order of 8.0%, 10.4% and 2.3%
for sectorial shape recessed, annular shape recessed and circular

50

S.K. Yadav, S.C. Sharma / Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 87 (2014) 4355

2
45o

0.5

Fig. 6. Finite element mesh of sectorial shape recess thrust bearing.

Fig. 7. (a) 3-D pressure contour without tilt and (b) 3-D pressure contour with tilt.

Fig. 8. (a) 3-D pressure contour of annular thrust bearing and (b) Pressure contour of hydrostatic annular thrust bearing with tilt.

shape recessed thrust bearings respectively. Further, it may be

observed that the tilt and pseudoplastic properties of nonNewtonian effect results in a reduction in pocket pressure of

lubricant. And these parameters have least effect on the pocket

pressure of circular shape recessed thrust bearing whereas pocket
pressure of annular shape recessed thrust bearing is sharply

S.K. Yadav, S.C. Sharma / Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 87 (2014) 4355

51

Fig. 9. (a) 3-D pressure contour without tilt. (b) and 3-D pressure contour with tilt.

h r = 1, A r = 4 , C s 2 = 10

Circular
Annul.
Sect.

h r = 1, Ar = 4 , C S 2 = 10

Circular
Annul.
Sect.

F0

poc
=0
= 0.58
=1

=0
= 0 .58
=1

Fig. 10. Variation of pocket pressure.

Fig. 12. Variation of load carrying capacity with tilt parameter.

Circular
Annul.
Sect.

=0
= 0.58
=1

hr = 1, Ar = 4, C S 2 = 10

h r = 1, Ar = 4 , C S 2 = 10

Fig. 11. Variation of lubricant ow rate with tilt parameter.

=0
= 0 .58
=1

Circular
Annul.
Sect.

Fig. 13. Variation of uid lm stiffness coefcient with tilt parameter.

52

S.K. Yadav, S.C. Sharma / Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 87 (2014) 4355

=0
= 0.58
=1

Circular
Annul.
Sect.

=0
= 0 .58
=1

Circular
Annul.
Sect.

h r = 1, Ar = 4, C s 2 = 10

Q
h r = 1, Ar = 4 , = 0 . 4

CS2

Fig. 14. Variation of uid lm damping coefcients with tilt parmeter.

Fig. 16. Variation of lubricant ow rate with restrictor design parameter.

hr = 1, Ar = 4, = 0 .4

.
=0
= 0 .58
=1

Fo

p oc

=0
= 0 .58
=1

Circular
Annul.
Sect.

h r = 1, A r = 4, = 0 .4

Circular
Annul.
Sect.
CS2

CS2

Fig. 17. Variation of load carrying capacity with restrictor design parameter.

Fig. 15. Variation of pocket pressure with restrictor design parameter.

=0
= 0 .58
=1

decreases with an increase in value of these parameters. On the

basis of the result presented the following general trends have
been observed.
poc jTilt o poc jWithout tilt and poc jNewtonian 4jpoc jNonNewtonian
As depicted in Fig. 11, lubricant ow rate increases as the value
of non-Newtonian parameter and tilt parameter increase and it is
due to decrease in the apparent viscosity of non-Newtonian
lubricant. In general, the bearing with sectorial shape recess, ow
rate is maximum with respect to annular and circular recessed
thrust bearing. Further, it has been observed from Fig. 11 that
inuence of pseudoplastic properties of non-Newtonian lubricant
results in increase in lubricant ow rate. Therefore, restrictor ow
rate of sectorial shape recess with non-Newtonian ( 1) lubricant is maximum whereas, ow rate of circular recessed thrust
bearing operating with Newtonian lubricant ( 0) is observed to
have least value of lubricant ow rate. For the chosen value of tilt
parameter 0:4, the percentage change in the value Q due to
pseudoplastic properties ( 0:58), is found to be order of 116%
39.5%, and 53.9% for sectorial shaped recess, annular shaped recess

Circular
Annul.
Sect.

hr = 1, Ar = 4, = 0 .4

CS2
Fig. 18. Variation of uid lm stiffness with restrictor design parameter.

