CHAPTER
Reinforced Concrete Design
Fifth Edition
SHEAR IN BEAMS
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Part I Concrete Design and Analysis
4a
FALL 2002
By
Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
ENCE 355 - Introduction to Structural Design
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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Slide No. 1
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
The previous chapters dealt with the
flexural strength of beams.
Beams must also have an adequate
safety margin against other types of
failure such as shear, which may be
more dangerous than flexural failure.
The shear forces create additional
tensile stresses that must be
considered.
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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Slide No. 2
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Shear Failure
Shear failure of reinforced concrete beam,
more properly called diagonal tension
failure, is difficult to predict accurately.
In spite of many years of experimental
research and the use of highly
sophisticated computational tools, it is not
fully understood.
If a beam without properly designed for
shear reinforcement is overloaded to
failure, shear collapse is likely to occur
suddenly.
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
Slide No. 3
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Figure 1. Shear Failure (Nilson, 1997)
(a) Overall view, (b) detail near right support.
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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Slide No. 4
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Shear Failure (contd)
Figure 1 shows a shear-critical beam
tested under point loading.
With no shear reinforcement provided, the
member failed immediately upon formation
of the critical crack in the high-shear region
near the right support.
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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Slide No. 5
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Shear Failure (contd)
When are the shearing effects so large that
they cannot be ignored as a design
consideration?
It is somehow difficult to answer this
question.
Probably the best way to begin answering
this question is to try to approximate the
shear stresses on the cross section of the
beam.
Slide No. 6
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Shear Failure (contd)
Suppose that a beam is constructed by
stacking several slabs or planks on top of
another without fastening them together.
Also suppose this beam is loaded in a
direction normal to the surface of these
slabs.
When a bending load is applied, the stack
will deform as shown in Fig. 2a.
Since the slabs were free to slide on one
one another, the ends do not remain even
but staggered.
Slide No. 7
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Shear Failure (contd)
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(a) Unloaded Stack of Slabs
(b) Unglued Slabs loaded
Figure 2a
Slide No. 8
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Shear Failure (contd)
Each of the slabs behaves as independent
beam, and the total resistance to bending of
n slabs is approximately n times the
resistance of one slab alone.
If the slabs of Fig. 2b is fastened or glued,
then the staggering or relative longitudinal
movement of slabs would disappear under
the action of the force. However, shear
forces will develop between the slabs.
In this case, the stack of slabs will act as a
solid beam.
Slide No. 9
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Shear Failure (contd)
P
(c) Glued Slabs Unloaded
(d) Glued Slabs loaded
Figure 2b
Slide No. 10
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Shear Failure (contd)
The fact that this solid beam does not
exhibit this relative movement of
longitudinal elements after the slabs are
glued indicates the presence of shearing
stresses on longitudinal planes.
Evaluation of these shearing stresses will
be discussed in the next couple of
viewgraphs.
Slide No. 11
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Theoretical Background
The concept of stresses acting in
homogeneous beams are usually covered
in various textbooks of mechanics of
materials (strength of materials).
It can be shown that when the material is
elastic, shear stresses can be computed
from
v=
VQ
Ib
v = shear stress
V = external shear force
I = moment of inertia about neutral axis
(1)
Q = statical moment of area about N.A.
b = width of the cross section
Slide No. 12
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Theoretical Background
Also, when the material is elastic, bending
stresses can be computed from
f =
Mc
I
(2)
f = bending stress
M = external or applied moment
c = the distance from the neutral axis to out fiber of
the cross section
I = moment of inertia of the cross section about N.A.
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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Slide No. 13
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Theoretical Background
All points in the length of the beam, where
the shear and bending moment are not
zero, and at locations other than the
extreme fiber or neutral axis, are subject to
both shearing stresses and bending
stresses.
The combination of these stresses
produces maximum normal and shearing
stresses in a specific plane inclined with
respect to the axis of the beam.
Slide No. 14
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Theoretical Background
The distributions of the bending and shear
stresses acting individually are shown in
Figs. 3, 4, 5, and 6.
