Cyber Journals: Multidisciplinary Journals in Science and Technology, Journal of Selected Areas in Telecommunications (JSAT), May Edition, 2012

Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Slotted

Partial Ground And Addition Of Stairs And Stubs For
UWB Application
Islam Md. Rafiqul, Member IEEE, Alam AHM Zahirul, Senior Member IEEE, M. Feroze Akbar J. Khan and
Shaker Alkaraki
The word ultra-wideband (UWB) commonly refers to
signals or systems that either have a large relative or a large
absolute bandwidth [1]. The ultra wideband system covers the
frequency range from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, which based on
narrow pulses to transmit data at extremely low power [2].
With such large bandwidth, it offers specific advantages to the
communication technologies especially in term capacity of
channels, data transfer rate and so on.
Fundamentally, from the Shannon-Hartley theorem, the
ultra wideband provides high data rates using very low power
at very limited range, which will lead to the applications well
suited for wireless personal area network (WPAN). These
Index Terms ultra wideband antenna, microstrip patch
advantages provide the high data rate for short distance
antenna
electronic devices. For example; electronics consumers like
digital cameras, video cameras, MP3 players, televisions,
I. INTRODUCTION
personal video recorders, automobiles and DVD players will
experience high data rate in home and for their personal
HE development of ultra wideband antennas in the entertainment.
Secondly, sensors of all types also offer an
recent years has played an essential role to justify the needs of opportunity for ultra wideband to flourish [3]. The key
high bandwidth and capacity demands over a wide frequency requirements for sensor networks include low cost, low power
spectrum in the current wireless communication system and multi-functionality which can be well met by using ultra
structure. Ultra wideband can be used in the wireless wideband technology. High data rate ultra wideband systems
communication as a solution for current higher bandwidth are capable of gathering and disseminating or exchanging a
demand amongst the users. In specific, by producing ultra vast quantity of sensory data in a timely manner. The cost of
wideband antenna, it will produce a high bandwidth, and installation and maintenance can drop significantly by using
correspondingly will have the higher data rate for short ultra wideband sensor networks due to being free from wires.
distance application.
This advantage is especially attractive in medical applications
because ultra wideband sensor network frees the patient from
Manuscript received April 29, 2012. This work was supported in part by
wires and cables when extensive medical monitoring is
the Research Management Centre, International Islamic University Malaysia.
required. In addition, with a wireless solution, the coverage
Islam, Md. Rafiqul is with the Department of Electrical and Computer can be expanded more easily and made more reliable.
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University
Positioning and tracking is another unique property of ultra
Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 531000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (T/N: +603 6196
wideband. Since ultra wideband has the high data rate
4572, Fax: +603 6196 4488, e-mail: rafiq@iium.edu.my).
Alam AHM Zahirul is with the Department of Electrical and Computer characteristic in short range, ultra wideband provides an
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University excellent solution for indoor location with a much higher
Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 531000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (e-mail: degree of accuracy than a Global Positioning Systems (GPS).
zahirulalam@iium.edu.my).
M. Feroze Akbar J. Khan is with the Department of Electrical and In addition, with advanced tracking mechanism, the precise
Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic determination of the tracking of moving objects within an
University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 531000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (e-mail: indoor environment can be achieved with an accuracy of
muhammad.feroze@yahoo.com).
several centimeters [3]. Ultra wideband systems can operate in
Shaker Alkaraki is with the Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University complex situations to yield faster and more effective
Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 531000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (e-mail: communication between people. It can be used to find people
AbstractThis paper presents the design with optimum
geometry of a novel UWB rectangular patch antenna. A simple
narrowband patch antenna is designed before proceeding to the
geometry of UWB antenna. A special configuration of patch
antenna with slotted partial ground and addition of stairs and
stubs was designed and optimized using CST Microwave Studio
(CSTMWS). The designed antenna was fabricated, tested and
compared with the simulation results. The proposed antennas
characteristics were investigated with various options and found
to operate satisfactorily. A remarkable improvement has been
noticed in this design. Moreover, the antennas structure offers
great advantages due to its simple designs and small dimensions.

