Main Points Status and trends in data center Definition of virtualization
Common types of virtualization
Key technologies of sever virtualization
Mainstream virtualization softwares and
the practice of virtualization technology
IT resource allocation mode of traditional data center
--the Chimney structure Department A
Department Z
Department B
App 1
App 2
App 3
App n
Server 1
Server 2
Server 3
Server n .
Data network and storage network
Infrastructure 3
Defects of traditional chimney data center
100% 80%
large amount of processing ability which is fail to use
Servers of lack of processing ability
60% 40% 20% 0%
All servers Defect 1According to the statistics, the average server utilization in data center is below 30%, but there is still a considerable number of servers can not meet their service level objects . Defect 2The deployment of a new application needs budget, procurement, installation and tests, product launching and other processes, and the cycle will be over a period of weeks to months, so it is difficult to response to the business needs timely. Defect 3The number of servers and management costs have a linear relationship with the number of applications, so there is enormous pressure of IT management 4 and cost.
Causes of low resource utilization
Required number of CPU
Over configure the servers to cope with a small amount of
peak load
Time 5
Iceberg Model -- Cost structure of traditional data center Visible cost 30% of the budget will be used in new infrastructure and new application development
Invisible cost 70% of the budget will be used in the maintenance of existing facilities and personnel expenses
Question How to save the operation expenditure budget for more IT infrastructure innovation? 6
IT infrastructure development in data center
Three stages Data network
LAN WAN MAN
storage network
Server interconnection network
Storage network
HPC cluster grid
Intelligent information Network (IIN)
Application System
Dynamic Provisioning and
Information Lifecycle Management (ILM) to Enable Business Agility
Virtualization Management of Resources Independent of Underlying Physical Infrastructure to Increase Utilization, Efficiency and Flexibility
Business Policies On-Demand Service Oriented
Computing resources
Network resources
Integration Centralization and Standardization to Lower Costs, Improve Efficiency and Uptime
Automation
Computing Network resources resource
Storage resource
Storage resources
On-demand data center
SCM
ERP
CRM
Non-virtual Environment Isolated techno-island
LAN
WAN
Internet
Complex management system
Resource are not shared Huge architecture
HP
Difficult to configure a new workload
Rigid and not inflexible
SCM
ERP
CRM Virtual Environment
VHCI
VPN
General technical platform
Easy management system
Shared resource library
Virtual Server
Simple architecture Easy to configure the new workload
Virtual Storage
On-demand and flexible
Main Points Status and trends in data center Definition of virtualization Common types of virtualization Key technologies of sever virtualization
Mainstream virtualization softwares and the practice of
virtualization technology
Definition of Virtualization Nature of virtualization:
Previous computing system or
components that run in real environment are now running in virtual
environment. Real computing model Virtual Computing model
APP
APP
Operating System
CPU
Hard Disk
Memory
I/O Devices
APP
APP
APP
APP
Operating System
Operating System
Virtual Execution Environment
Virtual Execution Environment
CPU
Memory
Hard Disk
I/O Devices
Definition of Virtualization Definition Nature of virtualization: computing system or Virtualization is an abstraction of Previous computer resources. We components thatresources run in real running virtual can access in environment a consistentare waynow before and inafter environment. abstraction through virtualization. This kind of resource Real computing model Virtual Computing model abstraction is not limited by implementation, geographical location or the underlying physical configuration. APP
APP
Operating System
CPU
Hard Disk
Memory
I/O Devices
APP
APP
APP
APP
Operating System
Operating System
Virtual Execution Environment
Virtual Execution Environment
CPU
Memory
Hard Disk
I/O Devices
Main Points Status and trends in data center Definition of virtualization Common types of virtualization Key technologies of sever virtualization Mainstream virtualization softwares and the practice of virtualization technology
Common types of Virtualization
Types: Infrastructure VirtualizationSystem VirtualizationSoftware Virtualization. Infrastructure Virtualization Network Virtualization: Integrate network hardware resources with software resources to provide users with virtualization technology of virtual network connection. It can be divided into VLAN and VPN. Storage Virtualization: Provide an abstract logical view of physical storage device, so the user can access the integrated storage resources through unified logical interface of this view. It can be divided into storage device based storage virtualization(eg RAID) and network based storage virtualization(eg NAS, SAN).