S.K. Yadav, S.C. Sharma / Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 87 (2014) 4355

=0
= 0 .58
=1

Circular
Annul.
Sect.

hr = 1, Ar = 4, = 0 .4

53

lubricant ( 1) and tilt parameter ( 0:8) has the minimum

value of load carrying capacity. For a particular value of tilt
parameter ( 0:4), the uid lm reaction of non-Newtonian
lubricant due to pseudoplastic properties ( 1) changes 21.3%,
1.72% and 6% with respect to the base Newtonian lubricant for
annular recess shape, circular shape recess and sectorial shape
recess respectively. Following general patterns have been observed
for the higher value of tilt parameter ( 40:2) with the value of
load carrying capacity of the thrust bearing.
F 0 jCircuiar o F 0 jannular o F 0 jsectorial ; F 0 jNewtonian 4 F 0 jNonNewtonian
For 0 and 0; F 0 jCircuiar oF 0 jannular o F 0 jsectorial
For 0:8 and 1; F 0 jannular oF 0 jCircuiar o F 0 jsectorial

CS2
Fig. 19. Variation of uid lm damping coefcient with restrictor design parameter.

Table 2
(a) Bearing geometric and operating parameters.
Bearing geometric
parameters

Symbols

Numerical
value

Unit

Bearing outer radius

Bearing outer radius
Bearing clearance
Supply pressure
Viscosity at 40 1C
Density of lubricant

r0
ri
hr
ps

100
50
0.05
8.96  106
0.02636
860

mm
mm
mm
N/m2
Pa-s
Kg/m3

(b) Conversion of dimensionless parameter into dimensional parameter

Bearing geometric
Dimensionless Dimensional
Value/unit
parameters
Pocket pressure
Load

0.92
2.1

Lubricant ow rate

0.92  ps
2.1  r 2o ps

1.4

1.4 

Stiffness

0.91

0.91 

Damping

0.70

0.70 

ps hr
12

r 2o ps
h3r
r 42
3
hr

8.2064  10 pa
18.73 kN
4.9570 dmm3/s
1.7920 GN/m
1.4 MN-s/m

and circular shaped recess respectively, when compared to the

base Newtonian uid. It has also been observed that the value of Q
for different bearing recess shape conguration follow the following general pattern.
Q jCircle oQ jannular oQ jsectorial ; Q jTilt 4 Q jWithout tilt ;
Q jNewtonian o Q jNonNewtonian and
Q jNewtonian with tilt oQ jNonNewtonian without tilt
For 0 and 0; Q jCircle oQ jannular oQ jsectorial
For 0:8 and 1; Q jCircle o Q jannular o Q jsectorial
The variation of value of uid lm reaction with respect to an
increasing value of tilt parameter for the various values of
pseudoplastic parameter is presented in Fig. 12. Pseudoplastic
properties of non-Newtonian lubricant and increase in tilt of
thrust pad results in a decrease in load carrying capacity of
annular and sectorial shape recess whereas the load carrying
capacity of circular shape recess bearing slightly increases with
tilt parameter and marginal changes with pseudoplastic parameter. The sectorial shaped recessed thrust pad bearing operating
with Newtonian lubricant has almost same load carrying capacity
with tilt parameter because on increasing value of tilt parameter,
pressure of pocket 3 increases and pressure of pocket 1 decreases.
For annular recessed thrust pad bearing with non-Newtonian

Variation of uid lm stiffness coefcient with tilt parameter

for various values of pseudoplastic parameter is presented in
Fig. 13. In general, the value of uid lm stiffness coefcient
increases monotonically with an increase in the tilt parameter for
sector shaped and circular shaped recess. Graphical plots clearly
represent that an increase in pseudoplastic properties increases
the uid lm stiffness coefcient. This increase in the value of uid
lm stiffness coefcient is observed due to decrease in the
apparent viscosity of pseudoplastic lubricant. In general, the value
of uid lm stiffness coefcient of annular recess is higher than
that of sectorial and circular recess. Annular recessed thrust pad
bearing provides good value of uid lm stiffness coefcient with
non-Newtonian lubricant ( 0:58, 1). For the chosen value of
0:4, the percentage change in the value of S due to pseudoplastic properties ( 0:58) is 14.7%, 0.25% and 3.3% for annular,
circular and sectorial shape recess respectively. The value of uid
lm stiffness coefcient of the bearing follows the following trend
SjNewtonian without tilt o SjNon  Newtonian with tilt and
SjNewtonian o SjNon  Newtonian