shakirmk@hotmail.com).

grating lobe are not overriding factors. It has been suggested

for patch dimension that 1 < W/L < 2. [7].
The patch
length determines the resonant frequency, and it is critical
parameter in the design, however the patch length L for TM10
mode is given by:

or objects in a case of calamities, such as casualties in children

lost in the mall, lost people in natural disaster such as
earthquake, fire fighters in a burning building and so on.
Lastly, ultra wideband can also be applied to radar and
imaging applications. It has been used in military applications
to locate enemy objects behind walls and around corners in
the battlefield. It has also found value in commercial use, such
as rescue work where ultra wideband radar could detect a
person's breath beneath rubble, or medical diagnostics where
X-ray systems may be less desirable.
There are many types of antenna that can be applied in
order to achieve the ultra wideband, however in this project,
we focusing on the microstrip patch antenna. Microstrip patch
antenna becomes very popular in any antenna design
nowadays since its ease of fabrication, planar design,
mechanical reliability and mass production [4, 5,10]. The
advantages of microstrip antennas are that they are low-cost,
conformable, lightweight and low profile, while both linear
and circular polarization is easily achieved. These attributes
are desirable when considering antennas for wireless system.
[5]
Several techniques have been proposed in past few years.
The increment of the bandwidth can be achieved by using the
partial grounding and adding stairs in the microstrip patch
antenna. All the researchers have come out with their proposal
that by using the partial grounding, the bandwidth increased in
certain amounts which is average of 3-4GHz. In this paper, an
additional technique was introduced as slotted partial grond
and addition of stairs and stubs. New approach has been
analyzed, design and simulated. Fabrication and test was also
done to validate the design.

B. Directivity & Gain

The directivity is a measure of the directional property of
an antenna compared to those of an isotropic antenna. The
directivity is defined as the ratio of the maximum power
density in the main beam to the average radiated power
density [4]. A simple approximation for the directivity of a
rectangular patch is given as:

II. RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA

where;  is the radiation efficiency of the antenna.

Gain is always less than directivity because k lies in the range
0 < k < 1.

The rectangular and circular patches are the basic and most
commonly used microstrip antennas. Moreover, Patch antenna
are popular for their well known attractive features, such as
low profile, light weight and compatibility with Microwave
Integrated Circuit (MIC) and Monolithic Microwave
Integrated Circuit (MMIC) [6]. A microstrip patch antenna
consists of a conducting patch of any planar or non-planar
geometry on one side of a dielectric substrate with a ground
plane on other side.
Before designing a rectangular microstrip patch antenna,
there are several parameters need to be considered which will
affect the antenna bandwidth as well as the resonant frequency.
A. Patch Length & Width
The shape of the patch is its main parameter and naturally
affects most of the antenna characteristics. However, the patch
width has a minor effect on the resonant frequency and
radiation pattern of the antenna. So a larger patch width
increases the power radiated and thus gives decreased
resonant resistance, increased bandwidth, and increased
radiation efficiency. The patch width should be selected to
obtain good radiation efficiency if real state requirements or

L=

C
2 fr r

.................................(1)

Where; fr is the resonant frequency.

4(k 0W )
...................................(2)
D
0 G r
2

where: Gr is the radiation conductance of the patch and
 is

the instintic constant of the space.
The directive gain of the antenna is defined as :

G = kD ......................................................(3)

C. Feed point location

After the patch dimension L and W for a given substrate,
the next task is to determine the feed point ( ,  ) so as to
obtain a good impedance match between the generator
impedance and input impedance of the patch element.
However, the feed point can be selected anywhere along the
patch width but it better to choose  = W/2 if W > L.
Moreover, an expression for  which is (4 ):

xf =

L
2 re (L )

.........................................(4)

+1 +1 W
where; re (L )= r + r
2
2 L

................................ (5)