System Virtualization Core ideaCreate one or more virtual machines using virtualization software on physical machine. PC/Server VirtualizationThe maximum value of system virtualization. Desktop Virtualization Solve the coupling relationship between PC desktop environment(including applications and files, etc.) and physical machines. Virtualized desktop environment is stored on a remote server, and when user has compatible device with sufficient display ability(eg PC, Smart Phones, etc.), all the programs and data will eventually stored in the remote server.
Software Virtualization The High-level language virtualizationSolve the migration problem of executable programs between different architectures. Programs which are written in high-level language will be compiled into standard intermediate instructions, and these instructions will be executed during interpretation or compiled environment(such as Java virtual machine JVM)
Application VirtualizationDecouple applications from operation systems, and
provide a virtual running environment for applications, including application executable files and required runtime environment. Application virtualization server can push user required program components to the client virtual running environment timely(such as VMWare ThinApp).
virtualization WINE Program library level virtualization Jail, Enism
System Calls
Operating System ISA Instruction Set
Hardware Computer System
Operating system level
virtualization Bochs, QEMU Instruction level virtualizationVMWare, Xen, Virtual PC
Hardware level virtualization
Main Points Status and trends in data center Definition of virtualization Common types of virtualization Key technologies of sever virtualization Mainstream virtualization softwares practice of virtualization technology
and
the
Server virtualization technology
Convenient to manage; Improve the utilization rate; reduce cost; focus on skills Purchase the needed only Simplify the environment Concentrate on core skills Improve the response speed of business change DNS server average utilization rate is 10%? File/Print Server Web Server average utilization rate is 10%? average utilization rate is 10%? Email server average utilization rate is 10%?
Application Server average utilization rate is 20%?
DB Server App Server Web Server DNS Server
Firewall average utilization rate is 10% ?
Server average utilization rate is 10%?
File/Print Email Firewall
Virtualization technology is the core of cloud computing
Lower IT cost Higher utilization rate Less complexity More automatic management
Exchange File/Print SAP ERP Oracle CRM
Storage Pool
Virtual Infrastructure
Higher quality of service
Support dynamic migration Better fault tolerance With isolation, better safety Container based management have encapsulation Flexible, easy to expand
Cloud Computing Platform
CPU Pool
Storage Pool
Development of virtualization technology
The virtual machine technology firstly appeared in the last 60s in order to improve the utilization rate of precious computing resources impel the wide study and use of virtual machine technology
20
In the 80s and 90s
with the popularization of multitask and multiuser operating system and the decline in the cost of hardware virtual machine technology could not develop its advantage people cooled down their study enthusiasm for it 21
Now Based on the high performance of the computer hardware how to reduce system cost and improve system resource utilization rate how to reduce management cost how to enhance the safety and reliability how to improve portability, and increase software development efficiency
make the importance of virtual machine technology
more obvious make virtual machine technology become the research 22 hotspot again
Architecture of Virtualization Technology
23
Virtual machine system is realized by adding a virtual layer
VMM(virtual Machine Monitor or Hypervisor) to an existing platform(bare computer or operating system) VMM A system software, which can maintain multiple efficient and isolated program environment. VMM manages the real resources of computer system, and provides interface for virtual machines.
VMVirtual Machine A complete computer system with full functions of hardware system through software simulation, and runs in an absolutely isolated environment.
Host OS Some VMMs are installed on existing OS which is called the host OS. 24
Classification of Virtualization implementation technologies
Ring 3
Full Virtualization
Guest Application
Ring 2
Ring 1
Ring 0
Guest OS
Hypervisor
OS requests binary translation
It uses a kind of technology called
Binary TranslationThe core idea is that the hypervisor runs in ring 0, which is responsible for the management of the underlying hardware. Guest OS runs in ring 1, and when they call the privileged instructions, VMM in the ring 0 will uses binary translation to stop these instructions and is responsible for the following work of the instructions. Disadvantages
Hardware
software interception mechanism,
high performance overhead 25
Ring 3
Ring 2
Ring 1
Ring 0
Para-virtualization
Guest Application
Paravirtualization Guest OS Hypervisor
Guest OS can still run in ring 0, but
we need to modify the OS kernel. The call for the privileged instructions calls into the hypervisor, which is called Hypercall. A typical representative of para-virtualization is Xen. So, when guest OS in the ring 0 calls privileged instructions, it will Implementation turn into Hypercall, but hypervisor of privileged still supervises the system hardware operations by resources. the Hypercall Instruction
Hardware
Disadvantage The need to modify OS kernel. 26
Ring 3
Guest Application
Ring 2 Non-root mode Ring 1
Ring 0
Root mode
Guest OS
Hypervisor
Hardware
Hardware-assisted Virtualization CPU needs to support virtualization technology. Besides ring 0 to ring 3, CPU needs to provide an additional ring for Hypervisor only, calling ring -1 Guest OS still runs in ring 0, but when OS calls privileged instructions, they will be turned to Hypervisor in the ring -1 through hardware mechanism, and the Hypervisor manages the hardware.
