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Ancient systems and optical telegraphy

Early telecommunications included smoke signals and drums. Talking drums were used by natives in Africa,
New Guinea and South America, and smoke signals in North America and China. Contrary to what one might think,
these systems were often used to do more than merely announce the presence of a military camp.
Greek hydraulic semaphore systems were used as early as the 4th century BC. The hydraulic semaphores,
which worked with water filled vessels and visual signals, functioned as optical telegraphs. However, they could only
utilize a very limited range of pre-determined messages, and as with all such optical telegraphs could only be
deployed during good visibility conditions.
During the Middle Ages, chains of beacons were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal.
Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could only pass a single bit of information, so the meaning of the
message such as "the enemy has been sighted" had to be agreed upon in advance. One notable instance of their
use was during the Spanish Armada, when a beacon chain relayed a signal from Plymouth to London that signaled
the arrival of the Spanish warships.
French engineer Claude Chappe began working on visual telegraphy in 1790, using pairs of "clocks" whose
hands pointed at different symbols. These did not prove quite viable at long distances, and Chappe revised his model
to use two sets of jointed wooden beams. Operators moved the beams using cranks and wires.[5] He built his first
telegraph line between Lille and Paris, followed by a line from Strasbourg to Paris. In 1794, a Swedish engineer,
Abraham Edelcrantz built a quite different system from Stockholm to Drottningholm. As opposed to Chappe's system
which involved pulleys rotating beams of wood, Edelcrantz's system relied only upon shutters and was therefore
faster.
However semaphore as a communication system suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive
towers often at intervals of only ten to thirty kilometres (six to nineteen miles). As a result, the last commercial line
was abandoned in 1880.
1.

Which of the following is NOT TRUE?

a. Smoke signals and drums used only for announcing the presence of military camp
b. Greek hydraulic semaphore were not used before 4th century BC
c. Chains of beacons were used to relay a signal on hilltops during Middle Ages.
d. The semaphore was left behind because of its impracticality.

2.

Talking drums and smoke signals were used in these places, EXCEPT.
a. Africa
b. South America
c. Asia
d. Australia

3.

What is the weakness of the chains of beacons?

a. They could only utilize a very limited range of pre-determined messages
b. They could only be deployed during good visibility conditions
c. They could only pass a single bit of information
d. They suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers

4.

The word beacon has similar meaning to .

a. Air
b. Fire
c. Water
d. Soil

5.

When did Abraham Edelcrantz create his telegraph?

a. 4th century BC
b. 1790
c. 1794
d. 1880

Electrical telegraph
An early experiment in electrical telegraphy was an 'electrochemical' telegraph created by the German
physician, anatomist and inventor Samuel Thomas von Smmerring in 1809, based on an earlier, less robust design
of 1804 by Spanish polymath and scientist Francisco Salva Campillo.[8] Both their designs employed multiple wires
(up to 35) in order to visually represent almost all Latin letters and numerals. Thus, messages could be conveyed
electrically up to a few kilometers (in von Smmerring's design), with each of the telegraph receiver's wires immersed
in a separate glass tube of acid. An electric current was sequentially applied by the sender through the various wires
representing each digit of a message; at the recipient's end the currents electrolysed the acid in the tubes in
sequence, releasing streams of hydrogen bubbles next to each associated letter or numeral. The telegraph receiver's
operator would visually observe the bubbles and could then record the transmitted message, albeit at a very low baud
rate.[8] The principal disadvantage to the system was its prohibitive cost, due to having to manufacture and string-up
the multiple wire circuits it employed, as opposed to the single wire (with ground return) used by later telegraphs.
A practical electrical telegraph was proposed in January 1837 by William Fothergill Cooke, who considered it
an improvement on the existing "electromagnetic telegraph"; an improved five-needle, six-wire system developed in
partnership with Charles Wheatstone entered commercial use in 1838.[9] It used the deflection of needles to
represent messages and started operating over twenty-one kilometres (thirteen miles) of the Great Western Railway
on 9 April 1839. Both Wheatstone and Cooke viewed their device as "an improvement to the [existing]
electromagnetic telegraph" not as a new device.
On the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, Samuel Morse developed a version of the electrical telegraph which
he demonstrated on 2 September 1837. Alfred Vail saw this demonstration and joined Morse to develop the register
a telegraph terminal that integrated a logging device for recording messages to paper tape. This was demonstrated
successfully over three miles (five kilometres) on 6 January 1838 and eventually over forty miles (sixty-four
kilometres) between Washington, D.C. and Baltimore on 24 May 1844. The patented invention proved lucrative and
by 1851 telegraph lines in the United States spanned over 20,000 miles (32,000 kilometres).[10] Morse's most
important technical contribution to this telegraph was the simple and highly efficient Morse Code, co-developed with
Vail, which was an important advance over Wheatstone's more complicated and expensive system, and required just
two wires. The communications efficiency of the Morse Code preceded that of the Huffman code in digital
communications by over 100 years, but Morse and Vail developed the code purely empirically, with shorter codes for
more frequent letters.
The submarine cable across the English Channel, wire coated in gutta percha, was laid in 1851.[11]
Transatlantic cables installed in 1857 and 1858 only operated for a few days or weeks (carried messages of greeting
back and forth between James Buchanan and Queen Victoria) before they failed.[12] The project to lay a
replacement line was delayed for five years by the American Civil War. The first successful transatlantic telegraph
cable was completed on 27 July 1866, allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first time.
6.