D. Effect of finite size ground plane

It has been assumed in the previous analysis of the
microstip patch antenna that the size of ground plane is
infinite. In actual usage only a finite size ground plane can be

implemented. However, finite ground plane resulting in

changes in radiation pattern, radiation conductance, and
resonant frequency. Experimentally it was found that for a
patch antenna with the ground plane size equal to the patch
metallization , the resonant frequency is higher compared to
that of an infinitely sized ground plane antenna. [4][5][8]
E. Fringing Effect
For a moderate permittivity substrate such as r=2.2 the
directivity is about 6.1(7.8dB) when the substrate is thin. For
high permittivity substrate such as r = 10.8 the directivity is
about 3.5 (5.4 dB) when the substrate is thin [9].
Fringing effect as shown in Figure 1( b) occurs at the edges
of the patch as the length and width of the patch are finite. It is
a function of the dimensions of the patch and the height of the
substrate. For microstrip antennas, this happens to be so but
fringing effects must still take into account as it affects the
resonant frequency of the antenna. The transmission line
model introduces the effective dielectric constant, reff, which
consider the fringing and the wave propagation in the line
which occurs due to the propagation of some of the waves in
the substrate and some in air (as shown in Figure 1 b).
Generally, the effective dielectric constant has the range
between 1 and r.

The electric field line has exact electrical characteristics,

particularly propagation constant, as the actual electric field
line [2]. The equation for reff is given as (7)
F. Effective Length and Width
Due to fringing effect, electrically the patch dimensions
will be bigger than its physical dimensions. A practical
approximate formula to calculate the width and length is
shown below. The following equation is used to calculate the
width, W:

W =
2 f0

( r + 1) / 2

..... ....(8)

where fr is the resonant frequency, Co is the free-space

velocity of light (Co = 3108 m/s) and r is the dielectric
constant of substrate.
To determine the length, L, of the patch, the following
equation is used:

L=

2 f r reff

0 0

2L
........................(9)

c0
2 f r reff

2L

Normalized extension of the length L is :

(b)
(a)

( reff + 0.3) W + 0.364

Figure 1: (a) Microstrip line and (b) Electric field lines[9].

L 0.412 h

To account for the fringing effect, an effective dielectric

constant erff is used. The effective dielectric constant is
defined as the dielectric constant of the uniform dielectric
material so that;
W
1
For
h
1
r +1 r 1
h 2
reff =
+
1 + 12 ............(6)
2
2
W
For

reff =

r +1
2

r 1
2

1
h 2

1 + 12
W

+ 0.041 1

................(7)

( reff + 0.258) W

..................... (10)

+ 0.8

III. UWB ANTENNA DESIGNS SIMULATIONS.

A. Antenna with Partial Ground & Addition of Stair
A rectangular patch antenna was designed and optimized
with full partial ground. After full partial grounding, stairs
have been introduced in order to achieve ultra wideband. The
steps are added in lower end of the patch antenna. It can be
observed that adding one or more steps with certain dimension
in the patch antenna, there has been a sudden increment in the
bandwidth of the antenna. This configuration was done based
on the research works done previously.
To determine the dimensions of stairs, it has been added
one stair only with length 1mm, and then the width of stair
was optimized. The additional second stair yeilded very small
increment in the bandwidth as well as shifting the the
frequency to the rigths. The optimization was done to have

better retun loss compared to width dimensions. The

simulation results of designed and optimized antennas for
patch with full ground and partial ground, partial ground
without stair and with single stair and partial ground with
single stair and double stairs are shown in Fig. 2.

The result indicates very clearly the effects of partial

grounding and stairs on increasing bandwidth. It is also
obvious that the 2nd stair does not have impact on bandwidth.
The designed structure of antenna is shown in Fig. 3 and all
designed parameters are tabulated in Table 1.
B. Antenna with Partial Slotted Ground & Addition of Stair
This configuration is an attempt to improve with slotted
partial ground. Since, double stairs in previous design is not
improved much from single stair, hence only one stair and

Figure 2: Simulated results of antennas with (a) full and partial ground, (b)
partial ground without stair and with single stair, (c) partial ground with
single and double stairs.
Figure 4: Simulated results of antenna with partial ground, partial ground with
stair, slotted partial ground and optimized structure.
Stair1

slotted partial ground have been introduced. A slot with

rectangle shape is added to the ground. The slotted rectangle
shape is very small in width and length, yet small changes
slotted ground will lead to shifting the frequecy and increment
of the bandwidth. The simulation results of optimized antenna
and its structure are shown in Fig 4 and Fig 5. All designed
parameters are given in Table 2. It is clear from Fig. 4, the
slot has no effect on bandwidth but it increases the return loss.