OSs requests trap into Hypervisor. Disadvantages: No binary Need hardware support.(such translation or as Intel VT, AMD SVM) paravirtuali 27 -zation
Classification of VMM Hosted -Need to run on provides the driver communication UMLinux, User-Mode Linux.
Host OS, which
and hardware
Independent monitoring-Run directly on
hardware layer VMwares ESX Server. Xen
Hybrid VMWare Workstation
Classification of VMM-III
29
Classification of VMM
30
The implementation technology of VMM
CPU Virtualization Memory Virtualization
I/O Virtualization
CPU Virtualization Traditional CPU level classification
The x86 processor responses to 4
different priority, called ring 0 to ring 3. Ring 0 has the highest priority, and ring 3 has the lowest priority. Ring 0 is used for OS kernel, ring 1 and ring 2 are used for OS services, and ring 3 is used for applications.
Privileged and non-privileged instructions
The instruction set is usually divided into two kinds of instructions, which are non-privileged and privileged instructions.
Non-privileged does not change the value or state of shared resources
Shared resources include processor, memory, timer, and registers of special purposes. Non-privileged instructions include arithmetic instructionslogic instructions, and so on.
Privileged instructions are all used to access the value or state of
shared resourcesincluding shutdown, set the timer, set the program counter, change the value of the relocation register and instructions associated with I/O Non-privileged instructions can be directly executed by VMM, while the privileged instructions require simulation execution.
Difficulties of the CPU classification in virtual system
Generally speaking, Host OS should run in Ring 0, but in order to avoid the destruction to Host OS by Guest OS , Guest OS must run under Ring 0(such as Ring 1). The problem is that, in order to realize the full system functions of Guest OS, the thread must be in Ring 0. So virtual software needs to coordinate with Guest OS and Host OS of the thread priority, and this kind of transformation will inevitably increase system complexitywhich leads to poor performance of software virtual technology, and the processing ability of CPU and memory will be largely spent during this process. Data shows that this kind of degradation of system performance will be 5% to 40%.
Hardware CPU virtualization
In order to improve the efficiency of CPU virtualization, we need to use hardware to realize the switch of different levels. In the field of server, CPU can put VMM in ring -1. Thus, Intel and AMD develop VT-x and AMD-V technology respectively, realizing the isolation between VMM and Guest OS with the help of CPU.
Memory Virtualization VMM must has the ultimate control of physical memory, that is to say, it must control the operation of mapping guest physical address space to host address space. In this way, we can realize memory virtualization.
Method of memory virtualization
VMM maintains a virtual machine memory management data structure --shadow page table. VMM allocates memory pages to different virtual machines through shadow page table. Like OS virtual memory, VMM can map virtual machine memory pages to disk, so virtual machine can apply for more memory than machine physical memory. VMM is also able to allocate memory dynamically according to each virtual machines requirements.
Frequent change to page tables by OS
increases the overhead of updating the shadow page table operation, so using hardware to manage shadow page table will be the future research direction.
I/O Virtualization Hosted I/O Virtualization With the structure of host, and use drivers of hosted OSs I/O device. Disadvantages It greatly increases the performance overhead of virtualization. Modern OSs such as Windows and Linux have no support for resources management to provide performance isolation and service assurance, which are basic requirements of many server environment. Page 39
Hardware I/O Virtualization
The trend of I/O subsystem is toward the direction of the development of hardware support. It is possible to transmit I/O device to software in virtual machines directly with enough hardware support. This will effectively eliminates all I/O virtual overhead. To do this, I/O device needs to get hold of virtual machine and support multiple virtual interface, so that VMM can safely map interface to virtual machine. Intel VT-d is the representative of hardware I/O Page 40 virtualization
Main Points Status and trends in data center Definition of virtualization Common types of virtualization Key technologies of sever virtualization Mainstream virtualization softwares and the practice of virtualization technology
Mainstream virtualization softwares
VMWare: Not open source VMware-ESX-Server Can directly run on top of hardware without host OS. In fact, it is a modified Linux kernel. VMware-WorkStation, VMware-GSX-Server
Need host OS
Xen: Open source
Xen virtual machine which is also called Xen VMM, is an open source project developed by computer laboratory of Cambridge University. Xen virtual machine has two kinds of operation modes: Full virtualization Para virtualization
Hardware support for virtualization
INTEL VT series VT-x: Virtualization Technology for IA-32 Processor assisted virtualization
VT-d: Virtualization Technology for Directed I/O
I/O assisted virtualization: direct I/O
VT-c: Virtualization Technology for Connectivity
Network assisted virtualization
TXT- Trusted Execution Technology
Practice of virtualization technology
Tasks:Choose one of the following topics.