All these people have contribution in developing telegraph, EXCEPT

a. Francisco Salva Campillo
b. William Fothergill Cooke
c. James Buchanan
d. Charles Wheatstone
7. Which of the following is TRUE?
a. Samuel Thomas von Smmerrings design has less robust design than Francisco Salva Campillos design.
b. The main disadvantage in telegraph system was its prohibitive manufacture
c. Samuel Morse developed a version of the electrical telegraph in Europe
d. The first successful demonstration of telegraph system was communication between Washington DC and
Baltimore
8. The word transmitted has similar meaning to
a. Sent
b. Received
c. Released
d. Immersed
9. Why the transatlantic communication project was delayed?
a. Because of the failure of telegraph
b. Because of American civil war
c. Because of the invention of telegraph
d. Because of Thomas Sommerring
10. Did Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail work together?
a. Yes, they did
b. No, they didnt
c. Yes, they do
d. No, they dont

Telephone
The electric telephone was invented in the 1870s, it was based on earlier work with harmonic (multi-signal)
telegraphs. The first commercial telephone services were set up in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the
cities of New Haven and London. Alexander Graham Bell held the master patent for the telephone that was needed
for such services in both countries.[13] All other patents for electric telephone devices and features flowed from this
master patent. Credit for the invention of the electric telephone has been frequently disputed, and new controversies
over the issue have arisen from time-to-time. As with other great inventions such as radio, television, the light bulb,
and the digital computer, there were several inventors who did pioneering experimental work on voice transmission
over a wire, who then improved on each other's ideas. However, the key innovators were Alexander Graham Bell and
Gardiner Greene Hubbard, who created the first telephone company, the Bell Telephone Company in the United
States, which later evolved into American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T), at times the world's largest phone
company.
The first commercial telephone services were set up in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of
New Haven, Connecticut, and London, England. The technology grew quickly from this point, with inter-city lines
being built and telephone exchanges in every major city of the United States by the mid-1880s.[14][15][16] The First
transcontinental telephone call occurred on January 25, 1915. Despite this, transatlantic voice communication
remained impossible for customers until January 7, 1927 when a connection was established using radio. However
no cable connection existed until TAT-1 was inaugurated on September 25, 1956 providing 36 telephone circuits.[17]
In 1880, Bell and co-inventor Charles Sumner Tainter conducted the world's first wireless telephone call via
modulated lightbeams projected by photophones. The scientific principles of their invention would not be utilized for
several decades, when they were first deployed in military and fiber-optic communications.
The first transatlantic telephone cable (which incorporated hundreds of electronic amplifiers) was not operational until
1956, only six years before the first commercial telecommunications satellite, Telstar, was launched into space.
11. When did the first transcontinental telephone call happen?
a. 1876
b. 1915
c. 1927
d. 1956
12. Where did Alexander Graham Bell hold the master patent for the telephone?
a. Rusia and America
b. French and England
c. America and French
d. England and America
13. What is the first company, created by Alexander Graham Bell?
a. American Telephone and Telegraph
b. Bell Telephone Company
c. American Telecomm
d. Vodafone Telephone Company
14. The worlds first wireless telephone call via modulated light beams projected by photophones is the pioneer for

a. The radio
b. The television
c. The fiber-optic communication
d. The military training practice
15. When did Telstar launch into the space?
a. 1915
b. 1927
c. 1956
d. 1962

PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (PDH)

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) was the standard originally for telephone networks. PDH uses time
division multiplexing [3]. It was also designed to support digital voice channels running at 64kbps, was designed to
use a No Store and Forward method which puts a strict restriction between the Transmitter (TX) and the Receiver
(RX) and a Plesiochronous method was adapted for use which implies (nearly synchronous) [3]. PDH networks
evolved, as isolated links connecting analog switching systems for Public Switched Telephone Networks. Different
standards were used in PDH which made it
difficult to connect different networks.
The figure below shows the different hierarchy adopted in PDH for US, Europe and Japan.

The T-1 carrier system is adopted as a United States (US) standard; it uses 24-voice channels which are the
results of quantization, sampling and coding using TDM framing and the PCM standard [3]. Also additional signaling
channel of 1 bit is used and the T-1 speed is1.544Mbps.
16. What does PDH stand for?
a. Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
b. Plesiochronous Dialog Hierarchy
c. Plestandard Digital Hierarchy
d. Pleswitching Digital Hierarchy
17. Why PDH is difficult to connect with different network?
a. Because PDH uses time division multiplexing
b. Because PDH was designed to use No Store and Forward method
c. Because PDH uses different standard
d. Because PDH was adapted for using analog switching
18. Based on the table, which country that has the fastest network speed?
a. USA
b. Europe
c. Korea
d. None of the above
19. What are the result of quantization, sampling, and coding using TDM framing and the PCM standard?
a. T-1 carrier system
b. 24 voice channel
c. T-2 carrier system
d. 25 voice channel
20. How much is T-3 speed in Japan?
a. 1.544 Mb/s
b. 44.736 Mb/s
c. 34.368 Mb/s
d. 32.064 Mb/s