Stairs
2
Figure 3: Structure of designed antenna with partial ground and stairs.
Table 1: The Dimension of Designed Antenna with partial
ground and stairs.
Parameter Used
Length of the whole geometry, L

Value
1.6 mm
35 mm

Width of the whole geometry, W

31 mm

Length of the Ground, LG

14.75 mm

Physical Width of Patch Antenna, WP

Effective Width of Patch Antenna
Length of Stair 1, ST1

15.5 mm
12.9 mm
11.4 mm
1 mm

Length of Stair 2, ST2

1 mm

Width of Stair 1, WST1

11.2 mm

Width of Stair 2, WST2

10 mm

Width of the Feed, WF

1.249 mm

Length of the Feed, WP

16.3 mm

Height of Substrate, h

Length of Patch Antenna, LP

Small
Rectangle
Shaped
Slotted
Ground

Figure 5: Structure of slotted partial ground antenna with stair.

The simualted gain of antennas with partial ground and stair

with slotted partial ground and stair are compared in Fig. 6.
From the figure, the gain achieved for both configurations
almost similar to each other. As for configuration 1 (partial
ground and stair), the maximum gain is 6.662 dB at frequency
of 13 GHz. While for ccnfiguration 2 (slotted partial ground
and stair), the maximum gain is 6.664 dB at 12 GHz. Both

gain curves are also increasing uniformly and it has the

maximum of 6 dB approximately for both configurations. The
gain of microstrip patch antenna usually approximately 6dB,
yet when the frequency increases, the gain increases up to 9
dB.
Table 2: The Dimension of Designed Antenna with slotted
partial ground and stairs.
Parameter Used

Value

Height of Substrate, h

1.6 mm

Length of the whole geometry, L

35 mm

Width of the whole geometry, W

31 mm

Length of the Ground, LG

14.75 mm

Physical Width of Patch Antenna, WP

15.5 mm

Figure 7: Simulated results of optimized antenna with tunning stub.

Table 3: The Dimension of Designed Antenna with
Slotted partial ground with addition of stair and stub.
Parameter

Value(mm)

Effective Width of Patch Antenna

12.9 mm

Dielectric Constant

5.2

Length of Patch Antenna, LP

11.4 mm

Substrate Thickness, h

1.6

Length of Stair 1, ST1

1.5 mm

Substrate Length, L

35

Width of Stair 1, WST1

5.8 mm

Substrate Width, W

30

Slotted Ground Length, SLGL

1 mm

Ground Length, GL

11

Slotted Ground Width, SLGW

0.6 mm

Patch Antenna Width of, PW

16

Width of the Feed, WF

1.249 mm

Patch Antenna Length, PL

12

Length of the Feed, WP

15.8 mm

Steps Length , ST1

Steps Width , ST1

10

Ground Width, GW

14

Feed Width, FW

3.04

Feed Length, FL

11.5

Stub width SW

1.25

Stub length SL

1.6

PL
GW=14 GW=14

Figure 6: Comparison of simulated gains between antennas with partial

ground and stair with slotted partial ground and stair.

C. Antenna with Partial Slotted Ground with Addition of

Stair & Stub
It has been found that the addition of tuning stub enhance
the the S11 curve charecteristics and the antenna gain by
almost 0.7dB over the the UWB range of frequencies . The
optimized 1mm length and 1.25mm wide stub is palced on the
left side of the patch as shown in Fig. 8. The simulated return
loss vurve is shown in Fig. 7. The dimensions of slotted
partial ground with addition of stair and stub are given in
Table 3.

GL=11

Figure 8: Structure of partial slotted ground antenna with addition of stair and
stub.