Mc
f =
FC
c
FT
Vr
Centroidal axis
Neutral axis
yC c
y
dy
dA
Figure 3. Bending Stress
Slide No. 15
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Theoretical Background
Figure 4. Bending Stress
f =
Mc
I
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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Slide No. 16
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Theoretical Background
Figure 5. Vertical Shearing Stress
v=
VQ
Ib
Max Stress
N.A
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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Slide No. 17
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Theoretical Background
Figure 6. Vertical Shearing Stress
v=
VQ
Ib
Slide No. 18
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Principal Planes
The combination of bending moment and
shearing stresses is of such a nature that
maximum normal and shearing shearing
stresses at a point in a beam exist on
planes that are inclined with the axis of the
beam.
These planes are commonly called
principal planes, and the stresses that act
on them are referred to as principal
stresses.
Slide No. 19
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Principal Planes
Plane State of Stress
yz
zy
z
yx
xy
zx
xz
xy
x
xy
yx
y
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Slide No. 20
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Principal Planes
Plane State of Stress
Components:
Normal Stress x
Normal Stress y
Shearing Stress xy
Shearing Stress yx
yx
xy
xy
x
yx
y
xy = yx
Slide No. 21
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Principal Stresses
The principal stresses in a beam subjected
to shear and bending may be computed
using the following equation:
f pr
f
=
2
f2
+ v2
4
(3)
fpr = principal stress
f = bending stress computed from Eq. 2
v = shearing stress computed from Eq. 1
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Slide No. 22
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Orientation Principal Planes
The orientation of the principal planes may
be calculated using the following equation:
=
2v
1
tan 1
2
f
(4)
Note that at the neutral axis of the beam,
the principal stresses will occur at a 450
angle.
Slide No. 23
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
State of Stress at the Neutral Axis of a
Homogeneous Beam
vyx
vxy
N.A.
vxy
(a) Beam under Uniform Loading
vyx
(b) Stresses on Unit Element
Figure 7. Shear Stress Relationship
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Slide No. 24
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
State of Stress at the Neutral Axis of a
Homogeneous Beam
Diagonal Tension
vyx
Figure 8
A
vyx
vxy
vxy
vxy
vxy
vyx
vyx
C
This plane is subject
to tension
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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This plane is subject
to compression
Slide No. 25
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
State of Stress at the Neutral Axis of a
Homogeneous Beam
Diagonal Tension
Plane A-B is subjected to compression
While Plane C-D is subjected to tension.
The tension in Plane C-D is historically called
diagonal tension.
Note that concrete is strong in compression but
weak in tension, and there is a tendency for
concrete to crack on the plane subject to
tension.
When the tensile stresses are so high, it is
necessary to provide reinforcement.
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CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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Slide No. 26
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Diagonal Tension Failure
In the beams with which we are concerned,
where the length over which a shear failure
could occur (the shear span) is in excess
of approximately three times the effective
depth, the diagonal tension failure would
be the mode of failure in shear.
Such a failure is shown in Figs. 1 and 8.
For longer shear spans in plain concrete
beams, cracks due to flexural tensile
stresses would occur long before cracks
due to diagonal tension.
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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Slide No. 27
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Diagonal Tension Failure
Shear Span
Portion of span in which
Shear stress is high
Figure 8. Typical Diagonal Tension Failure
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CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
Slide No. 28
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Figure 1. Shear Failure (Nilson, 1997)
(a) Overall view, (b) detail near right support.
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Introduction
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Slide No. 29
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Basis of ACI Design for Shear
The ACI provides design guidelines for
shear reinforcement based on the vertical
shear force Vu that develops at any given
cross section of a member.
Although it is really the diagonal tension for
which shear reinforcing must be provided,
diagonal tensile forces (or stresses) are not
calculated.
Traditionally, vertical shear force has been
taken to be good indicator of diagonal
tension present.
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CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Shear Reinforcement Design
Requirements
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Slide No. 30
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Web Reinforcement
The basic rationale for the design of the
shear reinforcement, or web reinforcement
as it usually called in beams, is to provide
steel to cross the diagonal tension cracks
and subsequently keep them from opening.
