Testing
of
Transformer
K.N.Srinivasan
Traceabllity
Accuracy
Precision
Probability
Std. deviation
Standards
Accreditation
Insulation tests
Short ckt test
Power rating
Other tests
Overview
A MODERN TRANSFORMER IS A
COMPLEX
ELECTROMAGNETIC
APPARATUS
TRANSFORMERS
SERVE
FOR
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
TRANSFORMERS
(DISTRIBUTION)
ARE THE LAST MAJOR LINK
BETWEEN UTILITY & CONSUMER
Introduction
TRANSFORMERS
ARE
STATIC
ALTERNATING CURRENT MACHINES
PRINCIPLE IS BASED ON MUTUAL
INDUCTION BETWEEN WINDINGS
THROUGH A COMMON CORE
OIL-IMMERSED AND DRY TYPES
POWER AND DISTRIBUTION TYPES
SPECIAL TYPES
Transformer on load
V1
I2
I1
I0
I2
E2
E = - 4.44 mf N
Routine tests
Measurement of winding resistance
Measurement of voltage ratio
Polarity test
Measurement of no-load loss & no-load current
Measurement of load-loss & short-circuit impedance
Measurement of insulation resistance
Dielectric tests
Type tests
Measurement of winding resistance
Measurement of voltage ratio
Polarity test
Measurement of no-load loss & no-load current
Measurement of load-loss & short-circuit impedance
Measurement of insulation resistance
Dielectric tests
Temperature-rise test
Special tests
Dielectric test
Short-circuit test
Measurement of zero-sequence
impedance of three phase transformers
Measurement of acoustic noise level
Measurement of harmonics of the no-load
current
Measurement of power taken by the fans
& oil pumps
Special tests
Dielectric test
Short-circuit test
Measurement of zero-sequence
impedance of three phase transformers
Measurement of acoustic noise level
Measurement of harmonics of the no-load
current
Measurement of power taken by the fans
& oil pumps
Dielectric test
Separate source voltage withstand test
Induced over voltage withstand test
Impulse voltage withstand test
Separate source voltage withstand test
Terminals of windings under test connected to HV terminal of the
source . All other windings, core, frame and tank are earthed.
Duration of test is 60 secs.
Highest system voltage(kV)
1.1
3.6
7.2
12
24
36
52
72.5
Power frequency voltage(kV)
3
10
20
28
50
70
95
140
Induced over voltage withstand test
This test is useful in determining
layer insulation and inter turn
insulation of windings.
HV is kept open & twice the rated
voltage at twice the rated frequency
is applied to the LV for a duration of
60 secs.
Impulse withstand test
Testing facilities
Impulse generator
Discharge circuit
Recording system
Voltage divider for measurement
Standard Impulse wave
Wave shape
Standard wave shape of impulse voltage is
1.2/50sec.
t1 is the rise time = 1.2secs.
t2 is the tail time = 50 secs.
Tolerance on t1 is 30% & 20% on t2.
Impulse generator
Impulse wave is generated by discharge of
capacitors charged in parallel into a wave shaping
circuit.
Connection
Fig.7.3.1.Connection diagram
lmpulse Application : (Negative Polarity).
Oscillograms : 7.3.1 Reduced full wave
7.3.2. 100% full wave
7.3.3 Reduced Chopped wave
100 kV (Peak)
170 kV (Peak)
103 kV (Peak)
7.3.4. 100% chopped wave
170 kV (Peak)
7.3.5. 100% chopped wave
170 kV (Peak)
7.3.6. 100% full wave
170 kV (Peak)
7.2.7. 100% full wave
170 kV (Peak)
Oscilograms
Oscilograms contd.
Oscilograms contd.
Fig 7.3.3 Connection diagram
Generator capacitance
0.0625 uF
Series resistance
160 ohms
Tail resistance
1040 ohms
Voltage divider
1200 pF in parallel with 100 ohms
Impulse applications : (Negative Polarity)
Oscillogram No. 7.3.15. Reduced full wave
7.3.16. 100% full wave
7.3.17. 100% full wave
43 kV (Peak)
-
75 kV (Peak)
75 kV (peak)
Comparison of oscillograms 15 & 16 indicates that the second voltage wave
oscillogram has collapsed and the corresponding point of the neutral current
there are high frequency oscillations. This indicates an arc over across major
portion of the transformer winding as a result of failure of the transformer
insulation.