IV. FABRICATION AND TEST RESULTS

In order to validate the simulated results, all three
designs were fabricated, where each prototype is connected to
SMA-Female (Gold Type) connector. All fabricated antennas
are tested using VNA-Network Analyzer (N52330A 100MHz
50 GHz) at RF design Lab in Faculty of Engineering, IIUM.
We have tested the antennas, and the output of the designs as
follows.
A. Antenna with Partial Ground & Addition of Stair
The antenna designed with partial ground and stair was
fabricated and upper and lower parts of its photo are shown
in Fig. 10. The simulated and test results are plotted and

that the fabricated result is shifted to the right from the

simulated result same as shown in Fig. 9. The test result
indicates four resonants clearly with higher bandwidth from
simulated results. The simulated and test results of designed
and fabricated antennas are summarized in Table 5.

shown in Fig. 9 for comparisons. It can be obeserved that the

fabricated result is shifted to the right from the simulated
result.

Figure 9: Comparison between Simulated and test results of antenna

with partial ground and stair.
Figure 11: Comparison between Simulated and test results of
antenna with slotted partial ground and stair.

Figure 10: Fabricated antenna with partial ground and stair.

Figure 12: Fabricated antenna with slotted partial ground
and stair.

The shifting of the fabrication might be due to the fabrication

error such as inaccuracy of fabrication design, connector type
and so on. The test result indicates four resonants clearly with
lower bandwidth from simulated results. The simulated and
test results of designed and fabricated antennas are
summarized in Table 4.

Table 5: Summary of bandwidth achieved by simulated and

fabricated results from antenna with slotted partial ground and stair.

Table 4: Summary of bandwidth achieved by simulated and

fabricated results from antenna with partial ground and stair.

Operational
Frequency

Bandwidth
Achieved

Simulated
Result

Test
Result

Differences

3.105 12.43 GHz

3.88
11.724
GHz

Shifted to
right
(600MHz) &
Left by
(500MHz)

9.325
GHz

7.844
GHz

Simulated
Result

Fabricated Result

Differences

Operational
Frequency

3.129
10.8 GHz

3.6 11.06 GHz

Bandwidth
Achieved

7.671
GHz

7.46 GHz

Shifted to
right
(471MHz) &
Left by
(260MHZ)
211 MHz

C. Antenna with Slotted Partial Ground with Addition of

Stair & Stub
The antenna designed with slotted partial ground with
addition of stair and stub was fabricated and upper and lower
parts are shown in Fig. 14. The simulated and test results are
plotted and shown in Fig. 13 for comparisons. It can be
obeserved that the fabricated result is shifted to the right from
the simulated results same as shown in Fig. 9 and 11.
The simulated and test results of designed and fabricated
antennas are summarized in Table 6. The bandwidth obtained

1.4
GHz

B. Antenna with Slotted Partial Ground & Addition of Stair

The antenna designed with slotted partial ground and stair
was fabricated and upper and lower parts of its picture are
shown in Fig. 12. The simulated and test results are plotted
and shown in Fig. 11 for comparisons. It can be obeserved

is much higher than that in test results. The simulated

radiation patterns of antenna with slotted partial ground with
addition of stair and stub at four selected frequencies are
shown in Fig. 15.

(a)

Figure 13: Comparison between Simulated and test results of

antenna with slotted partial ground with addition of stair and stub.

(b)

Figure 14: Fabricated antenna with slotted partial ground

with addition of stair and stub.
Table 6: Summary of bandwidth achieved by simulated and
fabricated results from antenna with slotted partial ground and stair.
Simulated
Result

Fabricated
Result

Differences

Operational
Frequency

3.197 15.68
GHz

4.27 18.42
GHz

Shifted to right
1GHz and 3 GHZ

Bandwidth
Achieved

12.483
GHz

14.15
GHz

1.667 GHz

(c)

V. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

In this paper, three antennas are designed and tested to
operate in UWB frequencies and beyond it. The proposed
antennas characteristics is investigated with various options
and found to operate satisfactory. The complete antenna
modeling and simulation is achieved by using CST
Microwave Studio simulation package and the antennas test is
done by using VNA Network analyzer. Various techniques
have been used to enhance the proposed antenna
characteristics. These techniques are: adding a step beneath
the patch, using of slotted partial ground, using of tuning stub.
Those parameters were considered in affecting the UWB
performance of a given antenna. This is inclusive of
parameters such as the dimensions of the patch, the

(d)
Figure 15: Simulated E-plane characteristics over frequencies (a) 3.3
GHz, (b) 5 GHz, (c) 8 GHz and (d) 12 GHz.

dimension s of the partial ground, the slot in the partial

ground, the additional stairs and the stub. However, all of
these parameters are successfully designed, fabricated and
tested.