In reference to Fig. 8, it is seen that the
web reinforcement may take several forms
such as:
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Shear Reinforcement Design
Requirements
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Slide No. 31
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Web Reinforcement (contd)
1. Vertical stirrups (see Fig. 9)
2. Inclined or diagonal stirrups
3. The main reinforcement bent at ends to
act as inclined stirrups (see Fig. 10).
The most common form of web
reinforcement used is the vertical stirrup.
This reinforcement appreciably increases
the ultimate shear capacity of a bending
member.
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Slide No. 32
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Shear Reinforcement Design
Requirements
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Web Reinforcement (contd)
Vertical Stirrups
L
2
Vertical Stirrups
L
2
Figure 9. Types of Web Reinforcement
Slide No. 33
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Shear Reinforcement Design
Requirements
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Web Reinforcement (contd)
Bent-up Longitudinal Bars
Bent-up bar
L
2
L
2
Figure 9. Type of Web Reinforcement
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Slide No. 34
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Shear Reinforcement Design
Requirements
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
ACI Code Provisions for Shear
Reinforcement
For member that are subject to shear and
flexure only, the amount of shear force that
the concrete (unreinforced for shear)can
resist is
Vc = 2 f cbw d
(5)
Note, for rectangular beam bw = b
Slide No. 35
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Shear Reinforcement Design
Requirements
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
ACI Code Provisions for Shear
Reinforcement
The design shear force Vu results from the
application of factored loads.
Values of Vu are most conveniently
determined using a typical shear force
diagram.
Theoretically, no web reinforcement is
required if
Vu Vc
(6)
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CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Shear Reinforcement Design
Requirements
Slide No. 36
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Table 1. Strength Reduction Factors
Type of Loading
Bending
0.90
Shear and Torsion
0.85
Compression members (spirally reinforced)
0.75
Compression Members (tied)
0.70
Bearing on Concrete
0.70
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Shear Reinforcement Design
Requirements
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Slide No. 37
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ACI Code Provisions for Shear
Reinforcement
However, the code requires that a minimum
area of shear reinforcement be provided in
all reinforced concrete flexural members
when Vu > Vc, except as follows:
In slabs and footings
In concrete joist construction as defined in the code.
In beams with a total depth of less than 10 in., 2
times the flange thickness, or one-half the width of the
web, whichever is greater.
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Slide No. 38
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Shear Reinforcement Design
Requirements
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
ACI Code Provisions for Shear
Reinforcement
In cases where shear reinforcement is
required for strength or because Vu >
Vc, the minimum area of shear
reinforcement shall be computed from
Av =
50bw s
fy
(7)
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Shear Reinforcement Design
Requirements
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Slide No. 39
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
ACI Code Provisions for Shear
Reinforcement
Where
Av = total cross-sectional area of web reinforcement within
a distance s, for single loop stirrups, Av = 2As
As = cross-sectional area of the stirrup bar (in2)
bw = web width = b for rectangular section (in.)
s = center-to-center spacing of shear reinforcement in a
direction parallel to the longitudinal reinforcement (in.)
fy = yield strength of web reinforcement steel (psi)
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CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Shear Reinforcement Design
Requirements
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Slide No. 40
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
ACI Code Provisions for Shear
Reinforcement
Figure 10.
Isometric section
showing stirrups
partially exposed
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Shear Reinforcement Design
Requirements
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Slide No. 41
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Example
A reinforced concrete beam of rectangular
cross section shown in the figure is
reinforced for moment only (no shear
reinforcement). Beam width b = 18 in., d =
10.25 in., and the reinforcing is five No. 4
bars. Calculate the maximum factored
shear force Vu permitted on the member by
the ACI Code. Use = 4,000 psi, and fy =
60,000 psi.
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Slide No. 42
CHAPTER 4a. SHEAR IN BEAMS
Shear Reinforcement Design
Requirements
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ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example (contd)
Since no shear reinforcement
Is provided, the ACI Code
Requires that
10.25
5 #4
18
1
maximum Vu = Vc
2
1
= 2 f cbw d
2
1
= (0.85)(2 ) 4000 (18)(10.25) = 9918 lb
2
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