!
For 0 and 0; Sjsectorial o S jCircuiar oSjannular
!
For 0:8 and 1; Sjsectorial o S jCircuiar o Sjannular
The variation of direct uid lm damping coefcient C has
been plotted in Fig. 14. Fig. 14 clearly shows that an increase in tilt
parameter increases the uid lm damping coefcient while
psuedoplastic properties of lubricant results reduction in the value
of uid lm damping coefcient. This reduction in the value of
uid lm damping coefcient is found due to decrease in the value
of apparent viscosity of non-Newtonian lubricant. For the value of
tilt parameter 0:8, circular recessed thrust bearing operated
with Newtonian lubricant provides maximum value of uid lm
damping coefcient. For a given value of 0:6, the percentage
decrease in the value of uid lm damping coefcient C due to
pseudoplastic properties 0:58 is observed 25%, 20.8% and
34.8% for circular recessed, annular recessed and sectorial recessed
respectively as compared to base Newtonian lubricant. Following
useful trend with all the value of tilt parameter is observed in the
uid lm damping coefcient with different recess congurations.
CjTilt 4CjWithout tilt and CjNewtonian 4 CjNonNewtonian
For 0 and 0; Cjsectorial oCjCircuiar o Cjannular
For 0:8 and 1; Cjsectorial o Cjannular o CjCircuiar
Figs. 1519 show the variation of performance characteristics of
thrust bearing with respect to restrictor design parameter C S2 .
Fig. 15 represents the variation of the value of pocket pressure
with respect to restrictor design parameter C S2 for the xed value
of tilt parameter. As the plot clearly indicates that value of pocket
pressure of all the recess shape monotonically increases as the
value of restrictor design parameter C S2 increase and pseudoplastic properties of lubricant decreases the pocket pressure. And

54

S.K. Yadav, S.C. Sharma / Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 87 (2014) 4355

it may also be noted that pocket pressure of the Newtonian

lubricant has higher value than the pocket pressure of the nonNewtonian lubricant. For the chosen value of restrictor design
parameter C s2 20, the percentage increase in the value pocket
pressure due to pseudoplastic parameter ( 1) is observed 8.8%,
13.6% and 1.4% sectorial shape recess, annular shape recess and
circular shape recess respectively which seems to be signicant.
Variation of lubricant ow rate Q with increasing value of
restrictor design parameter C s2 for a constant value of tilt
parameter is shown in Fig. 16. In general, restrictor ow rate of
non-Newtonian lubricant is higher vis--vis Newtonian lubricant
and it increases monotonically with the increasing value of
restrictor design parameter C S2 . Change in restrictor design
parameter C S2 has least effect on the circular recessed thrust
bearing having non-Newtonian lubricant. Lubricant ow rate Q
via orice restrictor is maximum for sectorial shape recessed
thrust bearing having non-Newtonian lubricant ( 1) whereas
the lubricant ow rate Q of circular shape recess is minimum
with Newtonian lubricant ( 1). Pseudoplastic properties of nonNewtonian lubricant substantially increases amount of lubricant
ow rate Q of annular and sectorial shape recess whereas it has
less effect on the value of lubricant ow rate of circular shape
recess. The ow requirement for all the bearings studied follows
following general pattern as
Q jSect 4 Q jannular 4 Q jCircular ; Q jNonNewtonian 4 Q jNewtonian
For C S2 5; 0:4 and 0; Q jCircuiar o Q jannular o Q jsectorial
For C S2 40; 0:4 and 1; Q jCircuiar o Q jannular o Q jsectorial
The variation of uid lm reaction with respect to increasing
value of restrictor design parameter C S2 is depicted in Fig. 17. The
value of uid lm reaction increases with an increase in the value
of restrictor design parameter C S2 because pocket pressure
increases with the increasing value of restrictor design parameter.
The value of uid lm reaction of circular shape recessed bearing
is least affected by pseudoplastic parameter whereas a drastic
change is observed in the value of load carrying capacity of
annular recessed thrust pad bearing with pseudoplastic properties. For the chosen value of restrictor design parameter C s2 20,
the percentage change in the value of load carrying capacity due to
pseudoplastic properties ( 1) is 2%, 12% and 1.58% for sectorial
recessed, annular recessed and circular recessed thrust bearing
respectively. Further, it is also observed that up to a certain value
of restrictor design parameter value C s2 10 for circular recess,
the value of load carrying capacity of pseudoplastic lubricant is
more than the value of load carrying capacity of Newtonian
lubricant.
For C S2 5; 0:4 and 0; F 0 jCircuiar o F 0 jannular o F 0 jsectorial
For C S2 40; 0:4 and 1; F 0 jCircuiar o F 0 jannular o F 0 jsectorial
As shown in Fig. 18 the value of uid lm stiffness coefcient
S decreases with the increasing value of restrictor design parameter C S2 . An increase in pseudoplastic properties of nonNewtonian lubricant increases the uid lm stiffness coefcient
S of bearing. The value of uid lm stiffness coefcient S of
sectorial shape recess with Newtonian lubricant is minimum
whereas the value of uid lm stiffness coefcient S of annular
recessed thrust bearing with non-Newtonian lubricant is maximum. For the given value of restrictor design parameter C s2 15,
percentage increase in the value of uid lm stiffness coefcient
S of non-Newtonian lubricant ( 0:58) is observed 150%, 79%
and 398% for annular recess shape, circular recess and sectorial
shape recess respectively with respect to base Newtonian lubricant, this shows the effect of pseudoplastic properties on uid lm
stiffness coefcient S. Following useful trends in the value uid