VM name of each group should be unified as follows:
Group Number + Crew initials +VM Sequence number For example : The second VM of group one should be name 1zslswwzl2 while all the members are Zhang Shan, Li Si, Wang Wu and Zhao Liu. Please screenshot the name. 1.Install an operating system in virtual platform, and create an account (Degree of difficulty) 1-2 people per group 2.Establish a ftp connection between two OSes in virtual platform(Degree of difficulty) 2-5 people per group 3.Build virtual platform on the OS on virtual platform, and install an OS on it. (Degree of difficulty) 5-7 people per group
Experimental purposes 1>Understand the concept of virtualization 2> Master how to set-up and use virtual machine 3> Understand the way of establishing a network connection between VMs(2) 4> Understand basic operations of Vmware and Xen, and how to install OS on them.(3)
Experimental requiremnt 1>Install a Virtual machine Monitor. 2>Install OS on virtual platform 3>Establish a ftp connection between VMs(2) 4>Build a virtual platform on the VM on virtual platform , and install os on it.(3) 5>Write lab reports, screenshots and proper interpretation of each step is required.
Step 5Select a specific type of operating system Choose other linux 2.6.x kernel in case it is Fedora. Choose directly if it is Ubuntu or opensuse.
Step 6Select a name
and folder for the virtual machine. Name method again: Group Number + Crew initials +VM Sequence number
For example: The second
VM of group one should be name 1zslswwzl2 while all the members are Zhang Shan, Li Si, Wang Wu and Zhao Liu. Enter VM installation address.
Step 7Specify the
capacity of the virtual disk, generally more than 10G Choose>Store as a single file
Step 8Click Finish
Installation of the operating system is very friendly to the novice, and it
can be finished independently. Note that 1. root is equivalent to the Windows administrator, and you probably need to set a administrator password, similar to the password of Windows administrator 2. Recommend gnome desktop for Fedora and Ubuntu, KDE desktop for OpenSUSE
If you need to get in depth knowledge, please refer to:
start up the virtual machine Open a terminal in the virtual machine operating system Note: In general, the terminal program can be found in the application menu
start ftp service:
Note that it is likely to be in normal user mode when you start the terminal at first. We need to enter the root mode to start it. The method is: enter the command: su then enter the password of root. then enter the commands as shown, you can start ftp service.
Use ifconfig command to find the ip address
of the local network adapter Inet addr of Eth0 is the local IP address
Start a VM terminal, and enter:
ftp (ip address of ftp server) Then, enter root/root password or user/user password that you create, or anonymous, so that you own another VM ftp client. Use "get (filename)" command to download file Use "bye" command to quit
Bibliography 1. University of Cambridge. Users Manual Xen v3.0.2002[EB/OL]. http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/srg/netos/xen/readmes/user/ 2. Paul Barham, Boris Dragovic, Keir Fraser. Xen and Art of virtualization. Proceeding of the nineteenth ACM symposium on Operating system principles, 2003,164-177 3. R.P.Goldberg. Survey of Virtual Machine Research[J]. IEEE Computer Magazine, 1974:34-45 4. Nanda, S., Chiueh. T. A survey on virtualization technologies 2005, http://www.ecsl.cs.sunysb.edu/tr/TR179.pdf 5. Michael Steil. Inside VMware. 2006 http://events.ccc.de/congress/2006/Fahrplan/attachments/1132-InsideVMware.pdf 6. , , . Xen,, 2009 7. Uhlig, R., Neiger, G..,Rodgers, D., et al. Intel virtualization technology. Computer, 2005,38(5):48-56