A simple rectangular patch antenna is designed

initially. Then, all three techniques are adopted into design in
order to increase the bandwidth. As for the 1st configuration,
the techniques introduced are partial grounding and stairs. It
has been found that the normal patch with solid partial ground
and symmetrical feeding could achieve less than 6 GHz
bandwidth. While, adding extra stair beneath the patch has
increased the achieved bandwidth close to 10 GHz. Then, in
the 2nd configuration, the design is introduced an additional
technique, which is small slotted partial ground [10-11]. All of
these techniques are used in the design of the 3rd configuration
which addition of stair, slotted partial ground and an addition
of tuning stub[12]. Combining the stair, the slotted partial
ground and the tuning stub are found to achieve higher
bandwidth with better return loss characteristics and reached
up to 13GHz with a reasonable radiation pattern and gain.
The simulated results of the third configuration have shown
that the antenna bandwidth is ranging between 3.2 to 15.68
GHz, while surprisingly the measured results have shown that
the actual bandwidth is ranging from 4.27 to 18.42 GHz with
a shift of 1 GHz and 3GHz. It has been noticed that
throughout the simulation that symmetrical fed patch antenna
with symmetrical slotted ground suffers from a notch
frequencies at range of 15.7 GHz to 20 GHz with poor return
loss characteristics after 20 GHz. While, extra resonant
frequencies can be achieved in this range (15-20 GHZ) if
unsymmetrical fed line is used with unsymmetrical slotted
ground [13-14].
Table 7: Summary of simulated and measured results for three techniques
used for UWB antenna design.
Types

Techniques
Used

Config-1

Partial Ground
&
Stair

Config-2

Config-3

Slotted Partial
Ground &
Stair
Slotted Partial
Ground, Stair
& Addition of
Tuning Stub

Simulated
Results
(GHz)
3.10512.43
( BW
= 9.325)
3.129
10.8
(BW=
7.671)
3.197
15.68
(BW =
12.483)

Measured
Results
(GHz)
3.88
11.724
(BW=
7.844)
3.6
11.06
(BW=
7.46)
4.27
18.42
(BW=
14.15)

Gain
(dB)

6.6
(max)

6.6
(max)

7.5
(max)

The reason for discrepancy in the simulated and

measured results might be due to many reasons such as: the
accuracy of the fabrication, the additional soldering pieces, the
extended part of the connectors and some inaccuracies from
the simulation package[15].
The radiation patterns of antennas are investigated
over few selected frequencies. And it has been found the three
antennas have almost omni directional patterns over
frequencies ranging from 3 to 6GHz while the three antennas
become more directive after 6 GHz.
The simulated gain of the three antennas are analyzed and
compared. It has been found that the 3rd configuration has an

average of 5.5 dB over its operating frequencies and a peak of

7.5dB at 14 GHz. The summary of the approaches that
mentioned in this paper together with achieved results are
tabulated in 7.
VI. CONCLUSION
A novel approach for microstrip patch antenna to achieve ultra
wideband is designed, simulated, fabricated and tested
successfully. The antenna is designed by integrating slotted
partial ground with stair and addition of tuning stub with
rectangular patch antenna. The designed antenna can operate
from 3.2 - 15.7 GHz frequency bands with more than 12 GHz
band width with 7.5 dB maximum gain. The return loss is
reached up to -40 dB and radiation patterns are acceptable
throughout the entire frequency range. In addition, the
antennas structure offers great advantages due to its simple
design and small dimensions.
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