lm stiffness coefcient have been observed.

SjNonNewtonian 4SjNewtonian

!
For C S2 5; 0:4 and 0; Sjsectorial o S jCircuiar o Sjannular
!
For C S2 40; 0:4 and 1; S jCircuiar o Sjsectorial oSjannular
Variation of the uid lm damping coefcient C with respect
to restrictor design parameter C S2 is illustrated in the Fig. 19. The
value of uid lm damping coefcient C continuously decreases
with the increasing value of restrictor design parameter C S2 . In
general, pseudoplastic properties of lubricant results decrease in
the value of uid lm damping coefcient C. It is due to decrease
in apparent viscosity of pseudoplastic lubricant compared to base
Newtonian lubricant. For a chosen value of restrictor design
parameter C s2 25, the percentage change due to pseudoplastic
properties ( 0:58) is 13.5%, 42.8% and 40.6% for annular recess,
sectorial recess and circular recess respectively which seems to be
signicant. It has been observed from the graph that the value of
uid lm damping coefcient follow following pattern.
CjNonNewtonian o CjNewtonian
For C S2 5; 0:4 and 0; Cjsectorial o CjCircuiar o Cjannular
For C S2 40; 0:4 and 1; Cjsectorial o CjCircuiar o Cjannular

6. Conclusions
In the present work, hydrostatic thrust pad bearing lubricated
with Rabinowitsch uid model, the inuence of the tilt parameter
having different geometric shapes of recesses on the static and
dynamic performance characteristic is carried out. The modied
Reynolds equation with tilt is solved by using an iterative FEM
Formulation. On the basis of numerically simulated results following general conclusions have been drawn.
1. The static and dynamic performance of a circular hydrostatic
tilted thrust pad bearing change signicantly as the tilt parameter and shape of the recess change.
2. The lubricant ow (Q ) requirement of a bearing operating with
non-Newtonian lubricant is higher than that of Newtonian
lubricant thus the pumping power loss enhances.
Q jNonNewtonian 4 Q jNewtonian
3. Lubricant ow rate of sectorial, annular and circular shape
recess follow the general pattern Q jSect 4 Q jannular 4 Q jCircular
and load carrying capacity of sectorial recess is higher than
that of annular and circular shape recess bearing.
4. Load carrying capacity (F 0 ) of sectorial and circular shape
recess thrust bearing with Newtonian lubricant remains almost
same with tilt parameter (). Further, the value of F 0 increases
with the increasing value restrictor design parameter (C s2 ).
Whereas the value of F 0 of sectorial and annular recessed with
non-Newtonian decreases with tilt parameter ().
5. The value of uid lm stiffness coefcient (S) gets enhanced
when the bearing operates with pseudoplastic lubricant and an
increase in the value of restrictor design parameter C S2 results
a reduction in the value of (S) whereas an increase in tilt
parameter () results in an increase in the value of (S) of
circular and sectorial shape recess.
SjNewtonian without tilt o SjNon  Newtonian with tilt ; SjNonNewtonian 4SjNewtonian

6. Newtonian lubricant provides the higher value of uid lm

damping coefcient than non-Newtonian lubricant. It is
observed that an increase in the value of restrictor design
parameter C S2 results a reduction in the value of C and an

S.K. Yadav, S.C. Sharma / Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 87 (2014) 4355

increase in the value of tilt parameter results an increase in the

value of C.
CjNonNewtonian o CjNewtonian
7. To get desired performance from a hydrostatic tilted thrust pad
bearing, proper selections of recess shape and non-Newtonian
lubricant are essential.

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