Oscillograms 7.3.15 to 7.3.17
MINOR INSULATION -conductor turns,
layers
enamel, paper
oil ducts, paper cylinders
MAJOR INSULATION- winding, core
press board cylinders, oil ducts
BUSHINGS - porcelain , condenser
Short-circuit test
Power & distribution transformers must be constructed to
withstand mechanical stresses caused by external faults.
These stresses are produced due to electromagnetic forces
as a result of very high current in the windings during
short-circuits.
Dynamic ability to withstand short-circuit
Prior to the short-circuit, transformer
is subjected to routine tests.
Asymmetrical current
The peak current that transformer is
required to withstand = Isc(peak)=K Isc
Value of K :
x/r 1
1.5
K
1.51
1.64
1.76 1.95
2.09 2.19 2.27
10
>14
2.38
2.46
2.55
Short-circuit testing procedure
Short-circuit may be
a) Preset or
b) Post set
Duration of each test
being 0.5 sec. ( > 5 MVA 0.25 sec)
For 1 Transformers
No. of tests = Three
one test with tap at highest voltage ratio, one test in principal taping &
one test in
lowest voltage ratio
3 Transformers
No. of tests = Nine
Three tests with tap at highest voltage ratio, three
tests in principal taping & three tests in lowest voltage
ratio
Tolerances on
Asymmetrical current = 5 %
Symmetrical current = 10 %
Test duration
= 10 %
Oscillogram of dynamic short-circuit test on
3Phase 11/0.433kV 500kVA Distribution
transformer
SC Test contd.
Analysis of the results
All the routine tests shall be repeated
Dielectric test shall be at 75%
Transformer shall be untanked
Reactance measured after s.c. test shall not
differ by more than 2% for circular coils & 7.5%
for non-circular coils.
Temperature rise test
This is to ascertain that transformer & its cooling arrangements
are effectively designed so that temp. rise of winding & cooling
medium does not exceed the permissible limits.
Temp. rise limits for Dry type transformers
Class of insulation
A
E
B
F
H
C
Temp. rise C
50
65
70
90
115
140
Temp. rise limits for oil immersed transformers
Part
Temp. rise C
External cooling medium
Air
Water
Winding
(temp.rise by resistance method)
Top oil
55
60
50
55
(temp.rise by thermometer method)
Loading methods
a) Direct loading
b) Back-to-Back method
c) Short-circuit method
Duration of test
Top oil temperature-rise does not vary more than
10 C/hour during 4 consecutive hourly readings
Partial Discharge Tests
100pC
500pC
Noise Level
Sound pressure level 20 log10 d/0.00002 dB
d Newton per square meter
meter
Highest voltage
for equipment
Um
kV
(r.m.s. value)
Rated short duration
power frequency
withstand voltage
kV
(r.m.s. value)
Rated
lightning impulse
withstand voltage
kV
(peak value)
3.6
10
20
40
7.2
20
40
60
12
28
60
75
95
17.5
38
75
95
24
50
95
125
145
36
70
145
170
52
95
250
72.5
140
325
123
(185)
230
450
550
145
(185)
230
275
(450)
550
650
170
(230)
275
325
(550)
650
750
245
(275)
(325)
360
395
460
(650)
(750)
850
950
1050
Highest
voltage for
equipment
Um
kV
(r.m.s. value)
Standard switching impulse
withstand voltage
-------------------------------------------------------Longitudinal
Phase-to-earth
Phase-to-phase
Insulation
(ratio to the
(note 1)
phase-to-earth
kV
kV
peak value)
(peak value)
(peak value)
Standard
lightning impulse
withstand voltage
kV
(peak value)
300
750
750
1,50
850
950
750
850
1,50
950
1050
850
850
1,50
950
1050
850
950
1,50
1050
1175
850
850
1,60
1050
1175
950
950
1,50
1175
1300
950
1050
1,50
1300
1425
950
950
1,70
1175
1300
950
1050
1,60
1300
1425
950
1175
1,50
1425
1550
1175
1300
1,70
1675
1800
1175
1425
1,70
1800
1950
1175
1550
1,60
1950
2100
362
420
525
765
